The Gilded Age and the Age of Reform · 2019-09-17 · writers muckrakers because he thought them too fascinated with the ugliest side of things. Answer the questions about this cartoon

THE GILDED AGECrash Course Review

IMMIGRATION AND URBANIZATION

Crash Course Review

The Progressive Era

Drive Reform

Notes #1

Analyze and evaluate the application of these founding principles to

the Progressive Era (US1B)

Identify the major characteristics of the Progressive Era (US2A)

Describe the defining characteristics of the Progressive Era (US2B)

Apply Absolute and relative chronology (US2C)

Evaluate the impact of muckrakers and reform leaders such as

Upton Sinclair and Ida B Wells (US5B)

Analyze social issues affecting the Social Gospel Movement

(US3C)

A Picture Is Worth a 1000 Words

Fill out your chart as we look through the pictures….

What adversities did they face?

http://www.orangejuiceblog.com/2010/07/hi

story-of-us-immigration-policy-part-one/

http://www.ferris.edu/library/Instruction/Cla

sses/HIST251Mehler.html

Where did they live?

What were their jobs?

How did they move from place to place?

What constitutional changes did they

make?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-uPcthZL2RE

What laws did they pass?

The Progressive Movement• The end of the 19th Century saw economic and urban

growth along with a widening gap between the rich and the poor.

• The Progressive movement focused on reforming urban problems such as workers rights, poor sanitation, and corrupt politicians

• Progressives were usually native born, middle class or upper class, and college educated people.

• Journalist called muckrakers uncovered urban exploitation in investigative reports.

• The Social Gospel held that Christianity had an obligation to help the poor and less fortunate.

• (1) Read the three statements below and

decide whether you think each statement

is true or false. Circle your choice in the

appropriate column. (2) Then, read the

excerpt from Upton Sinclair’s “Jungle.” (3)

When you finish the reading, read the

statements again and indicate whether

you think the statement is true or false.

Also, provide evidence from the text to

support your choice.

BEFORE YOU

READ(circle one)

“Horrors of the Meatpacking Industry”

AFTER YOU

READ(circle one)

True or

FalseDespite the harsh weather conditions, workers were rather

healthy.

Evidence:

True or False

True or False

Workers would find warmth in the carcasses of freshly

slaughtered steers.

Evidence:

True or False

True or False

Humans were cooked and sold as a product from the

meatpacking plant.

Evidence:

True or False

Protecting Consumers and Environment

In his book The Jungle , Upton Sinclair exposed unsanitary and unsafe practices in American meat packing and food processing plants.

In 1906 Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act designed to inspect and regulate food and drugs.

Ida B Wells was an American reformer and leader in the anti-lynching crusade and women’s suffrage movement

Fill out your Muckraker chart as we go through each journalist.

Muckrakers

MuckrakersInvestigative

journalists who highlight

corruption, abuse, or unsafe

conditions in industry, society,

or politics and call for reform.

Jacob Riis

Photographed poor crime, overcrowding, poor

living conditions in New York City

How the Other Half Lives

(1890)

http://www.youtube.com

/watch?v=EACoIbokOcc

Who are these children?

Where was this picture taken?

When was this picture taken?

Who took this picture?

Why was this picture taken?

What is happening in this picture?

Upton SinclairThe Jungle

(1906)•Exposed for working conditions, exploitation of immigrant workers, and unsanitary conditions in Chicago’s Meat Packing Industry.

•Meat Inspection Act (1906)

•Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)

Lincoln Steffens

The Shame of the Cities

(1904)

•Exposed Corruption of Political

Machines

•Spurred need for electoral

reform… many states adopted

secret ballots, initiative,

referendum, and recall measures

The Shame of the Cities

David Graham PhillipsTreason of the Senate

(1906)

•Criticized influence of big

business on Senators

•Reform: Passage of 17th

Amendment, which changed

from election by state

legislatures to direct

election of Senators

Ida TarbellThe History of the Standard

Oil Company (1904)

•Exposed unfair business practices

such as “rebates” used by

Rockefeller’s Oil Trust to put small

companies out of business

•Lead to passage of more Anti-Trust

Legislation

•Hepburn Act (1906)

•Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

•Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

Crash Course Progressives

President Theodore Roosevelt These socially conscious journalists and other writers

dramatized the need for reform. Their sensational investigative reports uncovered a wide range of ills affecting America. Even though Theodore Roosevelt agreed with much of what they said, he called these writers muckrakers because he thought them too fascinated with the ugliest side of things.

Answer the questions about this cartoon in your notes.

The Social Gospel Movement• The social gospel movement was an early reform that

preached salvation would be obtained through aid to the poor

• It helped to start the establishment of settlement houses

(community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided

assistance to people in the area). Jane Addams was a leader

in this movement.

An annual meeting of the Anti-Saloon League in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Like all successful movements in the United States, the

strength of the Anti-Saloon League was in local chapters who engaged in grassroots campaigns in support of prohibition.

Famous Female Progressives Ida B. Wells was an African American woman who

spoke out against injustices such as lynching and segregation. Wells also wrote and spoke in favor of the expansion of women’s rights including suffrage.

Susan B. Anthony was an advocate for the rights of women including suffrage and the rights of women to own land and retain their wages.

Jane Addams was also an advocate for Women’s rights including suffrage. Addams fought against racial segregation and devoted her life to helping people in need.

Frances Willard worked on behalf of women and children for increased rights and education. She strongly favored women’s suffrage and prohibition.

The Workplace

Group Conditions

Women - Many young women chose to work in factories that made

textiles

- These young ladies were often times young and single

- Many times their income for doing the same job as a man

remained lower than men’s wages

Children -Many children worked in factories, performing dangerous job

- Children were often times receiving income far less than that of

the adult worker

Immigrants -Skilled immigrants used their trade skills to establish businesses

of their own

-Sweatshops were home factory-like operations were skilled and

unskilled laborers worked in unsavory conditions

Reforming the Workplace

In 1910 almost half of all working women made less than $6 a week and most children who worked had never been to school.

Progressives sought to enact labor laws to limit the number of hours and the types of jobs that women and children could work.

By 1912, 39 states had some form of Child Labor laws but a minimum wage for workers would not come until 1938.

Tragedy leads to reform• In the early 1900’s the Supreme court favored the

rights of businesses over those of the workers, claiming workers always had the right to quit a job if conditions were bad

• In 1911, 140 New York City factory workers were killed in a fire. The Triangle T-shirt factory lacked fire exits and outrage over the deaths lead lawmakers to pass protective legislation.

• State began to enact “Social Legislation” which were laws designed to protect the health and safety of workers (particularly women and children).

Viewing the dead killed in

the Triangle T-shirt Factory.

Labor Unions Labor unions continued to fight along with

Progressives for labor reforms.

Between 1900 and 1914 the American Federation of Labor grew by four times but still excluded unskilled and black workers.

In 1900 the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union organized the mostly immigrant women workers in sewing shops.

Some industries wanted to have closed shops where workers were required to join unions

Cleaning up the Cities

• Reformers also took on the campaign to clean up American cities, literally.

• Various women’s clubs worked with government officials to improve sanitation.

• Lawrence Veiller called on irresponsible tenement owners to improve living conditions

• In 1901 the New York State Tenement House Act required new tenements have one bathroom for every three rooms and open courtyards to allow in light and air.