The Geography of Rome Protection for Rome and Italy Rome built on seven hills Alps Barrier to the north Seas Barriers on other three sides Poor harbors.

The Geography of The Geography of RomeRome




Tiber RiverTiber River

• Tiber river runs through ROMETiber river runs through ROME– Remember most major cities in the Remember most major cities in the

world are on riversworld are on rivers

• Greek colonistsGreek colonists– Eastern portion of SicilyEastern portion of Sicily– ““Heel” and “toe” of ItalyHeel” and “toe” of Italy

• Carthaginian colonistsCarthaginian colonists– Western portion of SicilyWestern portion of Sicily

• GaulsGauls– Between Alps and Po Between Alps and Po

RiverRiver

The Others Living in The Others Living in ItalyItaly


Italy in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCEItaly in 750 BCE

• Mystery – their origins are lost to prehistoryMystery – their origins are lost to prehistory• Lived north of RomeLived north of Rome

– Region today called “Tuscany” after Region today called “Tuscany” after them (ancient Etruria)them (ancient Etruria)

– Enemies of the RomansEnemies of the Romans

• Taught the Romans:Taught the Romans:– Arch in architecture, drainage and Arch in architecture, drainage and

sewer-building, phalanx military sewer-building, phalanx military formation, writing, and polytheistic formation, writing, and polytheistic religionreligion



Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans

Influence of the Influence of the EtruscansEtruscans WritingWriting

ReligionReligion The ArchThe Arch

The Mythical Founding The Mythical Founding of Rome:of Rome:

Romulus & RemusRomulus & Remus







Republican Republican GovernmentGovernmentRepublican Republican GovernmentGovernment

2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome)

Senate (Representative body for patricians)

Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

Republican Republican GovernmentGovernmentRepublican Republican GovernmentGovernment

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

The Twelve Tables, 450 The Twelve Tables, 450 BCEBCE

Providing political and socialrights for the plebeians.

The Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman ForumThe Roman Forum

The Birth of the The Birth of the RepublicRepublic

The Birth of the The Birth of the RepublicRepublic

The 3 Periods of The 3 Periods of RomeRome

The 3 Periods of The 3 Periods of RomeRome

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Carthaginian Carthaginian EmpireEmpire

Hannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s RouteHannibal’s Route

• Carthage Carthage large and large and powerful trading city on powerful trading city on the North African coastthe North African coast

• Carthage and Rome Carthage and Rome would fight 3 wars called would fight 3 wars called the PUNIC WARSthe PUNIC WARS

Rome Conquers Rome Conquers the Mediterraneanthe Mediterranean Rome Conquers Rome Conquers

the Mediterraneanthe Mediterranean

• HANNIBALHANNIBAL

– Great Military General from Great Military General from CarthageCarthage

– Led an Army of over 100,000 men Led an Army of over 100,000 men with Elephants through the Alpswith Elephants through the Alps

– Would Fail and return to CarthageWould Fail and return to Carthage– 33rdrd Punic War Punic War Rome burned Rome burned

Carthage and destroyed them Carthage and destroyed them completely completely

Rome Conquers Rome Conquers the Mediterraneanthe Mediterranean Rome Conquers Rome Conquers

the Mediterraneanthe Mediterranean

Reform LeadersReform LeadersReform LeadersReform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius

Gracchus

• the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land.Military ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary ReformerMilitary Reformer

Gaius Marius

• recruited an army from the poorand homeless.

• professional standing army.

• JULIUS CESARJULIUS CESAR• By 44 B.C.E. The great military By 44 B.C.E. The great military

General Julius Cesar was put in General Julius Cesar was put in power as Emperor for life.power as Emperor for life.– He would be betrayed and He would be betrayed and

killed within a few yearskilled within a few years• His desire for power led to his His desire for power led to his

deathdeath

Republic Republic destroyed= destroyed=

Dictator put in Dictator put in placeplace

Republic Republic destroyed= destroyed=

Dictator put in Dictator put in placeplace

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar Emerges Emerges

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar Emerges Emerges

PompeyPompeyPompeyPompey

Civil War & Civil War & DictatorsDictators

Civil War & Civil War & DictatorsDictators

Julius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius CaesarJulius Caesar

Crossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BC

Crossing the Rubicon, Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC49 BC

The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!The Die is Cast!

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

The First The First TriumvirateTriumvirate

Julius Caesar

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Gaius Magnus Pompey

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

Beware the Ides of Beware the Ides of March!March!44 BCE44 BCE

The Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirateThe Second The Second TriumvirateTriumvirate

Octavian Augustus

Marc Antony

Marcus Lepidus

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

Octavian Augustus:Octavian Augustus:Rome’s First Rome’s First

EmperorEmperor

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

The First Roman The First Roman DynastyDynasty

Pax RomanaPax Romana: : 27 BCE – 27 BCE – 180 CE180 CE




The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

The Greatest Extent The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire of the Roman Empire

– 14 CE– 14 CE

Taken Taken from from the the Greek Greek GODSGODS

The Roman ReligionThe Roman ReligionThe Roman ReligionThe Roman Religion

The Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianityThe Rise of The Rise of ChristianityChristianity

Religions within Religions within the Roman the Roman EmpireEmpire

• Romans allowed for Romans allowed for free worship as free worship as long as everyone long as everyone honored the Roman honored the Roman gods through gods through sacrifice on holy sacrifice on holy days etc days etc – Most religions had Most religions had

no problem with no problem with this because they this because they were were polytheisticpolytheistic

Roman sacrifice


Religions within Religions within the Roman the Roman EmpireEmpire

• Jews, however, who Jews, however, who refused to worship refused to worship more than one god more than one god were constantly were constantly revolting and refusing revolting and refusing Roman rule and Roman rule and assimilationassimilation– Called Called ZealotsZealots

• Controversy made this Controversy made this entire region in turmoilentire region in turmoil

Roman soldiers destroying the Temple

in Jerusalem


Life of Jesus Christ Life of Jesus Christ (historically (historically speaking)speaking)

• Born in Bethlehem and Born in Bethlehem and raised in Nazareth on raised in Nazareth on banks of Sea of Galilee banks of Sea of Galilee – Under Roman controlUnder Roman control– Jesus, Mary, and Joseph Jesus, Mary, and Joseph

recorded in Roman recorded in Roman censuscensus


Life of Jesus ChristLife of Jesus Christ• Born in Jewish faithBorn in Jewish faith

– Most Christian practices Most Christian practices are rooted in Judaismare rooted in Judaism

• Preached eternal Preached eternal salvation, equality, salvation, equality, justice, and love of all justice, and love of all people people – Were these ideas Were these ideas

appreciated at that time?appreciated at that time?– How would Roman How would Roman

regents handle this regents handle this situation?situation?

• Put to death by Roman Put to death by Roman PrefectPrefect– Pontius PilatePontius Pilate “I wash my hands of

this man’s blood”


Spread of ChristianitySpread of Christianity• After Jesus’ death those who followed him After Jesus’ death those who followed him

were were persecutedpersecuted for their beliefs for their beliefs– Cannibals, monotheistic, incestuous, private, Cannibals, monotheistic, incestuous, private,

refused to honor Roman gods/emperors refused to honor Roman gods/emperors – Martyrs Martyrs

• Went under ground to perform rituals Went under ground to perform rituals – Catacombs-Catacombs- underground graves and Chapels for underground graves and Chapels for

ChristiansChristians

• At first Christians were simply a At first Christians were simply a sectsect of of JudaismJudaism

• By 100 A.D. they had split into their own By 100 A.D. they had split into their own religionreligion

• Fiscus judaicusFiscus judaicus • Council of Jerusalem Council of Jerusalem


Catacombs- a refuge for early Catacombs- a refuge for early ChristiansChristians

Spread of Christianity Spread of Christianity • How did Christianity spread so quickly and to How did Christianity spread so quickly and to

so many people? so many people? – Roman infrastructure Roman infrastructure

• roads, safe sea travel, postal service, Roman roads, safe sea travel, postal service, Roman citizenship citizenship

– Greek influence Greek influence • Greek language, Greek philosophers, Greek language, Greek philosophers,

– Jesus’ message; who does it apply to?Jesus’ message; who does it apply to?• Poor, sick, exiled, suffering, rich, man, woman, Poor, sick, exiled, suffering, rich, man, woman,

etc. etc.

– Christian belief on life after deathChristian belief on life after death• How was life on earth at that time? How was life on earth at that time?

– Martyr's exampleMartyr's example• Inspiring Inspiring


St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

St. Paul: St. Paul: Apostle to the Apostle to the

GentilesGentiles

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Rome’s Early Road Rome’s Early Road SystemSystem

Spread of Spread of ChristianityChristianity

• After centuries of on-and-After centuries of on-and-off persecution, off persecution, Constantine issues the Constantine issues the The The Edict of Milan, Edict of Milan, or freedom or freedom to worship, in A.D. 313to worship, in A.D. 313

• Did HE REALLY SEE Did HE REALLY SEE ANYTHING?ANYTHING?

• Might have seen it coming Might have seen it coming and just made up the and just made up the story… there are some story… there are some stories that say on his stories that say on his death bed Constantine death bed Constantine was praying to Zeuswas praying to Zeus


Dissension Between Dissension Between ChurchChurch

• Disputes arose between Disputes arose between Patriarchs Patriarchs over over practices and doctrinepractices and doctrine

• The Roman Patriarch The Roman Patriarch became known as the became known as the PopePope (papa) and over (papa) and over time claimed authority time claimed authority over the other over the other Patriarchs Patriarchs

• Led to major split Led to major split between Western between Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity and Eastern Christianity Christianity


The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Spread of The Spread of ChristianityChristianity

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

The Empire in Crisis: The Empire in Crisis: 3c3c

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Diocletian Splits the Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: Empire in Two: 294 294

CECE

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantine: 312 - Constantine: 312 - 337337

Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)Constantinople: “The 2Constantinople: “The 2ndnd Rome” (Founded in 330)Rome” (Founded in 330)

Roman Roads: Roman Roads: The The Appian WayAppian WayRoman Roads: Roman Roads:

The The Appian WayAppian Way

Roman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman AqueductsRoman Aqueducts

The Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseumThe Roman The Roman ColosseumColosseum

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

The Colosseum The Colosseum InteriorInterior

Circus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus MaximusCircus Maximus

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome

The Legacy of The Legacy of RomeRome Republic GovernmentRepublic Government

Roman LawRoman Law Latin LanguageLatin Language Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church City PlanningCity Planning Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural

StyleStyle Roman EngineeringRoman Engineering

• AqueductsAqueducts• Sewage systemsSewage systems• DamsDams• CementCement• ArchArch

The Geography of Rome Protection for Rome and Italy Rome built on seven hills Alps Barrier to the north Seas Barriers on other three sides Poor harbors.

Documents

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