The Higgs Boson what’s all the fuss about Dr. Andrew Hamilton University of Cape Town Monday, September 10, 2012
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The Higgs Bosonwhat’s all the fuss about
Dr. Andrew HamiltonUniversity of Cape Town
Monday, September 10, 2012
What are you made of?
Monday, September 10, 2012
Matter Particles
10-9 m
10-10 m
10-14 m
10-15 me
e
s b
u
d
c t
Monday, September 10, 2012
Forces of Nature
g
g
Z
W
?
Monday, September 10, 2012
The Standard Model
e
e
s b
u
d
c t
g
Z
WH+ +
Monday, September 10, 2012
A little bit of maths
Monday, September 10, 2012
A little bit more maths...
Monday, September 10, 2012
“If you want to know how the molecules that make up your body stick together in the way they do; how the sun shines; why the sky is blue; why water is a liquid at the temperatures found on Earth or even why you don’t fall through the floor when your atoms are mostly empty space — the answers are contained within the equations of the Standard Model.”
- Dr. Brian Cox (BBC: Wonders of the Solar System)
Monday, September 10, 2012
The Higgs Gives Mass
Monday, September 10, 2012
How did we get here?
Monday, September 10, 2012
Quantum Mechanics1900 1918
“Dr. Quantum” extracted from YouTube
Monday, September 10, 2012
Relativity
• speed of light is constant for all observers
• the laws of physics don’t depend on your frame of reference E2 = m2c4 + p2c2
1905
electron volt (eV) is a unit of energyeV/c2 is a unit of mass
Monday, September 10, 2012
Anti-Matter
• predicted by P. Dirac in 1928 based on
• every particle type has an anti-matter partner
1932
e+
1936
CDF Experiment (2006)
Monday, September 10, 2012
Quantum Electrodynamics
• A photon goes from one place and time to another place and time.
• An electron goes from one place and time to another place and time.
• An electron emits or absorbs a photon at a certain place and time.
1950
the first “quantum field theory”
1965
Monday, September 10, 2012
The Particle Zoo
• dozens of ‘fundamental’ particles discovered
1950’s and 60’s
π+, π−, π0, K0,Λ0,∆0,Σ+,Σ−,
p, νe, n, Σ0, Λ0,Ξ0, ρ,ω, η,
K∗, νµ, φ, f, α2, η,Ω−
Monday, September 10, 2012
The Quarks1962
• particles made of quarks are called “hadrons”
1969
Monday, September 10, 2012
Electroweak Unification
• forces are unified in one mathematical description
1967
HW
Z+=+
1979
Monday, September 10, 2012
Spontaneous Symmetry Braking
• the ‘Lagrangian’ must be symmetric• breaking the symmetry creates the Higgs boson
and gives mass to the W and Z particles
1964
2013?
Monday, September 10, 2012
The W & Z Bosons
• using the ‘Super Proton Synchrotron’ (SPS) the W and Z bosons were discovered
1983 1984
Monday, September 10, 2012
How do you “see” an infinitely small particle?
Monday, September 10, 2012
Large Hadron Collider
Monday, September 10, 2012
Large Hadron Collider
Monday, September 10, 2012
Large Hadron Collider
Monday, September 10, 2012
The ATLAS Detector
Monday, September 10, 2012
The ATLAS Detector
Monday, September 10, 2012
Examine trillions of proton collisions
Monday, September 10, 2012
Look for ‘bumps’.
m2c4 = E2 − p2c2
Monday, September 10, 2012
Is there a particle?
but is it the Higgs?
YES!
Monday, September 10, 2012
Thanks to
Monday, September 10, 2012
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