The Generic Cell The major parts of the cell include • Plasma membrane —the outer boundary of the cell • Nucleus—contains and protects DNA (genetic information • Cytoplasm—contains organelles, water, and dissolved substances Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus
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The Generic Cell The major parts of the cell include Plasma membrane —the outer boundary of the cell Nucleus—contains and protects DNA (genetic information.
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The Generic CellThe major parts of the cell include• Plasma membrane —the outer boundary of the cell• Nucleus—contains and protects DNA (genetic information• Cytoplasm—contains organelles, water, and dissolved substances
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
GENERIC CELL (and its major parts)
Plasmamembrane
LysosomeGolgi apparatus
endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Nucleolus
endoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
Peroxisome
Centriole
Cytoskeleton
Parts/Components of cell
Cell = Plasma Membrane + Cytoplasm + Nucleus
Cytosol + organelles
Cytoplasm: internal contents of cell
Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles + inclusions
--Masses/aggregations of molecules not surrounded by membranes
-- specialized structures w/ specific functions-- Division of labor and compartmentalization
The cytoplasm of the cell consists of all the material surrounded by the PM including:
• Organelles (including the nucleus): organelles are structures that perform specialized functions for the cell’s operation– some organelles are surrounded by a membrane the
processes they perform are isolated from the general cytoplasm and so organelles can perform incompatible processes
– other organelles are not surrounded by membranes
• A group of 40+ rare inhereted disorders• All based on missing or insufficient amounts of
an enzyme that should be part of a lysosome• Results in molecules accumulating/building up in
cell causing disfunction– Tay-Sachs disease– Gaucher’s Disease– Pompe disease/glycogen storage disorder– And many, many more
Lysosomal Storage Disorders• Tay-Sachs disease
– inability to break down a lipid; accumulation leads to paralysis, blindness, and deafness.
– Usually appear by age 6 mo death by age 4.• Gaucher’s Disease,
– inability to breakdown a lipid (glucocerebroside)– accumulates in white blood cells, spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain
and bone marrow causing enlargment of spleen and liver, liver malfunction, bone lesions, swelling lymph noteds, anemia, joint swelling, increase succeptablity to infection. some forms can be treated by enzyme replacement.
• Pompe disease/glycogen storage disorder:– inability to breakdown glycogen in muscle cells. – causes muscle weaknes (myopathy); if present at birth and untreated
average age of death is 9 yo due to cardiorespirtory failure (also some nervous system problems)
Peroxisome Disorders
• Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)– Peroxisome lacks a membrane proteins that
transports a fatty acid (lipid) degrading enzyme into the peroxisome
– the lipid accumulates causes nervous system damage and adrenal gland malfunction
– early signs are lethargy, dizzyness, and weakness by age 4-10 is most common form
– leads to loss of motor function/paralysis, blindness, reflexes such as swallowing and then causes persistent vegatative space followed by death.
– no cure by diet can slow progession
The nucleus
Nucleus:
• Contains & Protects DNA
• Double membrane regulates movement of substances into and out of nucleus.
• Assembles Ribosomal parts
Endomembrane System• A series of membrane bound organelles that create and accept
vessicles.
• New membrane produced by the ER can make its way to other organelles and the PM
• Allows membrane composition to be changed, new membrane to be added, and old membrane to be replaced.
• The flow of membrane between components of the endomembrane system and the PM.
• How new membrane gets to PM
Endomembrane System and Membrane Flow:•Proteins and membranes move or “flow” from one organelle to another and too and/or from the PM.•This is called membrane flow. Any membrane that is involved with this process is part
of the endomembrane system.
Endomembrane System and Membrane Flow
Organelles the build/synthesize
• Free Ribosomes
• sER
• rER w/ fixed ribosomes
• mitochondria
• Golgi apparatus
Proteins for use in cytosol (cytoplasm)
• Proteins for use in a membrane or release from cell
• Creates peroxisomes
Lipids, e.g. phospholipids (and possibly carbs)
• Alters/modifies products of ER
• Makes lysosomes
ATP & CO2
Organelles the break things down
• lysosomes
• Peroxisomes
• Proteosomes
• mitochondria
• Waste, ingested macromolecules, & pathogens
• many proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids