The Great War (WWI) (World War I) Mr. W.. I. Underlying Causes to WWI A. Underlying Causes 1. Nationalism a. strong feelings for one’s own country b.

The Great War(WWI)

(World War I)

Mr. W.

I. Underlying Causes to WWI

A. Underlying Causes1. Nationalism

a. strong feelings for one’s own countryb. desire of a subjugated people to throw off foreign rule and create their own nation

(ex Serbia wanted to be independent of the Austria-Hungary Empire)

I. Underlying Causes to WWI

2. Imperialisma. struggle for colonies- major powers of the world were engaged in a race for empiresb. the “haves” vs. the “have nots”

I. Underlying Causes to WWI

3. Militarism - Build up of arms

-the policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war.

I. Underlying Causes to WWI

4. System of Alliancesa. Balance of Power System- every country tried to increase its own strength by securing as many allies as possible

I. Underlying Causes to WWI

b. Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (allies before WWI)

I. Underlying Causes to WWI

c. Triple Entente: Great Britain, France, Russia (allies before WWI)

I. Underlying Causes to WWI

B. Early 1900: Efforts to maintain world peace

1. World Peace Conferences1. Mediation - 2 or more nations engaged in dispute ask disinterested (neutral) 3rd party to “recommend” a solution.

I. Underlying Causes to WWI

►2. Arbitration – 2 or more disputing nations agree in advance to accept the decision of a neutral party.

II. World War I Breaks out in Europe►Look at all the different ethnic groups.

Should they be put into one country?

II. World War I Breaks out in Europe

A. Immediate Cause 1. Assassination of

Archduke Franz Ferdinand:

- heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary

-he was visiting Sarajevo, which had a lot of Serbian militants, seeking independence for the territory

II. World War I Breaks out in Europe

► Gavrilo Princip was a nineteen-year-old militant Bosnian Serb who had been part of the assassination attempts on Frendinand earlier that morning.

► Princip randomly ended up next to Ferdninand’s car, stepped up to the car’s window and shot both the archduke and his wife at point-blank range. ► Princip and other Serbs

wanted their own independent country.

II. World War I Breaks out in Europe

C. Allied Powers (Allies):

RussiaGreat BritainFrance

II. World War I Breaks out in Europe

D. Central Powers:Austria-HungaryGermanyOttoman Empire (old Turkish empires,

slowly fading out)(Italy dropped out of

their former alliance with these powers)

III. U.S. Attempts to Remain Neutral

A. President Woodrow Wilson urges Americans to remain neutral

1. Many Americans have relatives on both sides

2. Mixed feelings about the 2 sides, but most agree with Wilson about neutrality

III. U.S. Attempts to Remain Neutral

B. British Blockade1. The British blockade the German coast in an effort to restrict the maritime supply of raw materials and foodstuffs to the Central Powers.

2. mines are in the North sea

3. Blockade neutral countries through which American goods were sold to Germany

also to Norway, Sweden, Denmark

III. U.S. Attempts to Remain Neutral

►Germans react to blockade:-In early in 1916, Germany had instituted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, allowing armed merchant ships – but not passenger ships – to be torpedoed without warning.

III. U.S. Attempts to Remain NeutralC. German U-Boats

1. U-Boats policed the Atlantic

2. RMS Lusitania sunk March 1915-It was a British Ocean linera. 1198 lives lost including 128 Americans

turning point in U.S. attitude toward war

b. Germans promise to stop sinking/attacking ships

III. U.S. Attempts to Remain Neutral

3. Sussex sunk, A French passenger ship was attacked March 1916

a. After breaking their pledge, Germans renew promise to stop sinking ships

4. February, 1917 Germans resume unrestricted warfare

III. U.S. Attempts to Remain Neutral

D. The Zimmerman Note Feb. 24, 1917

1. The note was a message from German Foreign Secretary (Alfred Zimmerman) to Ger. Minister in Mexico

2. It offered Mexico an alliance with Ger. with Ger. Support, Mexico could attach the U.S. and regain New Mexico, Texas, Arizona

IV. US Enters WWI

A. U.S. Declares War April, 19171. Wilson encourages a “war to end wars… a war to make the world safe for democracy…”

2. U.S. methods for preparing for war:

IV. US Enters WWIA. Raise Army: selective

service act, ages 21-30 (draft)

B. Finance the War: war bonds, income taxes, and excise taxes help finance the war (the gov. borrowed money from people)

IV. US Enters WWIC. Mobilize Industry: War

Industries Board converted regular industries to wartime industries. (ex.->Instead of making pots/pans, make ammunition)

IV. US Enters WWI

D. Secure Support of Public Opinion: Committee of Public Information informed the public about the war, created posters and propaganda supporting the US in the war

IV. US Enters WWI

►E. Control Dissent: Espionage Act aimed at treasonable and disloyal actions (go after those tricky spies, fear of communism)

V. WWI Warfare►Trench Warfare1. Battle in the

Trenches:- Troops dug

themselves in trenches and relied on new weapons.

- The rapid-fire machine gun could easily hold off attacking forces

V. WWI Warfare1. Battle in the Trenches:- On the Western Front,

troops dug a network of trenches from the English Channel to the Swiss border.

”No Man’s Land”:- was the rough, barren

landscape with artillery craters in between the trench lines.

V. WWI Warfare► 2. World War Firsts

1. Aerial Combat, 1914- War takes to the air. Two

allied aircraft chase to German planes across Britain.

- Aerial combat becomes a norm of the war

- “The Red Baron” Manfred von Richthofen, Germany’s ace pilot, was shot down 1918.

V. WWI Warfare

►2.World War Firsts

2. Gas Attacks, 1915- The German High

Command admits to using chlorine gas bombs and shells on the field of combat.

- Deadly mustard gas is used in 1917.

V. WWI Warfare►2. World War Firsts

3. Donkey’s Ears- A new trench periscope

enables soldiers to observe the battleground from the relative safety of a trench without risking sniper fire.

V. WWI Warfare

► 2. World War Firsts

4. Big Bertha- Enormous howitzer gun

bombards Paris- “Big Bertha,” named after

the wife of its manufacturer, is thought to be located 63 miles behind German lines.

- Moving at night on RR tracks, the gun is difficult for the allies to locate.

V. WWI Warfare

► 3. How to Make a Doughboy- Looking at one American

Infantryman

1.) Arm with 107 pieces of fighting equipment

-rifle -rifle cartridges-gas mask -clubs-knives -grenades-steel helmet -trench tool -bayonet and scabbard-cartridge belt

V. WWI Warfare

2. Add 50 articles of clothing, including 3 wool blankets and a bedsack.

3. Equip with eating utensils and 11 cooking implements.

4. Train well.

TOTAL COST: $156.30(not including training and trans.)

V. WWI Warfare

4. The Convoy System:- The process of putting merchant

ships and troop transports into groups and be escorted across the Atlantic by warships.

- This greatly reduced the number of ships being attacked b/c of the warship escorts.

5. General John J. Pershing:- was the commander of the

American forces in WWI

VI. Results of WWI► 1. War CasualtiesWWI Military Deaths:

Allies DeathsRussia 1,700,000France 1,385,000Britain 908,400Italy 650,000Romania 335,700U.S. 107,000Bulgaria 87,500Others 74,200

VI. Results of WWI

►1. War CasualtiesWWI Military Deaths:

Central Powers DeathsGermany

1,773,000Austria Hungary

1,200,000Ottoman Empire 325,000

VI. Results of WWI

►2. End of the War- The war ended on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918.

-This day (11/11/1918) was known an Armistice: or a cease fire, that Germany had signed that stopped the fighting in the war.

VI. Results of WWI

►2. End of the War- Even though the fighting stopped in 1918, the official ending of the war wasn’t until 1919.

- The Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany on June 28, 1919 in Versailles, France. This was the official end of WWI.

VI. Results of WWI

► 3. Wilson’s 14 Points- President Wilson did not want

harsh penalties for the countries that started the war.

- Wilson wanted to promote “the principles of justice to all people and nationalities.

-Wilson presented his peace plan to congress in 1918. It was called Fourteen Points.

VI. Results of WWI

Fourteen Points:

Points 1-5 were about free trade, disarmament, free seas, open diplomacy, anti-imperialism

Points 6-13 were about the right to self-determination for countries and central powers breaking up their empires

Point 14 might have been the most important point. It called for a League of Nations

VI. Results of WWIThe League of Nations:- Wilson called for the creation of a

“general association of nations”

- Wilson hoped that this organization would help promote world peace

- The Senate and some of the American public rejected the League of Nations. Congress felt that the League could be too powerful and supersede congress when it came to declaring war.

- The League of Nations was created after the Treaty of Versailles, but the U.S. did not join the organization.

VI. Results of WWI

► 4. The Treaty of Versailles- The “Big Four” nations of the allies came together to decide on the peace treaty (USA, Italy, France, Britain).

-Germany was not invited to participate.

- Britain, Italy and France wanted harsh punishments for Germany in their defeat.

VI. Results of WWI

► 3. The Treaty of Versailles-The treaty forced Germany to pay Reparations, or war damages, in the amount of $33 billion to the allies.

-This amount was far beyond Germany’s financial means.

- The most humiliating part of the treaty forced Germany to accept fault for starting the war and the guilt of the devastation it caused.

VI. Results of WWI

► 3. The Treaty of Versailles- The treaty broke-up four empires:

-Russian Empire-Ottoman Empire-German Empire-Austria Hungary

- Nine new countries were created (Poland, Czech. etc.)

-Germany felt humiliated and unfairly punished for the war.

VI. Results of WWI

► A young German started to rise to power blaming certain people for their defeat in WWI…