The Great War

The Great WarThe Great War

WWIWWI

I. Causes:I. Causes: A. A. ImperialismImperialism- - European European

countries quest for larger countries quest for larger empires led to competition empires led to competition among nations.among nations.

B. B. NationalismNationalism-- Grew Grew because of competition because of competition between countriesbetween countries

Ex: Britain and GermanyEx: Britain and Germany

C. Militarism-C. Militarism- the policy the policy of glorifying military of glorifying military power and keeping an power and keeping an army prepared for war. army prepared for war. (standing armies)(standing armies)

D. Alliances-D. Alliances- The The alliance system leads to alliance system leads to war, Russia supported war, Russia supported Serbia and Germany Serbia and Germany supported Austria-supported Austria-Hungary, Britain declares Hungary, Britain declares war on Germany….Within war on Germany….Within one week, almost all of one week, almost all of Europe plunged into war.Europe plunged into war.

1. Allied Powers-1. Allied Powers-Britain, France, Britain, France, Russia, Belgium…Russia, Belgium…later joined by later joined by Japan and ItalyJapan and Italy

2. Central Powers-2. Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

E. THE SPARK: E. THE SPARK: The assassination The assassination of theof the

Archduke Archduke Ferdinand and his Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, by a wife, Sophie, by a member of the member of the Serbian Nationalist Serbian Nationalist

II. A New Type of Warfare-II. A New Type of Warfare-People Hoped for a Fast War, People Hoped for a Fast War,

Killed a Huge Number of Killed a Huge Number of People EffectivelyPeople Effectively A. A. Total WarTotal War-countries -countries

devoted all their devoted all their resources toward the resources toward the war effortwar effort

B. New WeaponsB. New Weapons 1. Machine gun, 1. Machine gun,

artillery, flame throwersartillery, flame throwers 2. Tanks, airplane, 2. Tanks, airplane,

submarinesubmarine 3. Chemical/poison gas3. Chemical/poison gas

C. Trench Warfare-horrible C. Trench Warfare-horrible living conditionsliving conditions

475 Miles of 475 Miles of Trenches, Trenches, The British The British used 10 used 10 million million shovelsshovels

Shell shock, Shell shock, no man’s no man’s land, land, charging charging over topover top

III. Fronts of the WarIII. Fronts of the War

A. Western Front:A. Western Front:

1. 1. Shlieffen Plan-Shlieffen Plan-

Germany tried to Germany tried to take France quickly take France quickly and then turned to and then turned to fight Russia. Instead fight Russia. Instead the battle lines the battle lines formed in formed in northeastern France northeastern France and changed little. and changed little.

2. Battle of 2. Battle of Verdun- in the Verdun- in the valley of the valley of the Somme River. Somme River. Each side suffered Each side suffered over a half a over a half a million casualties million casualties and the British and the British gained only five gained only five miles of territory.miles of territory.

B. Eastern FrontB. Eastern Front

1. The lack of modern technology 1. The lack of modern technology caused Russia enormous caused Russia enormous

defeats.defeats.

2. Treaty is signed with the 2. Treaty is signed with the revolutionary revolutionary government in government in Russia-they lost ¼ of Russia-they lost ¼ of

their country.their country.

C. Balkan Front-Allies abandon attempts C. Balkan Front-Allies abandon attempts

to land in Balkans.to land in Balkans.

D. Italian Front-Italians joined the Triple D. Italian Front-Italians joined the Triple

Entente in 1915 and fought Austria-Entente in 1915 and fought Austria-

HungaryHungary

E. Across the world-imperialism causesE. Across the world-imperialism causes

troubletrouble

IV. Changing Attitudes & The IV. Changing Attitudes & The Home FrontHome Front

A. Many Europeans A. Many Europeans were patriotic and were patriotic and looked forward to looked forward to the start of war, the start of war, soldier’s letters soldier’s letters told about the told about the horrors of war horrors of war (poem Dulce Ed (poem Dulce Ed Decorum Est.)Decorum Est.)

B. Civilians on the home front made B. Civilians on the home front made sacrifices (rationing), governments sacrifices (rationing), governments controlled industriescontrolled industries

C. Women worked outside of the C. Women worked outside of the home, roles began to change in home, roles began to change in society (They had more control over society (They had more control over money, gained the right to vote, money, gained the right to vote, many refused to return home after many refused to return home after the war.)the war.)

D. No crowds or heroes welcome for D. No crowds or heroes welcome for soldiers after the warsoldiers after the war

V. War EndsV. War Ends A. U.S. (who remained A. U.S. (who remained

neutral until the Germans neutral until the Germans sunk the Lusitania on May sunk the Lusitania on May 7, 1915, ) enters war in 7, 1915, ) enters war in 1917 because of German 1917 because of German submarine warfare submarine warfare (Zimmermann Note p. 755) (Zimmermann Note p. 755)

Russia/U.S.S.R. withdraws Russia/U.S.S.R. withdraws from the war due to the from the war due to the Bolshevik Revolution or Civil Bolshevik Revolution or Civil War in 1917.War in 1917.Bulgaria and the Ottoman Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire were the first Empire were the first Central powers to be Central powers to be defeated, revolts inside defeated, revolts inside Austria-Hungary and Austria-Hungary and Germany helped the war Germany helped the war end quicklyend quickly

B. Allies won, although 8.5 million Europeans B. Allies won, although 8.5 million Europeans died, 21 million woundeddied, 21 million wounded

C. Map of Europe changed: Austria-Hungary C. Map of Europe changed: Austria-Hungary Empire and Ottoman Empire crumbled, new Empire and Ottoman Empire crumbled, new nations of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, nations of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, YugoslaviaYugoslavia

Leaders and Countries of Leaders and Countries of WWIWWI

Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson Georges ClemenceauGeorges Clemenceau David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd George Tsar Nicholas II/LeninTsar Nicholas II/Lenin Otto von Otto von

Bismarck/Kaiser Bismarck/Kaiser Wilhelm IIWilhelm II

Vittorio OrlandoVittorio Orlando

United StatesUnited States FranceFrance EnglandEngland RussiaRussia GermanyGermany Italy Italy Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire JapanJapan

D. Treaty of VersaillesD. Treaty of Versailles

1. Military: 1. Military: Demilitarization of Demilitarization of GermanyGermany

Economic: Harsh Economic: Harsh reparation paymentsreparation payments

2. Germany loses 2. Germany loses territory (punishing territory (punishing

Central powers will lead Central powers will lead to bigger problems in to bigger problems in the future, i.e. WWII)the future, i.e. WWII)

E. League of Nations-first attempt at E. League of Nations-first attempt at a world-wide peace-keeping a world-wide peace-keeping organization; the U.S. will not join. It organization; the U.S. will not join. It will eventually lead to the United will eventually lead to the United Nation.Nation. Fourteen Points-proposed by Woodrow Fourteen Points-proposed by Woodrow

Wilson to achieve lasting peace. It did Wilson to achieve lasting peace. It did NOT work!NOT work!

VI. Age of Anxiety: Years VI. Age of Anxiety: Years Between the WarsBetween the Wars

1919-19391919-1939

Doubt, Doubt, Depression, Depression,

Dictators and Dictators and DisorderDisorder

A. DOUBTA. DOUBT

1. Brutality and death of WWI 1. Brutality and death of WWI and flu pandemic caused people and flu pandemic caused people to question accepted ideasto question accepted ideas

2. Questioned reason, progress, 2. Questioned reason, progress, and religionand religion

3. Disillusionment with society 3. Disillusionment with society as it wasas it was

Costs of World War ICosts of World War I

Flu Pandemic of 1918Flu Pandemic of 1918

40 million people died world-wide40 million people died world-wide More U.S. Soldiers died of the flu than in WWIMore U.S. Soldiers died of the flu than in WWI Flu was so common, children jumped rope to Flu was so common, children jumped rope to

“I had a little bird, its name was Enza, I “I had a little bird, its name was Enza, I opened the window and in-flu-enza”opened the window and in-flu-enza”

B. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN B. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN ARTART

1. The chaos and confusion after 1. The chaos and confusion after the war was reflected in all areas the war was reflected in all areas of art (art, literature, music)of art (art, literature, music)

2. “Modernist” art generally had 2. “Modernist” art generally had the following elements: the following elements: Pessimism Skepticism, CynicismPessimism Skepticism, Cynicism

3. Expressionism—3. Expressionism—Kandinsky Kandinsky Composition VIII-Composition VIII-

19231923

4. Cubism-Picasso 4. Cubism-Picasso GuernicaGuernica (protest of Spanish Civil War) (protest of Spanish Civil War)

5. Abstract Art: Mondrian 5. Abstract Art: Mondrian Composition of Red, Yellow, Composition of Red, Yellow,

and Blueand Blue

6. Surrealism-Dali 6. Surrealism-Dali Persistence Persistence of Memoryof Memory

C. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN C. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN LITERATURE (Lost Generation)LITERATURE (Lost Generation)

1. Literature of the time 1. Literature of the time reflected disillusionment, reflected disillusionment, hopelessness, doom, hopelessness, doom, alienation, chaosalienation, chaos

2. Books without a plot2. Books without a plot 3. Stream-of-3. Stream-of-

consciousnessconsciousness (James Joyce)(James Joyce) 4. Nonsense sentences 4. Nonsense sentences

(Gertrude Stein)(Gertrude Stein)

TS Eliot “Hollow Men”TS Eliot “Hollow Men”

We are the hollow men We are the hollow men We are the stuffed men We are the stuffed men Leaning together Leaning together Headpiece filled with strawHeadpiece filled with strawOur dried voices, when Our dried voices, when We whisper together We whisper together Are quiet and meaningless Are quiet and meaningless As wind in dry grass As wind in dry grass Or rat's feet over broken glass Or rat's feet over broken glass In our dry cellar In our dry cellar

Examples of LiteratureExamples of Literature James Joyce: James Joyce: Better pass boldly into that other world, in the full Better pass boldly into that other world, in the full

glory of some passion, than fade and wither dismally glory of some passion, than fade and wither dismally with age. with age.

You forget that the kingdom of heaven suffers violence: You forget that the kingdom of heaven suffers violence: and the kingdom of heaven is like a woman. and the kingdom of heaven is like a woman.

There is no heresy or no philosophy which is so There is no heresy or no philosophy which is so abhorrent to the church as a human being.abhorrent to the church as a human being.

Nonsense sentences Gertrude Stein: Nonsense sentences Gertrude Stein: A writer should write with his eyes and a painter paint A writer should write with his eyes and a painter paint

with his ears.with his ears. Americans are very friendly and very suspicious, that is Americans are very friendly and very suspicious, that is

what Americans are and that is what always upsets the what Americans are and that is what always upsets the foreigner, who deals with them, they are so friendly foreigner, who deals with them, they are so friendly how can they be so suspicious they are so suspicious how can they be so suspicious they are so suspicious how can they be so friendly but they just are.how can they be so friendly but they just are.

D. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN D. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN MUSICMUSIC

The Music reflected much of the The Music reflected much of the same attitude as the art and same attitude as the art and literatureliterature

Rejected traditional formsRejected traditional forms Chaotic Rhythms/unharmoniousChaotic Rhythms/unharmonious JazzJazz

E. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN E. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN SCIENCESCIENCE

New ideas to help New ideas to help explain the worldexplain the world

Psychology—Psychology—(Sigmund Freud) (Sigmund Freud) looks to the looks to the subconscious and subconscious and dreamsdreams

Physics (Albert Physics (Albert Einstein) theory of Einstein) theory of relativity proves old relativity proves old theories incorrecttheories incorrect

F. Society Becomes More F. Society Becomes More OpenOpen

Youth rebellion: flappers, speak Youth rebellion: flappers, speak easies, etc. easies, etc.

Women : right to vote, work outside Women : right to vote, work outside homehome

Gibson Girl Pre-WW I

Flappers 1920s Suffrage

G. Technology Changes LifeG. Technology Changes Life After WW I ends, the war’s After WW I ends, the war’s

technological advances are used to technological advances are used to improve transportation and improve transportation and communication.communication.

Automobiles, airplanes, radio, moviesAutomobiles, airplanes, radio, movies

ECONOMIC DEPRESSIONECONOMIC DEPRESSION

World wide depression due to global World wide depression due to global economy and tradeeconomy and trade

Due in part to WWI Treaty of Versailles Due in part to WWI Treaty of Versailles (reparations too punitive)(reparations too punitive)

F. ECONOMIC DEPRESSIONF. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION

Economic Causes and Effects: Economic Causes and Effects: Inflation—prices rose too high. As Inflation—prices rose too high. As

more money was printed, it lost it’s more money was printed, it lost it’s value (hyperinflation in Germany)value (hyperinflation in Germany)

Overproduction-too many goods Overproduction-too many goods producedproduced

Under consumption-less demandUnder consumption-less demand U.S. Stock Market Crash in 1929U.S. Stock Market Crash in 1929 Expanded labor programsExpanded labor programs

F. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION: F. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION: EFFECTS EFFECTS

Political: Political: Rise of dictators in EuropeRise of dictators in Europe New Deal (US)New Deal (US) Nazis seize powerNazis seize power Communism/fascism riseCommunism/fascism rise

F. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION: F. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION: EFFECTS EFFECTS

Social: Social: Starvation (USSR)Starvation (USSR) Welfare (US)Welfare (US) Jews blamed (Germany)Jews blamed (Germany)

Responses Around the Responses Around the WorldWorld

United States: New Deal, banking United States: New Deal, banking regulations, gov involvement,welfare, regulations, gov involvement,welfare, etc.etc.

Germany: Nazis gain power, expanded Germany: Nazis gain power, expanded labor programs, gov involvement, blame labor programs, gov involvement, blame placed on Jewsplaced on Jews

USSR: stepped up industrialization, gov USSR: stepped up industrialization, gov involvement, consumer goods NOT a involvement, consumer goods NOT a priority.priority.

ECONOMIC DEPRESSIONECONOMIC DEPRESSION

G. DICTATORS—G. DICTATORS— TOTALITARIAN GOV’T TOTALITARIAN GOV’T

People looked to strong leaders for People looked to strong leaders for answers in political, economic, and answers in political, economic, and social turmoilsocial turmoil

Dictators have answers for many Dictators have answers for many who are questioning everything: who are questioning everything: militarism, nationalism, strong state militarism, nationalism, strong state control and other philosophiescontrol and other philosophies

By 1939, only Great Britain and By 1939, only Great Britain and Czechoslovakia were democraticCzechoslovakia were democratic

Characteristics of Characteristics of Totalitarian RegimesTotalitarian Regimes

Incredibly militaristic.Incredibly militaristic. Dictatorship.Dictatorship. Dynamic speakers.Dynamic speakers. Propaganda.Propaganda. State control over society State control over society

(censorship).(censorship). Indoctrination.Indoctrination. Industrialization and modernization.Industrialization and modernization. Police terror.Police terror.

DICTATORS: FASCISMDICTATORS: FASCISM

Extreme Extreme Nationalism Nationalism and and militarismmilitarism

Market EconomyMarket Economy One-party ruleOne-party rule More middle-class More middle-class

orientedoriented Limited Civil LibertiesLimited Civil Liberties(lack of freedoms)(lack of freedoms)EXAMPLE: Germany EXAMPLE: Germany

(Hitler), Spain (Hitler), Spain (Franco), Italy (Franco), Italy (Mussolini)(Mussolini)

DICTATORS: DICTATORS: COMMUNISMCOMMUNISM

InternationalInternational focus focus “Workers of the “Workers of the World Unite” World Unite”

Command economy, Command economy, nono private property private property

One party ruleOne party rule Appealed to urban Appealed to urban

workers and peasantsworkers and peasants Limited civil libertiesLimited civil liberties

EXAMPLE: USSR (Stalin)EXAMPLE: USSR (Stalin)

DISORDER AROUND THE DISORDER AROUND THE WORLD—Prelude to WWIIWORLD—Prelude to WWII

EuropeEurope1930—Nazi Party Gains 1930—Nazi Party Gains

power in Germanypower in Germany1931—Collectivization 1931—Collectivization

and “Great Purges” and “Great Purges” begin in USSRbegin in USSR

1933—Hitler Becomes 1933—Hitler Becomes chancellor of Germanychancellor of Germany

1936—Spanish Civil War 1936—Spanish Civil War (Fascists vs. Royalists)(Fascists vs. Royalists)

1936-1939—Germany 1936-1939—Germany invades surrounding invades surrounding countriescountries

AsiaAsia1931—Japan Invades 1931—Japan Invades

ManchuriaManchuria1932—Japan captures 1932—Japan captures

ShanghaiShanghai1933—Communist Long 1933—Communist Long

March in ChinaMarch in China1937—Japan Invades 1937—Japan Invades

ChinaChina

CitationsCitations

America in the 20th Century: World War I: The America in the 20th Century: World War I: The War in Europe. United Learning. 2002.War in Europe. United Learning. 2002.unitedstreaming. 26 March 2008unitedstreaming. 26 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>

World History: Contemporary History. Discovery World History: Contemporary History. Discovery Channel School. 2004.Channel School. 2004.unitedstreaming. 26 March 2008unitedstreaming. 26 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>

American History: From the Great War to the American History: From the Great War to the Great Depression. Discovery Channel School. Great Depression. Discovery Channel School. 2005.2005.unitedstreaming. 26 March 2008unitedstreaming. 26 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>

Citations ContinuedCitations Continued

Pablo Picasso . Arts4All. 2004.Pablo Picasso . Arts4All. 2004.unitedstreaming. 27 March 2008unitedstreaming. 27 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> />

Great Books: Freud's Interpretation of Great Books: Freud's Interpretation of Dreams. Discovery Channel School. 1997.Dreams. Discovery Channel School. 1997.unitedstreaming. 27 March 2008unitedstreaming. 27 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> />