The GQM – can you see the pattern? Andy Griffiths Dr. Becky Milne University of Portsmouth United Kingdom.

The GQM –The GQM – can you see the pattern? can you see the pattern?

Andy GriffithsDr. Becky Milne

University of PortsmouthUnited Kingdom

The use of questionsThe use of questionsAccurate information ‘lifeblood of Accurate information ‘lifeblood of investigation’ (Stewart, 1985)investigation’ (Stewart, 1985)

Negative effect of inappropriate questions Negative effect of inappropriate questions established (Loftus &Palmer, 1974)established (Loftus &Palmer, 1974)

Previous research has ‘scored’ types of Previous research has ‘scored’ types of questions onlyquestions only

Appropriate question strategy is vitalAppropriate question strategy is vital

Types of questionTypes of question

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

Appropriate yes/noAppropriate yes/no

Inappropriate Inappropriate yes/noyes/no

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple

Forced choiceForced choice

Opinion /statementOpinion /statement

GQM

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple

Forced Forced choicechoice

Opinion Opinion St.St.

Time

GQM

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



Time

Each line allocated to question typee.g. ‘open’

GQM

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



Time

Top 3 lines are appropriate questions

Bottom 5 lines are inappropriate questions

GQM

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



Time

As each question is asked it is plotted onto the correct line building the ‘question map’

GQM – ASSAULT (SUSPECT)

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple


Opinion Opinion StmtStmt

2121

6060

1010

2727

22

00

11

Time


OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



2121

6060

1010

2727

22

00

11

Time

121 questions = 45 minute interview, majority ‘probing’ (3>1)


OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



2121

6060

1010

2727

22

00

11

Time

Sequence - open, probe (3), app closed, probe, open, probe(3) etc


OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



2121

6060

1010

2727

22

00

11

Time

Majority productive but 27 ‘inappropriate closed’= training need

GQM – MURDER 1 (SUSPECT)

Time Time

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



2525

4646

55

00

00

00

00

00

8 17 23 2 6 12 15 21


Time Time

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



2525

4646

55

00

00

00

00

00

8 17 23 2 6 12 15 21

Question ratio 2>1 (probing /open) Question ratio 2>1 (probing /open)


Time Time

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



2525

4646

55

00

00

00

00

00

8 17 23 2 6 12 15 21

No inappropriate questions No inappropriate questions


Time Time

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



2525

4646

55

00

00

00

00

00

8 17 23 2 6 12 15 21

Sequence - open, probing, app closed, Sequence - open, probing, app closed, probing(3), open, probing(3), open etcprobing(3), open, probing(3), open etc

GQM – MURDER 2

Time Time

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple


Opinion Opinion Stmt Stmt

1111

4848

99

00

00

00

00

00

21 24 27 29 30 34 36 39 41

Topic – open, probe, app closed, Topic – open, probe, app closed,

probe, app closed, probe(6), probe, app closed, probe(6),

app closed, probe(3) etcapp closed, probe(3) etc

GQM – MURDER 2

Time Time

OpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple


Opinion Opinion Stmt Stmt

1111

4848

99

00

00

00

00

00

21 24 27 29 30 34 36 39 41

TopicTopic question ratio 13>1 question ratio 13>1

(probing/open)(probing/open)

GQM – CHILD ABUSE SUSPECTOpenOpen

ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



77

3333

1212

3333

1717

77

44

1010


ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



1111

3333

1212

3333

1717

77

44

1010

Question ratio -Question ratio -3>1 probing/open3>1 probing/openbut 3>1 leading/openbut 3>1 leading/openand 71/121 inappropriateand 71/121 inappropriate


ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



1111

3333

1212

3333

1717

77

44

1010

Random patternRandom pattern


ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



1111

3333

1212

3333

1717

77

44

1010

Accuses Accuses suspectsuspect


ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



1111

3333

1212

3333

1717

77

44

1010

‘‘I’ve interviewed I’ve interviewed this girl and she’s this girl and she’s telling the truth’telling the truth’


ProbingProbing

App.App.

ClosedClosed

Inapp.Inapp.

ClosedClosed

LeadingLeading

MultipleMultiple



1111

3333

1212

3333

1717

77

44

1010

5/11 open questions 5/11 open questions after after accusing the suspectaccusing the suspect

ConclusionsConclusionsScoring of question type frequency is a Scoring of question type frequency is a very basic method of evaluation very basic method of evaluation


Context of questions is more informative Context of questions is more informative than an isolated definition of one questionthan an isolated definition of one question



Context of questions is more relevant than Context of questions is more relevant than the number of any one question typethe number of any one question type



Context of questions is more relevant than Context of questions is more relevant than the number of any one question typethe number of any one question type

The GQM identifies patterns of questions The GQM identifies patterns of questions associated with both productive and associated with both productive and unproductive interviewsunproductive interviews

The GQM –The GQM – can you see the pattern? can you see the pattern?

Contact details - Contact details -

[email protected]@sussex.pnn.police.uk

[email protected]

The GQM – can you see the pattern? Andy Griffiths Dr. Becky Milne University of Portsmouth United Kingdom.

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