The Great War

PowerPoint Presentation

The Great WarWorld War IThe War to End all Wars1MilitarismAlliancesImperialism/ IndustrializationNationalism

The Powder Keg

Militarism

3Italy and Germany were unified by warEuropean nations each sought military superiorityBetween 1870 1914, military spending in Europe increased 300%!!!Military buildup contributed to the growing tension between the great European powers.

ALLIANCES

The Three Emperors League (1872)The Russo-Turkish War The Dual AllianceThe Triple AllianceThe Reinsurance Treaty(1887)The Triple Alliance5Three Emperors League Bismarcks efforts to preserve European Balance of Power. Austria, Russia and GermanyThe Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 Austro-Russian rivalry in the Balkans. In 1876, a revolt against Ottoman rule broke out in Bulgaria. In suppressing the Bulgarian revolt, the Turks slaughtered thousands. The two small autonomous Balkan states of Serbia and Montenegro responding by declaring war on the Ottoman Empire. The Russians asserted their self-proclaimed role as the protector of the Slaves and Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, going to war against Turkey in 1877. In the treaty that ended the war, Serbia, Montenegro, and Rumania were granted independence. Bulgaria was placed under Russian domination, and Batum and Kars and other Turkish lands were awarded to Russia.The Dual Alliance 1879: Secret Defensive alliance between Austria and GermanyThe Triple Alliance 1882 Italy joined Germany and Austira in a secret defensive alliance. Bismarck now had ties with Italy as well as with Austria and Russia. In addition, Germany remained on good terms with Great Britain. France was thus more completely isolated than ever.The Reinsurance Treaty 1887: Russians wanted to maintain their relationship with Germany, and the 2 powers signed the Reinsurance Treaty of 1887. The treaty provided for benevolent neutrality in case either partner became involved in war unless Germany attacked France or Russia attacked Austria. Germany had no intention of Attacking France. The provision that Germany would not be obliged to observe benevolent neutrality in the event of a Russian attack on Austria made the terms of the Reinsurance Treaty compatible with Germanys obligations under the Dual Alliance.

The Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)Deterioration of Anglo-German RelationsThe Anglo-French Entente (1904)The Anglo-Russian Entente (1907)The Triple Entente The Triple Entente6The Franco-Russian Alliance 1894: Secret military alliance directed primarily against Great Britain, the mail rival of both France and Russia in the Mediterranean and AsiaDeterioration of Anglo-German Relations: the Arms RaceThe Anglo-French Entente 1904: The French recognized British dominance in Egypt, while the British agreed to support French claims to Morocco. The British and French also settled other differences in Africa and Asia and resolved a long-standing dispute about fishing rights in the North Atlantic off Newfoundland. The Two countries began to consult on international issues of mutual interest.Anglo-Russian Entente (1907): Japans defeat of Russia reduced Britains fears of Russian expansion in East Asia, although British and Russian interests continued to clash. With the encouragement of the French, London and St. Petersburg sought to resolve their differences in terms of Asian Imperialism.

The First Moroccan Crisis - 1905Bosnia-HerzegovinaIMPERIALISM7The scramble for colonies in Africa and Asia contributed to the growing tension between the great European powers. THE MOROCCAN CRISIS: The Germans provoked a crisis over Morocco, where the French were in the process of creating a protectorate. IN March 1905, William II went to Tangier, where he declared that Germany had interests in Morocco and spoke in support of Moroccan independence. The Germans expected that Russia, which was being defeated by Japan, could not assist France, and they hoped that Britain would.The Algeciras Conference in 1906 was called to consider the status of Morocco. At the conference the Germans were isolated, they only had the support of Austria. Great Britain, Russia, and Italy supported France. allowing the establishment of its protectorate over Morocco.Germany was belligerent towards the First Moroccan Crisis.Bosnia-Herzegovina- Austria formally annexed it in 1908 creating tension in the Balkans. This action infuriated both the Russians and the Serbs.

INDUSTRIALIZATION

Great BritainGermanyAustriaRussiaItalyFrance

The Great Powers

NATIONALISM9British and increased feelings of patriotism, loyalty, and prideUnification of GermanyThe political unity of Austria-Hungary was increasingly threatened by the make up its populationRussia Pan SlavismItaly UnificationSought territories controlled by Austria-Hungary unredeemed ItaliansFrance determined to recover the provinces of Alsace and LoraineResented their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and were eager for revenge

INTERNATIONAL ANARCHY

10Europe was made up of 25 sovereign states. There was no international organization which existed to settle disputes peacefully. The Concert of Europe failed.

Sarajevo, Bosnia June 28, 1914WHAT LIT THE POWDER KEG?

131914 Bosnia was controlled by Austria-Hungary, and Serbia was independent.Some Serbs lived in BosniaArchduke Francis Ferdinand,heir to the Austrian throne, was scheduled to visit Sarajevo, Bosnia on June 28, 1914

THE SPARK

Gavrilo Princip14Members of the Servian Terrorist group, The Black Hand, planned an assasination.They killed Ferdinand during a Motorcade through SarajevoThe Austrian Emperor, blamed Serbia for the murder of his nephew, and Issued an ultimatum to Serbia in order to avoid war:1. Serbia must end all anti-Austrian Agitations2. Serbia must punish any Serbian official involved in the murder plot.Serbia partially agreed that was not enoughJuly 28, 1914 Austria declared war on SerbiaGavrilo Princip

Funeral of Archduke Ferdinand

Ready Since 1905Response to possibility of a two front warFrance on the WestRussia on the EastParis in Six WeeksMarch Against RussiaThe Schlieffen Plan16

17The German forces would sweep through neutral Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, brushing up against the English Channel, and then turn south in a huge arc to defeat the French army and capture Paris. The plan required victory over France within 6 weeks. The German generals knew the inefficiency of the Russian army, the enormous size of the country, and its lack of railroads, calculated that it would take the slow-moving Russians six weeks to complete the difficult process of mobilizing troops and deploying them for action.July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on SerbiaJuly 30, 1914 Russia prepared to defend SerbiaAugust 1, 1914 Germany declares war on RussiaTHE WAR EXPANDS18July 30 Pan SlavismAugust 1 Germans demanded that Russia stop mobilization of troops, and the Russians refusedAugust 3, Germany asked the French their intentions the answer was that they would act in accordance with its interestsAugust 3 The Schlieffen PlanAugust 4 British gave the Germans an ultimatum to withdraw from neutral Belgium. They rejected the ultimatum and Britain joined the war.

August 3, 1914 Germany declared war on France August 3, 1914 Germany invaded neutral BelgiumAugust 4, 1914 British declared war on Germany

THE WAR EXPANDS

Trench WarfareSTALEMATE!!!

NO MANS LAND

No Man's LandFlanders Field France -1919

23French attack on German Trenches

24French soldiers in Alsace using trench periscope.

25Dismounted German Hussars holding 1st line trenches at Verdun

26Trenches aerial view

Trench Foot

28Gas Shells exploding in No Mans Land

29British soldier wearing gas mask

30British soldiers blinded by Gas Attack

31Treating Mustard Gas Victim

32Effects of Mustard Gas

TOTAL WARBritish Propaganda

French Propaganda

German Propaganda

U-Boat as Prey

U-Boat as Preditor

Inside a German U-Boat

In 2 years this 1 U-Boat sank 32 ships of a total of 119,411 tons.

The Lusitania

The Lusitania was sunk:

May 7, 191518 minutes1,195 lives 123 were American

Lusitanias Funnels:

A couple of passengers were sucked into the funnels as the ship sunk. When sea water hit the boilers it caused an explosion and the people were shot out and survived. L45

Life Boats:

Only 6 stayed afloat despite the fact that there were more than enough to fit all passengersLusitania Warning

Propaganda

The Lusitanias sinking solidified that IF the US joined the war it would be on the side of the Allies.The Zimmermann Telegram

Why does this ultimately bring the US into the War?Little Willie

Whippet

Airplanes

How do we fix this?

The Big Four

Paris Peace Conference

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCEJanuary 12, 1919 - January 20, 1920

WHO ATTENDED?32 STATES REPRESENTING 75% OF THE WORLDS POPULATION.

TALKS WERE DOMINATED BY THE 5 MAJOR POWERS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEFEATING THE CENTRAL POWERSUNITED STATESGREAT BRITAINITALYFRANCEJAPAN"THE BIG FOUR"4 ALLIED LEADERS DOMINATED THE NEGOTIATIONS

FRANCE - GEORGE CLEMENCEAUBRITAIN - DAVID LLOYD GEORGEITALY - VITTORIO ORLANDO

U.S. - WOODROW WILSONFRANCE AND ENGLAND"THE BIG FOUR"

GOAL WAS TO PUNISH GERMANY AND MAKE SURE THAT IT WOULD NEVER BECOME A THREAT AGAIN!!!

GermanyTREATY OF VERSAILLESTHE SURRENDER OF ALL GERMAN COLONIES AS LEAGUE OF NATIONS MANDATES

TREATY OF VERSAILLES2. THE RETURN OF ALSACE AND LORAINE TO FRANCE

IDEALISM V. REALISM

WHAT ABOUT THE GERMANS LIVING THERE??TREATY OF VERSAILLES3. DANZIG TO BECOME A FREE CITY/CREATION OF THE POLISH CORRIDOR

Split Germany!! Access to East Prussia from Germany??TREATY OF VERSAILLES4. DEMILITARIZATION AND A 15 YEAR OCCUPATION OF THE RHINELAND

Who would defend and occupy it?What about the Germans living there?Who would pay for the occupation?TREATY OF VERSAILLES5. GERMAN REPARATIONS OF 6,600 MILLION POUNDS

TREATY OF VERSAILLES6. A BAN ON THE UNION OF GERMANY AND AUSTRIA7. AN ACCEPTANCE OF GERMANYS GUILT IN CAUSING THE WAR

TREATY OF VERSAILLES8. PROVISION FOR THE TRIAL OF THE FORMER KAISER AND OTHER WAR LEADERS

THE TRIALS NEVER OCCUREDTREATY OF VERSAILLES9. LIMITATION OF GERMANYS ARMY TO 100,000 MEN WITH NO CONSCRIPTION, NO TANKS, NO HEAVY ARTILLERY, NO POISON-GAS SUPPLIES, NO AIRCRAFT AND NO AIRSHIPS

=TREATY OF VERSAILLES10. LIMITATION OF THE GERMAN NAVY TO VESSELS UNDER 100,000 TONS, AND NO SUBMARINES

TREATY OF VERSAILLESGERMANY: SIGNED UNDER PROTEST

FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN: ANGRY THAT THERE WAS NO ACTUAL TRIAL OF THE KAISER OR OTHER WAR LEADERS. DIDNT THINK THE TREATY WAS HARD ENOUGH ON GERMANYTREATY OF VERSAILLES

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yj_eiyBsSSc