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• 1.2 The market in 2019............................................................................................................................ 35
• 1.3 Future global market outlook............................................................................................................. 36
• 1.4 Market opportunities in graphene...................................................................................................... 40
• 1.5 Global graphene production 2010-2020............................................................................................ 44
• 1.6 Estimated demand to 2030................................................................................................................ 46
• 1.7 Graphene market by region............................................................................................................... 48 o 1.7.1 Asia-Pacific...............................................................................................................................
48 o 1.7.2 North America...........................................................................................................................
52 o 1.7.3 Europe......................................................................................................................................
54 o 1.7.4 Rest of the world.......................................................................................................................
• 2.4 3D Graphene..................................................................................................................................... 74
• 3.1 Large area graphene films................................................................................................................. 79
• 3.2 Graphene oxide flakes and graphene nanoplatelets........................................................................ 80
• 3.3 Production methods........................................................................................................................... 81 o 3.3.1 Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)..............................................................................................
83 o 3.3.2 Graphene oxide (GO)...............................................................................................................
84 o 3.3.3 Large-area graphene films.......................................................................................................
• 5.1 Commercial production capacities.................................................................................................. 103
• 5.2 Graphene oxide production capacities............................................................................................ 103 o 5.2.1 By producer............................................................................................................................
103 o 5.2.2 By region.................................................................................................................................
104
• 5.3 Graphene nanoplatelets production capacities............................................................................... 105 o 5.3.1 By producer............................................................................................................................
105 o 5.3.2 Production capacity by region................................................................................................
106
• 5.4 CVD graphene film.......................................................................................................................... 107 o 5.4.1 By producer............................................................................................................................
31 GRAPHENE COMPANY PROFILES.................................................................................................. 365 (200 COMPANY PROFILES)
34 OTHER 2-D MATERIALS.................................................................................................................... 495
• 34.1 BOROPHENE............................................................................................................................. 498 o 34.1.1 Properties...............................................................................................................................
498 o 34.1.2 Applications............................................................................................................................
499
• 34.2 PHOSPHORENE........................................................................................................................ 499 o 34.2.1 Properties...............................................................................................................................
500 o 34.2.2 Applications............................................................................................................................
502 o 34.2.3 Market opportunity assessment.............................................................................................
505
• 34.3 GRAPHITIC CARBON NITRIDE (g-C3N4)................................................................................ 505 o 34.3.1 Properties...............................................................................................................................
505 o 34.3.2 Synthesis................................................................................................................................
506 o 34.3.3 C2N..........................................................................................................................................
506 o 34.3.4 Applications............................................................................................................................
506 o 34.3.5 Market opportunity assessment.............................................................................................
507
• 34.4 GERMANENE............................................................................................................................. 508 o 34.4.1 Properties...............................................................................................................................
508 o 34.4.2 Applications............................................................................................................................
508 ▪
o 34.4.3 Market opportunity assessment............................................................................................. 509
• 34.5 GRAPHDIYNE............................................................................................................................ 509 o 34.5.1 Properties...............................................................................................................................
510 o 34.5.2 Applications............................................................................................................................
510 o 34.5.3 Market opportunity assessment.............................................................................................
512
• 34.6 GRAPHANE................................................................................................................................ 512 o 34.6.1 Properties...............................................................................................................................
o 34.6.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 513
o 34.6.3 Market opportunity assessment............................................................................................. 513
• 34.7 HEXAGONAL BORON-NITRIDE............................................................................................... 514 o 34.7.1 Properties...............................................................................................................................
514 o 34.7.2 Applications............................................................................................................................
515 o 34.7.3 Market opportunity assessment.............................................................................................
516
• 34.8 MOLYBDENUM DISULFIDE (MoS2).......................................................................................... 517 o 34.8.1 Properties...............................................................................................................................
517 o 34.8.2 Applications............................................................................................................................ 51 o 34.8.3 Market opportunity assessment.............................................................................................
520
• 34.9 RHENIUM DISULFIDE (ReS2) AND DISELENIDE (ReSe2).................................................... 521 o 34.9.1 Properties...............................................................................................................................
521 o 34.9.2 Applications............................................................................................................................
5222 o 34.9.3 Market opportunity assessment.............................................................................................
522
• 34.10 SILICENE.................................................................................................................................... 522 o 34.10.1 Properties...........................................................................................................................
523 o 34.10.2 Applications........................................................................................................................
523 o 34.10.3 Market opportunity assessment.........................................................................................
525
• 34.11 STANENE/TINENE..................................................................................................................... 525 o 34.11.1 Properties...........................................................................................................................
526 o 34.11.2 Applications........................................................................................................................
526 o 34.11.3 Market opportunity assessment.........................................................................................
527
• 34.12 TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE.......................................................................................................... 527 o 34.12.1 Properties...........................................................................................................................
527 o 34.12.2 Applications........................................................................................................................
528 o 34.12.3 Market opportunity assessment.........................................................................................
528
• 34.13 ANTIMONENE............................................................................................................................ 528 o 34.13.1 Properties...........................................................................................................................
529 o 34.13.2 Applications........................................................................................................................
Table 63: Demand for graphene in paints and coatings (tons), 2018-2030................................................. 175
Table 64: Product developers in graphene paints and coatings................................................................... 176
Table 65. Market overview for graphene in composites............................................................................... 179
Table 66. Scorecard for graphene in composites......................................................................................... 180
Table 67: Graphene properties relevant to application in polymer composites........................................... 180
Table 68: Applications and benefits of graphene in composites.................................................................. 181
Table 69. Scorecard for graphene in fiber-based polymer composite parts................................................. 183
Table 70. Market and applications for graphene in fiber-based composite parts......................................... 184
Table 71. Market and applications for graphene in metal matrix composites.............................................. 187
Table 72. Global market for graphene in metal-matrix composites based on penetration forecasts 2018-2030, tons.......................................................................................................................................................... 189
Table 73: Product developers in graphene composites................................................................................ 190
Table 74. Market overview for graphene in electronics................................................................................ 192
Table 75. Scorecard for graphene in electronics.......................................................................................... 193
Table 76: Comparison of ITO replacements................................................................................................. 195
Table 77. Market and applications for graphene in 3D printing.................................................................... 196
Table 78: Graphene properties relevant to application in sensors............................................................... 202
Table 79: Demand for graphene in flexible electronics, 2018-2030............................................................. 203
Table 80: Product developers in graphene-based electronics...................................................................... 205
Table 81. Market overview for graphene in conductive inks......................................................................... 207
Table 82. Scorecard for graphene in conductive inks................................................................................... 207
Table 83: Comparative properties of conductive inks................................................................................... 208
Table 192: Market opportunity assessment for molybdenum disulfide applications.................................... 520
Table 193: Market opportunity assessment for Rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and diselenide (ReSe2) applications............................................................................................................................................. 522
Table 194: Market opportunity assessment for silicene applications........................................................... 525
Table 195: Market opportunity assessment for stanine/tinene applications................................................. 527
Table 196: Market opportunity assessment for tungsten diselenide applications........................................ 528
Table 197: Comparative analysis of graphene and other 2-D nanomaterials.............................................. 530
Table 198: Categorization of nanomaterials................................................................................................. 537
Figures
Figure 1. Demand for graphene, by market, 2018. Figures based on market graphene producers sell to, including samples...................................................................................................................................... 32
Figure 2. Demand for graphene, 2010-2030................................................................................................... 47
Figure 3: Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2018............................................................................ 48
Figure 4: Demand for graphene in China, by market, 2030............................................................................ 49
Figure 5: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2018.................................................................. 49
Figure 6: Demand for graphene in Asia-Pacific, by market, 2030.................................................................. 50
Figure 7: Demand for graphene in North America, by market, 2018.............................................................. 53
Figure 14: Graphite and graphene.................................................................................................................. 72
Figure 15: Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene. ......................................... 73
Figure 16: Schematic of (a) CQDs and (c) GQDs. HRTEM images of (b) C-dots and (d) GQDs showing combination of zigzag and armchair edges (positions marked as 1–4)................................................... 76
Figure 19: Fabrication methods of graphene.................................................................................................. 81
Figure 20: TEM micrographs of: A) HR-CNFs; B) GANF® HR-CNF, it can be observed its high graphitic structure; C) Unraveled ribbon from the HR-CNF; D) Detail of the ribbon; E) Scheme of the structure of the HR-CNFs; F) Large single graphene oxide sheets derived from GANF............................................ 83
Figure 21: Graphene nanoribbons grown on germanium............................................................................... 86
Figure 22: Schematic illustration of the main graphene production method.................................................. 88
Figure 23: (a) Graphene powder production line in The Sixth Element Materials Technology Co. Ltd. (b) Graphene film production line of Wuxi Graphene Films Co. Ltd.............................................................. 90
Figure 24: Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG................ 92
Figure 25: Published patent publications for graphene, 2004-2018............................................................... 97
Figure 26: Demand for graphene, 2010-2030............................................................................................... 102
Figure 27: Graphene oxide production capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018............................................ 105
Figure 28: Graphene nanoplatelets capacity in tons by region, 2010-2018................................................. 107
Figure 29: CVD Graphene on Cu Foil........................................................................................................... 107
Figure 61: Flexible RFID tag.......................................................................................................................... 210
Figure 62: Textiles covered in conductive graphene ink............................................................................... 211
Figure 63. Applications of graphene in conductive inks................................................................................ 214
Figure 64: Demand for graphene in conductive ink (tons), 2018-2030........................................................ 216
Figure 65. Applications of graphene in transistors and integrated circuits................................................... 220
Figure 66: Graphene IC in wafer tester......................................................................................................... 221
Figure 67: A monolayer WS2-based flexible transistor array....................................................................... 221
Figure 68: Demand for graphene in transistors and integrated circuits, 2018-2030.................................... 226
Figure 69. Applications of graphene in memory devices.............................................................................. 230
Figure 70: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate..................................................... 231
Figure 71: Layered structure of tantalum oxide, multilayer graphene and platinum used for resistive random access memory (RRAM)......................................................................................................................... 232
Figure 72: Demand for graphene in memory devices, 2018-2030............................................................... 234
Figure 73. Applications of graphene in supercapacitors............................................................................... 237
Figure 77. Applications of graphene in photovoltaics................................................................................... 247
Figure 78: Solar cell with nanowires and graphene electrode...................................................................... 248
Figure 79: Demand for graphene in photovoltaics (tons), 2018-2030.......................................................... 251
Figure 80. Applications of graphene in fuel cells.......................................................................................... 255
Figure 81: Demand for graphene in fuel cells (tons), 2018-2030................................................................. 258
Figure 82. Applications of graphene in lighting............................................................................................. 261
Figure 83: Demand for graphene in lighting, 2018-2030.............................................................................. 264
Figure 84. Applications of graphene in oil and gas....................................................................................... 268
Figure 85: Schematic of boron doped graphene for application in gas sensors.......................................... 270
Figure 86: Directa Plus Grafysorber.............................................................................................................. 272
Figure 87: Nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene membrane can effectively filter NaCl salt from water......................................................................................................................................... 273
Figure 88: Demand for graphene in oil and gas (tons), 2018-2030.............................................................. 275
Figure 89. Applications of graphene in filtration............................................................................................ 281
Figure 97: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $..... 306
Figure 98: Global medical and healthcare smart textiles and wearables market, 2015-2027, billions $..... 306
Figure 99: Potential addressable market for graphene-enabled applications in the biomedical and healthcare market..................................................................................................................................................... 309
Figure 117: Wearable health monitor incorporating graphene photodetectors............................................ 360
Figure 118: Flexible PEN coated with graphene and a QD thin film (20nm) is highly visibly transparent and photosensitive......................................................................................................................................... 361
Figure 119: Demand for graphene in photonics, 2018-2030........................................................................ 363
Figure 129: Structural difference between graphene and C2N-h2D crystal: (a) graphene; (b) C2N-h2D crystal. Credit: Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology.................................................................. 506
Figure 130: Schematic of germanene........................................................................................................... 508
Figure 135: Structure of 2D molybdenum disulfide....................................................................................... 517
Figure 136: SEM image of MoS2................................................................................................................... 518
Figure 137: Atomic force microscopy image of a representative MoS2 thin-film transistor......................... 519
Figure 138: Schematic of the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) thin-film sensor with the deposited molecules that create additional charge.................................................................................................................. 520
Figure 139: Schematic of a monolayer of rhenium disulfide......................................................................... 521