PARALYTIC SHELLFISH PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING IN POISONING IN ALASKA ALASKA By By Raymond RaLonde Raymond RaLonde University of Alaska Fairbanks University of Alaska Fairbanks School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences Alaska Sea Grant Program Alaska Sea Grant Program Marine Advisory Program Marine Advisory Program
PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING IN ALASKA By Raymond RaLonde University of Alaska Fairbanks School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences Alaska Sea Grant Program Marine Advisory Program. THE HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM. Red tides do not mean poison. Alexandrium cantenella. WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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PARALYTIC SHELLFISHPARALYTIC SHELLFISHPOISONING INPOISONING IN
ALASKAALASKA
ByByRaymond RaLondeRaymond RaLonde
University of Alaska FairbanksUniversity of Alaska FairbanksSchool of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesSchool of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences
Alaska Sea Grant ProgramAlaska Sea Grant ProgramMarine Advisory ProgramMarine Advisory Program
PARALYTIC SHELLFISHPARALYTIC SHELLFISHPOISONING INPOISONING IN
ALASKAALASKA
ByByRaymond RaLondeRaymond RaLonde
University of Alaska FairbanksUniversity of Alaska FairbanksSchool of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesSchool of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences
Alaska Sea Grant ProgramAlaska Sea Grant ProgramMarine Advisory ProgramMarine Advisory Program
THE HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMTHE HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOM
Red tides do not mean poisonRed tides do not mean poisonRed tides do not mean poisonRed tides do not mean poison
Alexandrium cantenellaAlexandrium cantenella
•Dinoflagellate microalgae
•Generally eastern Pacific
•Chain forming
•Dinoflagellate microalgae
•Generally eastern Pacific
•Chain forming
WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?WHERE DOES IT COME FROM?
Anchorage
Fairbanks
Juneau
KetchikanSitka
Kodiak IslandBaranof Island
Prince of Wales Island
Kachemak Bay
Seward
ALASKA
PSP OUTBREAK LOCATIONS
PSP OUTBREAK LOCATIONS
ABOUT THE TOXINABOUT THE TOXIN
Saxatoxin
–The 24+ toxins are divided into three groupsHigh Toxicity Carbamate ToxinsModerate Toxicity Decarbamoyl ToxinsLow Toxicity N-Sulfacarbamoyl Toxins
–Toxins change form and toxicity through the food chainWithin the algae based on environmental conditionsWithin the shellfish based on their metabolismWithin the final animal that eats the shellfish
Saxatoxin
–The 24+ toxins are divided into three groupsHigh Toxicity Carbamate ToxinsModerate Toxicity Decarbamoyl ToxinsLow Toxicity N-Sulfacarbamoyl Toxins
–Toxins change form and toxicity through the food chainWithin the algae based on environmental conditionsWithin the shellfish based on their metabolismWithin the final animal that eats the shellfish
WHAT IS PSP?WHAT IS PSP?Biotoxin (24+ toxins)
Naturally occurring toxin One of several marine toxins Appear to be increasing in frequency Range is expanding Deadly toxin (~ 1,000 times that of strychnine) Sodium channel blocking, blocking nervous transmission
Biotoxin (24+ toxins)
Naturally occurring toxin One of several marine toxins Appear to be increasing in frequency Range is expanding Deadly toxin (~ 1,000 times that of strychnine) Sodium channel blocking, blocking nervous transmission
COMPLEX TOXICITYCOMPLEX TOXICITY
Toxin Chemistry complex Algae bloom process not understood Oceanography complex and variable Shellfish response differs by species
Toxin Chemistry complex Algae bloom process not understood Oceanography complex and variable Shellfish response differs by species
THE TOXINS AND SHELLFISHTHE TOXINS AND SHELLFISH
Toxin types specified by high, moderate, low toxicity formsToxin types specified by high, moderate, low toxicity formsShellfishShellfishSpeciesSpecies
High ToxicityHigh ToxicityCarbamate ToxinsCarbamate Toxins
BUTTER CLAM PSPBUTTER CLAM PSPSeldovia BaySeldovia Bay
BUTTER CLAM PSPBUTTER CLAM PSPSeldovia BaySeldovia Bay
0
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/198
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8
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9
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1
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Date
ug
/100
gra
ms
8/19/97
6/2/99
2/26/98
5/15/98
1/20/99
IS YOUR LIFEIS YOUR LIFEWORTH 11WORTH 11¢¢
Blue mussels can becomeBlue mussels can becometoxic in half an hour.toxic in half an hour.
The FDA limit is 80 The FDA limit is 80 gg
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Date
Mic
rogr
ams/
100
gram
s
9/16/85
7/30/90
8/20/97
9/28/00 8/08/03
8/04/05
80 ug
BLUE MUSSEL PSPSeldovia Bay
BLUE MUSSEL PSPSeldovia Bay
MOVEMENT OF THE TOXINMOVEMENT OF THE TOXIN
Algae
Viscera and Gills
Muscle
Gonad
WHERE AND HOW MUCH?WHERE AND HOW MUCH?
Location Date Adductor Viscera Gills Gonads Mantel
Akhiok June 35 2,298 221 301 340
Izhut Bay July 58 4,945 504 1,361 243
Swikshak Sept. <32 2,862 - 446 41
Toxin Distribution in Weathervane Scallop
ALTERNATIVE TESTING?The Jellet Biotek Altert KitTM
ALTERNATIVE TESTING?The Jellet Biotek Altert KitTM
Pluses Rapid (one hour) Accurate when test is negative No toxic chemicals Easy to use Inexpensive
– processing kit for 40 samples $120 and $20/test
Minuses Representative sampling May be too sensitive (measure
toxins) Not FDA approved yet Don’t know how it will be accepted
PREDOMINANT MYTHSPREDOMINANT MYTHS
Only red tides are toxicOnly red tides are toxic This beach has never been toxicThis beach has never been toxic Lip testLip test Toxic months are only those where there Toxic months are only those where there
is no “r”is no “r” Feed the catFeed the cat Cook the shellfishCook the shellfish
Only red tides are toxicOnly red tides are toxic This beach has never been toxicThis beach has never been toxic Lip testLip test Toxic months are only those where there Toxic months are only those where there
is no “r”is no “r” Feed the catFeed the cat Cook the shellfishCook the shellfish
FOR MORE INFORMATIONFOR MORE INFORMATION Marine Advisory Program