The Gilded Age. Transcontinental Railroad The Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies began in Omaha and Sacramento and met in Promontory Point in.
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The Gilded Age
• Transcontinental Railroad
The Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies began in Omaha and
Sacramento and met in Promontory Point in Utah to build this.
• Advantages of railroads
more direct routes, greater speed, greater safety and comfort, more dependable
schedules, a larger volume of traffic, and year-round service
• Four Great Trunk Lines
Baltimore and Ohio, Erie Railroad, New York Central Railroad, and Pennsylvania
Railroad
• Bessemer Process
Created by Henry Bessemer, it made increased steel production possible by
blasting air through molten iron.
• Vertical Integration
A single company owns and controls the entire process from raw materials to the
manufacture and sale of the finished product
• Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish immigrant who grew to monopolize the steel industry through vertical integration, but eventually sold
out to JP Morgan
• The Gospel of Wealth
Carnegie justified monopolies through social Darwinism and argued that the wealthy had a God-given responsibility to carry out projects of civil philanthropy for the benefit of society
• Monopoly
When a single company achieves control of an entire market
• Trusts
A legal concept that allows one person, called a trustee, to manage another
person's property.
• Mergers
The joining together of two or more companies or organizations to form one
larger one
• Holding Company
A company that owns the stock of companies that produce goods, but
doesn't actually produce anything itself
• Horizontal Integration
The combining of many firms engaged in the same type of business into one large
corporation
• John D. Rockefeller
Created the Standard Oil Company through the use of trusts/horizontal integration, vertical integration, hiring scientists, and
being thorough and ruthless.
• George Eastman
Invented the Kodak Camera and the process for coating gelatin on
photographic dry plates
• Alexander Graham Bell
Invented the telephone
• Thomas Alva Edison
Inventor of the light bulb, phonograph, etc. and owner of the most patents
• Knights of Labor
Established by Uriah S. Stephens, platform included an 8 hour work day and
abolition of child labor; taken over by Powderly
• American Federation of Labor
Loose alliance of national craft unions calling for higher wages, shorter hours,
and better working conditions; established by Samuel Gompers
• Iron Law of Wages
Employers believed supply and demand, not the welfare of workers, dictated
wages.
• In re Debs Court Injunction
Forbade workers to interfere with their employers' business and upheld by this
court decision
• Lochner v. New York
Court struck down a law limiting bakery workers to a 60 hour week and 10 hour
day because baking was safer than mining.
• Haymarket Square Riot
Workers campaigning for the 8 hour work day in Chicago called for a protest and police
intervention led to a bomb being thrown. Americans feared the labor movement and
anarchism
• Homestead Strike
Henry Clay Frick cut wages of steel workers 20% causing AFL affiliates to strike.
• Tactics for defeating unions
Lockouts, blacklists, yellow dog contracts (agreement not to join unions), private