THE GREAT DEPRESSION CHAPTER 21. CHANGING THE GOVERNMENT (AGAIN) THE ROOSEVELT ADMINISTRATION WILL SEE A TRANSFORMATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY (THEY.

THE GREAT DEPRESSION

CHAPTER 21

CHANGING THE GOVERNMENT (AGAIN)• THE ROOSEVELT ADMINISTRATION WILL SEE A

TRANSFORMATION IN THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY (THEY BECOME THE PARTY OF REFORM) AND WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A “LIBERAL” – THEY SEE THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT TO MODERNIZE AND REGULATE THE MARKET ECONOMY, AND UPLIFT LESS FORTUNATE MEMBERS OF SOCIETY.

• DEPRESSION BRINGS YET ANOTHER “NEW” DEFINITION OF FREEDOM AND THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT: ECONOMIC SECURITY – PROTECTED BY THE GOVERNMENT (SAFETY NET)

ELECTION OF 1932

• PEOPLE ARE ANGRY, AND EVEN

THOUGH THE CRASH WASN’T

HOOVER’S FAULT- THE DEPRESSION SEEMED TO BE. AND IT HAPPENED TO BE THE ROCK BOTTOM OF THE DEPRESSION.

• DEMOCRATS NOMINATED FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT- GOV OF NY (TR’S 5TH COUSIN, THERE ARE LOTS OF ROOSEVELTS) CAMPAIGNED AGGRESSIVELY, AND PERSONALLY, AND LIKE HIS COUSIN, IT WAS HIS PERSONALITY, VISION, AND OPTIMISM IN THE FACE OF DESPAIR (“THE ONLY THING WE HAVE TO FEAR IS FEAR ITSELF”) THAT WOULD CONVINCE THE PEOPLE HE SHOULD BE PRESIDENT- WON BY A LANDSLIDE, AND IS ELECTED 3 MORE TIMES

FDR AND ELEANOR

FROM WEALTHY BACKGROUNDS. (SOMETIMES DUBBED “TRAITORS” TO THEIR CLASS) TODAY THEY WOULD BE CALLED POLITICALLY MODERATE- AT TIME, PRETTY DARN RADICAL, BUT FISCALLY FRUGAL, AND NOT AGAINST BUSINESS

FDR HAD BEEN SEC OF NAVY AND VP NOMINEE IN 1920- STRUCK BY POLIO IN 1921 - OFTEN CREDITED WITH STRENGTHENING HIS WILL AND COMPASSION.

ELECTED GOV OF NY IN 1928- SPOKE FREQUENTLY OF PLIGHT OF “COMMON MAN”

ELEANOR WAS THE MOST ACTIVE 1ST LADY IN AMERICAN HISTORY- CHAMPIONED CAUSES FOR WOMEN, CHILDREN, THE POOR AND AFRICAN AMERICANS. “CONSCIENCE” OF NEW DEAL

PRESIDENTIAL RANKINGS: C-SPAN SURVEY, 2009

1. Abraham Lincoln2. Franklin Roosevelt3. George Washington4. Theodore Roosevelt5. Harry Truman6. John Kennedy7. Thomas Jefferson8. Dwight Eisenhower9. Woodrow Wilson10. Ronald Reagan11. Lyndon Johnson12. James Polk13. Andrew Jackson14. James Monroe

15. Bill Clinton16. William McKinley17. John Adams18. George H.W. Bush19. John Quincy Adams20. James Madison21. Grover Cleveland22. Gerald Ford23. Ulysses Grant24. William Taft25. Jimmy Carter26. Calvin Coolidge27. Richard Nixon28. James Garfield

29. Zachary Taylor

30. Benjamin Harrison

31. Martin Van Buren

32. Chester Arthur

33. Rutherford Hayes

34. Herbert Hoover

35. John Tyler

36. George W. Bush

37. Millard Fillmore

38. Warren Harding

39. William Harrison

40. Franklin Pierce

41. Andrew Johnson

42. James Buchanan

THE NEW DEAL• FDR’S PLAN TO REMAKE THE

AMERICAN ECONOMY. A BREAK WITH STRAIGHT CAPITALISM- FDR FOLLOWS THE PHILOSOPHY OF JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES, WHO SAYS THAT THE BEST WAY TO SOLVE ECON PROBLEMS IS FOR THE GOV’T TO SPEND BIG $$, “INVESTING” IN THE NATION AT A TIME WHEN PRIVATE BUSINESS CAN OR WILL NOT. TO PAY FOR PROGRAMS, TAXES GO UP, AND SO DOES THE DEFICIT.

• CHANGE IS SCARY, AND FDR WAS HATED AND LOVED BY LARGE SEGMENTS OF THE POPULATION. GAVE WEEKLY ADDRESSES- “FIRESIDE CHATS” ON THE RADIO WHERE HE WOULD EXPLAIN POLICY, AND BOLSTER CONFIDENCE. PROMISES AMERICANS THE “3 RS” RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM

FIRST 100 DAYS

• MARCH- JUNE 1933. DETERMINED TO HIT

THE GROUND RUNNING. CALLED CONGRESS

FOR A SPECIAL SESSION. GATHERED A

“BRAIN TRUST” OF ADVISORS AND EXPERTS IN ADDITION TO THE CABINET (DOLLAR A YEAR MEN) LOOKING FOR OUT OF THE BOX SOLUTIONS- AND PLANNED TO SPEND IN WAYS THE GOV’T HAD NEVER DREAMED, NOT JUST JOBS, BUT WITH SOCIAL WELFARE AND SAFETY NET PROGRAMS UNTIL GOV’T BECAME THE PRIMARY FORCE IN THE ECONOMY. DID MANY BY EXECUTIVE ORDER SO HE DID NOT NEED APPROVAL FROM CONGRESS.

• BECAME AN IMPORTANT MEASURE OF A PRESIDENT’S EFFECTIVENESS

BANKING• BANKING SYSTEM IS IN BAD SHAPE, 5000 BANKS FAILED

BETWEEN 1929-1933. FDR DECLARED A BANK HOLIDAY-

CLOSING EVERY BANK IN THE COUNTRY SO CONGRESS

COULD CREATE A NEW REGULATORY SYSTEM.

• EMERGENCY BANKING ACT: GOV’T WILL “BAIL OUT” FAILING BANKS.

• GLASS- STEAGALL ACT: SAID BANKS COULD NOT BUY/SELL STOCK. CREATED

• FDIC TO PROTECT PEOPLE’S $$ (UP TO $5000). TOOK US OFF GOLD STANDARD TO GET MORE $$ CIRCULATING

• WORKS - FROM 1936 TO END OF DEPRESSION- NOT A SINGLE BANK FAILS

PROGRAMS • NATIONAL RECOVERY ACT: MODELED ON IDEA OF BUSINESS

GOVERNMENT PARTNERSHIP (LIKE DURING WWI) TO ELIMINATE CUTTHROAT COMPETITION AND SET INDUSTRY STANDARDS. (ALSO RECOGNIZED RIGHTS OF UNIONS)

• AGRICULTURE ADJUSTMENT ACT: SUBSIDIES AND FARM CREDIT ACT: PREVENT FORECLOSURES

• CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS : YOUNG MEN WORKING IN NATIONAL PARKS

• TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY/RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ACT: BUILD DAMS TO CONTROL FLOODING AND CREATE HYDROELECTRIC POWER FOR DEPRESSED AREAS (ESP IN SOUTH)

• AND HE KEEPS A CAMPAIGN PROMISE LEGALIZING THE SALE OF BEER AND WINE. THE 21ST AMENDMENT WILL GET RID OF PROHIBITION ENTIRELY LATER IN 1933

MORE PROGRAMS

• PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION: BUILT ROADS,

BRIDGES, HOSPITALS ETC FOR PUBLIC GOOD

• SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC) CREATED TO REGULATE THE STOCK MARKET

• FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION (FHA) LOANS TO BUY HOUSES, AND BUILD HOUSING FOR LOW INCOME FAMILIES (PROJECTS)

THE DUST BOWL • BECAUSE THINGS WEREN’T

CHALLENGING ENOUGH…. IN 1930 NATURE HAD THROWN THE US A CURVEBALL WITH A PERIOD OF SEVERE DROUGHT THAT DESTROYED TOPSOIL LAYER IN OK. TX, KA AND CO. DISPLACED OVER 1 MILLION FARMERS “OKIES” WHO MOVED WEST. (GRAPES OF WRATH)

OPPOSITION TO THE NEW DEAL

• SOME PEOPLE BEGAN TO QUESTION THE POLICY OF EXTREME GOV’T ACTION- ESP THE HIGHER TAXES ETC..

• SOME FELT THAT GOV’T “INTERFERENCE” WAS DAMAGING LIBERTY, OTHERS THAT NEW DEAL PROGRAMS “FAVORED” CERTAIN GROUPS. FATHER CHARLES COUGHLIN- ANTI- SEMITISM (PRO FASCIST)

• STILL OTHERS DIDN’T FEEL THE NEW DEAL WENT FAR ENOUGH- LIKE HUEY LONG (THE KINGFISH), THE SOCIALIST GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA WHOSE “SHARE OUR WEALTH” PROGRAM ADVOCATED A GOV’T SALARY OF $2000 PER YEAR TO EVERY FAMILY IN US- GOTTEN BY TAXING INCOMES OVER $1M AT 90%

SUPREME COURT DECISIONS

• OFTEN VERY CRITICAL OF NEW DEAL- IT SEEMED FDR WAS REWRITING THE POWERS OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH, AND GIVING IT A LOT OF POWER…

• DECLARED NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY (SCHECHTER V. US) ACT AND AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT (US V. BUTLER) UNCONSTITUTIONAL- WHICH SHUT DOWN TWO MAJOR FACETS OF NEW DEAL POLICY

• WHEN FDR IS RE-ELECTED IN 1936 HE WILL TAKE IT AS A MANDATE TO END OBSTACLES OF THE COURT….

LABOR AND THE NEW DEAL- THE CIO• DEPRESSION WAS A RALLYING CRY FOR WORKERS- BY 1934 THEY LITERALLY

HAVE NOTHING LEFT TO LOSE….AND FOR THE 1ST TIME IN A LONG TIME THEY HAVE A SUPPORTIVE GOV’T. A WAVE OF STRIKES ACROSS THE COUNTRY… AND A NUMBER OF THEM ARE SUCCESSFUL.

• CIO (CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS) ORGANIZED NOT BY CRAFT – BUT ALL THE WORKERS IN A GIVEN INDUSTRY, LIKE STEEL OR AUTO MANUFACTURING. LED BY JOHN LEWIS, WANTED TO MAKE UNIONS THE CORNERSTONE OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY

• SIT DOWN STRIKE: MOST EFFECTIVE TACTIC- OCCUPY THE PLANT. NO DESTRUCTION (OFTEN CLEANED/REPAIRED) BUT NO WORK EITHER. BY 1941- ALL AMERICAN STEEL AND AUTOMAKERS WILL BE UNION (EVEN HENRY FORD)

• NOT ONLY ABOUT WAGES ETC, GAINED PROCEDURES FOR SENIORITY, HIRE/FIRE, AND A SAY IN OVERALL MANAGEMENT OF THEIR WORK. NO MORE COGS IN THE MACHINE. MORE LIKE IWW- OFFERED MEMBERSHIP REGARDLESS OF RACE ETC…

2ND NEW DEAL

• THE 100 DAYS PROGRAMS HAD BEEN ABOUT RELIEF

AND RECOVERY- (WITH SOME REFORM) BEGINNING IN

1935 FDR CREATED NEW PROGRAMS FOR REFORM:

DESIGNED TO IMPROVE THE LIVES OF WORKING PEOPLE- SAYING THAT A PRIMARY FUNCTION OF GOV’T WAS TO ENSURE A “SAFETY NET” STANDARD OF LIVING BELOW WHICH NO AMERICAN WOULD BE ALLOWED TO FALL.

• KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS: JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES- BRITISH ECONOMIST WHO SAID INVESTMENT NECESSARY TO KEEP ECON ROLLING- AND IF BUSINESS IS GUN SHY- GOV’T SHOULD DO IT- EVEN IF IT MEANS OPERATING WITH A DEFICIT (WE HAVEN’T BEEN WITHOUT ONE SINCE…) AND AN ACTIVE GOVERNMENT DRIVING THE ECON.

WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION (WPA)

• HIRED UNEMPLOYED (OF ALL AGES CCC HAD BEEN YOUNG MEN) FOR BUILDING PROJECTS: ROADS, BRIDGES, WATER PLANTS ETC… AND ARTISTIC ENDEAVORS. EMPLOYED 8.5 MILLION PEOPLE ON 1.7 MILLION PROJECTS AT COST OF $11B

• PAINTERS, MUSICIANS, WRITERS AND ACTORS HIRED TO DECORATE PUBLIC PROJECTS (GUARDIANS OF TRANSPORTATION!) AND CREATE WORK TO “LIFT THE SPIRITS OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE”

WAGNER ACT• “MAGNA CARTA OF LABOR”

• GUARANTEED UNIONS THE RIGHT TO ORGANIZE

AND BARGAIN COLLECTIVELY. OUTLAWED BLACKLISTING

AND OTHER TECHNIQUES TO PREVENT UNIONIZATION.

• NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD CREATED FOR ARBITRATION AND MEDIATION IN LABOR DISPUTES

• FDR “SOLD” IDEA SAYING THAT UNIONIZATION WOULD BOOST THE PURCHASING POWER OF ORDINARY AMERICANS

• FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT 1938: CREATED A FEDERAL MINIMUM WAGE (40 C AN HOUR), A MAXIMUM 40 HOURS WORKWEEK WITH TIME AND HALF FOR OVERTIME, AND OUTLAWED CHILD LABOR UNDER 16

SOCIAL SECURITY ACT• PROBABLY MOST FAMOUS PART OF NEW DEAL-

REPRESENTS A RADICAL SHIFT IN THINKING. (THOUGH

NOT A NEW IDEA- BISMARCK DID IT IN GERMANY, AND

BRITISH LABOR PARTY DID IN 1920S)

• OLD AGE INSURANCE: WORKERS AND BUSINESS WOULD “PAY IN” DURING THEIR CAREERS- AND THEN “DRAW OUT” WHEN THEY RETIRED. ACTUALLY FAIRLY CONSERVATIVE AS IT WAS “SELF FUNDED” RATHER THAN

GOVERNMENT FUNDED.

• ALSO CREATED UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS, AND

FUNDS FOR WIDOWS/CHILDREN IF A WORKER WAS

KILLED ON THE JOB

THE WEALTH AND TAX ACT• INCREASED INCOME TAX RATES

FOR WEALTHY. INCOMES OVER $1M TAXED AT 75%, INHERITANCE TAXES SET AT 50%. THE GOAL WAS TO LIMIT THE POWER OF THE “SUPERWEALTHY”, AND ENSURE MORE EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT RESORTING TO THE EXTREMES OF HUEY LONG’S SCHEMES.

A RECKONING WITH LIBERTY• OVERALL- 2ND NEW DEAL CHANGED AMERICAN’S RELATIONSHIP

WITH GOVERNMENT- IN ANY CRISIS AFTER 1930S THERE IS NOT QUESTION OF WHETHER THE GOV’T SHOULD INTERVENE, ONLY ON HOW IT SHOULD INTERVENE. ANOTHER STEP ALONG THE ROAD WHERE WE ASSUME IT IS THE GOV’T RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT OUR “FREEDOM”.

• FDR HELPED CREATE THE MODERN DEFINITION OF “LIBERAL” (19TH CENTURY VERSION HAD BEEN ABOUT LIMITED GOV’T AND

LAISSEZ FAIRE) ROOSEVELT USED THE WORD TO

DESCRIBE A LARGE, ACTIVE, SOCIALLY

CONSCIOUS GOVERNMENT.

ELECTION OF 1936 AND THE NEW DEAL COALITION

• FDR PLANNED 2ND NEW DEAL WITH ELECTIONS IN MIND (REPUBLICANS CONDEMNED “WASTE” OF TOO MUCH GOV’T SPENDING)

• NEW DEAL COALITION: DIFFERENT GROUPS OF VOTERS CAME TOGETHER TO SUPPORT FDR’S PROGRAMS- URBAN WORKERS/LABOR UNIONS, THE WHITE SOUTH, BLACKS, IMMIGRANTS (ESP JEWS, CATHOLICS AND EASTERN EUROPEANS) AND INTELLECTUALS – THOSE DISPOSED BY THE BUSINESS CLIMATE OF THE 20S AND HURTING FROM THE CRASH.

COURT PACKING • FDR SAW THEIR VIEWPOINT AS CONTRARY TO THE WILL

OF THE PEOPLE AND THEIR ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES, AND BEGAN TO THINK HOW TO CREATE A SHIFT

• ASKED CONGRESS FOR LEGISLATION WHICH WOULD REORGANIZE THE COURT BY ALLOWING THE PRESIDENT TO ADD A NEW JUSTICE FOR EVERY JUSTICE OVER 70 WHO DID NOT WISH TO RETIRE(THESE WERE THE ONES DECLARING NEW DEAL PROGRAMS UNCONSTITUTIONAL)- ADDING UP TO A MAXIMUM OF 15 JUSTICES INSTEAD OF 9.

• THE LEGISLATION WAS OVERWHELMING DEFEATED, BUT THE MESSAGE, (WHICH WAS THE REAL PLAN) WAS RECEIVED BY THE COURT SEVERAL JUSTICES DID RETIRE- AND OTHERS STARTED BACKING NEW DEAL LEGISLATION. “THE STITCH IN TIME THAT SAVED NINE”

WOMEN AND THE NEW DEAL

• FDR HAD THE 1ST FEMALE CABINET MEMBER, (FRANCES PERKINS, SECRETARY OF LABOR) THE 1ST FEMALE AMBASSADOR AND MORE FEMALE JUDGES THAN HAD EVER BEEN APPOINTED. HIS WIFE, ELEANOR, TRANSFORMED THE ROLE OF FIRST LADY TO BE A TRUE POLITICAL PARTNER RATHER THAN SIMPLY WHITE HOUSE HOSTESS.

• STILL, WOMEN AS A WHOLE STRUGGLED DURING THE DEPRESSION, AT WORK AND AT HOME. MANY BUSINESSES LAID WOMEN OFF SO THEY COULD HIRE MORE MEN- THE IDEA BEING STILL ENGRAINED THAT IT WAS THE MAN’S JOB TO SUPPORT THE FAMILY.

THE SOUTHERN VETO• THERE WERE A LOT OF SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS WITH KEY

LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN CONGRESS (COMMITTEE CHAIRMANSHIPS ETC ARE BASED ON SENIORITY) AND FDR KNEW HE NEEDED TO TREAD LIGHTLY IF HE WANTED LEGISLATION TO PASS. THEY MADE SURE THAT SOCIAL SECURITY DID NOT APPLY TO EITHER AGRICULTURAL OR DOMESTIC WORKERS- THE TWO LARGEST CATEGORIES OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WORKERS IN THE SOUTH.

• MOST COMMON BENEFIT FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS

WAS AID TO FAMILIES WITH DEPENDENT CHILDREN

(WELFARE) AND FEDERAL HOUSING PROJECTS –

WHICH IN TURN MADE THOSE PROGRAMS SEEM LESS

“DESIRABLE” TO MANY

THE INDIAN NEW DEAL

• 1934 THE INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT OFFICIAL REPEALED THE DAWES ACT OF 1887. ENDED FORCED ASSIMILATION AND ALLOWING INDIANS CULTURAL AUTONOMY ON TRIBAL LAND (WHAT WAS LEFT ANYWAY) BUILT SCHOOLS AND HEALTH CENTERS ON RESERVATIONS

• BUT: DID NOT REALLY IMPROVE LIVING CONDITIONS ON RESERVATIONS, OR COMPENSATE NATIVE AMERICANS FOR EVERYTHING THEY HAD LOST OVER 50 (OR 400) YEARS.

BLACKS AND THE NEW DEAL• DISCRIMINATION MEANT AFRICAN AMERICANS HAD HIGHER THAN AVERAGE

UNEMPLOYMENT RATES AT THE START OF THE DEPRESSION- SO THEY NEW DEAL PROVIDED DESPERATELY NEEDED RELIEF. BUT FDR TOOK NO SPECIFIC STEPS TO CREATE CIVIL RIGHTS LEGISLATION, AND TURNED A BLIND EYE WHEN STATES SEGREGATED PROGRAMS ETC. (NOR DID HE ACTIVELY BACK AN ANTI-LYNCHING LAW BEING LOBBIED BY THE NAACP)

• ELEANOR FAR MORE ACTIVE IN CIVIL RIGHTS AND FIGHTING DISCRIMINATION, SPEAKING PUBLICALLY, AND ENCOURAGING THE APPOINTMENT OF AN AFRICAN AMERICANS TO LEADERSHIP ROLES WITHIN THE GOVERNMENT

• STILL, THERE ARE SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER NUMBERS OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE NORTH (WHERE THEIR VOTING RIGHTS ARE LESS LIKELY TO BE RESTRICTED) BLACKS BECOME A POLITICAL FORCE FOR THE 1ST TIME SINCE RECONSTRUCTION. BLACKS HAD BEEN LOYAL REPUBLICANS….UNTIL THE NEW DEAL

A NEW CONCEPTION OF AMERICA• NEW GROUPS ENTERING THE SOCIAL MAINSTREAM (LEADERSHIP POSITIONS)

JEWS AND CATHOLICS (ESP ITALIAN) HELD PROMINENT POSITIONS IN FDR ADMINISTRATION.

• FOR FDR, THE “COMMON MAN” (HELLO ANDREW JACKSON) WAS THE HEART AND SOUL OF THE COUNTRY- AND SMALL TOWN, MIDDLE CLASS, BECAME CULTURAL FOCUS AS WELL. FRANK CAPRA - “MR SMITH GOES TO WASHINGTON”. NORMAN ROCKWELL

• GROUPS PROMOTED “PLURALISM” (AS OPPOSED TO PURE ASSIMILATION“) AS THE AMERICAN WAY.

• SCOTTSBORO BOYS: 9 BLACK TEENS ACCUSED (ON VERY WEAK EVIDENCE) OF RAPING 2 WHITE GIRLS IN ALABAMA 1931. 13 YEARS OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS, BUT LED TO A NUMBER OF IMPORTANT PRECEDENTS: RIGHT TO REPRESENTATION, AND THAT STATES CANNOT EXCLUDE BLACKS FROM JURIES.

CIVIL LIBERTIES

• REPLACES LIBERTY OF CONTRACT AS THE JUDICIAL FOUNDATION OF FREEDOM. COURT IS NOW UPHOLDING THE IDEA THAT THE PURPOSE OF LAW IS TO PROTECT OUR RIGHT TO CHOOSE FOR OURSELVES (FREEDOM OF SPEECH, FREEDOM TO ASSEMBLE AND PROTEST)- AND OUR RIGHT TO PRIVACY. THOUGH AS SO OFTEN HAPPENS, WE WILL TEST THIS, AND IT WON’T ALWAYS WORK OUT WELL- HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES (WHICH WILL BE VERY BUSY DURING THE COLD WAR) ESTABLISHED IN 1938

THE END OF THE NEW DEAL• THE NEW DEAL BEGAN TO FADE AS THE 30S

ENDED. NOT THAT MOST PROGRAMS ENDED-

JUST GOT TO A POINT WHERE THEY WEREN’T

MAKING NEW ONES. VARIETY OF REASONS

• GROWING DISCONNECT BETWEEN THE CONSERVATIVE DEMOCRATIC SOUTH AND THE REST OF THE NEW DEAL COALITION. THEY WILL COME TOGETHER WITH REPUBLICANS TO TRY TO BLOCK ELEMENTS THEY SEE AS CONTROVERSIAL- LIKE FUNDING THE ARTS (MORALITY)

• AND FAR MORE IMPORTANTLY- THE COMING APOCALYPSE IN EUROPE STARTS TO DRAW PRIMARY ATTENTION BEGINNING AROUND 1938

THE NEW DEALIN AMERICAN HISTORY

• FDR DIDN’T END THE DEPRESSION, WWII DID

NEW DEAL HAS BEEN DEBATED BY MANY HISTORIANS.

DID IT SAVE THE US ECONOMY, OR DO MORE DAMAGE IN

THE LONG RUN BY ENCOURAGING DEFICIT SPENDING ETC… (WHICH WOULD CREATE ALL NEW PROBLEMS LATER)

• THE POWER OF THE PRESIDENCY GREW ENORMOUSLY- THE 1930S WERE THE DECADE OF CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP (AS THE 20S HAD BEEN OF LAISSEZ FAIRE) BUT AGAIN, THERE ARE ARGUMENTS ABOUT WHETHER THAT IS A GOOD THING OR A BAD THING IN THE END….

• POPULISM (1890-1895), PROGRESSIVISM (1900-1920) NEW DEAL (1933-1938) CHANGES OUR CONCEPT OF PURPOSE OF GOVERNMENT