The Helios Project by Elaine Chandler Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory To Guests from Innovation Center Denmark February 1, 2007 The Helios Project The Helios Project by by Elaine Chandler Elaine Chandler Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory To To Guests from Innovation Center Denmark Guests from Innovation Center Denmark February 1, 2007 February 1, 2007
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The Helios Project
byElaine Chandler
Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryTo
Guests from Innovation Center Denmark
February 1, 2007
The Helios ProjectThe Helios Project
bybyElaine ChandlerElaine Chandler
Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryToTo
Guests from Innovation Center DenmarkGuests from Innovation Center Denmark
February 1, 2007February 1, 2007
NanoscienceSyntheticBiology
MethanolEthanol
Hydrogen
Carbondioxide
Water
Helios
Hydrocarbons
Helios project overview:The four paths
CellulosePlantsCellulose-degrading
microbesEngineered
photosynthetic microbesand plants
ArtificialPhotosynthesis
ElectricityPV Electrochemistry
MethanolEthanolHydrogenHydrocarbons
Berkeley Lab
FusionAtmospheric
studies
Geothermal
Building, Lighting,Home Appliance Standards
Fossil recovery & carbonsequestration
HeliosHeliosNanoscience
SyntheticBiology
MethanolEthanolHydrogen
Carbondioxide
Water Hydrocarbons
Total land area in contiguous US is 2,248 million acres
Solar efficiency and land usage
US
2003
non-
culti
vate
d cr
opla
nd (5
8M a
cres
)
US
inla
nd
wat
er a
rea
200
Moh
ave
Des
ert
Texa
s
1
2
3
4
Million Acres50 100 150
Total US Annual Energy Consumption
Gasoline ConsumptionAnn
ual
E ner
gy (T
W)
10%
3%
5
0
1%
There are significant benefits to going small
From the de Beerseducational web site:
“Big diamonds are much rarer, so a diamond of double the weight costs around 4 times more. “
•Perfect building blocks at low cost •Atomic level observation and control of essential interfaces •Control of microscopic phenomena, e.g. scattering, energy dissipation, e-fields…
•Perfect building blocks at low cost •Atomic level observation and control of essential interfaces •Control of microscopic phenomena, e.g. scattering, energy dissipation, e-fields…
Photovoltaics
New physical phenomena in nanoscale PVs• Control of dissipation on the nanoscale• Multi-exciton, hot electron, intermediate band gap
concepts • Novel quantum confinement and proximity based light
absorbers- red absorption from large gaps• Control of electrical transport within and between
components• Atomically defined and selective contacts• Plasmonic enhancement of light absorption• Photonic manipulation of light
Photovoltaics
An example of using new physical processes: Coupling of Quantum dots to 1D nanostructures
1Se
1Sh
1Ph1Dh
1Pe
1De
hν
Open questions:- how to make these structures?- efficiency of carrier multiplication-how to separate carriers?- what are the materials requirements?
Electrical contacts defined at the atomic level
Molecular-scale contact
Unprecedented control
Contacts control the performance of microelectronics
11 % efficiency
Water splitting in a single unit
Nano versionProof of principle
H
Photo-electrochemistry
– Spectroscopic studies of electrode reactions
– Design of electrocatalysts
--Theoretical studies of electrocatalysts
A (electronic conductor)
B (active centers)
C (ionic conductor)
D (gas transporter)
current collector
(a) (b)
Current collector
Electrolyte phase + gas pores
CatalystCatalyst support
• High-surface area electrodes supporting highly efficient catalysts
Reverse engineering of natural photosynthesis•Understand the design principles of natural photosynthesis and how photosynthetic pigments, proteins, and other cofactors are assembled into functional complexes•Proof: ability to generate a simplified, engineerable photosystem in a native host.
Toolbox for engineering photosynthetic bacteria
• Modular parts can be combined to build ‘systems.’ Example:
PompC lacZ
ho1 pcyA Plac/ara lacI araC
cph8
Red light
araIPGT
ompR
E. coli RU1012
Microbes to fuels
Efficient for sustaining life -not efficient for making fuel
Artificial system for sunlightto fuel molecules using elements of natural photosynthetic systems
• photoactive/catalytic assemblies arrangedin one direction
• membrane separates fuel from O2• membrane H+ permeable
Natural photosynthesis – proof of concept forsolar to fuel in single integrated system
Integrated systems
Photosynthesis: Challenges and Goals
• Challenge: To understand the assembly, function, regulation, and maintenance of the photosynthetic apparatus.
• Goals
– To achieve a complete understanding of biological photosynthesis
– To compile a complete parts list for oxygenic photosynthesis
– To extract the design principles involved in natural photosynthesis for design of biomimetic or hybrid assemblies
• Challenge: To understand the assembly, function, regulation, and maintenance of the photosynthetic apparatus.
• Goals
– To achieve a complete understanding of biological photosynthesis
– To compile a complete parts list for oxygenic photosynthesis
– To extract the design principles involved in natural photosynthesis for design of biomimetic or hybrid assemblies
Key Challenges and Opportunities in Cellulosic Pathway
Sunlight Cellulose Sugar FuelsPlants Enzymes Microbes
Increasing accessible cellulose and hemicellulose
Deconstructing feedstocks to sugars
Microbes secreting enzymes
Sugars to fuels
The Cellulosic Route
Enzymes: Gut of termitesMicrobes on the forest floor
Helios projects and crosscutting areas
Bio or bio-synthetic fuel sytems
Photovoltaics
Electrochemical cells
Photo-electrochemical cells
Bio-inorganic photosyntheticsystems
Oleomics & Other microbes
Plants
Cellulose degrading microbes
Reversed Engineeringof Photosynthetic systems
Theo
ry
Cat
alys
i s
Tran
spor
t & S
epar
atio
ns
Man
ufac
utu r
e &
Sus
tain
a bili t
y
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