The Global conflict Axis Advances Barrys remark that leon and anita was mistaken broke up the not to pleasant meeting.

The Global conflict Axis The Global conflict Axis AdvancesAdvances

Barrys remark that leon and anita Barrys remark that leon and anita was mistaken broke up the not to was mistaken broke up the not to

pleasant meetingpleasant meeting

Axis Advances Axis Advances Hitler will collapse the day we declare war Hitler will collapse the day we declare war

on Germany,” predicted a confident on Germany,” predicted a confident French general on the eve of WWII. He French general on the eve of WWII. He could not have been more wrong. WWII, could not have been more wrong. WWII, the costliest war in history, lasted six years the costliest war in history, lasted six years form 1939-1945. Axis powers Included form 1939-1945. Axis powers Included Germany, Italy, and Japan, against the Germany, Italy, and Japan, against the Allied powers, which eventually included Allied powers, which eventually included Britain, France, the Soviet Union, China, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, China, the United States, and 45 other nations. the United States, and 45 other nations.

The First OnslaughtThe First Onslaught In September 1939, Nazi forces stormed into In September 1939, Nazi forces stormed into

Poland, revealing the enormous power of Hitler’s Poland, revealing the enormous power of Hitler’s Blitzkrieg,Blitzkrieg, or “Lightning war.” First, German or “Lightning war.” First, German planes bombed airfields, factories, towns and planes bombed airfields, factories, towns and cities, and screaming dive bombers fired on cities, and screaming dive bombers fired on troops and civilians. Then fast moving tanks and troops and civilians. Then fast moving tanks and troop transports roared into the country. The troop transports roared into the country. The Polish army fought back but could not stop the Polish army fought back but could not stop the motorized onslaught.motorized onslaught.

While Germany attacked form the west, Stalin’s While Germany attacked form the west, Stalin’s forces invaded form the east. Within a month, forces invaded form the east. Within a month, Poland ceased to exist. Stalin's armies pushed Poland ceased to exist. Stalin's armies pushed on into the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and on into the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. They also seized part of Finland, Lithuania. They also seized part of Finland, which put up stiff but unsuccessful resistance. which put up stiff but unsuccessful resistance.

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

Early Axis Triumphs Early Axis Triumphs During that first winter, the French During that first winter, the French

hunkered down behind the Maginot Line hunkered down behind the Maginot Line Britain sent troops to wait on them. Some Britain sent troops to wait on them. Some reporters dubbed this quiet time, “Phony reporters dubbed this quiet time, “Phony war”.war”.

Then, in April 1940, the war exploded into Then, in April 1940, the war exploded into action. Hitler launched a Blitzkrieg against action. Hitler launched a Blitzkrieg against Norway and Denmark, both of which soon Norway and Denmark, both of which soon fell. fell.

Next, his forces slammed into the Next, his forces slammed into the Netherlands and Belgium. Within weeks, Netherlands and Belgium. Within weeks, Germany had overrun them too.Germany had overrun them too.

Miracle of DunkirkMiracle of Dunkirk

By May, German forces were pouring into By May, German forces were pouring into France. Retreating allied forces were soon France. Retreating allied forces were soon trapped between advancing Nazis and the trapped between advancing Nazis and the English channel. In a desperate gamble, English channel. In a desperate gamble, the British sent every available naval the British sent every available naval vessel, merchant ship and even every vessel, merchant ship and even every pleasure boat across the choppy channel pleasure boat across the choppy channel to pluck stranded troops off the beaches of to pluck stranded troops off the beaches of Dunkirk and Ostend. Dunkirk and Ostend.

Invading FranceInvading France

Air AttacksAir Attacks

Despite German air attacks, the Despite German air attacks, the improvised armada ferried more than improvised armada ferried more than 300,000 troop to safety. This heroic 300,000 troop to safety. This heroic rescue, dubbed the “Miracle of Dunkirk”, rescue, dubbed the “Miracle of Dunkirk”, greatly raised British morale. greatly raised British morale.

France fallsFrance falls

Meanwhile, German forces headed south toward Meanwhile, German forces headed south toward Paris. Sensing an easy victory, Hitler avenged Paris. Sensing an easy victory, Hitler avenged the German defeat of 1918. he forced the the German defeat of 1918. he forced the French to sign the surrender documents in the French to sign the surrender documents in the same railroad car in which Germany had signed same railroad car in which Germany had signed the armistice ending WWI.the armistice ending WWI.

Germany occupied Northern France. In the Germany occupied Northern France. In the South, the Germans set up a “puppet state” with South, the Germans set up a “puppet state” with its capital at Vichy. France itself, resistance its capital at Vichy. France itself, resistance fighters turned to guerrilla tactics to harass the fighters turned to guerrilla tactics to harass the occupying German forces.occupying German forces.

Paris belongs to GermanyParis belongs to Germany

The technology of modern warfare.The technology of modern warfare.Air power took a prominent role. Air power took a prominent role. Hitler also used fast moving armored tanks Hitler also used fast moving armored tanks

and troop carriers along with parachute and troop carriers along with parachute troops to storm through Europe. troops to storm through Europe.

Created a war machine with even greater Created a war machine with even greater destructive power.destructive power.

Deadly bombsDeadly bombsRadar to detect airplanesRadar to detect airplanesSonar to detect submarines.Sonar to detect submarines.

WeaponsWeapons

Battle at BritainBattle at BritainWith the fall of France Britain stood alone. With the fall of France Britain stood alone.

For many years, Churchill had been a lone For many years, Churchill had been a lone voice against the Nazi threat. voice against the Nazi threat.

Faced with this defiance, Hitler ordered Faced with this defiance, Hitler ordered preparation of Operation Sea Lion the preparation of Operation Sea Lion the invasion of Britain. First, however, he set invasion of Britain. First, however, he set out to weaken Britain’s air power and out to weaken Britain’s air power and break the British will to resist. To achieve break the British will to resist. To achieve this goal, he launched massive air strikes this goal, he launched massive air strikes against the island nation.against the island nation.

The Battle BeginsThe Battle Begins On August 12, 1940, the first wave of German On August 12, 1940, the first wave of German

bombers appeared over England’s southern bombers appeared over England’s southern coast. The Battle of Britain had begun. coast. The Battle of Britain had begun.

Racing to their planes, British Royal Air Force Racing to their planes, British Royal Air Force (RAF) fighter pilots rose into the air. They (RAF) fighter pilots rose into the air. They scrambled after the Germans until their ruel ran scrambled after the Germans until their ruel ran low. Landing, they snatched a few hours sleep low. Landing, they snatched a few hours sleep refueled and took off to fight again.refueled and took off to fight again.

For a month, the RAF valiantly battled the For a month, the RAF valiantly battled the German Luftwaffe. Then the Germans changed German Luftwaffe. Then the Germans changed their tactics, turning their attention form military their tactics, turning their attention form military targets to the bombing, or blitz, of London and targets to the bombing, or blitz, of London and other citiesother cities

The London BlitzThe London Blitz Sept. 7, German bombers appeared over London. Sept. 7, German bombers appeared over London.

All through the night, until dawn the next day, relays All through the night, until dawn the next day, relays of aircraft showered high explosives and firebombs of aircraft showered high explosives and firebombs on the sprawling capital. For the next 57 nights, the on the sprawling capital. For the next 57 nights, the bombing went on. They pounded docks and bombing went on. They pounded docks and railways, buildings and homes. Much of the city was railways, buildings and homes. Much of the city was destroyed ,and some 15,000 people lost their lives. destroyed ,and some 15,000 people lost their lives. Each night, they waited for the howl of air raid Each night, they waited for the howl of air raid sirens that warned of the latest Luftwaffe assault. As sirens that warned of the latest Luftwaffe assault. As searchlights swept the sky in search of the enemy, searchlights swept the sky in search of the enemy, people took refuge wherever they could. Some hid people took refuge wherever they could. Some hid in cellars under their homes, others in special in cellars under their homes, others in special shelters built in backyards. Thousands took shelter shelters built in backyards. Thousands took shelter in cold subways, deep underground. in cold subways, deep underground.

BlitzBlitz

Parliament continued to sit in defiance of the Parliament continued to sit in defiance of the enemy. Citizens carried on their daily lives, enemy. Citizens carried on their daily lives, seeking protection in shelters and then seeking protection in shelters and then emerging when the all-clear sounded to emerging when the all-clear sounded to resume their routine. resume their routine.

The Germans continued to bomb London and The Germans continued to bomb London and other cities off and on until June 1941. The other cities off and on until June 1941. The bombing brought the British closer together in bombing brought the British closer together in their determination to turn back the enemy.their determination to turn back the enemy.

A German DefeatA German Defeat

By June 1941, Hitler had abandoned By June 1941, Hitler had abandoned Operation Sea Lion in favor of a new Operation Sea Lion in favor of a new campaign. This time, he targeted the campaign. This time, he targeted the Soviet Union. The decision to invade Soviet Union. The decision to invade Russia helped save Britain. It also proved Russia helped save Britain. It also proved to be one of Hitler’s most costly mistakes.to be one of Hitler’s most costly mistakes.

Charging AheadCharging Ahead While the Luftwaffe was balking Britain, Axis armis While the Luftwaffe was balking Britain, Axis armis

were pushing into North Africa and the Balkans. In were pushing into North Africa and the Balkans. In Sept. 1940, Mussolini sent forces form Italy’s Sept. 1940, Mussolini sent forces form Italy’s North African colony of libya into Egypt. When the North African colony of libya into Egypt. When the British repulsed the invaders, Hitler sent a brilliant British repulsed the invaders, Hitler sent a brilliant commander, General Erwin Rommel, to North commander, General Erwin Rommel, to North Africa. The “Desert Fox,” as he was nicknamed, Africa. The “Desert Fox,” as he was nicknamed, chalked up a string of successes in 1941 and chalked up a string of successes in 1941 and 1942. He pushed the British back across the 1942. He pushed the British back across the desert toward Cairo, in Egypt. The British worried desert toward Cairo, in Egypt. The British worried that he would seize the Suez Canal, thus severing that he would seize the Suez Canal, thus severing their lifeline to India. their lifeline to India.

Charging AheadCharging Ahead In 1940, Italian forces invaded Greece. When In 1940, Italian forces invaded Greece. When

they met stiff resistance, German troops once they met stiff resistance, German troops once again came to the rescue, and both Greece again came to the rescue, and both Greece and Yugoslavia were added to the Axis empire. and Yugoslavia were added to the Axis empire. Even after the Axis triumph, however, Greek Even after the Axis triumph, however, Greek and Yugoslav guerrillas plagued the occupying and Yugoslav guerrillas plagued the occupying forces.forces.

Barbarossa- In June 1941, Hitler embarked on Barbarossa- In June 1941, Hitler embarked on Operation Barbarossa the conquest of the Operation Barbarossa the conquest of the Soviet Union. He wanted to gain living space Soviet Union. He wanted to gain living space for Germans and to win control of regions rich for Germans and to win control of regions rich in resources.in resources.

The German AdvanceThe German Advance In Operation Barbarossa, Hitler unleashed a In Operation Barbarossa, Hitler unleashed a

new blitzkrieg. About three million Germans new blitzkrieg. About three million Germans poured into Russia. They caught Stalin poured into Russia. They caught Stalin unprepared, his army still suffering from the unprepared, his army still suffering from the purges that had wiped out many of its top purges that had wiped out many of its top officers. officers.

The Russian lost two and a half million The Russian lost two and a half million soldiers trying to fend off the invaders. As soldiers trying to fend off the invaders. As they were forced back, they destroyed they were forced back, they destroyed factories and farm equipment and burned factories and farm equipment and burned crops to keep them out of enemy hands. But crops to keep them out of enemy hands. But they could not stop the German war machine. they could not stop the German war machine.

German AdvanceGerman Advance By autumn, the Nazis had smashed deep into By autumn, the Nazis had smashed deep into

Russia and were poised to take Moscow and Russia and were poised to take Moscow and Leningrad. “ The war is over,” declared Hitler's Leningrad. “ The war is over,” declared Hitler's propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels. propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels.

However, the German drive stalled. Hitler’s However, the German drive stalled. Hitler’s forces were not prepared for the fury of Russia’s forces were not prepared for the fury of Russia’s “General Winter.” By early December, “General Winter.” By early December, temperatures plunged to -20 degrees Celsius. temperatures plunged to -20 degrees Celsius. Thousands of German soldiers froze to death. Thousands of German soldiers froze to death. The Russians, meanwhile, suffered appalling The Russians, meanwhile, suffered appalling hardships. Some turned to eating rubber, wall hardships. Some turned to eating rubber, wall paper, and those that had food used extreme paper, and those that had food used extreme caution while rationing. caution while rationing.

Growing American InvolvementGrowing American Involvement When the war began in 1939, the United States When the war began in 1939, the United States

declared it neutrality. Many Americans declared it neutrality. Many Americans sympathized with the Poles. Later, President sympathized with the Poles. Later, President Roosevelt found ways around the Neutrality Acts Roosevelt found ways around the Neutrality Acts to provide aid, including warships, to Britain as it to provide aid, including warships, to Britain as it stood alone against Hitler. stood alone against Hitler.

The arsenal of democracy- In early 1941, FDR The arsenal of democracy- In early 1941, FDR convinced Congress to pass the Lend Lease convinced Congress to pass the Lend Lease Act. It allowed him to sell or lend war materials Act. It allowed him to sell or lend war materials to “any country whose defense the President to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.” deems vital to the defense of the United States.” The United States, said Roosevelt, would not be The United States, said Roosevelt, would not be drawn into the war, but it would become “the drawn into the war, but it would become “the arsenal of democracy,” supplying arms to those arsenal of democracy,” supplying arms to those who were fighting for freedom. who were fighting for freedom.

Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter

Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly on a Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly on a warship in the Atlantic. Two issued the warship in the Atlantic. Two issued the Atlantic Charter, which set goals for the Atlantic Charter, which set goals for the war. Which was “the final destruction of war. Which was “the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny.”the Nazi tyranny.”

Japan AttacksJapan Attacks

In 1940, Japan advanced into French Indochina In 1940, Japan advanced into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies. To stop Japanese and the Dutch East Indies. To stop Japanese aggression, the U.S. banned the sale to Japan aggression, the U.S. banned the sale to Japan of war materials, such as iron, steel, and oil for of war materials, such as iron, steel, and oil for airplanes. This move angered the Japanese. airplanes. This move angered the Japanese. Japan and the U.S. held talks to ease the Japan and the U.S. held talks to ease the growing tension. But extreme militarists such as growing tension. But extreme militarists such as General Tojo Hideki were gaining power in General Tojo Hideki were gaining power in Japan. They did not want Peace. Japan. They did not want Peace.

The U.S. was interfering with their planes.The U.S. was interfering with their planes.

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

USS ArizonaUSS Arizona

A total of 1,177 sailors and marines were killed on USS A total of 1,177 sailors and marines were killed on USS

Arizona the morning of December 7, 1941Arizona the morning of December 7, 1941

Attack on Pearl HarborAttack on Pearl Harbor General Tojo ordered a surprise attack on the General Tojo ordered a surprise attack on the

American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Early on American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Early on December 7, 1941, Japanese airplanes struck. December 7, 1941, Japanese airplanes struck. They damaged or destroyed 19 ships, smashed They damaged or destroyed 19 ships, smashed American planes on the ground, and killed more American planes on the ground, and killed more than 2,400 people. than 2,400 people.

The next day, a grim faced President Roosevelt The next day, a grim faced President Roosevelt told the nation that December 7 was “a date told the nation that December 7 was “a date which will live in infamy.” He asked Congress to which will live in infamy.” He asked Congress to declare war on Japan. Three days later, declare war on Japan. Three days later, Germany and Italy, as Japan's allies, declared Germany and Italy, as Japan's allies, declared war on the U.S. The Japanese attack on Pearl war on the U.S. The Japanese attack on Pearl harbor would be as serious mistake as Hitler's harbor would be as serious mistake as Hitler's invasion of Russia. The Axis powers had invasion of Russia. The Axis powers had reached the high points of their success. reached the high points of their success.