The genus Trigonobothrys in New Zealand · Deocriplion b p«imen5 in alcohol) fem.l.,M,,,uf

The genus Trigonobothrys in New Zealandand a redescrip rion ofAchaearanea blattea

(Theridiidae: Araneae)

Brian M. Fitzgerald! and Philip J. Sirvid-

I ErologiclJ R=ch A"",d.le> of NewZnL.nd. PO ""'" 4B 147. Si l"",,'rcam. NewZeilind (bmfiagelOlld<1o'cool"", .oo,lll)2 Museum of 1'"", Z",bnJ Te 1'.1" Tong"....... PO flo, 467 . WdlinglOn. Now Zcaland (phi!>@tcp.p>.C"""'u)

ABSTRACT: 11""" N"", Z<-.J.nd ,prti<> of >pjdon ,h., haY< k.n pI..c-.d ;n t h" S"nuo~ Tho",ll. 1869 are ""i<W«! .".1 "'own '" I..Ii,nc to oth.. EI'''''''L Th, "",k"f.P"""'u.Jy und"""ibed bu, illo>!,.,..! <p«>« of D'I""'" ftom l'ow Z".aL",d ;, ,h<""" '0b<lonC 10 Iiigo••;,.,,,,,,, Simon. 18~9 ..,.1 '0 b< cOIl,prt;fi< with PIry<."""" "",bu."",a.p. C.mb,Idg<. 1879, lluwn ftom ,b" km.l" holo'yp< only. Th. n<W """,hi"",,,,"T";t"m,klltry< -.,b;"U!n 10 ,1'. C..mbt idg., 1879J ;. pmp".<d, .. i. tho " ..... "Y""nrmrof l'Iryc.",,,,,, 0,1' C.mb,ids<. 1879 "n<l<, T';t"n.~. Th••",,.k "f T _.bU>Uk ;,ml<"',ikJ. and tho rn..k;, d=<iW ft., ,I.<6", ,;mo. T,,"i"i~m bJ..""" U"lu'=t, 1886,<u''''ntly pI-=! in ,b. c,n'" D.,.,.."". i, .hown ,,, b<1"n~ ~,Arh,,,",,,,,,,,, S,,,,,d. 1929.Anu,h.. sp«i<l ,AI~;"""';" """" O.~ C....mb cidg<. 1879. 1ud b=n pl.=! in [);f"<"". 'I><n"",,"".-=I ,,, E.'}"}" M<ng<, 1868, . nd W< ..,= wi, h ,hi. pl....,,""'n'.

KEY\l;'ORDS, D;l-"'" TngoMbothry> """"ioula...tm-1",",,, ""''''''. En']"}" "'-"", n..:.­id ii....,. H>d"""" inK , l'<w 7....I""d, now comhi<U<>on, n<W syno"ymy, m!=np,;"n.

lnrrod ucrionTwo .p<ci<lnfN... z".bnd 'h"idi id 'l'id...= cu,rently

pi.o=l in , I>< g<n", Dil-"'" wi,h. 'hird sp«i"" h."';ns!=n

pl1(<<.1 in ,hi> j«"''' pm'"",Jy, DIp""'" U"',a (UI~"hm,

I ~K6> in 1I')', n, II'Wi.); ,n u"d=.;h«! 'f"-"'i<> of which

,he m.J< """ i1l"",,,,«.1 by Fom<' (1% 7) .na ,I>< d"winS

«produc<d hy F<,."" ~ F<""", ( 197:\ , 199')) (Fig II : md

A'~;_n;" ...."" o,r umbriag<. 1879 , whOd> w... '<mpu-­

ratily pl:ocro ;n Dif"<"" by Dol""", (I 9 17] .00 ",h«. odlO"­

bu, . u!-qu<n' ly re"mod ,,, A'~;"",n;" O.P C~mb,;age,

1879 by tlid rn"-11 (95 1), befor< being u.mf,,«d ", En·

']"!'" M<ng<. IKfiH by 1=, &: I"""; 1196 2).

D,,,,...... ,nd En']"};'.'" m<rnh<" "f ,h, ,h<Tiaii.

••bf,m;ly Il>a,OI''';''O<. H. dfOl1I!in< .p;d"".", "pi"",lly

<h""",,,,oo by 'l""'i>1i.oo V<m,>1 """" Onu,< uni of log1, ""0p";n of "'minol r<<<p<;Kb,ma . p.lm.t< (do""""n.

",lIy ~,"""oo) f,nul< p.l r,1 d.w (Y",hid•. !I)()!) ,

In ,h, m""" of 'pia« 'U'''''Y'' on i,,,...<I, off ,h<

,,,,,,horn <0.0" of N<w z<-.I.na, 011< of ,,' (8.M ,E) <01·

h'<d • "'.... of m.l, 'I""';"", n. ,n. , m."h«l ro,st" "

(1% 7) ill"",.,ioo of D;f"<"" 'po F<mol, 'pid'" =110.,«1

. 1 ,he ", me ,im< W'r< ,,"""",,00 wi,h ,h<>< ,o.k. "" ,h,

h,.,i, of",Iou ' p"tt<m. It was ,uNoqU<ody m:og ni>«! til>!

,h, fen,>k m,,,,hM tk de"" ip'um d l'hycmama <vcobi.uIaO ,P.Cambridg< 1879, of"hi<h th, nw< w.. no< ""...·, il.«l.

l ~ t<' e",m i"",iun of>p«imm. hold iu II><00go Mo><um,

id,n ,in«l .. [)Jj"'"~ 'po. nd 1.h<II«1 .. '",,,«1 by C.L

Wil",n', show<d ,h .. Wilt"n tud.J.u ....,ru,,«1 m.I, ..d

f<m.l< 'p«im<m, bu, . ppm m ly n.d not con n«:,ed , h<m

wi[~ P ",,"o/';"uk. Until ««0[1)', thi, 'P"'"" wo" ld haveb<= p"'=l io Dip;><_ 110"'<'<Of, Y...,hi<!a{2(02) lni><d [h<

J. p, o<,< 'p"'i'" ofH,dro<mio" .od """ [n",,,,J [t!< genu'

T>igo. ob<>th.,. f'om ' ynonymy wi[h o,p.""" !l i, d... [10.[

I~ "",obioi,u, b<lon~' in T"guMb.d"Y"

Sp« imen. of' Dip." bla",,, ""'''' ilio 0;011"",«1 b) '

B,M,E S<v<r" f.,.'m" , "f ,h i, 'l""'i.. inO;';'[< th.. i' Jo<:,fi<)[ belong ,,, D,!"""', ~, pi,=! bv lI'Y"o' 11 93.1, 193'i,),

bu' n,A.-b.-..m·.. S",od , 1929.

In [hi, P'I"" "'" ",,,,,f<[ /'hyrow"", ~iow,. [h,typ< Ip«i<> f", f'hyco!o"",. '0 };"go""I""/"y, '0.1". con·

'<qC«0« of [hi, we P["!""" ,hat !'hyf"",,,,,,O.P. c.mb,idg<,

1879 , b<com<>. junio, 'ynoorm of T"K',"obo'h.,. , W, ", .d<,([i!>< [h, f, mal, . d=[i!>< [I>< 01.1< fOl [h. ~"[ 'ime, ",.I

~iv< . rompl«o [,-,onon,i, hi"o[yof11>< 'p«;e>. Fu'th"" IV<

red""'ib< rlw""f,"'" bI",,,", U[q uh,.. , l X!l(" ,..n, fe, I, '"

kku.",,",,,, ",d p""'''' i" co"'pkt< ' ''''nomic hi",,,y.

Me thodsAll m, ..u",men" art given in mill,m",,,,. e«Oep[ [h_ fo[

e~ , Iu ,nd I""i,,,,o , Followiog J",-"lu' (19') 1). "y" ,="'''~iv<".., ~ fro..,io" of ,h" Jiun"'''' of [b. """,i,,, medion

'y<> (AME). wl,h '"" J iotn,,,, or,h< AMF gi""o In mOl in

p'",n,h"""" O<h"" .bbt<vl.atio"5C ALE••O\<no, 1."",,1 "'f"",

PLE * j""" "';'" 1"<,,, <y<'> • • no PME · I"""" io, medl.n

<:'f"". Fp'!'Y'" ""'''' d ""red by"" kiog in 10% KOH.. room

'''"' PO'''''''''fo, """"O<l hour>.1""i,,, ,ion.1 ' ''Onym' us<d ,hroug~o", ,"' .. fol·

" i,ho n' 'o<[h; f."g' lon~ >tid A... Log ~ i.< "'....1-' sJighdy

,h. 10"g'>I. FOOl'" p:ol p-..J d..w p:olm'l<, bu' i< "'m<rim«

"du.ed or 10." AbJom.n on.n p,,,i.lly, ov.",.;) by, &,,,,1", ,,,urn, CoI"I", . b",n, (bu, 5« btl",,). 1'<01, 10 h", rwo

p1i'" of ", min" 'oc<pI""I<>, I::pigynum wi,h ,01 , 11 5Cll1"'.

Th . "I>I<1"11' look. , medium .poph)"l; ' ,".I ,I>< ""nd"ctor

' 0.1 ,mOOI", .", , m"l.

In ~i, kry. Yo,hlo:b 120021 u,<>J 'ad oJ.... ,,,, .11 wi,h

two """,' .. . ,haruo,,,, bd in~ 10 T"So"""thry,H"""""",.

h" .1 ;.1 no, m<mion ,hi, ,hMoc,,,, in hi< gonct", d i'l\""';'"

In ." ,mmp' '0 """Iv< Ih< i"". '" !O wl><,l><r 0' nO!

T"t"",,,,,",'l' h... adulm.. we h."" m.n,ged to oht>;n

d"" ip,ioo, of h" 'pnci<o h" """,!<,red '0 T>it<""bt,tI.rp{D,P""'" """n',,,,, Rohem. 1983. D. ~'n,"';1'<' lI'l"'n'. 1933.

l'&oko",,,,.JafXIn;",,,, Y",hiJ,. 1985, ,oJ P """,,,,in.,,Yo­

, hid., 198'i), Rob<", (1983i did n,,, ,,><n,ion the p""o,,,..,

of , w lul", in .ny 101m in hi, <I<><,ip,i on ofD, "",,,,,'lNU. b",

did fo'" th", "I""'i.. hnpLo;cd in Di"",,,,,. l<vi (l 9 H l3i

" .. l<~ ,h " ,I.< col"l", i< not vi,ib., I" D. Ii.wi!"'. Yo,hili

( 1985) ' Pp<= '0 10.,< u=l l"," ~ I-<vi (J % l l .. ,h.....1,

fo, hi<g<n<ri< diagno>i< of~"'''''' ThoreU . 1869, i""I" J _

ing tho,ha",,,['colul", ",pL.,edby'''0 ",,,,,' .1-1""""". io

ii"ing the rn1F.Kl<n from thogrn<ri' di'l\"o>i' .....[ pbc< hi>

oow 'Fir. in f'hokom m•. ' nd in the "J'<Ci<> d'I<';p'ion..

Y",f,iJ. (1985) "''''' noJ indud< """ "''''' "'I'1",I "g ,b. ....]u­

I",. N<w7-<,],00 ' p, d m, n, do no,"l'l"'''' In h• .., . ""'uiu". i,h<l', W<' ugges[ };,g."obo,1rry j , unlik<ly 10 h,,,,,, ".,lui",

in ,I>< fo,m of rwo "" '" 0 ' ",h• ..,;s<, bu, • rom p"h<",i""

rnvi, ion of 'he gcn'" i, n«ded '0confill1l 'hi>.

Systematics

Family Theridiidae

Genus Trigo'lobiJIhrys Simon, 1889T ho gooo' ic di.gno, i, gi""n ho[o i, b..ed 0" Yo,hid.

12002).

M,], empa« onon '''''y hi~ "".I '0<'" ,ylind ri,,]

wh.n vi.... ed f,om abov< .nd m:uk<J wi,h .10,... If'',,o' ,,,

.".1 d.p",...io n, (Fig I), f.m.J. ""1"'« if high. " " iy

. nte,io,ly, Ey< oegion of..n pro;'''' beyo,,.j dyl"'u, ' od

dyp"'" i, of,"n ,Ji~.lll l-, ,-",,,-,><. d1n!iw"" . '" ""'y 'moll.

CMNZ

MONZ

OMNZ

c.mo"'"lJ' M""'um, Ch[i",h"",h, N,Z.

MU><Um orNow l<-.u.r.d T, 1'>.1" Tonp""'• .

W<l lingw", N.z.O"go Mu>rom. Do "ooio . S.Z.

TrigoflobiJIhrys oecobioida (0 .1'.Ca mbridge, 1879) new combination

i'by<'"",,,,. "",,".,uk O .P. C""h,ldg<. 1879, 692.

plm 52. fig6

1'Iyot."", ",cohi.Uk~ llrquh"', 1892: 22~, Ij" ed only

Phy<.,.",. ",'ohi.i"'~ HUII"o, 1 90~, 239. Li"ed only

i'by<,.,o"," =_6i.Uk,; D"",... 1917: 359

Phy<o",,,,. """l> i.Uk~ Ro<w<[. 1942, 4 57. Ij"ed ooly

f'hJ<-"'" ."" hi.Uk~ 1'"",". 1946, 71. Li".,J only

l'!ry<",.",....obi.Uk~ Bonn<r, 19~8: 3617, L"ed only

f'"7"/;' tKroi>ioidn (0. 1" C...mh,Odgr), Levi t< Levi. 1%20

26.40

D,,,,.,,., <p,: Fo",..., 1%7, 9 1. fig 161

Oi!""", 'p, : 1'0"", & 1'0",,[. 197:1, I ~ 2. lig 115

Di!""", 'p,; For>«, ~ Fomer. 199'l 182, lig 12 ,1 ~

["7"/;' "",J,ioiJ<r; PI.."i "., 2001. Li"ed only

Deocriplion b p«imen5 in alco ho l)

fem.l., M,,,uf<m,,,,,,, t.h" from • ' peeim"" tiom Doubl,

hlanJ (W. ,,) , M= my b l, ,,d,, Nl. 7 [J<,; 19%,0011. B,M.

ht14lC,aId(MO NZ ). C~lou...,=, Dull, brownish y<llow,

with , d.rk n"'gin>l lin,", ,h, <"ph.l i< .-.gion i, b,own ro

bJ.d . •nd nlO'. "",n~ly p,!\"',nt..! .n""io,ly. p."O<ul.,ly

. fOUnd the anterior m"!i.:ln 'Y"'. Th< . "'.~ n, m" Ii, " <y<>

projea forward 0 "'" ,I-.< elyI"'u< ' The dypew ;, high , "d

da,k Lonpknde' hoi" .te p,,,,,,m on ,he ""Ph>li' "'I:ion.

Th. «posed p' r< of the oh<lo<Cl>< is , Ii~h dy ihon <r ,h."

,h. d)'l"'us. Ckli,,,.. ,f< wi,hou, '<e,h, b np k,"~ ...d

a,,,.,,,,d. c."f"« I.n~,h 0.69, h<iW ' 0,45, t )u A,\1E

100 (0.70) . ALE O.IIfi. PME 1.00. I'LE 1,00, AME_AME

1,43, AME-ALEO.28. P~E-P~E 1.00. pMF.-PU: 1.00.

I'LE_ALE con,i ~uuu, . SUTI' N"" 1'.1. bnowni,h yell"w.

,had ing '0 ' broad d.rk m,,!,:i,, ,nd di~t1y I" nl\" ,h.n

wide. Long dend<, h' in"" d i"'ibu,td 'I'",.. lt 0= ,h.

"omum. Sternum k ngrh0040,wid,h 0,39,~, Urge.

"..I. .nd >:><tm ding up "''<1",he Cu'p""", lo nge, ,h,n wid..

n" clo...l o• • bdomin.1 ", ote; do'h<d iu liue long h' in

"isln~ fr",n " ".I I ",Ie",,;'-,..j ' 1'''''' ha'" ooIou, (in .Iooho1)

d.n.: grey !O brown wi,b whit<m" k", l'" b"nk.-.d with p,le

brownish 'rell"",. An"rio,ly, ,he..... ""', I"i" "f whi,<

marking" ,he fo",mo" of wbich o fren ex«nd. .. . 1" ...1

".ipe """,,d, the po"e~o,. T he oerond p.oi' of morb"",

i. mu,h , m.ll..-. A , ingle "''''led "'ip< euood< ']ung "'.

p"u,,;.,,- tW<>-thirili ...r ,he .Wom.n ro ,h••p inneI<!~ hu,

,hi. i, ",m,, ;m... b,,, ke" """,ni. the . ntm o, end . &,.'; ng

the "1'1"''''''''''' of . whi« p", h heh ;nd tb< p,i.-.d ' """;0'

I",ch... Abdom." le,,~,h 1.43. C"R;",l"" Two poi" of

><m ;n,1 ""1',1<1" (Fig lb). SpiR'"'''''' Sm,lI; <<>Iulus,h",,,,, L<gt; 41H. S"p<,ior UlfW d ,w' h.., le.., nn<

'oot h. A tus.l comb i. p<n<m 0" leg 4. SeeT 1(. ) f<"leg m"'-OUf<m,nt.,. ""'/'<'Each wi"'. ,imple cl,w wi,ho~,

'oeth. See T, hk 1(.) ' 0' m<"o", m",,,.

C....m"'.o'., The ttm, l. p.Jp. l claw i. m1~«d '" • ,impl.

d,w,",he, 'hon p.J""'t<, I., don<>-YCfmalJy fl.a""",J '" ,ho,

theclaw "" , h f<xm. " ngle t,.o"",,,,, h". as ~ cho""-~..i,,i(

ofh.dro,."io, g<""f> (Fo""" d.d. 199(1 : I ll ).

An , ..min.lion of .ix ?10NZ f<m. l< ,peeime",

.h o:>"'o<'<l 'hat th",< h,d ,he b,er.aI m;pe, """ hod bmk",

,bdnmin.II..<..1"~I"'.•nd o ne booked i, oompl".ly.

Mal< (Fig I); Me", u",,,,,,,,,, . t<fro",. 'f"""imen fr"m ' ''0­

ley l.L.nd, MeKU ry l.L.nd~ NZ. 1---", De< 1m , ,,,II. B.M.

Fingc,-,Jd IMONZ). Cqh.dotb<mUC /)j" i""i.,.ly ,iliecl

wi,h -=ti<.! , id"" . nd • grooved I""..n 0" do,,,,1 . iew

,hat i. typic:.ll of [J,p.m,. (Fig 2» . c...P'C' l<,,~,h 0.89,

height 0,89, width 0 ,76. Eye" AME l.00 10.701,ALF. 0.36,

PME 1.14. I'll 1.00, AME-A.\.lE 1.28. AME_ALE 0,43,

PM[_!'I.i f; 0 ,86, PME_PLE 1.J 4. PLE--ALE co"'iguuu>.

,,,,,",Nm: Leng' h 0,4', wid,h 0.41. Abd6......' Th. 0010'"

.nd .bdomi",] I" ,,,m ...r ,h, m,] , i• •imil" '" lh..t ~f ,hefem.lo, The male h", . ven,,>1 ilidominal''''H~m " " m ,he

pedi,d to ,he epiy"';c ful"fOW ""d, ,loin ,",u'um on. <hedono-.merOo, P'" "f ,he .bdon,m. AbJ"men lengtb 1.n.51'''''_ Sm,]l: colulu, .bs<m. Legr. 4123. Supe"""',.",]

d , ,", h"'e" 10:." one ,,,,,,h.T.",] <oml. i , p,,><n' on leg

4, SeeT. b1e l (b) f" , 1"1'. m"",,,,,,,,,,,. I'sJpto The ,ibi,

i, . hort ""d wido, fo,m;ng . ,b.llow <up 'nlroundmg ,he

b,.1< of ' be cymbium. Th. <><lix i, . boen" I"" ,he m.di,,,

. pophy,i, form' • "'1"'''' ..Jr.i" (Fig 2<-) . See T,hl< l (h ifo, m.,,,,,,me",,.

Com",."",The <ypi<.! p;llh" . ,h.pe of the « pl..lo<ho=

of mal", i. 1<h,..«I only " m""n<y" penult i",,,e im_

m"".. m..k h.. ,b . «pholotho,"' of the"'me fo,m " inf. m,]..

An m' n"i<m of !en MO Nl. m.l< ,pe c;m<",

. how«! ,h" n had the ,W"min.l 1a" ..1",ip<, one

had ,b••W" nt",. I I......1 " 0p< hreken. whil, " '0 lacked

;, "",irely.

C'''''I''',;,on ..;. h hnl6tyJl"'; Th e holo<yp< i. in .....""'.h1<

oondi' i"" con.idc,i"g i" 'l';<, h~ , i. mi" ;ng ,h, p.Jp and

1"1'. I on ,he ~gh, . nd leg, 3 ""d 4 on ,h" l<fr, 'While ,he

""I",,, pm " n i. very f.>drd, m. d" k« .had ing hehind ,he

"'01" .... ;, " ill <Videm... ;' ,h , da, k Ix"d<,in~ """nci

the <">p;l«. The dark ooIou,",Oon . round <he~n of

,ho "<:tnum i••t,1I p=nt hut only f.;mly. The . Wom. n

i, o!iWl1y ohrivtlk-d . nd ;" d"k "" lou, h.. f.ded '0' pale

yellow-brown, bu' " ill provid.. eno ugh com,,,,, wi' l. Ihe

" 'hi" m..-k;ng> fo' tb<= ...11 ,010", I"' ''" n '" be v;'ib l.,

The epig,rnum<Imdy "''''mble. thal fuund in mof<,,,,.ndy

",11",,«1 'p«i m<n.•. wi' h tb< fou, , ub-.oq ual ",,,, ;n.l <e.

<'1".<1", . nd ._,haped I"i' of ><min.l dn", d."ly v;'ib l.,

Th< unly ,i~n il-'n...nt diffi:f<"'" W< could di" e", b«ween

,h. h,~",)'1'"""d mm, <=endy 001 1",,«1 ' peeim.... w:u me

".iform 'w',.,.,,"' of tl,. U<mum. Thi. "em,] .h'p< .....

"",ed by 0.1' Camb' idge (187'l), In mof< r=n, m"" ial,

,he "emurn ;, .ppm,im""y" wide:u long. Howeve', 1M

(1953) ob><rv<d ,he .!emum '0'" ''''''Y n.llOWin ind ividual

.L:ohol" 'peeim.n' in Nonb Am<~"n D,1JO<n" ' 1'1" We

28 T,.j,;,,!~, Numhn 14 (2IKJ3J

h.ve nm"J ,h" <If«. in , N<w L<aI. nd <p«im,n of r"",, /n.ik in ,h, OMNZ .<>II«,;on ,

11><: , """ typ<k.-.lity i, not known. 0.1'; c.mbridg,

"y' only ,h . , i, ·w.. «'=v<d rmm Mr IA.' .] "',kin500, by

whom i, w.. found io Now Z,.loo<l'.

Mal erial examined

Holoty j>< \I o! Ph."'.,•...., .".bu,;J., O.P. C;" n bridg"

1R79. N<W 7..<,J."d , ....s. ...,kio,,"o• .ute unknown. H"I'"En",mologic.J Cnli<c,ion" (hr,.ro Un",'" " ,y M"",,,m ofN.,u,,j Hi"o,y, OxfOrJ , Uni,eJ K;nSdom,

,,"'.,,h Md nd, 1II. H,~,h"nl. in """ ,hl. nd. 24 "'"g Iq~J. 8J,

M"PI.. (OMNZj; 1a ,Koh"kolm , """p' in r...,-.'1"'" IaAutl1 9~ 3 , B·I, M'-Jpl", IO~lNZ), 5cr, 29. p,~"KniWol>I""" l", fmQUld. l)".c 1958, EC Kin, ky [""d,yof mo",h giv_

,") (O MNZ); 2Q. bea,ing n..nu4 Mimiwh."S' ra. 1200' .

D<c 1970, I. D.rby (O MN Z), 1<1 , Tori[iri M""'gi Icland,

27 F, b lOOO.8,\1 . h l1-fCfald (M O N Z), l Q,Thumblr.. k.

lin k ilarri<rWand, 23 Fro 191-l. G. Rm".y (O \1 Nn 1cr•

c"vicr bbnd, 16 D<c Iq%. B,M. Fil1j;<f.ld IMONZJ, Icr•

C ol"';'" 1,I.nd. 16 Mar 19Y4.R.M, Fit?l;<f.ld (MONZ) :1<1 .

Stan"'r h l.od. M,ren.,- hJ.mh, Ooc 1999. 8 ,M. Fi"P',ald

(MO N Z); 1<1 . Ko" puki [dand. M<rcury I. l"" m , 7 De<:I '19~ . CJ, (;,,,,,,n (MO N Z); 2~ . Ko",puki r.h od, M<rcury

hI"".!>. 26 Fro. 2 Mar 1'n8, 8,M . l'i rl!\C[.ld (MONZ),

4Q, Doubl, [,I.nd, M, rcury hbnds. 7 1l<c I9%, 8,M,

Fit<g<rald IMON Z); 2cr. 211. Moumho,," (Wh.k I,land) .

2- 10 F, b 1999, 8 ,M. Fing<nlld (MONZ); 3cr, I II, from

Ci"u~ MaI.m"•. 23 De<: 1982. D,J, <Aut[ (OMNZ),

1<1 . found on [ <=; fmm W.ikn<mo,n. , 11 M,y 1')(,(,.

R.W. HUllon (OMNZj; 1<1 . M[ Np",oko r"., k, .1.600'

on f"n" 9 De<: 1'146. R,R. Fo",,, (O M NZ); 19. lks<rt

Rd, ~ J,n 19~7. R.R.E (OMNZ); 2Q, O iflOn, " (01;"11"

27 Dec 1947. R, l'o,.,er (O MN Z); 1<1, III. B,id&< Pa. "Mia &<. 27 Dec 1946 [no oollmor1(OM~Z); III. !lr["",,"

H.. !'u;n' & C.knb"m, Wai"".pa. ~ S<pi 1970. C L ,,'il,on

(O MN Z), 1<1. Man!"",i,. 10 M.,- 1955. [' C L Wil"",,)

(O MN Z), 19, 'T..danM. Hin"l>"gi, P I'did", ~ronnd

IlllCf, ~ ll« 1960 [00 ooll«lOr]IOMNlj, 1<1, W'ilron',

8mh, Wdl;ng,on, 27 M. r 1960. C W. O'Bri, n IO MN7,),

1<1. 19 [III 1"<>-,;,;",,11. Fm[ Hillll",h. ""rmi. " ~di.ge.

211'" 19~7, R, Fm"" (O M:<iZ); 1<1. Omngomngo V.lI<y.

15 M", 1'1')• • r !lr,hen & J. Alkj.- (MO N Z)

s,,~th ""mJ, 19 , "'"... Riv, M,"uda V. I, 6 Frb 1929,

C L W, (OM NZ), 21"'"nl,i"",e<1.~..e. 22 0<, 1959,

R.R,E (O MNZ), 1[1). A,hley Co,Il'" 160.:, 1949. R.R. F.

(OMNZ), 19, Tai<[; Mourh, 14 J.n 1%2. 8.J. M''PI"

(OMNZ): 1<1 . IlaJ moral For..r, oo[ [!} 17 m b"", =ii~,~

branch Ii" ", ..mpl, 2, 16 J.n 1%1 (O MNZ ), 211 . All""

llr-"h, ,, m,nuk" , 16 J"ly 1 9~3, B,J. M,'Pks (O MNZ);

I II. M' R"... ~ Apnl 1947. R.R , Fo",.,.. (O MNZ); III.

Hom..- Tnnnei. I..fmould from Berth Fo,",,[,14J.n 1916.

R FO!> 'e! IOMNZj.

C.h.,h"", {,"'."" 1<1 , T"i....p. C h" ham J.. " f< ' n &

", ,,,h. 111'1 F, b 19~ . I"o.oll"'-'o'l (O MNZ), 1<1. 1I"n"l,im' " II, K. ingam, . eharh,m hr. 28 1'0 lq51.

R.R.E (O M NZ),

H , bilal preference.

M"" 'p«im,n, ""limed by II.M.E wel< by heat;og low

.h",h•• " p« ially m,n nk. U-'!""'I " " "" ".!"" i~m). A<I>«i",,,,, f", m O"mgomngo V. lley w>< o:dle<[eJ f[om ,ne"",&<n,,, '''pin h. rd keeh (N.,J,.,f"f"' """,""",I fo["",­

M.J", p[eJomi nat,d in dte """pl,~ Mal", .nd female, we..

eollmed in rhe ..me tocaIiryonlyon Monro"o ra him<!; o n

,h , o,her i,l. od. ..mpled by II,M.E• • 11 'p«imen, Wf"l< of

••iogk "',

New 8"ne";~ syno nym y

11><: &<"'" prye.""". 0,1', Cambtidg<, 187q is mOl\Orypi<:,

wi,h P !J;.ik .. i" ' YP< ' p<ci<l. Th, ,ra",f" of Phy-""..... "". b;"ik ro [he g,n", l ;;!"". ln>Ihry m<an. ,hal

I'hJ<'*"""be<om" • juo;or 1)TI' '"Y'" of T"Knn."',hry .nd

"'" of f~'J"!'is .. i, <nmm lly "on,), (I""i & l=i, 1%21.

Genus Achat'amnt'a Strand . 1929O u, &<n«i<d i"!lnmi. rol1o... l=i (J 95~) .nd I"""; I\< I""";

(1% 2). F<a[uteS lhar .le...Jut in di<lingui,J,ing Adw",,,,·

n<. from D,f«"""" given h,,,,, <:'"1''''' high"'[ n,ar i..

middl" . liWolly loog" ,han wide, .nd nm"", in front with

am,nor 1.«raJ '}"" ",,,,,lly ov<[hangin~ b(lldo[. Chd iw a<

>e' ,J'gh, ly lung<! ,h.n the h,igh, of ,he cmpa«. withou,

[...1. .0' ...,dy wi,h. ""al l ,,,,,,h " , ked " n th, . nt..-""

m.rgin. L<j(> of n",diu'" "" 'S,h. i" femal", I , 4, 2, 3. bn[ in

mal.. ,~e s<oond I'll i. ..,,,,Uy long" [h,n [h, toollh,"'1>00­

m,n ;, ".ually high« [h,o long, ff«) ucnrly wirh. mb<,d ,

o n [h, do:mum (eg. Fig .l-al. and ofton with a pallem ofir­

!<gular """k, 00 ,he lid". Co lnl". no' P",,,,",, El'igynumoften. knob '" dep '...." n, and f<mal.. h... jn" one poi, "f

s<mitul re«pracb. Mal, palp h.. . ",herical l'l\ulum .od

.....-t..~iobn>allrOlUdlcd.......~ ...arudo<d J '. ......... """ ocl.nlO- C,............n.m b<,-l .... "'-Wo.

Ad""~d'll"~oJ blomd (Urquhart 1886)new combination

no.-'i~,. . "'-..... U<qUIun . 1M6, 190. pla<. 7. litt 2

'J1,mJ;~,.~ Urquh.<t. W I(,; 1%. pLo,. 1.1ig l

11HnJ,~,. ",~/J,.", U"I"h.<t. I K87, 10<1

TJ,m,i, ~", .1" -vI1o.",... [, ;<) U"Iuh . <t. 1887, 108. pl.«8. fi~ 11

l 'IomJi~", .un_ U"Iuh.... 18~1: l B . U.. .,j Mly

~ IJmn.r, Hu,ton, 1')(l.j, 238. Li....l onl y

Dt,.,..... "'NmJ. (L·"I.......);~" 19.n 10. 6g.. 16.

"o;,.-~ (UrqWun),~,. 1?3~ S1

o.,..,..,.~~ 1'M2:<llll...."'.....,.0.,.......~ .......... 1946< 6'1,Loud~

o.,.-~ -.. 1'9<;6: 1~2 . LMcd-,?­

~~ Plamid. 2002 . l.iN<4""'"l·~. iI an.....w .... I .... .,(~ (ky;

l\l I... 1%21.)

Oncriplion (l pe<1 mn n in .Icohol )

f<nul., Mcaou........ " an: fivnI. 'f'<C;mm from Mokoia

1.1• ...1. NZ. 7 I'd> lOOQ, roll . II.M. h ' 'f:''''" kl (MO NZj,

~'M""" c."r= 10>0, , ...I ' r prmin",d y lcvd inh.;gl" from ,he <y< region b""k .IJt'I<l>' III ,h. fov<>. Ch.­I;"" .. ",i,h 0 ... ' oo<h on ,h. ,,,,<rio. m..gin. eo,,!"'«~h 1,00, heigl"OJ2 ,l.~ "Mt: 1.00(O.IlO).ALEO.:K.

PMF. 1,00 . Pl.E 0,87; M 1E---AM t 0.87. AM F_Al F 'US.

PMf,..PMf. 0.87. PMf.- PLE O.7S, PI,f~AI.£<Dn,~

.........., knc<h O.SOl. wid'" o..~, ,U J . . ... nr... ...

......1<Ub<rd<,... _ " "' ",ool~ po;." (I'f;30). h J- daft pipnrm' '" • ....J • wb< poodo,......... '" il. .....-inc ..,. ,,",";,.I, oI!f

•• 4. _ .............n"".n.. ~.,( ...... ! "", jolI< an,mo.- ....I -... PO "" "I>.. <wo

pain .,( ........ 'f'O<>- """'""'-- ..n.blr ;" ..... n.... ...in<pIo< .=b on .... ,;.s.,.. AI L ".Ims'" 2.19,~,

1.91. w.u..u.. Th<~ ... .l.vk l...-.. ....~

... f,;,l,j ....h. <1"",1", nn""..doe em'''' ,be mn.t< geni.

talia;..dud< • ..:~ roi' of ..m;naIl«<f""<k< (~ lb) .

,;m;l.rly ,h.<p<d ,,, tho.. of A. ........-.Jo-.. («< M<tf<t, &

Raw< 11 'K>1)) . •~pi~_. Small. Ltp-. 14B. l<g 4 h...

una! comb. •.ado ....,me.- do. ..... ..- ai lindy ..,..m......... s.. ToW< 2(... "'. ..__ ,.,.., NpaI d0­

I>.. •..-.,(~ .........., So< T..... l (... '"

" ._--Make Mtuw<croen.. from • optri ............. ,,""'.........

('l1>.oI. I,Land). -4-10 f<b I,.,.,. <DD. 8 M . Fi~d

(MON£I. eqb""'"ouo S,m,Lar '0 frnl.k. ("""I"""

~hO.~l.I><iP' 0.34. F-]M<' AME 1.00 (o.70i. Al£ 1.00.

[,Mt: 1.14. I'U 1.14, MIE-AMF. 0,116. AME_All' o.nI'M f'-l'Mf. t.oo. I'ME_PLF. U.III,. I'I.E_AI .f:connguous­

......... ... , lrng,h O.SO. ",id,hO , 4~ , AlrJ....... ,( :ubu 1'",.

'<In .. ~" fc:n..... Tub<r<k "'" .. 1'",nou "" «1 .. ;n f<m.k.

("..,jul... "'" I'f<"<"" Abdo...... k "l\'h 1.16. ";d,h 0.~8.

Up. 12H. A<anal comb io pK1<I>' 1IUk"" lloe cy....

hi..... .......... -u~ doe "-'l... and doe oegul"m ;,

'j'btri<aI1F'I kl.

1:-__"" lln-.... U?Jl. l'J'),1do- ... ouro< why....

plo«d ..... -"" io 0.,..-. UnIi1c 0.,..-. doe Ioe..,j

..pon.,(Ioodo ....-..I. and """" .. ....., lcoo, doe .........

.....,. aiKminaI""'l'"..Jn. and ......... _ ooltJ-.

"""""P <Yp« .,( "'" oprd<n """"h<d "r UrqWun.... de on doeCM "l7~ doe 'l1'" ai 77o-it,.. ItIR-

_ .."'" -e thnn (:OOidroll> "ttl 2000•. 'lbil< Iw<cl.. ,be M .,( Comf"'R';" 7.-1.>g. H.n-..d v..;.....-

oi'y (MCZ•. Il<y.", publi,1xcI ,hI« I"'l"'" (l ~H. I~l~..I~.l\h) , h.. ind uJ<d ,<Cb,,;fic.'.... of ....ny .,(lJ"luh .....

' I>«i<" Ofth< ,h,.. 'p«o.. .h, .y",,,,ym iK'd ""J... T~­

iii.... hu,,.,., . 00 '"n,f<rr<d ,.. Vi,..... only th< 'l'f'<'

fo< -n...u'....4~"'... 'OO r ,.~... "'" Ioe iow>din ,be CMNZ utIk.;,ioon, (NM."'~I." ttl 2000). None: of

Utqutwr'......<ri->I .... , f!cT"" roed .. .. ~I ...... Mel

(Lo....~ pen. """ 1.W. """..-.in<d ....'Yl"" '" r~ and r ..-.....In. and "I"" wio-h1I<y..,,·,(l9JSaI <I<cirion <0 ."_,,,.... "-.,..... ...deo­

.,........~(_ k""'....- """"').

T". ,...lT_ <1 ''''''Y,.. ol n....;;.. oW g «0-

T. tw...... A,dl ,...I ....... -''''''''P' lnncV-lo.....j""'.A.TlI.quhan (CMNZl . l lel "1'" 9 "( 11" f _ ·~.... T. K=b. A.rllond. A,T.l1r<Ju 1CM NZ•.

,...... ""'..l I joY. Koc.I"'Ici I" . "", 1.1 1}' hl.t><k, <I

0." 1'1')(" B.M . 'i~aId (MON ZJ, 1<1, I io•. 1.1"",,..110.. IWIuk Jilind). 4 &. II) FtII I'~~!. 11,1.1 . F;"g<'"ld

lMO S-:&. IQ.~ hl-L Uk< R-ua, 7 Feb lOOO.

&101. F;up•.&d \~fO!';Z ) .

s.... /JJ.J IQ. po,f"l It.p. Allpolt. loiond. Qu«ooCNrioote" Sound.~ 1m. c. Goo>i<- Ai: 8_1,!. Fi..,.ldlMONZI, IQ. p;Dd .....,. AlIpomloJoad. Qo-n Oudattr

Suuod.o.. 1'97.C.e.- &: 8, M . Fitq<nId (MO NZ), I

Q. p,.... <np. Allpom 1oL....:l. Qot<n~Soond.So­

1')')7.e. Grooc &: 8.M. Fi' lfP.tJ I MO~Z).

lI . hi, u p...,f.,...,,,ca

"The 'YP<" 0, ,11 k..-, Urqub." 'p«iet ....~ ro ll"" ..J at T.

KMA.o. Aud.LmJ., U,~"h.., (1un-.d ,h., T..J~.

......... fuuod '>monS Ions S , dod ..... ;00"'. «h.abiu< po,h, ,,.... (;,. <he ....... ell op«in. Scvn.l «<en>

.,.a......... -..,aolIcc«d r..... poundlowl do " ... ' "',.....

""'" .nd .-.... r..-.

Discussion... dIio P'f"" _ ......~ .............. On< • do<

idmn<y"'O.I'~ ·.""" 0< , . .I .. wIMdo

_ ...... ioohc I<moI<~ ohc ilI-.-dJ.,.

....... 11%n..O"--If' and, li" I ' r-AJ, T"r f !,.~ .. be "t'r<o<IO«<I b,.- ;u.e . ROsie,...iddy di>ttibu'c>J >p«i<> ;R Nc-w baL.nd. indudi"ll oIf·

....I1oס i.l.od••nd "" Ot.tlo,m hlondo. i, .. p."..ihle do.. ~

;" 0"",'i, 'f'Ki<o ,b., .....h<.l N.-w 7..u1.ondbyI>-oIb'nin~

n. by .,,;id...,.. hun"n ,nm.l, ,,, inn.•1<hnu~h i, h" yn

'0 be fOund "u"id, 1'1.... Z..J.nd. T";t',,~ rna. be

OR <Unlpl<. likeo.-y.,., lal ....ill•• 1_ ((b~). "' .

",n", ..id>"'"hiplt 'p«;'"t1~,~ "';,h only . oi nsle

'I""'"" in Nno Zc.I.n.J (V...~ Ai: Simd 1'.l?8. 1OOOI. a:,.,...,....-w"...-C«1ooo•• lM'I);, ",","/ I~ op<ci<o _onitd ,h;,

....... ;" Aussr.I.io and io ..;ddy~ ...... {V /It

SOrnd 10001. h io ""'"__ofax,.,.. in Nt..-

7.aluol."-" ad _"",,,*,;,...a. hohKa<

.. To<. , ' ..ADod>er ....~io .... p!M ... .,/,...._.~ -..l>.ido _..--.. .. ,....... n....... oomhi­

........ intraJ<>d><-'"" .,/L--alJ'<'X>clA+ .­;" r-;,. :z.-aw.d ... """" VI _ . 11, ..,.......... (C.L

Koch.. 1M I). _JI. (lJo<juhut, 1886)). Mrnrtt

/It~ (1 % 11 , ......J 11. """""""'''' fro", ~"'

. nd naw ,I>< """"" '" 11, ~,"4 . mp,,",;'" ,h• ...,.,j '0~lin. U,~ uh.n·. u'li« N.-w Z..lo"d 'l"'CKs 01 7'JH..-

OJ.. C. 71o,,J;,,.I, ......... '" wIodl oIoauld ... J l'y be

pboaI .. Ao' ,_'"-1.-oIy; --"'..--.. JItft-.. ...... 0-1' e--­

....... 18",. .. ied>.dcd do 0;,..,... "" D.lmos (1'111l.

Brt- (l ~.\}I, and ""'-' CI_I, Hn- ( I~ ll mfIr­

.....d i, in ""'r"'~"and ......MI<n:d it door lU

~ 'f<.""""OO' I ~n, ~ beuuoc i, io locr<ily

..irn",..,j, It .... 10m-" >n>fo:owd II!) E..-,.,io n,. t...i /It t...i

( I'(62) OOr<lC ""' frouk~""I~ u n< pm- uf"",I ruJ

««p<..k-o ,,"'" ,lun 'h '" p. in 'h.' ..... "".......n.. '"

ut f"'7"/" . H""""<t, "" c. " ,ulh .. ,h<I"'I",,,. p,lpoJ

d.", ....J ~. ..." I hodr , h.op< . ", ""ui.. . m "i ,b ,u" " Ii«..",!<ot'" h<d 'f'K"" uf f..".,.. fm'" N<... 7.n1..-.1, In ,I><ohotn« of OR .."nsi... ~""n 01 E.".,." ... &d ,hi<

Op<ci« "<W=d}' ro<=d}' plou.iTh< H.oIn>nm.... oJ< """"",Iy ..........«<1 in N...­

7-u...ln,.ligo I ')1_ I' / .ndE..,.,.._~

.............nol ....... """' ...............,...d Op<ci« "'"'

'W""" ... '"""'" 10 dois - ,W-iIy,

Acknowledgemenew. d>oakJ- Hop.- IHop< f.- ! V"" CoII<noon>.

OJood U..n....i<y M......", 01 N......J H;"oey) lO.- ....

Ju.n of 'Il< Q'p< op<ci""", 01 N>r-- _., '.IJn 0 .1'

C.mh.id,.. S,mon p<:>n. td lC.nc..h..'Y Mu....m) foe

,he loon '" Urquhon I)'p<I, and Simoft WyI;, f<" ,he loon

cl . p.';;"".. 'rom aug<> M"....m , I.."" l<ihen,~

(Mu....m of C.om I'-',",iV< 7-",,~ 'lQ" H.",.od UnlY<n ity)

kindl. ou",h..J fo' U~uh." cyl'" ".. ..,,,1 bo<ro"rV<Ollirf ,.B, I\ry.nc . M,.-t H, ""l' l W",,,m A"" ,.,li,n Mu""ml

d>e<1wd cl>< Bonn..- (l ?~ti ) cot~... l" ,ins tOo p;,.,. ......,' 'k BtWo nd lOt..., ~1uo<urnl cn"'c>J 1"'"......... It> .... Foo-oo fiopo< '" D¥--- 8.M.E'.........

...."")'0 '"~ ..-hid> ....,0\;~ -.., fimd<d

"".. New Znbnd~ ~~ond

TodnoIop. "< ...~ ... (>o,idT_ CIuioc......Kcidl 0.... (.II Drtp;onaocoM d e .........). and ...

Ao'-- ........ "'f'P"" ioo" fioI,,! ,& ', .. ond<los<ol.. looP Apoon- (Go:a<p<w~ t:_.,.), M.n-.

H • ....,. ('I'nI.... A_.-Iloft MUON", I, Ricudo Pol",•

(MO NZI , and Cor V,nk (Ji-.lft lJniV<n.i'l'1 foo d.n.

uioio:-ol .......... cl "" .....UKfipo. loody. ..........k lnp

..."......,.. (c..e..". W.wncron Un;""';')'1 k:.- d'-;~,""

.,,"',"'" '" <he 1'«<"' p'f'" br Yooh,,1o ' .... .J IowuI"" to

",,,m.11~ pi... Ph:lc-- .......i""',

References&not<, P 19,"" IMI",!,"P"'" '''''''''''"" To u", ",,, , 1Il1, 919­

1916, ['lo,u~QU"', Towo",,,

& nn", P 19j8. B;OH"1I"'fh'" ."'"'.,.... 214)' J027.... HO['lo,u~. Tnulo_.

Bty,",. I.B, 1933. ~". 0 ' typ<>of U"l"hut', 'p;d",. IIK..J>ofth< C.",~M"""",4 , 1_27

B'Y"'" l.B. 193j •.~,.. on on"" ofU"l""""'SP«'" of.p;do",_ .f ll« C. • ...+."M........ , 1.3-70,

B", .n'. [,B. 1931b, Som, n""."d lirtk luwwn 'f'Oci<o of N<w

Z..I. nd ' pid.". 1Iz",i, 1'w c..,,,h.,, .'01""" .. ,! ,

71-94

Camb,i.lg<.O.P 1879.0, """" n"" ",d " " ' pOd<" from N<wZ..I,"d. wi,hdw-oct= offo", n", gene ra- f'••,.,J,"t!'f,ho 74.1'1.',,1 s..c;.,'J (u .....) l B"9, 6111 _703,

0.1....., C. <1<. 1917. A"ilV'fu ok Nouvdk-Z<I.r<l<, .1. ..In"I.< 5«;<,,; E..."",~"b• ..,,86, 317_HO,

f'om«, R.!L 1%7, n; .{'id", ofN", Z,,.I,,d. l'.., r. o..p.'01"",,,," Bulk" . No.1, 1_124 .

Fo"",. R.R. &. Fom". I-.M, 1973. /,/"" 7-<",10"/ S,i"'~, ..,.,,,.(,.,,;,... G>lIin,. A<MJ,nd, 2'i-ipp,

F<n~n, R 1< FU"k', I-. 1')'1'). Sf"'"' ofNn. ZMl.znJ a"'; w;,w.......WUIo Kin. Dunodin, Uni"",;,y of 0,,11" fu".

270 pc -

Fo",,,, RR, f'L>m id. N.l . &. Cndo; 'BlOn. j. 1m.... I""'f"-'>'J,nJ ,"' .... of ,h, ,!,..J« f'm ,ly S, ,",w .i.I.. 1Ao-"'''''"',Moo:>;da), wi" nom 0 " Thrtidiid in""",I"",n,hipo,

BoJlm. ofth< .1..m.," M"""", l'N.,~""H;""., 19J­1_1 16.

Hi<!nru.n. VV 19~ 1. N<w Ph<:>mnOtliin"" ,n<! ,0. , ffini,'" of,h, N'" Z<,I,,,d ' p,ok, A,*i."",,,, •••• u ml"iol'"!ttpm •• .1 "",""i,t' .f,bi /1.,., 5«"" .fT.,....'"19~O, }-24.

Hunon. FW 1_. I"""" F..,.., N.."" 7...l.ouJiu. DuLl. , n<!Co .• l"odoo. 372 1'1',

JoxGuI, R. 1,),/1,A!" me,,, r<Y~ Io" .fto.'l'id" f,milyZOO,,;ido<I""'"",, ). e.II<:,.. of liN A...m.-., M.,..... of.'I.",,,,,Hif", .,10 h 1_16<1.

~. H .W 19~j. Spid<" oE tb, ~nu< D,i"""" from Am"""

nonhoEM"" i<o IAr>n."" ThenJiOd><l. A.".,,,. M"",,",.'I",,,,,,,, 16'17, 1_39 ,

!.<vi, H.W l'n~. Th< 'Pi<!<, ",n,," c..m. on<! """"'.Of.... in

Am<ric.o nonh of M<xi<o lAo-""''',Th,ridiid.d. A",m,-..

.'01"""", N"",,,,,, I1IB, I-jl.!.<vi, H.W. « wi. LR, I%.!, The "',,'" .r t],e 'I' >d<, f. m,ly

The ridiOd><. JJ.1Jm.1'th< M"""..ofe-p..." ", z..I"t)'" H,,,,,,'" Li",,,,,,,'1 127, .l-71.

.'-1<=<" ~ &. Row<,J.J- 1% 1. '" Nrw h.h"d 'p>.!'"AfIo.Ia","",

_ .".. (U"l tLlur,). ""bl;,h«l i, >ti lly, , nd ' ''''t«:»«i••f <>th..- ' p«;"'. .1.""" .,,/M,~.. ' f N4Ju""H;'''''1ISeri"U) 4, 89----%.

!'oIid.oll~ D.C, >;",'d, rj..I'oIl,nl. S,D, I!< '1);'.1, ,,, M. lOOJ. A

I~, of",,,hoioi f"im..-y'YP'" o. ioi '"e.""rbu<y M""",m,

flr"wd,.f ,bi t:-tnO..'1 M"""m I.,37-48.

[~'""', A.W 194<>. A'Y""'"" " pn,logn< nf N", 7",,1000<p<4m.~1',l>ot:-tnO.."M_,. S: SI_93,

PI"ni,k N ,l. 2002, Th, wo,1d . pMl« .."Io~. v",;on 3.0

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