The golden Age of Spain and Portugal

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Jack Garrity Jack Garrity

Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain)

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Jack Garrity Jack Garrity

Motives and Means

• Portugal and Spain first rose to new economic heights through worldwide trading activity.

An Earlier European Explorer An Earlier European Explorer

Marco Polo 1271 The Travels

• The Arabs had dominated international shipping since the 8th Century. Their Doha ships with lateen sail could sail against the wind.

Motives for Portugal and Spain

“God, glory , and gold!”

Motives for Portugal and Spain

“God, glory , and gold!”

1. God convert people to Christianity called missionaries.

2. Glory fame, adventure, fun and danger.

3. Gold trade, spices, tea; by-pass Ottomans to get to China.

• After 1453, Europeans had big economic motives to find another way to Asia.

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

• Portugal won its independence from the Muslim Empire during the 2nd Crusade (1145–1149).

Portugal

• Its’ geography influenced the development of ships.

Portugal

• Its’ geography influenced the development of ships.

Prince Henry, the NavigatorPrince Henry, the Navigator

1394-1460

Developed ships to destroy Muslim pirates, and search for African gold.

Prince Henry, the NavigatorPrince Henry, the Navigator

In 1419, he opened a School for Navigation at Sagres.

In Latin “Sagres” means : the end of the world where the waters of the

ocean boil at sunset.

Sagres

Sagres

• Henry supported a school of brilliant scholars from all over Europe; Jews, Germans, English, French, and Italian people.

New Maritime TechnologiesNew Maritime Technologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

Sextant

New Weapons TechnologyNew Weapons Technology

• Henry's first success was the discovery of the small island of Porto Santo.

• Later, he discovered and colonized the Azores.

Portuguese Voyages of Exploration

Portuguese Voyages of Exploration

Ottoman Empire

Portugal

Bartolomeo Dias 1487

Vasco da Gama, 1498Alfonso de Albuquerque 1511

• The Portuguese took over trade route that had been established by the Muslim Empire.

• The South Saharan Africans traded gold for salt.

• Slaves cut salt into slabs north of the Sahara, and shipped it south of the Sahara.

• Lands south of the Sahara had gold deposits. Scholars estimate that by the 15th Century, they exported 9 tons of gold annually to Europe.

• Slaves, the next biggest export, filled the homes of Muslims everywhere.

• At least 4 million people enslaved from 650-1500.

• The slave trade became more lucrative as Spain discovered then colonized South America.

Salt, Slaves and Gold

• 2. Bartholomew Dias sailed to the tip of Africa(Cape of Good Hope) in 1487.

• 3. Vasco da Gama arrived in Calcutta in 1498.

• 3. He filled his ships with spices.

• He returned to Portugal and made a profit of several thousand percent!

• Admiral Alfonzo de Albuquerque claimed Malacca.

• Admiral Alfonzo de Albuquerque sunk Muslim ships everywhere he sailed.

Portuguese Maritime EmpirePortuguese Maritime Empire

1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.

2. Bartolommeo Dias, 1487 Cape of Good Hope.

3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.

Calicut India.

4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque, Macau 1511 to Spice Islands.

By 1700, Portugal had built up an economic empire much larger than itself.

By 1700, Portugal did not have the power, the people, nor the desire to colonize the Asian

regions.

• While Portugal sailed around Africa, the Spanish sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean.

Christian Spain slowly won its independence from the Muslim

Empire.

Muslim Empire

• Muslim Empire

Christian Spain slowly won its independence from the Muslim

Empire.

Muslim Empire

Called the Reconquista.

Muslim Empire

Queen Isabella of Castile (1451 – 1504)

• completed the reconquista, and unified Spain by marrying Ferdinand of Aragon.

Queen Isabella of Castile

• In 1491, she laid siege to Granada, which surrendered at the end of the year.

Queen Isabella of Castile

• By January 1492, Muhammad XII surrendered and Isabella entered Granada ending Muslim rule (Moors).

Queen Isabella of Castile

• The principal mosque was made into a Catholic Church.

• Three months later, Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor Christopher Columbus (Genoa Italy) to reach Asia by sailing west

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

Columbus argued the distance from Spain to Japan as 3,700 km, the correct figure 19,600 km.

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

“Nothing that results from human progress is achieved through unanimous consent, those that are enlightened before others are condemned to purse that light in spite of others”

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

• 71 days later…...

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

• Isabella appointed Columbus governor of the “New World”.

Christopher Columbus 1451-1506

• However, Isabella had him arrested in put in jail, after Columbus suggested that the noble class should work, and the new world failed to send back lots of gold.

• In 1502, Isabella released him and he sailed to Central America.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Ferdinand Magellan & the First

Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

Ferdinand Magellan & the First

Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”

• Of course the “New World” was not really new, millions of people lived there. .Pre-ColumbianHistory.pptx

Fernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

ConquistadorsConquistadors

Fernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

The First Spanish Conquests:The Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma II

vs.

vs.

The Death of Montezuma IIThe Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

Francisco Pizarro

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas

Atahualpa

vs.

Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the AmericasSpanish and Portuguese Empires in the Americas

Soon, Spain’s empire stretched to Asia as it conquered the PhilippinesSoon, Spain’s empire stretched to

Asia as it conquered the Philippines

Priests went with the conquistadors to convert people to the Roman

Catholic Church.

Priests went with the conquistadors to convert people to the Roman

Catholic Church.

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church

Guadalajara Cathedral

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Spanish Mission

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church

Guadalajara Cathedral

Our Lady of Guadalupe

Spanish Mission

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

Economy of Colonization

• Spain set up colonies wherever they went.

• Colony : a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control.

Slave labor needed

• The conquistadors set up huge plantations in the new world.

• Isabella granted Cortez 4,879 km2 of land, including ownership of all natives living on the land, an ecomienda.

• You could become very rich by growing tobacco, sugar, and later cotton, which need large amounts of labor.

Slaves wanted

• Also, they mined gold, silver, and emeralds.

• They could not get Europeans to work on them, and Native Americans ran away.

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade

1. Portuguese replaced Europeans and Native Americans with African slaves.

Sugar cane & sugar plantations.

First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.

275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.

2. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave ShipSlave Ship

“Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African CaptivesThrown OverboardAfrican Captives

Thrown Overboard

Sharks followed the slave ships!

Treasuresfrom the Americas!

Treasuresfrom the Americas!

Mercantilism The economy of colonial system, an economy planned by the government.

Characteristics of Mercantilism

1. “Bullionism” the economic health of a nation could be measured by the amount of precious metal [gold or silver] that it has.– Gold and Silver are the source of prosperity,

prestige, and strength for a nation.– Bullionism needs a “favorable balance of

trade.” • Export more than you import [a trade

surplus]. High tariffs on imported manufactured

good. Low tariffs on imported raw materials.

2. Each nation must try to achieve economic self-sufficiency.– The government should support new industries

monetarily.

Characteristics of Mercantilism

3. The government should support farmers.

– Less of need to import foods.– Prosperous farmers could provide a

base for taxation.

4. Sea power was necessary to control foreign markets.

– Less need to use the ships of other nations to carry your trade goods.

– Your own fleet adds to the power of the nation.

5. Impose many internal taxes.

Characteristics of Mercantilism

6. Colonies provide markets for manufactured goods & sources of raw materials.

7. Trade is a “zero-sum” game.– A nation can gain in international trade only at

the expense of other nations.

Manufactured goods

Raw materials

MotherCountry

Colony

Cheap labor

Characteristics of Mercantilism

8. A large population was needed to provide a labor force and to settle the colonies.

9. The government should act to regulate and enforce economic policies.

– State-sponsored trade monopolies.

2. Spanish Society

• Remained primarily a feudal society, supported by the Roman Catholic Church.

Three classes of people, those that fought, those that prayed, and those

that worked.

FeudalismFeudalismA political, and social system based on vassals (loyalty and military service).

Military service

Military service

The Manorial System• The economic system to produce

Conquistadors.

The Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor

A manor was an agricultural estate (fief) ruled by a knight or lord and worked by serfs.

• Serfs were legally bound to the land.

• By 16th Century, probably 75 percent of the people in Spain lived as serfs. Serfdom would not be abolished in Spain until the 19th Century.

• Lords knights had to protect serfs.

• Free peasants had no protection.

Those that work

• A serfs had to farm the lord’s land for him as well as their own land.

• Corvee: serfs had to work for free for the lord, usually 3 days a week.

• ie barns, ditches, castle building.

Those that work

• Rent: had to give 20 percent of your food to the lord,

• Fee: money or food to use the lord’s pond, pasture, or woods.

• Fee to use the lord’s mill and oven to make your bread.

Those that work

• Serfs could not leave the manor without lord’s permission

• They could not marry without lords permission.

Those that work

• Serfs also had to pay 10 percent of everything to the Church

Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor

Serfs at work

Manor Courts

• Local lords gave justice at a manor court.

NoblesThose that fought

• The nobles were the kings, dukes, counts, barons, and even bishops and archbishops with large estates holding all political power.

FeudalismFeudalismA political, and social system based on vassals (loyalty and military service).

Military service

Military service

DukeMarque

Barron

Noble class

• A Vassal had to fight for a lord up to 40 days a year.

• They had to give advice to the lord.

• To become a vassal, a man performed an act of homage, swearing an oath to serve the lord.

• Nobles held their land (fief) by hereditary. When a vassal died, the King or lord would accept a vassal’s son’s homage.

• Primogeniture: the oldest son became the heir to a king or lord.

• A vassal had to pay the lord money (relief) as he took over the fief.

Noble class

• Vassals had to pay when the lord’s eldest son became a knight, and his eldest daughter married.

Noble class

• Vassals had to pay when the lord’s eldest son became a knight, and eldest daughter married.

Noble class

• Pay a ransom if the lord was captured.

Noble class

• Nobles and their vassals paid no additional taxes, nor had to work.

Conquistadors

• The Roman Catholic Church taught knights to be honest, loyal and true defenders of the Church, weak, and defenseless.

• Knights and lords settled matters by duals defending their or other’s honor.

Clergy classThose that prayed

• Each village had a church led by a priest or group of priests. They taught the nobles and the peasants.

Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic

Church

Monks

Abbots

Head of the Order

Abbots

Monks Monks

• Bishops came from Noble families, second and third sons of Lords.

Cardinals, Princes of the Church, elect the Pope and make up the Curia (bureaucracy of the church) .

Three classes arose, those that prayed, those that fought,

and those that worked.

Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadePope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Setting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on Crusade

• Pope Urban II promised crusader knights indulgences, release from Purgatory into Heaven.

Christian Crusades: East and WestChristian Crusades: East and West

• The 2nd Crusade against the Muslims in Spain created the Christian state of Portugal.

• Also, the Popes had Crusades against heretics Christians, like the Albigensians in France.

Inquisition

• The Curia and Pope created a special court to find heretics and witches called the Inquisition.

Inquisition

• Heretics that confessed did penance and were punished in public.

Inquisition

• Beginning in 1252, tortured those who did not confess.

Inquisition

• Burning repeat offenders and those who did not confess.

• In their minds, using force to save souls from damnation the right thing to do.

• The Spanish Inquisition tortured and killed hundreds of thousands of Jews, Muslims, and Christians with other views.

Height of Spanish power in Europe

• Spain became the richest most powerful kingdom in Europe.

Height of Spanish power in Europe

• Isabella’s grandson Charles ruled most of Europe from 1519 – 1556.

Height of Spanish power in Europe

• Charles V spent his time fighting the Ottomans, and Protestant heretics.

VS

Decline of Spanish power

• Charles’ son Philip II of Spain (1554-1598) attempted to wipe out Protestant heresy in Europe.

Decline of Spanish power

• Philip planned an invasion of England, after his wife Mary Queen of England died, as her sister Protestant Elizabeth became Queen.

Decline of Spanish power

• Philip spent the treasury on the biggest invasion fleet, the Spanish Armada.

Decline of Spanish power

• The English Queen Elizabeth’s forces ripped apart the Spanish Armada, marking the decline of Spanish power.

• So, by 1700, Spain had an absolute Catholic Monarchy government, declining in power.

Next Great Britain

end

• 3.GreatBritianalimtedMonarchy.ppt

Other Voyages of Exploration

Other Voyages of Exploration

The “Columbian Exchange”

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

The Colonial Class System

The Colonial Class System

Peninsulares Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

Native Indians Black Slaves

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the

New World

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the

New World1. Encomienda

or forced labor.

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.

New Spain and Peru.

3. Papal agreement.

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.

3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.

Surat in NW India in 1608.

4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

Impact of European Expansion

Impact of European Expansion1. Native populations ravaged

by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

5. New Patterns of World Trade

5. New Patterns of World Trade