The Geography of Greece Geography of Greece ¾ is Mountains; poor farming land¾ is Mountains; poor farming land Ionian, Aegean, and Meditteranean SeasIonian,

The Geography of Greece

The Geography of Greece

Geography of GreeceGeography of Greece

• ¾ is Mountains; poor farming land¾ is Mountains; poor farming land• Ionian, Aegean, and Meditteranean SeasIonian, Aegean, and Meditteranean Seas• Very poor in Natural Resources; Trade is Very poor in Natural Resources; Trade is

CrucialCrucial• Roads not good; 7 Days to go 60 Miles Roads not good; 7 Days to go 60 Miles • Grew Grain, Grapes, Olives Grew Grain, Grapes, Olives • Now town more than 85 miles from coastNow town more than 85 miles from coast• Size of Greece= Size of State of New Size of Greece= Size of State of New

YorkYork• 11stst people arrive 7,000 B.C. people arrive 7,000 B.C.

Bronze Age GreeceBronze Age Greece

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Notes over MinoansNotes over Minoans• Discovered in 1900 by Sir Arthur Evans Discovered in 1900 by Sir Arthur Evans

• Worshiped the BullWorshiped the Bull

• Myth of the Minotaur- Half man, half bullMyth of the Minotaur- Half man, half bull

• Lived mainly on the Island of CreteLived mainly on the Island of Crete

• Eventually taken over by the MyceneansEventually taken over by the Myceneans

• Ca. 1620-1450 Volcanic Eruption on Island of Ca. 1620-1450 Volcanic Eruption on Island of

Thera destroyed Minoan Cities. Never recoverThera destroyed Minoan Cities. Never recover

Minoans ContinuedMinoans Continued

• Greek Philosopher Plato creates the Greek Philosopher Plato creates the story of Atlantis based off of this myth. story of Atlantis based off of this myth.

• Involved in Trojan War with Troy Involved in Trojan War with Troy ( Town on the Western Coast of Asia ( Town on the Western Coast of Asia Minor)Minor)

• Following the Trojan War, Myceneans Following the Trojan War, Myceneans will collapse. will collapse.

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

Notes over MyceneansNotes over Myceneans

• Come around about 2,000 B.C. Come around about 2,000 B.C. • Ruled by Warrior-Kings; lived Ruled by Warrior-Kings; lived

extravagant livesextravagant lives• People heavily taxedPeople heavily taxed• Adopted Minoans Adopted Minoans • Took part on Trojan War around Took part on Trojan War around

1200 B.C. 1200 B.C.

Notes over Dorians Notes over Dorians

• No Written Records. No Written Records. • Called the Greek Dark AgesCalled the Greek Dark Ages• 1150-750 B.C. 1150-750 B.C. • Economy and Lifestyle suffer Economy and Lifestyle suffer

greatlygreatly. .

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

The Mask of AgamemnonThe Mask of Agamemnon

Phidias’ AcropolisPhidias’ Acropolis

The Acropolis TodayThe Acropolis Today

The AgoraThe Agora

Types of Greek Types of Greek Governments Governments

• Governments will vary from City-State Governments will vary from City-State to City-State due to geography.to City-State due to geography.

• MonarchyMonarchy- Rule by King- Rule by King• OligarchyOligarchy- Rule by more than one - Rule by more than one

powerful male. powerful male. • TyrannyTyranny- Rule taken by force and - Rule taken by force and

usually lost by force. Appeal to the usually lost by force. Appeal to the poor.poor.

• DemocracyDemocracy- Rule by the people who - Rule by the people who vote. vote.

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Athens NEED TO KNOW Athens NEED TO KNOW INFOINFO

• Located North of Sparta; opposites Located North of Sparta; opposites • Degraded the Spartans for lacking curiosity Degraded the Spartans for lacking curiosity

and imagination and imagination • Democracy is born here; freedom to thinkDemocracy is born here; freedom to think• Only Adult Free males were citizens; only Only Adult Free males were citizens; only

ones who could voteones who could vote• 1/3 were slaves 1/3 were slaves • Women were housewives Women were housewives

More on Athens Government More on Athens Government

• Draco writes Draco writes 11stst Law Code Law Code- 621 B.C. - 621 B.C. • Solon issues reforms but neglects the poor.Solon issues reforms but neglects the poor.• Pisistratus was Athen’s 1Pisistratus was Athen’s 1stst TyrantTyrant. Helped . Helped

the poor. 546 B.C. the poor. 546 B.C. • Cleisthenes follows with the Cleisthenes follows with the Council of Council of

500500- Men that were chosen at random - Men that were chosen at random from town to propose laws; only 1/5 of from town to propose laws; only 1/5 of population was eligible……..population was eligible……..11stst Democracy Democracy though!!! though!!!

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

SPARTASPARTA

SPARTASPARTA

Helots Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

THE FIGHTING PHALANXTHE FIGHTING PHALANX

Sparta NEED TO KNOW Sparta NEED TO KNOW INFOINFO

• Powerful Military StatePowerful Military State

• 11stst conquest was conquering the Messinians and making conquest was conquering the Messinians and making them slaves. (them slaves. (HELOTS)HELOTS)

• Ruled by 3 GroupsRuled by 3 Groups: Assembly: Assembly- Elected Free Males - Elected Free Males and and Council of EldersCouncil of Elders- 5 men that carried out laws- 5 men that carried out laws

• 2 Kings 2 Kings governed the Military governed the Military

• Law system set up by Lycurgus; told them laws were Law system set up by Lycurgus; told them laws were form Crete. Disappears and Spartans stuck in that law form Crete. Disappears and Spartans stuck in that law code.code.

• Only ruling and working class were citizensOnly ruling and working class were citizens

• No Gold or Silver coins; only iron to keep Spartans from No Gold or Silver coins; only iron to keep Spartans from trade with other Greekstrade with other Greeks

More on SPARTAMore on SPARTA

• Important Ages of Spartan boysImportant Ages of Spartan boys

• 77- went to live in military barracks; beaten, taught to - went to live in military barracks; beaten, taught to steal, taught battle tactics steal, taught battle tactics

• 2020- could marry; but lived at barracks still- could marry; but lived at barracks still

• 3030- could move out of barracks- could move out of barracks

• 6060- could retire from military- could retire from military

• Spartan women were expected to exercise and Spartan women were expected to exercise and compete. Sacrificed all to the city-state. Married at 14 compete. Sacrificed all to the city-state. Married at 14 usuallyusually

• 600 B.C. – 371 B.C. Sparta was most powerful600 B.C. – 371 B.C. Sparta was most powerful

• Valued duty, strength and disciplineValued duty, strength and discipline

• Lost out on individuality, beauty, and freedom. Lost out on individuality, beauty, and freedom.

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: Famous Battles

Persian Wars: Famous Battles

$ Marathon (490 BCE)

26.2 miles from Athens

6,400 Persians die; 192 Athenians

Phedipidas runs back to Athens.

$ Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass

Xerxes avenging father’s failure

$ Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy victorious

Persian ships are beached; but burn Athens

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

Golden “Age of Pericles”:

460 BCE – 429 BCE

Peloponnesian WarsPeloponnesian Wars

Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War• Sparta declares war 431 B.C. Sparta declares war 431 B.C. • Cause was over Delian League and Athens Cause was over Delian League and Athens

thinking they were running things. thinking they were running things. • Sparta better on Land; Athens better at SeaSparta better on Land; Athens better at Sea• Sparta laid seige to many City-States of Sparta laid seige to many City-States of

AthensAthens• Sparta attacks Athens; Pericles orders all Sparta attacks Athens; Pericles orders all

Athenians behind city walls. Plague breaks Athenians behind city walls. Plague breaks out killing 2/3. Pericles included. out killing 2/3. Pericles included.

• Athens surrenders 404 B.C. ; Golden Age Athens surrenders 404 B.C. ; Golden Age over over

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

Statue of Zeus at OlympiaStatue of Zeus at Olympia

•oovveerr

Collussus at RhodesCollussus at Rhodes • 110 ft. High 110 ft. High

Temple to Artemis Temple to Artemis

Athens: The Arts & Sciences

Athens: The Arts & Sciences$ DRAMA (tragedians):

Aeschylus- The Persians

Sophocles- Antigone

Euripides- The Trojan Women

$ THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras- a2 + b2 = c2

Democritus all matter made up of small atoms.

Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”

• I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfil according to my ability and judgment this goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfil according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant:oath and this covenant:

To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice. keep them from harm and injustice.

I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I this effect. Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will guard my life and my art.will guard my life and my art.

I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as I will not use the knife, not even on sufferers from stone, but will withdraw in favor of such men as are engaged in this work.are engaged in this work.

Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, remaining free of all intentional injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be injustice, of all mischief and in particular of sexual relations with both female and male persons, be they free or slaves.they free or slaves.

What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of the treatment in regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to regard to the life of men, which on no account one must spread abroad, I will keep to myself, holding such things shameful to be spoken aboutmyself, holding such things shameful to be spoken about ..

If I fulfil this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored If I fulfil this oath and do not violate it, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and art, being honored with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite with fame among all men for all time to come; if I transgress it and swear falsely, may the opposite of all this be my lot.of all this be my lot.

Hippocratic Oath—Modern Version

I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:

I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.

I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.

I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.

I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.

I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.

I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.

I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.

I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.

If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers

$ Socrates (469-399 B.C.)

Know thyself!

The Unexamined life is not worth living.

Only Know his teachings because of Plato

question everything

Not understood by most; 399 BC sentenced to drink poison for corrupting youth of Athens

only the pursuit of goodnessbrings happiness.

$ Plato (427-347 B.C.) The Academy

Perfect society had 3 classes: Farmers and artists, Warriors, and ruling class

The Republic philosopher-king

Ideas rule for 1,500 years.

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers$ Aristotle (384-322

B.C) The Lyceum

“Golden Mean” [everything inmoderation]

Logic

Scientific method

Most famous pupil was Alexander the Great of Macedonia

OlympiaOlympia

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

The Ancient Olympics:

Athletes & Trainers

Olympia: Temple to Hera

Olympia: Temple to Hera

The 2004 OlympicsThe 2004 Olympics

Macedonia Under Philip II

Macedonia Under Philip II

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great’s EmpireAlexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great Alexander the Great NEED TO KNOWNEED TO KNOW

• Took over the throne at 20; died at 32. Took over the throne at 20; died at 32. • Idolized Achilles; Kept Iliad under his pillow. Idolized Achilles; Kept Iliad under his pillow. • Attacked Eastern Persia and Won. Darius offers Attacked Eastern Persia and Won. Darius offers

Truce; Alex refuses…… Wants entire Persian Empire. Truce; Alex refuses…… Wants entire Persian Empire. • Marches to Egypt. Named PharaohMarches to Egypt. Named Pharaoh• After 11 years and 11,000 miles of fighting his men After 11 years and 11,000 miles of fighting his men

tire and want to go home. tire and want to go home. • Alexander falls ill on way home; dies of Malaria. Alexander falls ill on way home; dies of Malaria. • His empire is split into 5 His empire is split into 5 • Responsible for Hellenistic Culture; Blend of Greek, Responsible for Hellenistic Culture; Blend of Greek,

Egyptian, and Eastern Cultures (Persia, India) Egyptian, and Eastern Cultures (Persia, India)

The Hellenization of Asia

The Hellenization of Asia

Alexandria, Egypt----- The center of Hellenistic World

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

Alexander the Great in Persia

What was his horse’s name?

Pergamum: A Hellenistic CityPergamum: A Hellenistic City

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Cynics Diogenes ignore social conventions

& avoid luxuries.

citizens of the world.

live a humble, simple life.

$ Epicurians Epicurus avoid pain & seek

pleasure.

all excess leads to pain!

politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Stoics Zeno nature is the expansion of

divine will.

concept of natural law.

get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but toperform virtuous acts for the good of all.

true happiness is found ingreat achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences$ Scientists /

Mathematicians: Aristarchus heliocentric theory.

Euclid geometry

Archimedes pulley

Ptolemy- Planets revolve around earth

Scholars- Earth is 24,662 miles;Actual is 24,860

$ Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than old

Greek art.

Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!