The Global Distribution and Burden of Melioidosis Direk Limmathurotsakul, MD MSc PhD Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Thailand Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellow in Public Health and Tropical Medicine Presented at 2nd GRF One Health Summit 2013, Davos
The Global Distribution and Burden of Melioidosis, an Overlooked Emerging Infectious Disease
Jun 29, 2015
GRF 2nd One Health Summit 2013: Presentation by Dr. Direk LIMMATHUROTSAKUL,Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand
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The Global Distribution and
Burden of Melioidosis
Direk Limmathurotsakul, MD MSc PhD
Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Thailand
Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellow in Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Presented at 2nd GRF One Health Summit 2013, Davos
HAVE YOU EVER HEARD OF THIS DISEASE ?
Melioidosis
• An infectious disease caused by Gram-
negative bacilli, Burkholderia pseudomallei
• Organism is present in soil and water in the
endemic areas
• Difficult to diagnose
• No specific clinical presentation.
• Common presentations include sepsis,
severe sepsis, septic shock, pneumonia,
and abscesses in any organs
• May present acute, sub-acute and chronic
• May mimic other diseases, such as TB
Melioidosis
• Diagnosis is made by culture positive for
the organism. No rapid tests are reliable.
So, microbiological facilities are needed.
• Even with such facilities, the organism may
be misidentified as “contaminant”,
“Pseudomonas spp” or other organisms
• Difficult to treat. General antibiotics such as
penicillin and gentamicin are not effective
• Highly fatal. Case Fatality rate is 60% in
Cambodia, 40% in Thailand and 14% in
Northern Australia
• Mostly died within 48 hours
Routes of infection
Inoculation Inhalation Ingestion
- B. ps is in soil
- High incidence in
farmers & aboriginals
- High incidence during
rainy season (working)
- Animal model
- Cases in helicopter
crew during Vietnam
Conflict
- More pneumonia
during rainy season
- B. ps is in water
- Outbreaks from
contamination in water
plants (twice in AUS)
- Acute parotitis in
children and adults
Melioidosis in animals
• Wide variety of animals are susceptible to
meliodosis, including horses, mules,
camels, sheep, lamb, cattle, goats, pigs,
kangaroos, koalas, alpacas, deer, cats,
dogs, rabbits, parrots, dolphins, pandas,
penguins and non-human primates
• Epizoonotic outbreaks from imported
animals from endemic areas
1957: sheep, goats and pigs on Aruba
1970: from Paris zoo to multiple cities in
France – sources could be due to infected
panda donated by Mao Tse-Tung
Interesting points
• Melioidosis is not contagious
• Melioidosis has zoonotic potential, but
it has been rarely reported.
• Both human and animals acquire the
diseases directly from the environment
• B. pseudomallei is classified as Tier 1
select agent by the US Federal Select
Agent Program (together with Bacillus
anthracis, Ebola virus, and the others)
HOW MANY ARE KILLED BY MELIOIDOSIS EACH YEAR ?
Global distribution of B. pseudomallei with level of evidence in each country
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Using environmental factors to predict global distribution of B. pseudomallei
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Factors in the model: land surface temperature (in figure), rainfall, soil type, soil pH, altitude, and vegetation index at 5 x 5 kilometers resolution Methods was published in Bhatt et al, Nature (2013) Apr 25; 496(7446): 504-7
Predicted probability of B. pseudomallei in the environment
Red and orange colors represent areas where B. ps are likely to be present Preliminary analysis estimated that population at risk is about 1.5 billion worldwide
Predicted mortality of melioidosis worldwide
Disease Predicted incidence
Predicted mortality
Predicted case fatality rate
Source of data
Tuberculosis 8,600,000 1,300,000 15% WHO website
Malaria 219,000,000 660,000 0.3% WHO website
2009 Pandemic Influenza A H1N1
N/A 284,000 N/A LID 2012, 12(9)687-695
Melioidosis 430,000 250,000 58% Preliminary data of this study
Severe Dengue 500,000 125,000 2.5% WHO website
Leptospirosis 1,000,000 60,000 6% ILS 2013
Predicted mortality of melioidosis worldwide
Country Predicted mortality
India 151,848
Bangladesh 36,320
Indonesia 10,049
Philippines 8,446
Myanmar 6,756
Nigeria 5,526
Vietnam 5,272
Thailand 3,173
Cambodia 2,357
Nepal 2,187
Pakistan 2,120
Ethiopia 1,538
etc.. ..
List of countries where melioidosis
might be present but never reported
Africa: Ethiopia, Guinea, Cameroon,
Congo, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ghana,
Mali, Benin, Senegal, Liberia, Burundi,
Central African Republic, Somalia,
Sudan, South Sudan, Togo, Guinea-
Bissau, Gabon, Comoros, Eritrea,
Rwanda,..
America: Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba,
Jamaica, Dominican Republic, French
Guiana
Asia: Nepal, Bhutan, ..
DO YOU NEED INFORMATION ABOUT THIS DEADLY DISEASE ?
www.melioidosis.info
www.melioidosis.info
Conclusion
• Melioidosis is an important but overlooked infectious disease
• It is estimated that melioidosis kills 250,000 people per year,
and most are likely to be undiagnosed
• Further investigations need to be done in many tropical
countries
• Proper prevention, diagnosis and treatment should then be
provided to those areas
Acknowledgement
Nick Golding, SEEG, Oxford
David Dance, LOMWRU, Laos
Prof Sharon Peacock, Cambridge
Prof Simon Hay SEEG, Oxford
Eric Bertherat WHO
Rungrueng Kitphati Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
Prof Nicholas Day MORU, Thailand
Increasing of incidence and emerging of
melioidosis worldwide !!!
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