The Geography Department Proudly Presents... IGCSE Geography: The Ultimate Revision Pack Created especially for you... so use it!!
The Geography Department Proudly Presents...
IGCSE Geography:
The Ultimate Revision Pack
Created especially for you...
so use it!!
IGCSE GEOGRAPHY 2010
Paper 1
1 hour 45 minutesChoose 3 out of 6 questions45% of the total mark
Paper 2
1 hour 30 minutesSkills-based data response questionsAnswer all questions27.5% of the total mark
Paper 4
1 hour 30 minutesAlternative to courseworkAnswer all questions27.5% of the total mark
For Paper 1, choose your questions very carefully
RTFQ
Plan your answers and think before writing anything
Use real world examples where appropriate
Include sketch maps and diagrams to support your answers
Never use bullet points for the higher mark questions (unless
you are running out of time, in which case it’s better than nothing!)
Contents1. How to succeed in Geography exams
2. Templates for revising case studies
3. Tectonic activity
4. Rocks and landscape
5. Rivers
6. Glaciation
7. Coasts
8. Weather and climate
9. Ecosystems
10. Population
11. Settlement
12. Economic Activity: Primary Industry
13. Economic Activity: Secondary Industry
14. Economic Activity: Tertiary Industry
15. Development
16. Practical Skills
How To Succeed In Geography Exams1. Understand the assessment:
- How many exams will you take?
- Which one is which?
- How much time will you have?
- What equipment will you need?
2. Know the work: kind of obvious, but essential!
3. Understand the questions:
- Can you follow instructions?
- Can you decipher exam-speak?
Command Term What they want you to doIdentify/name/state/give A short sentence or word is enough
List Identify a number of features
Complete Finish a graph/map/cross-section/paragraph/sentence
Describe Give a written account of the distinctive features – say what you see. No explanation is necessary
Define The precise meaning of a term is needed, usually 1 or 2 marks
Shade Use pencil or coloured pencils to highlight part of a graph/diagram
Draw Make a sketch – you are often asked to label at the same time
Mark Show a particular point clearly by placing an arrow/line/mark etc.
Label Add names or details to a map/diagram/graph
Annotate Add notes of explanation to a diagram/map – more than just a label
Explain/give reasons for/ suggest reasons why/ account for
Say why something occurs – use full sentences and clear language. You might want to include diagrams and/or case study material to support your answer.
Compare Direct comparison of similarities and differences between two sets of information or places – not two separate accounts
Comment on Give your own views about the information, with a justification
Calculate Work out a numerical answer
With reference to/ illustrate your answer with
Usually needs case study information or examples, or a reference to a map/diagram
Name of case study
How did it happen?
Impact on economyImpact on people
What happened afterwards? (longer-term
physical effects)
What happened? (short-term physical effects)
Where & when?
Implications for the future – prediction, planning,
preparation, management
Impact on environment
Implications for the future?
NAME OF CASE STUDY:
Where and when? How did it happen?
What happened? (Short-term physical effects)
What happened next? (Longer-term physical effects)
Implications for the future: Economic impacts:
Environmental impacts: Human impact:
Additional notes:
Tectonic Activity
Key term DefinitionCollision margin
Conservative margin
Constructive margin
Continental crust
Convection currents
Core
Destructive margin
Epicentre
Focus
Fold mountains
Lava
Magma
Mantle
Mudflows/lahars
Oceanic crust
Richter scale
Subduction zone
Tectonic plate
Tectonic plate
Knowledge checklist Understand Perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
The differences between continental and oceanic crust
How tectonic plates move
The differences between construction, collision, destructive and conservative plate margins
The different types of landform found at each type of plate margin
Why earthquakes and volcanoes occur at plate boundaries
How earthquakes are measured
How people can predict and prepare for earthquakes and volcanoes
How damage from earthquakes and volcanoes can be minimised
Why tectonic evens have different effects in MEDCs and LEDCs
Why people continue to live in areas of tectonic hazard
Specific case studies of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, including:
Causes Long and short-term effects
Rocks & Landscape
Key term DefinitionBedding planes
Biological weathering
Carbonation/ limestone solution
Chemical weathering
Erosion
Exfoliation/ onion-skin weathering
Deflation
Freeze-thaw/ frost-shattering
Igneous rock
Joints and cracks
Metamorphic rock
Permeable/ impermaeable rock
Physical weathering
Porous rock
Quarrying
Sedimentary rock
Weathering
Knowledge checklist Understand Perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Know the rock cycle
Know the difference between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
Understand how physical, chemical and biological weathering processes can break down rock into soil
Understand how climate and geology influence the rate of weathering
Recognise the features of limestone landscapes and explain their formation
Recognise the features of granite landscapes and explain their formation
Recognise the different types of landform found in hot deserts and explain their formation
Understand how geology affects human activity, eg:
Settlement location Tourism Mineral extraction Industry Urban landscapes
RiversKey term Definition
Abrasion/corrasion
Attrition
Confluence
Corrosion
Delta
Deposition
Estuary
Flood
Floodplain
Gorge
Hydraulic action
Levee
Meander
Mouth
Ox-bow lake
Saltation
Solution
Source
Suspension
The river’s long profile
Traction
Tributary
Waterfall
Watershed
Knowledge checklist Understand Perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Recognise the features of a drainage basin
Know how the long profile of a river changes from source to mouth
Understand the processes of erosion
Understand the processes of transportation
Know how waterfalls and gorges are formed
Know how meanders and ox-bow lakes are formed
Know how floodplains, deltas and levees are formed
Recognise the main features of a flood hydrograph
Understand the human and physical factors that influence the shape of the hydrograph
Know the causes of a “flashy” hydrograph
Know the causes and effects of flooding
Know what can be done to predict, prevent and prepare for flooding
Case studies of flooding in MEDCs and LEDCs, including:
Causes Long and short-term effects Flood defense for the future
Glaciation
Key term DefinitionAblation
Accumulation
Arete
Boulder clay
Corrie
Drumlins
Erratic
Glacial abrasion
Glacial Till
Glacial trough
Hanging valley
Ice sheet
Misfit stream
Moraine
Plucking
Pyramidal peak
Ribbon lake
Striations
Tarn
Valley glacier
Knowledge checklist Understand Perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Understand the processes of glacial accumulation and ablation
Know the difference between a valley glacier and an ice sheet
Know how glacial erosion works
Understand how corries are formed
Know the similarities and differences between an arête and a pyramidal peak
Describe the main features of a glaciated valley
Understand how glacial troughs are formed
Know how glacial deposition occurs
Know the different types of glacial moraine
Describe how drumlins are formed
Explain how ribbon lakes are formed
Human activity in glaciated areas: Tourism Transport
Specific case studies of glaciated areas:
Landforms of erosion Landforms of deposition
Coasts
Key term DefinitionAbrasion (corrosion)
Arch
Attrition
Bar
Bay
Beach
Cave
Cliff
Constructive wave
Corrosion
Destructive wave
Fetch
Headland
Hydraulic action
Longshore drift
Spit
Stack
Tombolo
Wave-cut notch
Wave-cut platform
Knowledge checklist Understand Perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Know the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves
Understand how the processes of coastal erosion operate
Understand how cliffs are formed
Understand why some coasts are eroded more quickly than others
Explain formation of caves, arches, stacks and stumps
Explain how longshore drift works
Know where and why beaches form
Know and describe the characteristics of a spit
Name and describe different methods of coastal defense
Know and understand the costs and benefits of coastal defense
Human activity in coastal areas: Tourism Settlement Shipping Fishing
Specific case studies of coastal areas: Landforms of erosion Landforms of deposition Coastal management and
defense
Weather and Climate
Key term DefinitionAnticyclone
Atmospheric pressure
Climate
Cold front
Convectional rain
Depression
Drought
Insolation
Isobars
Isotherms
Latitude
Precipitation
Prevailing winds
Relief rain
Synoptic chart
Temperature
Tropical storm
Urban heat island
Warm front
Weather
Knowledge checklist Understand Perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Understand the difference between weather and climate
Recognise different types of weather instrument and know how they work
Interpret climate graphs
Know the main factors that influence the climate of a place
Understand the process of insolation and how it affects weather & climate
Understand that seas and ocean currents affect climate
Recognise depressions and anticyclones on a weather map
Explain how the different types of rain occur
Human impact on weather & climate: Climate change Depletion of the ozone layer Acid rain
Specific case study of a hurricane Causes Long and short-term effects
Ecosystems
Key term DefinitionAdaptation
Biodiversity
Biome
Coniferous woodland
Deciduous woodland
Deforestation
Desert
Desertification
Ecosystem
Equatorial regions
Nutrient cycle
Overcultivation
Overgrazing
Polar regions
Savanna
Slash and burn
Soil
Temperate regions
Tropical rainforest
Knowledge checklist Understand Perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Know what an ecosystem is
Understand why vegetation changes with distance from the equator
Understand why vegetation changes with altitude
Describe the main features of the savanna grasslands
Explain how plants and animals adapt to their environment, giving specific examples
Know how desertification can take place in the savanna
Know some of the possible solutions to desertification
Draw a labeled sketch to show the main characteristics of tropical rainforests
Understand how the nutrient cycle changes once the forest has been cleared
Understand how conflict can arise between human development and protecting natural ecosystems
Know what is meant by sustainable management of ecosystems, giving specific examples
Population & Migration
Key term DefinitionCensus
Crude birth rate
Crude death rate
Demographic transition model
Emigration
Fertility rate
Immigration
Infant mortality rate
Life expectancy
Migration
Natural increase
Population density
Population distribution
Population policy
Population pyramid
Population structure
Push and pull factors
Refugee
Rural depopulation
Urban to rural migration
Knowledge checklist Understand Perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Know the main characteristics of world population distribution
Know the reasons for global population distribution (human & physical)
Know and understand the causes and consequences of overpopulation and under-population
Draw and label the stages of the DTM
Recognise how population pyramids reflect levels of development
Link differently-shaped population pyramids to different stages of the DTM
Understand reasons for population change:
Factors affecting birth rate Factors affecting death rate/infant
mortality rate Factors affecting migration
Understand how development affects birth and death rates
Know the difference between voluntary and forced migration
Understand how push and pull factors can work together to increase migration
Know the advantages and disadvantages of emigration and immigration
Know the advantages and disadvantages of population change
Know the environmental effects of population change
Specific case studies of population policies and change:
Anti-natalist policy Resource conflicts
SettlementKey term Definition
Aspect
Brownfield site
CBD
Commuter/dormitory village
Dry-point site
Green belt
Inner city
Location factors
Rural-urban fringe
Settlement
Settlement function
Settlement hierarchy
Shanty town
Site
Situation
Sphere of influence
Suburbs
Urban morphology
Urban sprawl
Urbanisation
Wet-point site
Knowledge checklist Understand Perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Know 5 different physical siting factors for settlement
Know the human factors that influence settlement growth
Understand the settlement hierarchy
Examples of settlements with different functions
Understand how settlement function can change over time
Draw and describe different urban land use models
Know that cities in MEDCs and LEDCs have different structures
Know the problems of cities in MEDCs and LEDCs
Case studies of urban problems in MEDCS - causes, consequences and solutions for: Traffic congestion Urban decay Urban sprawl
Case studies of urban problems in LEDCs: Causes of rapid urban
population growth Consequences:
a) Development of shanty towns
b) Pollutionc) Traffic congestiond) Crime, unemployment and
poverty Solutions for urban problems
Economic Activity: Primary IndustryKey term Definition
Agriculture
Arable farming
Capital
Cash crop
Commercial farming
Common Agricultural PolicyDairy farm
Diversification
Extensive farming
Extractive industries
Fossil fuels
GM crops
Intensive farming
Irrigation
Market gardening
Mining
Monoculture
Nomadic farming
Open-cast mine
Pastoral farming
Plantation
Plantation
Primary industry
Quarrying
Quotas
Resources
Set-aside
Shifting cultivation
Subsistence farming
Yields
Knowledge checklist Understand Perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Draw a diagram showing farming as a system
Know the physical and human factors that affect farming
Know the cycle of “slash and burn” subsistence farming
Understand the environmental impacts of intensive agriculture
Know how politics can affect agriculture
Know the causes and effects of soil erosion and hedge removal
Know the costs and benefits of mineral extraction
Case studies of agriculture: Subsistence farming in Amazonia Rice farming in the Philippines Organic farming in the UK Cocoa plantations and
diversification in Ghana Coffee plantations in Costa Rica
Economic Activity: Secondary Industry
Key term DefinitionAppropriate technology
Brownfield site
Child labour
Economies of scale
Footloose industry
Globalisation
Greenfield site
Heavy industry
High-tech industry
Industrial decline
Industrial estate
Industrial systems
Informal sector
Location factors
Newly Industrialising Country (NIC)
Quaternary industry
Science park
Sweat-shop
Transnational corporation (TNC)
Knowledge checklist Understand perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Explain industry as a system
Understand what is meant by the term “footloose industry”
Know the human and physical factors that affect industrial location
Know some of the characteristics of TNCs
Know the benefits and disadvantages of globalization
Understand how improvements in transport and communications have promoted globalization
Understand why many NICs are in East Asia
Know the difference between a brownfield site and a Greenfield site
Know the difference between an industrial estate and a science park
Understand the reasons for the decline of heavy industries in MEDCs
Know how employment structures can reflect levels of development
Economic Activity: Tertiary Industry
Key term DefinitionDay-tripper
Ecotourism
Finance and banking industries
Footpath erosion
Game parks/reserves
Honeypot site
Leakage
Long-haul flights
Mini-break
Multiplier effect
National Park
Out-of-town shopping centre
Package holiday
Purpose-built amenities
Resort
Retail park
Services
Sustainable tourism
Tourist
Knowledge checklist Understand perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Know the reasons for the growth of the tourist industry
Know the difference between domestic and international tourism
Understand the social, economic and environmental impacts of tourism
Understand the concept of sustainable tourism
Know the reasons why National Parks and reserves have been established
Recognise the need for careful management of areas of great natural beauty and/or historical significance
Case studies of tourism: Tamarindo, Costa Rica Costa Rica’s National Parks
Understand the different stages of Butler’s Life Cycle Model of Tourism
Understand the different stages of Rostow’s Model of Economic Development
Know how and why employment structures in MEDCs have shifted towards tertiary industries
Understand the locational factors for an out-of-town shopping centre
Case study of an out-of-town shopping centre:
Multiplaza, San Jose
Development
Key term DefinitionAdult literacy
Economic indicators
Free trade
GDP per capita
GNP per capita
HDI
Indicators of development
Interdependence
International aid
Multilateral aid
Product dependency
Quality of life
Real GNP per capita
Short-term & long-term aidSocial indicators
Sustainable development
Tied aid
Trade balance
Trade deficit
Trade surplus
Knowledge checklist Understand perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Know that there is a North-South divide in terms of economic development
Understand that development is not just about money
Recognise how health, nutrition, literacy, access to clean water and housing can influence development
Know the social, historical and physical reason why some countries are less developed than others
Understand the causes and consequences of product dependency
Understand how some countries are caught in a “poverty trap” of indebtedness
Know the general patterns of world trade
Know what is meant by interdependence
Know how trade groupings can remove barriers to trade, or protect their own interests
Know the causes and consequences of the imbalance of trade between MEDCs and LEDCS
Understand the difference between short-term and long-term aid
Know the benefits and disadvantages of the different types of aid
Practical Skills Checklist
Skills Understand Perfectly
Sort of understand
Haven’t got a Scooby
Draw and interpret line graphs
Draw and interpret bar graphs
Draw and interpret triangular graphs
Draw and interpret divided bar graphs
Draw and interpret scatter graphs
Draw and interpret pie charts
Draw and interpret isoline graphs
Draw and interpret choropleth maps
Draw and interpret flood hydrographs
Construct a cross-section of a river from a map
Identify river and valley landforms on a map
Identify coastal landforms on a map
Draw and label diagrams of river landforms
Draw and label diagrams of coastal landforms
Draw and label diagrams of volcanic landforms
Draw and label diagrams of desert landforms
Construct and interpret population pyramids
Calculate natural increase
Calculate dependency ratios
Use a map to describe and interpret: Patterns of settlement Site and situation of a settlement Location and shape of a
settlement Different zones of land use within
an urban area
Use an OS map to describe and/or interpret:
Distances Physical features Land use Compass bearings General locations (4-figure grid
references) Exact locations (6-figure grid
references) Slope gradients Features of settlement, industry,
transport and communication
Use photographs to describe and/or interpret human and physical landscapes
Link photographic material to OS maps
Draw and interpret annotated field sketches
Formulate hypotheses
Describe fieldwork activities to test hypotheses
Read and interpret weather instruments
Link data to theory in support or denial of a fieldwork hypothesis