The game of go: the national game of Japan

THEGAMEOFGO

THEGAMEOFGO

TheNationalGameofJapan

ByArthurSmith

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CopyrightinJapan,1956byCharlesE.TuttleCo.,Inc.Allrightsreserved.

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Originallypublished,1908byMoffat,Yad&Company,NewYork

FirstTuttleedition,October1956

PrintedinSingapore

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PUBLISHER'SNOTEArthurSmith,theauthorofthepresentvolume,wasoneofthefirstWesternersevertomakeascientificstudyofJapan'sancientgameofGo,andhisclassicworkonthesubjecthasneverbeensurpassedforcompleteness,lucidity,andall-roundexcellence.Firstpublishedin1908,thebookhasbeenoutofprintthesemanyyears,whileatthesametimethegrowinginterestinthegameoutsideJapanhasmadeitarareandcostlycollector'sitem.Wearepleased,then,tobeabletomakethisexcellentbookonceagainavailablebothforthosewhohavealreadydiscoveredthefascinationofGoandforthosewhowillfindheretheirfirstintroductiontothegamethat,intheopinionofmany,rankswithchessasoneoftheworld'sbesttwo-playergames.

Inordertopreservethefullflavoroftheoriginalbook,thepresenteditionhasbeenprintedphotographicallyfromthatof1908,onlytheillustrationfacingpage22havingbeenreplaced.Althoughafewoftheauthor'stopicalremarkshavebecomedatedwiththepassingofyears,thegameitselfhasnotchangedandhisexplanationsofitsprinciplesremainasuniquelyexcellentasonthedaytheywerefirstwritten.ForaddedconvenienceaglossaryofJapanesetermshasbeeninsertedattheendofthevolume.

Tokyo

PREFACETHISbookisintendedasapracticalguidetothegameofGo.Itisespecially

designedtoassiststudentsofthegamewhohaveacquiredasmatteringofitinsomewayandwhowishtoinvestigateitfurtherattheirleisure.

AsfarasIknowthereisnoworkintheEnglishlanguageonthegameofGoasplayedinJapan.ThereisanarticleontheChinesegamebyZ.Volpicelli,inVol.XXVIof the "Journalof theChinaBranchof theRoyalAsiaticSociety."ThisarticleIhavenotconsulted.ThereisalsoashortdescriptionoftheJapanesegameinaworkon"KoreanGameswithNotesontheCorrespondingGamesofChina and Japan," by Stewart Culin, but this description would be of littlepracticaluseinlearningtoplaythegame.

There is, however, an exhaustive treatise on the game in German by O,Korschelt.ThiscanbefoundinParts21-24ofthe"MittheilungenderdeutschenGesellschaft furNatur-undVölkerkundeOstasiens." The student could readilylearnthegamefromHerrKorschelt'sarticleifitwereavailable,buthisworkhasnotbeentranslated,anditisobtainableonlyinafewlibrariesinthiscountry.InthepreparationofthisbookIhaveborrowedfreelyfromHerrKorschelt'sWork,especially in the chapter devoted to the history of the game, and I have alsoadoptedmanyofhisillustrativegamesandproblems.

HerrKorscheltwasanexcellentplayer,andacquiredhisknowledgeof thegame fromMurase Shuho, who was the best player in Japan at the time hisarticlewaswritten(about1880).

My acquaintance with the game has been acquired from Mr. MokichiNakamura,a Japanese residentof thiscountry,who isanexcellentplayer,andwhoseenthusiasmforthegameledmetoattemptthisbook.Mr.Nakamurahasalso suppliedmuch of thematerialwhich I have used in it. Toward the end IhavehadtheexpertassistanceofMr.JiheiHashiguchi,withwhomreadersoftheNewTorkSunarealreadyacquainted.

Whereverpossible Ihavegiven the Japanesewordsandphraseswhichareusedinplayingthegame,andforthosewhoarenotfamiliarwiththesystemofwritingJapanesewithRomancharacters,ImaysaythattheconsonantshavethesoundsusedinEnglish,andthevowelsthesoundsthatareusedinItalian,allthefinal vowels being sounded. Thus, "dame" is pronounced as though spelled"dahmay."

NEWYORK,April,1908.

INTRODUCTIONTHEgameofGobelongstotheclassofgamesofwhichourChess, though

very dissimilar, is an example. It is playedon a board, and is a gameof pureskill, into which the element of chance does not enter; moreover, it is anexceedinglydifficultgameto learn,andnoonecanexpect toacquire themostsuperficialknowledgeofitwithoutmanyhoursofhardwork.ItissaidinJapanthat a player with ordinary aptitude for the game would have to play tenthousandgamesinordertoattainprofessionalrankofthelowestdegree.Whenwethinkthatitwouldtaketwenty-sevenyearstoplaytenthousandgamesattherateofonegameperday,wecangetsomeideaoftheJapaneseestimateofitsdifficulty. The difficulty of the game and the remarkable amount of time andlaborwhichitisnecessarytoexpendinordertobecomeevenamoderatelygoodplayer,arethereasonswhyGohasnotspreadtoothercountriessinceJapanhasbeen opened to foreign intercourse. For the same reasons few foreignerswholivetherehavebecomefamiliarwithit.

Ontheotherhand,itsintenseinterestisattestedbythefollowingsayingoftheJapanese:"Gouchiwaoyanoshinimenimoawanu,"whichmeansthatamanplayingthegamewouldnotleaveoffeventobepresentatthedeathbedofaparent. I have found that beginners in this country towhom Ihave shown thegamealways seem to find it interesting, although so far I haveknownnoonewhohasprogressedbeyondthenovicestage.Themoreitisplayedthemoreitsbeauties and opportunities for skill become apparent, and it may beunhesitatingly recommended to that part of the community, however small itmaybe,forwhomgamesrequiringskillandpatiencehaveanattraction.

ItisnaturaltocompareitwithourChess,anditmaysafelybesaidthatGohasnothingtofearfromthecomparison.Indeed,itisnottoomuchtosaythatitpresentsevengreateropportunitiesforforesightandkeenanalysis.

The Japanese also play Chess, which they call "Shogi," but it is slightlydifferentfromourChess,andtheirgamehasnotbeensowelldeveloped.

Go, on the other hand, has been zealously played and scientificallydevelopedforcenturies,andaswillappearmoreatlengthinthechapterontheHistory of the Game, it has, during part of this time, been recognized andfosteredby thegovernment.Until recentlyasystematic treatmentof thegame,suchasweareaccustomedtoinourbooksonChess,hasbeenlackinginJapan.

Acopiousliteraturehadbeenproduced,butitconsistedmostlyofcollectionsofillustrativeandannotatedgames,andtheGomastersseemtohavehadadesiretomake theirmarginalannotationsasbriefaspossible, inorder tocompel thebeginnertogotothemasterforinstructionandtolearnthegameonlybyhardpractice.

ChessandGoarebothinasensemilitarygames,butthemilitarytacticsthatarerepresentedinChessareofapastage,inwhichthekinghimselfenteredtheconflict—hisfallgenerallymeaningthelossofthebattle—andinwhichthevictory or defeatwas brought about by the courage of single noblemen ratherthanthroughthefightingofthecommonsoldiers.

Go,ontheotherhand, isnotmerelyapictureofasinglebattle likeChess,butofawholecampaignofamodernkind,inwhichthestrategicalmovementsofthemassesintheenddecidethevictory.Battlesoccurinvariouspartsoftheboard,andsometimesseveralaregoingonatthesametime.Strongpositionsarebesieged and captured, and whole armies are cut off from their line ofcommunications and are taken prisoners unless they can fortify themselves inimpregnablepositions,andafar-reachingstrategyaloneassuresthevictory.

It is difficult to say which of the two games gives more pleasure. Thecombinations in Go suffer in comparisonwith those of Chess by reason of acertainmonotony,becausetherearenopieceshavingdifferentmovements,andbecause the stones are notmoved again after once beingplacedon the board.Also to a beginner the play, especially in the beginning of the game, seemsvague; there are somany points onwhich the stonesmay be played, and theamount of territory obtainable by one move or the other seems hopelesslyindefinite.Thisobjectionismoreapparentthanreal,andasone'sknowledgeofthe-gamegrows, it becomesapparent that the first stonesmustbeplayedwithgreatcare,andthattherearecertaindefinite,advantageouspositions,whichlimittheplayerinhischoiceofmoves, justas therecognizedChessopeningsguideourplayinthatgame.Stonessoplayedintheopeningarecalled"Joseki"bytheJapanese. Nevertheless, I think that in the early part of the game the play issomewhat indefinite for anyplayer of ordinary skill.On the other hand, theseconsiderationsarebalancedby thegreaternumberofcombinationsandby thegreater numberof places on theboardwhere conflicts takeplace.As a rule itmay be said that two average players of about equal strength will find morepleasureinGothaninChess,forinChessitisalmostcertainthatthefirstoftwosuchplayerswholosesapiecewilllosethegame,andfurtherplayismostlyanunsuccessfulstruggleagainstcertaindefeat. InGo,on theotherhand,aseverelossdoesnotbyanymeansentailthelossofthegame,fortheplayertemporarily

worstedcanbetakehimself to anotherportionof the fieldwhere, for themostpart unaffected by the reverse already suffered, he may gain a compensatingadvantage.

Apeculiar charmofGo lies in the fact that through the so-called "Ko" anapparently severe loss may often be made a means of securing a decisiveadvantage in another portion of the board. A game is so much the moreinteresting the oftener the opportunities for victory or defeat change, and inChessthesechancesdonotchangeoften,seldommorethantwice.InGo,ontheotherhand,theychangemuchmorefrequently,andsometimesjustattheendofthegame, perhaps in the lastmoments, an almost certaindefeatmayby someclevermovebechangedintoavictory.

ThereisanotherrespectinwhichGoisdistinctlysuperiortoChess.Thatisin the systemofhandicapping.Whenhandicapsaregiven inChess, thewholeopening ismoreor less spoiled, and the scaleofhandicaps, from theBishop'sPawntoQueen'sRook,isnotveryaccurate;andinonevariationoftheMuziogambit,sofarfrombeingahandicap,itisreallyanadvantagetothefirstplayertogiveuptheQueen'sKnight.InGo,ontheotherhand,thehandicapsareinaprogressivescaleofgreataccuracy,theyhavebeengivenfromtheearliesttimes,and the openings with handicaps have been studied quite as much as thosewithouthandicaps.

In regard to the time required to play a game of Go, it may be said thatordinary players finish a game in an hour or two, but as in Chess, achampionship game may be continued through several sittings, and may lasteightortenhours.Thereisonrecord,however,anauthenticaccountofagamethat was played for the championship at Yeddo during the Shogunate, whichlastedcontinuouslyninedaysandonenight.

Beforetakingupadescriptionoftheboardandstonesandtherulesofplay,wewillfirstoutlineahistoryofthegame.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION...ix

CHAPTERI

HISTORYOFTHEGAME...1

CHAPTERII

DESCRIPTIONOFTHEBOARDANDSTONES...18

CHAPTERIII

RULESOFPLAY...26

CHAPTERIV

GENERALMETHODSOFPLAYANDTERMINOLOGYOFTHEGAME...57

CHAPTERV

ILLUSTRATIVEGAMES...68

CHAPTERVI

“JOSEKI”ANDOPENINGS...119

CHAPTERVII

THEENDGAME...186

CHAPTERVIII

PROBLEMS...201

IHISTORYOFTHEGAME

THEgameofGoisprobablytheoldestofallknowngames.ItwasplayedbytheChinese fromearliestantiquity,andhasbeenplayed in itspresent formbytheJapaneseforoverelevencenturies,butwhilethegameoriginatedinChina,theJapanesehavefarsurpassedtheChineseinskillatthegame,andithascometoberegardedinJapanastheirnationalgame.

In theoldChineseworks threepersons arenamedas theoriginators of thegame, but in Japan its invention is commonly attributed to only one of these.ThismanistheChineseemperorShun,whoreignedfrom2255to2206B.C.Itissaidthatthisemperorinventedthegameinordertostrengthentheweakmindofhis son Shang Kiun. By others the invention of the game is attributed to thepredecessorofShun, theemperorYao,who reigned from2357 to2256B.C. Ifthistheoryiscorrectitwouldmakethegameaboutforty-twohundredyearsold.ThethirdtheoryisthatWu,avassaloftheChineseemperorKiehKwei(1818–1767B.C.) invented the game of Go. To the sameman is often attributed theinvention of games of cards. It would seem that this last theory is the mostcredible, because it would make the invention more recent, and because theinventorissaidtohavebeenavassalandnotanemperor.

Whatevermaybethetruthinregardtotheoriginofthegame,itisperfectlycertain thatGowas alreadyknown inChina in early antiquity. InoldChineseworks,ofwhichtheoldestisdatedaboutathousandyearsbeforeChrist,agamewhichcanbeeasilyrecognizedasGoismentionedcasually,sothatatthattimeitmusthavebeenwellknown.

WearetoldalsothatinChinasomewhereabout200B.C.,poetryandGowenthandinhand,andwereinhighfavor,andapoet,Bayu,wholivedabouttheyear240A.D.,madehimself famous throughpoems inwhichhesang thepraisesofthegame.

It is remarkable that in theoldbooks it is stated that in theyear300A.D.amanbythenameofOsanwassoskilledinGothathecouldtakeallthestonesfrom the board after the game had been finished and then play it over frommemory.Thisisofinterestalsoasshowingthatinthecourseoftimeplayingthegame has had the effect of strengthening thememory ofGo players, becausetherearenowhundredsofplayers in Japanwhocan replaceagamemove for

moveafterithasbeendisarranged.Itisinfactthecustomarythingforateacherof thegame to play thegameover in thatway in order to criticise themovesmadebythestudent.

AnecdoteshavecomedowntousfromtheoldChinesetimesinregardtothegame, of which we will mention only one, which shows how highly it wasesteemed.

ShaAn, amanwho lived in the time of the TsinDynasty (265–419A.D.),carriedonawarwithhisnephewShaGen.Growingtiredoftakinglife,theyleftthevictorytobedecidedbyagameofGo,whichtheyplayedagainsteachother.

TheesteeminwhichplayerswereheldintheoldChinesetimesisalsoshownbythetitleswithwhichtheywerehonored;towit,“Kisei”or“KiShing,”from“Ki,”meaningGo,and“Sei,”aholyman,and“Shing,”magicianorsage.

In the timeof theTangDynasty (618–906A.D.), andagainduring theSungDynasty(960–1126A.D.)thefirstbooksaboutGowerewritten.Thegamethenflourished in China, and there were then many distinguished players in thatcountry.

AccordingtotheJapanesereckoningoftime,GowasintroducedintoJapanintheperiodTernpyo,duringthereignoftheemperorShomu,whichaccordingtotheChineserecordswasthethirteenthyearoftheperiodTienTao,andduringthereignoftheemperorHuanTsung.Accordingtoourcalendarthiswouldbeabouttheyear735A.D.

AmanotherwisewellknowninthehistoryofJapan,KibiDaijin,wassentasanenvoytoChinainthatyear,anditissaidthathebroughtthegamebackwithhimtoJapan.

Gomayhavebeenknown inJapanbefore thatdate,butatany rate itmusthavebeenknownaboutthistime,forintheseventhmonthofthetenthyearofthe period Tern pyo (A.D. 738), we are told that a Japanese nobleman namedKumoshiwasplayingGowithanothernoblemannamedAdzumabito,andthatinaquarrelresultingfromthegameKumoshikilledAdzumabitowithhissword.

On its introduction into Japan a newera opened in the development of thegame,butatfirstitspreadveryslowly,anditismentionedahundredyearslaterthatthenumberofGoplayersamongthenobility(andtothemtheknowledgeofthegamewasentirelyconfined)wasverysmallindeed.

In theperiodcalledKasho (848–851A.D.), and inNin Ju (851–854A.D.),aJapaneseprincedweltinChina,andwastheretaughtthegamebythebestplayerinChina.Thefollowinganecdoteistoldinregardtothisprince:thatinordertodohimhonortheChineseallowedhimtomeetthebestplayers,andinordertocopewith themhehit upon the ideaofplacinghis stones exactly in the samewayasthoseofhisopponent;thatistosay,whenhisopponentplacedastoneat

anypoint, hewouldplacehis stoneonapoint symmetricallyopposite, and inthatwayheissaidtohavewon.InregardtothisanecdoteitmaybesaidthattheChinesemusthavebeenveryweakplayers,ortheywouldspeedilyhavefoundmeansofovercomingthismethodofdefense.

Wenexthearthatintheyear850aJapanesenamedWakinobecamefamousas a great devotee of the game. He played continuously day and night, andbecamesoengrossedinthegamethatheforgoteverythingelseabsolutely.

InthenexttwocenturiestheknowledgeofthegamedidnotextendbeyondthecourtatKioto.Indeed,itappearsthatitwasforbiddentoplayGoanywhereelse than at court. At all events we are told that in the period called Otoku(1084–1087A.D.) the Prince of Dewa, whose name was Kiowara noMahira,secretly introduced thegame into theprovinceofOshu,andplayed therewithhisvassals.Fromthattimenotonlythenumberofthenobilitywhoplayedthegameincreasedrapidly,butthecommonpeopleaswellbegantotakeitup.

ThereisalsoastorywhichcomesdownfromtheKamakuraperiodinregardto Hojo Yoshitoki. He is said to have been playing Go with a guest at themomentthatnewsarrivedoftheuprising,ofWadaYoshimori.Yoshitokiissaidto have first finished the game in perfect calmness before he thought of hismeasures for subduing the revolution.Thiswas in the first year ofKempo, or1213A.D.

InthebeginningofthethirteenthcenturywefindthatGowaswidelyknowninthesamuraiclass,andwasplayedwithzeal.Atthattimeeverybodywhowenttowar, from themost famousgeneraldown to themeanest soldier,played thegame.Theboardandstoneswerecarriedwiththemtothefieldofbattle,andassoonasthebattlewasover,theywerebroughtout,andthefriendlystrifebegan.ManyofthemonksandpoetsofthatperiodalsohadatasteforGo,andseveralofthemarementionedascelebratedGoplayers.

AllthreeofthegreatJapanesegenerals,Nobunaga,Hideyoshi,andIyeyasu,weredevoteesofthegame.ItisrelatedthatNobunagacametoKiotointhetenthyear of Ten Sho, 1582 A.D., and lived in the Honnoji Temple. One night thecelebratedGoplayer, Sansha, ofwhommore hereafter, came and playedwithhimuntilmidnight.SanshahadscarcelytakenhisdeparturewhentheuprisingofAkechiMitsuhidebrokeout.

IntheperiodsGenki(1570–1572),TenSho(1573–1591)untilKeicho(1596–1614),andGenWa(1615–1623),thereweremanycelebratedplayersamongthemonks, poets, farmers and tradespeople.Theywere called to the courts of thedaimiosandtothehallsofthenobles,eitherinorderthatthenobilitymightplaywith them, or more frequently merely to exhibit their skill at the game. ThiscustomexisteduptothetimeofthefalloftheShogunate.

That theJapanesecould findpleasure inmerelywatchingagame that is soabstract in its nature and sodifficult tounderstand is evidenceof the fact thattheywerethenahighlycultivatedpeopleintellectually.WefindnothinglikeitinthiscountryexceptinthenarrowestChesscircles.

In the beginning of the seventeenth century Go attained such a highdevelopment that there appeared a series of expert players who far surpassedanythingknownbefore.OfthesethemostfamouswereHoninboSanshaHoin,NakamuraDoseki,HayashiRigen,InouyeInseki,andYasuiSantetsu.

SanshawasthesonofamerchantofKioto.Whenhewasnineyearsoldheshaved his head, named himself Nikkai, and became a Buddhist monk in theTempleofShokokuji,whichwasoneoftheprincipaltemplesoftheNichiRensectinKioto.FromhisearlylifeSanshawasveryskilfulatthegame,andupongivinguphisprofessionasamonk,heobtainedpermissiontoinstituteaschoolofGoplayers,andhethentookthenameofHoninboSansha.Hewasontermsof familiar intercourse with Nobunaga, Hideyoshi and Iyeyasu, oftenaccompaniedthemontheir travelsandcampaigns,andwaspresentatmanyofthebattlesofthattroublousepoch.

The school of Go which Honinbo opened, however, was merely a privateundertaking.ThefirstStateinstitutioninwhichGowastaughtwasfoundedbyHideyoshiintheperiodTenSho(1573–1591),butitseemstohavehadashortexistence, and the permanent institution which lasted until the fall of theShogunatewasfoundedbythesuccessorofHideyoshi,Iyeyasu.IyeyasubecameShogunintheyear1603,andthefoundationoftheGoAcademyor“GoIn,”asthe Japanese call it, must have occurred soon after he ascended the throne.HoninboSansha,whowasstill thebestGoplayer inJapan,wasnamedas thehead of the institution. The other most skilful masters were installed asprofessorswithgoodsalaries.ToHoninboSansha, thedirector,wasgiven350tsuboofland(atsuboisasbigastwoJapanesematsortatami,andisthereforesix feet square), and an annual revenueof 200kokuof rice (a koku is a littlemore than five bushels). Men of the best intelligence could now dedicatethemselvestotheeducationofstudentsandthefurtherdevelopmentofthegame,freed from the caresof earninga livelihood. Inboth respects the institutewaseminently successful. Its graduates weremuchmore skilful than the previousgenerationofGoplayerslivingintheland.Theydevotedthemselvesentirelytothe game, and either found positions as players at the court of a daimio, ortraveled through the country (like the poets and swordsmen of that period),playing the game and giving instruction in its mysteries as they foundopportunity. If they came to a place which pleased them, they often let theiryearsofwanderingcome toanendandremained there,making their livingas

teachersofthegame.AtthetimeofthefoundingoftheAcademy,besidesHoninbo,thepreviously

mentionedmasters,Hayashi,Inouye,andYasui,wereinstalledasprofessors.Forsomereason,Nakamura,whoismentionedaboveasoneofthecontemporariesof Honinbo, did not appear at the Academy. Each of the four masters abovenamedfoundedhisschoolormethodofplay independientlyof theothers,andthecustomexistedthateachteacheradoptedhisbestpupilasason,andthushada successor at his death; so the teachers in theAcademywere always namedHoninbo, Inouye, Hayashi, and Yasui. (Lovers of Japanese prints are alreadyfamiliarwiththiscontinuedsimilarityofnames.)

ThebestplayersoftheAcademyhadtoappeareveryyearbeforetheShogunand play for his amusement. This ceremony was called “Go zen Go,” whichmeans “playing the game in the august presence,” or “O shiro Go,” “Shiro”meaning “the honorable palace,” and the masters of the game entered thesecontestswith thesamedetermination thatwasdisplayedbythesamuraion thefieldofbattle.

An anecdote has come down to us from the reign of the third Shogun,TokugawaIyemitsu,showinghowhighly theGomastersregardedtheirart.AtthattimeYasuiSanchiwas“Meijin,”which,asweshallseeinamoment,meantthehighestrankintheGoworld,whileHoninboSanyetsuheldtherankof“Jozu,”whichwasalmostashigh,butwhich,accordingtotherules,wouldentitlehim toahandicapofonestone fromhisexpertadversary;and these twomen,beingthebestplayers,wereselectedtoplayintheShogun’spresence.Honinbo,feeling conscious of his skill, disdained to accept the handicap, and met hisadversaryoneventerms.Thegamewasproceedinginthepresenceofthecourtnobles before the Shogun had appeared, and among the spectators wasMatsudairaHigonoKami, one of themost powerful noblemenof that epoch.Yasui Sanchi was a favorite of Matsudaira and as he watched the play heremarked audibly that Honinbo would surely be defeated. Honinbo Sanyetsuheard the remark, andpausing inhisplay,he allowed the stonewhichhewasabouttoplaceontheboardtofallbackintothe“Gotsubo”orwoodenjarthatholds the Go stones, gently covered the “Go tsubo,” and drawing himself upwithgreatdignity,said:“IamservingtheShogunwiththeartofGo,andwhenweGomastersenteracontest, it is in the samespirit aswarriorsgoupon thefieldofbattle,stakingourlife,ifnecessary,todecidethecontest.Whilewearedoing thiswedonot allow interferenceor comments fromanyone,nomatterhowhighmaybehisrank.AlthoughIamnotthegreatestmasterofthegame,Iholdthedegreeof‘Jozu,’and,therefore,therearefewplayersinJapanwhoareabletoappreciatemyplans,tactics,orstrategy.Nevertheless,thePrinceofHigo

hasunwarrantedlyprophesiedmydefeat.Idonotunderstandwhyhehasdonethis,butifsuchacommentwereallowedtobecomeaprecedent,andonlookerswerepermittedtomakewhatevercommentsonthegametheysawfit,itwouldbebetterthatthecustomofthe‘OshiroGo’shouldcease.”Havingsaidthis,heraised himself fromhis seat.At thismoment the court officers announced thecomingoftheShogun,andthenoblemenwhohadassembledtoseethecontest,surprised and confused by the turn affairs had taken, earnestly persuadedHoninbotoreseathimselfandcontinuethegame.Thisheobstinatelyrefusedtodo, and endeavored to leave the imperial chamber. Prince Matsudaira, takenaback, scarcely knew what to do. However, he kotowed to Honinbo and,profusely apologizing, besought the offended master to finish the contest.HoninboSanyetsuwas appeased, and resumed his seat at the board, and bothplayers,arousedbytheincident,exertedeveryefforttoachievevictory.HoninboSanyetsuwon,whereuponthePrinceofHigowasgreatlyhumiliated.Sincethenthe name of Sanyetsu has always been revered as one of the greatest of theHoninbofamily.

InthedegeneratedaystowardtheendoftheTokugawaDynastythe“GozenGo”becameamerefarce,andthegameswereallplayedthroughandstudiedoutbeforehand, in order that the ceremony in court might not last too long. Thecustomwas,however,maintaineduntilthefalloftheShogunatein1868.

HoninboSanshaestablishedatthetimeofthefoundationoftheAcademyamethod of classifying the players by giving them degrees, which still exists,althoughno longerunder theauthorityof theState.Whenamanattained toacertainmeasureofskillinthegamehereceivedthetitle“Shodan,”or,ofthefirstdegree.Thestillstrongerplayerswerearrangedas“Nidan,”“Sandan,”“Yodan,”etc.,orofthesecond,third,andfourthdegrees.Thehighestdegreeintheserieswas “Kudan,” or the ninth degree. In order to attain the first degree, or“Shodan,” the candidate must be an excellent player, so good in fact that hecouldfollowthegameasaprofession.Inothergamessuchagraduatedsystemofclassifyingplayerswouldbescarcelypossible,butamonggoodGoplayersitis feasible, because thebetterplayer almost invariablywins, even if hebebutslightlysuperior.Ifthedifferenceinskillcouldnotbeequalizedinsomewaythegamewouldbecometiresome,astheweakerplayerwouldalmostalwaysbeabletoforeseehisdefeat.Thestrongerplayer,therefore,allowshisadversarytoplaceenoughstonesontheboardasahandicaptomaketheadversariesapproximatelyequal.

AccordingtotherulesoftheAcademy,ifthedifferencebetweentheskilloftheplayerswasonlyonedegree, theweakerplayerwouldbeallowed the firstmove.Ifthedifferencewastwodegrees,theweakerplayerwouldbeallowedto

placeastoneon theboard,and thestrongerplayerwouldhave the firstmove,andsoon; inotherwords, thedifferencebetweeneachdegreemightbecalledhalfastone.Thus,aplayerofthefourthdegreewouldallowaplayerofthefirstdegreetoplacetwostonesontheboardasahandicap,butwouldhavethefirstmove.Aplayerof the seventhdegreewouldallowaplayerof the firstdegreethreestones,andaplayerof theninthdegreewouldallowaplayerof thefirstdegree four stones. Fourwas the highest handicap allowed among the playersholding degrees, but, aswe shall see later, among players of less skill greaterhandicapsarefrequentlygiven.

Aplayeroftheseventhdegreealsoreceivedthehonorarytitle“Jozu,”orthehigherhand.Thoseof the eighth rankwere called “Kan shu,”or thehalf-waystep,andthoseoftheninthdegreewerecalled“Meishu,”theclear,brighthand,or “Mei jin,” literally “celebratedman.” It is related that this last appellationarose in the time of Nobunaga, who was a spectator of a game played byHoninboSanshawithsomecontemporary,andwhoexpressedhisadmirationofthe skill of Honinbo by exclaiming “Mei jin!” which thus became the titleappliedtoplayersofthehighestskill.

Since the institution of this method of classifying Go players over threehundred years ago, there have been only nine players who have attained theninthdegree,andonlyfourteenplayerswhohaveattainedtheeighthdegree.Ontheotherhand,therehavebeenmanymoreoftheseventh,andmanymorestillof each of the lower degrees. In 1880, at the timeKorscheltwrote the articlepreviously referred to, therewasonlyoneplayer in Japanholding the seventhdegree,andthatwasthecelebratedMuraseShuho.Atpresentthereisoneplayerwho holds the ninth degree.His name isHoninbo Shuyei, and he is the onlyplayerwhohasattainedtheninthdegreeduringtheperiodcalledthe“Meiji,”orsincethefalloftheShogunatefortyyearsago.

ThisarrangementoftheplayersindegreesisunknowninChina,andKorea.Ontheotherhand,itisinuseintheRyukyuorLoochooIslands.

The Japanese seem to have regarded the classification in degrees as anabsolutestandardofmeasurement.Nevertheless,itmustnecessarilyhavevariedfrom time to time, and in the course of centuries the standardmust graduallyhaverisen.

Players of high rank who are challenged by the improving players of thelower grades will instinctively desire to make it more difficult for the newplayers to attain the higher degree, because their own fame, which is theirhighestpossession,dependsupontheresultof thegame;andassumingthatalltrialgamescouldbeconducted inan impartialandjudicialspirit,nevertheless,all theplayerswouldbecomemoreexpert fromthehardpractice,even if their

skillinrelationtoeachotherremainedthesame.Thusaseventhdegreeplayeroftodaywouldbebetterinayearalthoughhe

still remained in the seventh degree, and this constant raising of the standardmustleadustosupposethataplayeroftheseventhdegreenowisquiteequalorperhapssuperiortoaneighthorninthdegreeplayerofahundredortwohundredyearsago.Asan illustrationof this increase inskill,weonlyhave tocomparethestandardsetintheRyukyuIslands.Theyalsoestablishedtheclassificationindegrees soon after the foundation of theAcademy in Japan, and then the twoinstitutionsseemtohavelosttouch.Korscheltrelatesthatforthefirsttimeaboutthe year 1880 a Go player of the second degree from the Satsuma provincevisitedthoseIslandsandtriedhisskillwiththeirbestplayers,andfoundthathecouldeasilydefeattheplayersthereclassifiedasofthefifthdegree.

ThepositionasheadoftheAcademywasmuchcovetedbyGoplayers,butitwasgenerallyheldbytheHoninbofamily.OneofthelastincidentsinrelationtotheAcademytellsofanattemptonthepartofInouyeInseki,theeleventhofthatline,toobtaintheheadshipoftheAcademywhenHoninboJowa,whowasthetwelfth Honinbo, retired. Inseki was afraid he could not obtain the covetedposition by a contest, and therefore strove to obtain it by intrigue from theShogun’sofficerintrustedwiththebusinessoftheAcademy.WhenJowaretiredhewasnotunawareofthedesiresofInseki,butitdidnottroublehimmuch,ashe felt confident that the fourteenthHoninbo,whose namewas Shuwa, couldsuccessfullydefendhistitle.However,atlastmatterscametosuchapointthatJowaorderedShuwatopresentapetitiontotheShogunrequestingthatthetitlebesettledbycontest,but theShogun’sofficer,whowas in leaguewith Inseki,returnedthepetition,whereuponallof theHoninbohouseroseand insistedontheir rights in accordancewithcustomandprecedent, andat last theirpetitionwasgranted.Itwasfixedthatthetitlewastobedecidedbytengames,andthefirstgamebeganattheresidenceoftheShogun’sofficer,InabaTangonoKami,onthe29thofNovember, intheeleventhyearofTempo(aboutsixty-sixyearsago), and it ended the same year on the 13th of December. There was anadjournment of four days, and on one occasion the contest lasted all night.Thereforeinallittookninedaysandonenighttofinishthegame.

Itisunnecessarytosaythatbothplayersputforthalltheireffortsinthislifeanddeath struggle, and it is said that Inseki’s excitementwas so intense as tocausebloodtogushfromhismouth,buthefinallylostbyfourstones,andtheother nine games were not played. Inseki, however, mortified by his defeat,againchallengedShuwa.Thisgamebeganonthe16thofMayinthethirteenthyear of Tempo, and lasted two days. Inseki again lost by six stones. OnNovember17thofthesameyearathirdcontesttookplacebetweenShuwaand

InsekiinthepresenceoftheShoguninhispalaceatTokio.Insekiagainlostbyfourstones.InallthesecontestsInsekiasthechallengerhadthefirstmove,andhe finally became convinced of his inability to win from the scion of theHoninbo family, and abandoned his life-long desire, and it is related thatthereuponthehousesofHoninboandInouyebecamemorefriendlythanever.

In the first half of the nineteenth century Go had a period of greatdevelopment. This occurred according to the Japanese calendar in the periodscalledBunKwa(1804–1818),BunSei (1818–1829),andTempo(1830–1844).Thecollectionofspecimengamesofthattimearetodayregardedasmodels,andthe methods of play and of opening the game then in use are still studied,althoughtheyhavebeensomewhatsuperseded.ThebestgameswereplayedbytheHoninbosDosakuandJowaandYasuiSanchi.

On the fallof theShogunate in theyear1868 theGoAcademycame toanend,andwith it the regulationof thegameby theState.A fewyears later thedaimios were dispossessed, and they did not feel an obligation as privateindividualstoretaintheservicesoftheGoplayerswhohadbeeninattendanceattheircourts.Thereuponensuedasadtimeforthemastersofthegame,whohadtheretoforeforthemostpartlivedbythepracticeoftheirart,andtomakethingsstillworse,theJapanesepeoplelosttheirinterestinGo.Upontheopeningofthecountrythepeopleturnedwithenthusiasmtotheforeigners.Foreignthingsweremoreprizedthannativethings,andamongthethingsofnativeoriginthegameofGowasneglected.

About theyear1880,however,a reactionset in; interest in theoidnationalgamewasrevived,andatthepresentdayitisfosteredwithasmuchzealasintheoldentimes.

Most of the higher officials of the government, and also the officers in thearmyandnavy, are skilledplayers.Thegreat daily newspapers of the capitalshaveaGodepartment,justassomeofourperiodicalshaveadepartmentdevotedtoChess,andthegameisverymuchplayedatthehotspringsandhealthresorts,and clubs, and teachers of the art are found in all of the larger cities.Go hasalwaysretainedsomethingofitsearlyaristocraticcharacter,andinfact,itisstillregardedasnecessary for amanof refinement topossess a certain skill at thegame.

DuringtherecentRusso-JapaneseWarthestrategyemployedbytheJapanesecommanders certainly suggested themethodsof playused in thegameofGo.WhetherthiswasanaccidentalresemblanceornotIcannotsay.AtLiaoYangitseemed as if Marshal Oyama had got three of the necessary stonesadvantageously placed, but the Russians escaped before the fourth could bemoved into position. At the final battle of Mukden the enveloping strategy

characteristicofthegamewascarried,outwithstillgreatersuccess.At the present time the division into the four schools ofHoninbo, Inouye,

Hayashi,andYasui,nolongerexists,andGoplayersaredividedintotheschoolsof Honinbo and Hoyensha. This latter school was established about the year1880byMuraseShuho,towhomreferencehasalreadybeenmade.

The Honinbo school is the successor of the old Academy, while the newschoolhasmadeoneortwoinnovations,oneofthemostfortunatebeingarulethatnogameshall last longer thantwenty-fourhourswithout interruption.TheHoyenshaschoolalsorecognizedthedegree“InakaShodan,”whichmeansthe“first degree in the country,” and is allowed to a class of players who areregardedasentitledtothefirstdegreeintheirnativetown,butwhoaregenerallyundeceivedwhentheymeettherecognized“Shodan”playersofthemetropolis.

WhileinJapanGohasattainedsuchahighdevelopment,largelythroughthehelp of the government, as has been shown, it seems to be decadent in itsmotherlandofChina.TheJapaneseplayersassureus that there isnoplayer inChinaequal toaJapaneseplayerof thefirstdegree.InKoreaalso thegameisplayed, but the skill there attained is also immensely below the Japanesestandard.

Havingnowgivenanideaof the importanceof thegamein theeyesof theJapanese, and the length of time it has been played, we will proceed to adescriptionoftheboardandstones,andthentakeupthedetailsoftheplay.

IIDESCRIPTIONOFTHEBOARDANDSTONES

THEboard,or“GoBan”asitiscalledinJapanese,isasolidblockofwood,aboutseventeenandahalfincheslong,sixteeninchesbroad,andgenerallyaboutfourorfiveinchesthick.Ithasfourdetachablefeetorlegssothatasitstandsonthe floor it is about eight inches high. The board and feet are always stainedyellow.

The best boards in Japan are made of a wood called “Kaya” (TorreyaNucifera) a species of yew. They are also made of a wood called “Icho” orGingko (Salisburia adiantifolia) and of “Hinoki” (Thuya Obtusa) a kind ofcedar.At all events theymust be of hardwood, and yet not so hard as to beunpleasant to the touchwhen the stone is placed on the board, and thewoodmustfurtherhavethequalityofresonance,becausetheJapaneseenjoyhearingthesoundmadebythestoneasitisplayed,andtheyalwaysplaceitontheboardwith considerable force when space will permit. The Japanese expression forplayingGo,towit,“Gowoutsu,”literallymeansto“strike”Go,referringtotheimpactofthestone.InKoreathisfeatureiscarriedtosuchanextremethatwiresare stretchedbeneath theboard, so that as a stone is played adistinctmusicalsoundisproduced.Thebestboardsshould,ofcourse,befreefromknots,andthegrainshouldrundiagonallyacrossthem.

Inthebackoftheboardthereiscutasquaredepression.Thepurposeofthisisprobablytomaketheblockmoreresonant,althoughtheoldJapanesestoriessay that this depression was put there originally to receive the blood of thevanquishedincasetheexcitementofthegameledtoasanguinaryconflict.

Thelegsoftheboardaresaidtobeshapedtoresemblethefruitoftheplantcalled “Kuchinashi” or Cape Jessamine (Gardenia floribunda), the name ofwhichplantbyaccidentalsomeans“withoutamouth,”andthisissupposedtosuggest to onlookers that they refrain frommaking comments on the game (asuggestionwhichallChessplayerswillappreciate).

On the board, parallel with each edge, are nineteen thin, lacquered blacklines. These lines are about four one-hundredths of an inchwide. It has beenseenfromthedimensionsgiventhattheboardisnotexactlysquare,andthefieldthereforeisaparallelogram,thesidesofwhicharesixteenandahalfandfifteenincheslongrespectively,andthelinesinonedirectionarealittlebitfartherapart

thanintheother.Theselines,bytheircrossing,producethreehundredandsixty-onepointsofintersection,includingthecornersandthepointsalongtheedgeofthefield.

Thestonesareplacedonthesepointsofintersection,andnotinthespacesasthe pieces are in Chess or Checkers. These intersections are called “Me” or“Moku” in Japanese, which really means “an eye.” Inasmuch as the word asusedinthisconnectionisuntranslatable,IshallhereafterrefertothesepointsofintersectionbytheirJapanesename.

Ontheboard,asshowninthediagram(Plate1),areninelittlecircles.Itisonthesecirclesthatthehandicapstoneswhengivenareplaced.Theyhavenootherfunctioninthegame,buttheyaresupposedalsotohavesomesortofsymbolicalmeaning. Chamberlain states that these spots or “Seimoku” are supposed torepresentthechiefcelestialbodies,andthatthecentraloneiscalled“Taikyoku”;that is, the primordial principle of the universe. In thework of Stewart Culinreferred to in thepreface it is stated that they correspond to thenine lights ofheaven— the sun,moon and the seven stars of the constellation “Tau” (UrsaMajor). Indeed the whole arrangement of the board is said to have somesymbolical significance, the number of crosses (exclusive of the central one)representingthethreehundredandsixtydegreesoflatitude,andthenumberofwhite and black stones corresponding to the number of days of the year; butnowadays the Japanese do not make much of a point of the astronomicalsignificanceoftheboardorofthe“Seimoku.”

The stones or “Ishi”withwhich the game is played are three hundred andsixty-one in number, corresponding to the number of “Me” or points ofintersectionontheboard.Onehundredandeightyofthesestonesarewhiteandtheremainingonehundredandeighty-oneareblack.Astheweakerplayerhastheblackstonesandthefirstmove,obviouslytheextrastonemustbeblack.Inpracticetheentirenumberofstonesisneverused,asattheendofthegametherearealwaysvacantspacesontheboard.TheJapanesegenerallykeepthesestonesingracefullyshaped,lacqueredboxesor“Gotsubo.

Thewhitestonesaremadeofakindofwhiteshell;theyarehighlypolished,andareexceedinglypleasanttothetouch.ThebestcomefromtheprovincesofHitachiandMikawa.Theblackaremadeofstone,generallyakindofslatethatcomesfromtheNachicataractinKishiu.Astheyareusedtheybecomealmostjet-black, and they are also pleasant to the touch, but not so much so as thewhite.Agoodsetisquitedear,andcannotbepurchasedunderseveralyen.Theideographformerlyusedfor“Goishi”indicatesthatoriginallytheyweremadeof wood, and not of stone, and the old Chinese ideograph shows that in thatcountrytheywerewoodenpiecespaintedblackandwhite.TheuseofpolishedshellforthewhitestoneswasfirstintroducedintheAshikagaperiod.

In form the stones are disk-shaped, but not always exactly round, and areconvexonbothsurfaces,sothattheytrembleslightlywhenplacedontheboard.Theyareaboutthree-quartersofaninchindiameter,andaboutone-eighthofaninch in thickness.Thewhite stones are generally a trifle larger than the blackones;forsomestrangereasonthoseofbothcolorsarealittlebitwiderthantheyshould be in order to fit the board. Korschelt carefully measured the stoneswhich he used, and found that the black were seventeen-sixteenths of thedistancebetweentheverticallinesonhisboard,andabouteighteen-nineteenthsof the distance between the horizontal lines, while the white stones werethirteen-twelfthsof thedistancebetween thevertical linesand thirty-six thirty-

sevenths of the distance between the horizontal lines. I found about the samerelationofsizeintheboardandstoneswhichIuse.

The resultof this is that the stonesdonothavequite roomenoughand lapover each other, andwhen the board is very full, they push each other out ofplace.Tomakematters stillworse theJapanesearenotverycareful toput thestonesexactlyonthepointsofintersection,butplacethemcarelessly,sothattheboardhasanirregularappearance.Itisprobablethattheunsymmetricalshapeoftheboardand the irregularityof thesizeof thestonesarise fromtheantipathythattheJapanesehavetoexactsymmetry.Atanyrate,itisallcalculatedtobreakupthemonotonousappearancewhichtheboardwouldhaveif thespaceswereexactly square, and the stoneswere exactly round and fitted properly in theirplaces.

InJapantheboardisplacedonthefloor,andtheplayerssitontheflooralso,

facingeachother,asshownintheillustration,andgenerallythenarrowersideoftheboardisplacedsoastofacetheplayers.SincetheintroductionoftablesinJapanGoboardsarealsomadethinnerandwithoutfeet,butthegameseemstolosesomeofitscharmwhenthecustomsoftheoldJapanaredepartedfrom.

The Japanese always take the stone between themiddle and index fingers,and not between the thumb and index finger aswe are likely to do, and theyplace it on the board smartly and with great skill, so that it gives a cheerfulsound,asbeforestated.

For use in this country the board need not be so thick, and need not, ofcourse,havefeet,butifitisattemptedtoplaythegameoncardboard,whichhasadeadsoundasthestonesareplayed,itissurprisinghowmuchthepleasureofthe game is diminished. The author has found that Casino chips are the bestsubstitutefortheJapanesestones.

Originally the board used for the game of Go was not so large, and theintersectinglinesineachdirectionwereonlyseventeeninnumber.AtthetimeofthefoundationoftheGoAcademythiswasthesizeofboardinuse.Asthegamedeveloped thepresentnumberof linesbecamefixedafter trialandcomparisonwith other possible sizes. Korschelt made certain experiments with the nextpossiblelargersizeinwhichthenumberoflinesineachdirectionwastwenty-one, and it seemed that the game could still be played, although it madenecessary the intellect of a pastmaster to grasp the resulting combinations. Ifmore than twenty-one linesareusedKorscheltstates that thecombinationsarebeyondthereachofthehumanmind.

Inclosingthedescriptionoftheboarditmaybeinterestingtopointoutthatthegamewhichwecall“GoBang”or“Five inaRow,” isplayedonwhat isreallyaJapaneseGoboard,andtheword“GoBang”ismerelyanotherphoneticimitation of the words by which the Japanese designate their board. I havefound,however,thatthe“GoBang”boardssoldinthestoresinthiscountryarean imitationof theoriginal Japanese “Goban” andhaveonly seventeen lines,andarethereforealittletoosmallforthegameasnowplayed.Thegamewhichwecall“GoBang”alsooriginatedinJapan,andiswellknownandstillplayedthere.Theycall it“GoMokuNarabe,”whichmeans toarrangefive“Me,” theword“Go”inthiscasemeaning“five,”and“Moku”beingthealternativewayofpronouncingtheideographforeye.“GoMokuNarabe”isoftenplayedbygoodGoplayers,generallyforrelaxation,asitisavastlysimplergamethanGo,andcanbefinishedmuchmorerapidly.It isnot,however, tobedespised,aswhenplayedbygoodplayers there is considerable chance for analysis, and theplayoftencoverstheentireboard.

IIIRULESOFPLAY

THEplayersplayalternately,andtheweakerplayerhastheblackstonesandplaysfirst,unlessahandicaphasbeengiven,inwhichcasetheplayerusingthewhitestoneshasthefirstmove.(Intheoldentimesthiswasjustreversed.)Theyplacethestonesonthevacantpointsofintersectionontheboard,or“Me,”andtheymayplacethemwherevertheyplease,withthesingleexceptionofthecasecalled“Ko,”whichwillbehereafterexplained.Whenthestonesareonceplayedtheyarenevermovedagain.

TheobjectofthegameofGois tosecureterritory.JustastheobjectofthegameofChessisnottocapturepieces,buttocheckmatetheadverseKing,soinGotheultimateobjectisnottocapturetheadversary’sstones,buttosoarrangematters that at the end of the game a player’s stones will surround as muchvacantspaceaspossible.Attheendofthegame,however,beforetheamountofvacantspaceiscalculated,thestonesthathavebeentakenareusedtofillupthevacantspacesclaimedbytheadversary;thatistosay,thecapturedblackstonesareusedtofillupthespacessurroundedbytheplayerhavingthewhitepieces,andviceversa,andtheplayerwhohasthegreatestamountofterritoryafterthecapturedstonesareusedinthisway,isthewinnerofthegame.However,iftheplayers’,fearingeachother,merelyfenceinpartsoftheboardwithoutregardtoeachother’splay,amostuninterestinggameresults,andtheJapanesecallthisbythe contemptuous epithet “ Ji dori go,”or “ground takingGo.” I havenoticedthatbeginnersinthiscountrysometimesstarttoplayinthisway,anditisoneofthemanywaysbywhichtheplayofamerenovicemayberecognized.Thebestgames arise when the players in their efforts to secure territory attack eachother’sstonesorgroupsofstones,andwethereforemustknowhowastonecanbetaken.

A stone is takenwhen it is surrounded on four opposite sides as shown inPlate 2, Diagram I. When it is taken it is removed from the board. It is notnecessarythatastoneshouldalsobesurroundeddiagonally,whichwouldmakeeightstonesnecessaryinordertotakeone;neitherdofourstonesplacedontheadjacent diagonal intersections cause a stone to be taken: they do not directlyattackthestoneinthecenteratall.Plate2,DiagramIV,showsthissituation.

A stonewhich is placed on the edge of the boardmay be surrounded and

capturedbythreestones,asshowninPlate2,DiagramII,andifastoneisplacedin the extreme corner of the board, it may be surrounded and taken by twostones,asshowninPlate2,DiagramIII.

Inactualpracticeitseldomorneverhappensthatastoneorgroupofstonesissurroundedbytheminimumnumberrequisiteundertherule,forinthatcasetheplayerwhose stoneswere threatenedcouldgenerallymanage tobreak throughhisadversary’sline.Itisalmostalwaysnecessarytoaddhelpingstonestothosethatarestrictlynecessaryincompletingthecapture.Plate2,Diagramv,showsfourstoneswhicharesurroundedwiththeminimumnumberofstones.Plate2,DiagramVI,showsthesamegroupwithacoupleofhelpingstonesadded,whichwouldprobablybefoundnecessaryinactualplay.

Itfollowsfromthisrulethatstoneswhichareonthesamelineparallelwiththeedgesoftheboardareconnected,andsupporteachother,Plate2,DiagramVII,whilestoneswhichareonthesamediagonallinearenotconnected,anddonotsupporteachother,Plate2,DiagramVIII.Inordertosurroundstoneswhichareonthesameline,andthereforeconnected, it isnecessarytosurroundthemallinordertotakethem,whilestoneswhicharearrangedonadiagonalline,andthereforeunconnected,maybe takenoneata time.OnPlate2,Diagram III, iftherewereastoneplacedatS18,itwouldnotbeconnectedwiththestoneinthecorner,andwouldnothelpitinanyway.Ontheotherhand,ashasbeensaid,itis not necessary to place awhite stone on that point in order to complete thecaptureofthestoneinthecorner.

Inordertocaptureagrouporchainofstonescontainingvacantspace,itmustbecompletelysurroundedinsideandout;forinstance,theblackgroupshownonPlate 2, Diagram IX, while it has no hope of life if it is White’s play isneverthelessnotcompletelysurrounded.Inordertosurroundit,itisnecessarytoplayonthethreevacantintersectionsatM11,N11,andO11.Thesamegroupof stones is shown in Diagram x completely surrounded. (It may be said inpassing that White must play at N 11 first or the black stones can defendthemselves;weshallunderstandthisbetterinamoment.)

Inpracticeitoftenhappensthatastoneorgroupofstonesisregardedasdeadbeforeitiscompletelysurrounded,becausewhenthesituationisobservedtobehopelessthelosingplayerabandonsit,andaddresseshisenergiestosomeotherpart of the board. It is advantageous for the losing player to abandon such agroupassoonaspossible,for,ifhecontinuestoaddtothegroup,helosesnotonlytheterritorybuttheaddedstonesalso.Ifthecircumstancesaresuchthathisopponenthas to reply tohismoves in thehopeless territory, the loss is not sogreat,astheopponentismeanwhilefillingupspaceswhichwouldotherwisebevacant,andagainstaninferiorplayerthereisachanceoftheadversarymakinga

slip and allowing the threatened stones to save themselves. If, however, thesituationissoclearlyhopelessthattheadversaryisnotreplyingmoveformove,theneverystoneaddedtosuchagroupmeansalossoftwopoints.

At theendof thegamesuchabandonedgroupsofstonesareremovedfromtheboardjustasiftheyhadbeencompletelysurroundedandkilled,anditisnotnecessaryfortheplayerhavingtheadvantageactuallytosurroundandkillsuchagroup.It isenoughif theyobviouslycanbekilled.Thetheoryonwhichthisrule proceeds is that if the players play alternately, no advantage would begainedbyeithersideintheprocessofactuallysurroundingsuchagroup,anditscompletionwouldonlybeawasteoftime.Butletussupposethatablackgroupattheendofthegameisfoundtobehopelessandalsocompletelysurroundedwith the exception of one point. The question arises, can the Black playerdemand thathisadversaryplayon thevacantspace inorder tokill thisgroup,for,ifhecould,itisobvioushewouldgainone“Me”bysodoing.Theansweris,hecannotsodemand,andhisadversaryisnotboundtoplayonthispoint,andthehopelessor abandoned stones are removedwithout further play.Wemightcall such groups “dead.” They may be distinguished from stones that are“taken,” because these latter are removed at once, whereas “dead” stones areremovedonlyattheendofthegame.

Asacorollarytotheruleforsurroundingandtakingstones,itfollowsthatagroupofstonescontainingtwodisconnectedvacantintersectionsor“Me”cannotbetaken.Thisisnotaseparaterule.Itfollowsnecessarilyfromthemethodbywhich stones are taken. Nevertheless in practice it is the most importantprincipleinthegame.

Inorder tounderstand the ruleor principleof the two“Me,”wemust firstlook at the situation shown in Plate 3, Diagram I. There, if a black stone isplayedatF15, although it isplayedonan intersectionentirely surroundedbywhite stones, it nevertheless lives because the moment it is played it has theeffectofkillingtheentirewhitegroup;thatistosay,astonemaybeplayedonan intersection where it is completely surrounded if as it is played it has theeffectofcompletelysurroundingtheadversary’sstonesalreadyontheboard.If,ontheotherhand,wehaveasituationasshowninPlate3,DiagramII,ablackstonemayindeedbeplayedononeofthevacantintersections,butwhenitissoplayedthewhitegroupisnotcompletelysurrounded,becausetherestillremainsonespaceyettobefilled,andtheblackstoneitselfisdeadassoonasittouchesthe board, and hence it would be impossible to surround this group of whitestones unless two stoneswere played at once. Thewhite stones, therefore, canneverbesurrounded,andformanimpregnableposition.

Thisistheprincipleofthetwo“Me,”andwhenaplayer’sgroupofstonesishardpressed,andhisadversaryistryingtosurroundthem,ifhecansoplacethestones that two disconnected complete “Me” are left, they are safe forever. Itmakesnodifferencewhetherthevacant“Me”areontheedgesorinthecornersoftheboard,orhowfarfromeachothertheymaybe.

Plate3,DiagramVI,showsagroupofstonescontainingtwovacant“Me”onthe edge of the board. This group is perfectly safe against attack.A beginnermightaskwhy thewhitegroupshownonPlate3,Diagramv, isnot safe.Thedifficultywith that group is, thatwhenBlack has played at S 9, there are no“Me”initatallasthewordisusedinthisconnection,notevena“Kageme”asshowninPlate3,Diagram III,becausea“Me,” inorder tobeavailablefor thepurpose of defense, must be a vacant intersection that is surrounded on foursides,justasacapturedstonemustbesurrounded,andthereforeonthesidesoftheboarditcanbemadebythreestones,andinthecorneroftheboardbytwostones, but it is absolutely necessary, in addition to the minimum number ofsurrounding stones, to have helping stones to guard the surrounding stonesagainstattack.ThisbringsustowhattheJapanesecall“Kageme.”

In actual play there aremany groups of stones that at first glance seem tohavetwovacant“Me”inthem,butwhichonanalysis,willbefoundvulnerableto attack. A “Me” that looks somewhat as if it were complete, but is,

nevertheless, destructible is called “Kageme.” “Kage” means “chipped” or“incomplete.” Plate 3,Diagram III, is an illustration of this.A beginnermightthinkthatthewhitegroupwassafe,butBlackcankilltheuppersixwhitestonesbyplayingatE3,andthenonthenextmovecankilltheremainderbyplayingatG 2.Therefore,E 3 is not a perfect “Me,” but is “Kageme.”G 2 is a perfect“Me,”butoneisnotenoughtosavethegroup.InthisgroupifthestoneatF4orD2werewhite,therewouldbetwoperfect“Me,”andthegroupwouldbesafe.Inaclosegamebeginnersoftenfinditdifficulttodistinguishbetweenaperfect“Me”and“Kageme.”

Groupsofstoneswhichcontainvacantspaces,canbelostorsavedaccordingastwodisconnected“Me”canorcannotbeformedinthosespaces,andthemostinterestingplayinthegameoccursalongthesidesandespeciallyinthecornersof the board in attempting to form or attempting to prevent the formation ofthese“Me.”Theattackingplayeroftenplaysintothevacantspaceandsacrificesseveralstoneswiththeultimateobjectofreducingthespacetoone“Me”;and,ontheotherhand,thedefendingplayerbyselectingafortunateintersectionmaymakeitimpossibleforthestonestobekilled.Thereisopportunityformarvelousingenuity in the attack and defense of these positions. A simple example ofdefenseisshowninPlate3,DiagramIV,where,ifitisWhite’sturn,andheplays

inthecorneroftheboardatT19,hecansavehisstones.If,ontheotherhand,heplaysanywhereelse,thetwo“Me”canneverbeformed.Thebeginnerwoulddowelltoworkoutthissituationforhimself.

The series of diagrams commencing at Plate 3, Diagram V, show thetheoretical method of reducing vacant spaces by the sacrifice of stones. ThisseriesistakenfromKorschelt,andthepositionasitaroseinactualplayisshownonPlate10,depictingacompletegame.InPlate3,Diagramv,thewhitegroupisshownexternally surrounded, and theblack stonehas just beenplayedatS9,renderingthegrouphopeless.ThesamegroupisshownontheoppositesideoftheboardatPlate4,DiagramI,butBlackhasaddedthreemorestonesandcouldkillthewhitegroiponthenextmove.Therefore,WhiteplaysatA12,andthesituationshowninPlate4,DiagramII,arises,wherethesamegroupisshownonthe lower edgeof theboard.Now, if itwereWhite’smove, he could savehisgroupbyplayingat J2,and thesituationwhichwould thenarise is shownonPlate4,DiagramIII,whereWhitehasthreeperfect“Me,”onemorethanenough.However, it isnotWhite’smove, andBlackplayson thecoveted intersection,andthenaddstwomorestonesuntilthesituationshowninPlate4,DiagramIV,arises. Then White must again play at S 8 in order to save his stones fromimmediatecapture,andthesituationshownatPlate5,DiagramI,comesabout.BlackagainplaysatJ18,addsonemorestone,andwehavethesituationshowninPlate5,DiagramII,whereitisobviousthatWhitemustplayatC11inordertosavehisgroupfromimmediatecapture,thusleavingonlytwovacantspaces.It is unnecessary to continue the analysis further, but at the risk of explainingwhatisapparent,itmightbepointedoutthatBlackwouldplayononeofthesevacantspaces,andifWhitekilledthestone(whichitwouldnotpayWhitetodo)Blackwouldplayagainonthespacethusmadevacant,andcompletelysurroundandkilltheentirewhitegroup.

A group with five vacant “Me,” as shown in the preceding diagrams, is a

situationwellknowntotheJapanese,somuchsothattheyhaveaspecialphraseorsayingthatappliestoit,towit,“Gomokunakadewajusante,”whichmeansthatittakesthirteenturnstoreduceagrouphavingfivesuch“Me”inthecenter.

As we have previously seen, in actual play this white group would beregarded as “dead” as distinguished from “taken,” and this series of moveswouldnotbeplayedout.Whiteobviouslywouldnotplayin thespace,andhecould not demand that Black play therein in order to complete the actualsurroundingofthestones,andtheonlypurposeofgivingthisseriesofdiagramsistoshowtheoreticallyhowthewhitestonescanbekilled.However,thekillingof these stoneswould be necessary if the surrounding black linewere in turnattacked(“Semeai”),inwhichcaseitmightbearacetoseewhethertheinternalwhite stones could be completely surrounded and killed before the externalwhitegroupcouldgetincompletecontactwiththeblackline.

Stoneswhich are sacrificed in order to kill a larger group are called “Suteishi” by the Japanese, from “Suteru,” meaning “to cast or throw away,” and“Ishi,”a“stone.”

Itmaybenotedthatifagroupcontainsfourconnectedvacantintersectionsinalineitissafe,becauseiftheadversaryattemptstoreduceit,twodisconnected“Me” can be formed in the space by simply playing a stone adjacent to theadversary’s stone, as shown in Plate 5,Diagram III, where, if Black plays forinstanceatK11,WhiterepliesatL11,andsecuresthetwo“Me.”Evenifthesefour connected vacant intersections are not in a straight line, thev areneverthelesssufficientforthepurpose,providedthefourth“Me”isconnectedatthe end of the three, and the Japanese express this by their saying “Magarishimoku wa me,” or four “Me” turning a corner. Neither does it make anydifferencewhether the four connected “Me” are in the center of the board oralong the edge. On Plate 5, Diagrams IV and V, are examples of “Magarishimokuwame,”andtheybotharesafe.Itisinteresting,however,tocomparethese situations with that shown at Plate 4, Diagram II, where the fourthintersectionisnotconnectedat theendoftheline,andwhichgroupBlackcankillifitishismove,aswealreadyhaveseen.

If,however,suchagroupcontainsonlythreeconnectedvacantintersections,anditistheadversary’smove,itcanbekilled,becausetheadversarybyplayingonthemiddleintersectioncanpreventtheformationoftwodisconnected“Me.”We saw a group of this kind on Plate 2,Diagram IX, which can be killed byplayingatN11.Obviously,if it isBlack’smoveinthiscase,thegroupcanbesavedbyplayingatN11;obviously,also,ifWhite,beingamerenovice,playselsewherethanatN11,Blacksavesthestonesbyplayingthereandkillingthewhite stone. Plate 5, Diagram VI, shows another group containing only three

vacantintersections.ThesecanbekilledifitisBlack’smovebyplayingatAI.On the other hand, if it isWhite’smove, he can save thembyplayingon thesamepoint.

Of course, if a group of stones contains a large number of vacantintersections, it is perfectly safe unless the vacant space is so large that theadversary can have a chance of forming an entire new living group of stonestherein.

Wenowcometotheoneexceptiontotherulethattheplayersmayplacetheirstonesatwillonanyvacantintersectionontheboard.Thisruleiscalledtheruleof“Ko,”andisshownonPlate6,DiagramI.AssumingthatitisWhite’sturntoplay, he can play at D 17 and take the black stone at C 17 which is alreadysurroundedonthreesides,andthepositionshowninPlate6,DiagramII,wouldthenarise.ItisnowBlack’sturntoplay,andifheplaysatC13,thewhitestonewhichhasjustbeenputdownwillbelikewisesurroundedandcouldbeatoncetakenfromtheboard.Black,however, isnotpermitted todo this immediately,butmustfirstplaysomewhereelse,andthisgivesWhitethechoiceoffillingupthisspace(C13)anddefendinghisstone,oroffollowinghisadversarytosomeother portion of the board. The reason for this rule in regard to “Ko” is veryclear.Iftheplayerswerepermittedtotakeandretakethestonesasshowninthediagram, the series ofmoveswould be endless, and the game could never befinished.ItissomethinglikeperpetualcheckinChess,buttheJapanese,inplaceof calling the game a draw, compel the second player tomove elsewhere andthusallowthegametocontinue.Inanactualgamewhenaplayerispreventedfromretakingastonebytheruleof“Ko,”healwaystriestoplayinsomeotherportionoftheboardwherehethreatensalargergroupofstonesthanisinvolvedinthesituationwhere“Ko”occurs,andthusoftenhecancompelhisadversarytofollowhimtothisotherpartofthefield,andthenreturntoretakein“Ko.”Hisadversary then will play in some part of the field, if possible, where anothergroup can be threatened, and so on. Sometimes in a hotly contested game thebattlewill ragearoundaplacewhere“Ko”occursand thespacewillbe takenandretakenseveraltimes.

Korscheltstatesthattheideographfor“Ko”means“talent”or“skilfulness,”inwhichheisverylikelywrong,asitismoreaccuratelytranslatedbyourword“threat”;butbethisasitmay,itiscertainlytruethattheruleinregardto“Ko”gives opportunity for a great display of skill, and as the better players takeadvantage of this rule with much greater ingenuity, it is a good idea for theweakerplayerasfaraspossibletoavoidsituationswhereitsapplicationarises.

Thereisasituationwhichsometimesarisesandwhichmightbemistakenfor“Ko.”Itiswhereaplayertakesmorethanonestoneandtheattackingstoneisthreatenedonthreesides,orwhereonlyonestoneistaken,buttheadversaryinreplyingcan takenotonly the laststoneplayed,butothersalso. In thesecasesthe opponent can retake immediately, because it will at once be seen that anendlessexchangeofmoves(whichmakesnecessary theruleof“Ko”)wouldnotoccur.Asituationof thiskindisshownonPlate6,Diagrams III, IV,andV,where White by playing at C 8 (Diagram III) takes the three black stones,producing the situation shown in Diagram IV, and Black is permittedimmediately to retake thewhite stone, producing the state of affairs shown inDiagram v. The Japanese call such a situation “Ute kaeshi,” which means“returningablow.”Itformsnoexceptiontotheordinaryrulesofthegame,andonly needs to be pointed out because a beginner might think that the rule of“Ko”appliedtoit.

Wewillnowtakeupthesituationcalled“Seki.”“Seki”meansa“barrier”or“impasse”— it is a different word from the “Seki” in the phrase “Jo seki.”“Seki”also is somewhatanalagous toperpetualcheck. It ariseswhenavacantspace is surrounded partly bywhite and partly by black stones in such awaythat,ifeitherplayerplacesastonetherein,hisadversarycanthereuponcapturetheentiregroup.Underthesecircumstances,ofcourse,neitherplayerdesirestoplace a stone on that portion of the board, and the rules of the game do notcompelhimtodoso.Thatportionof theboardisregardedasneutral territory,andat theendof thegame thevacant“Me”arenotcounted in favorofeitherplayer.Plate6,DiagramVI,givesanillustrationof“Seki,”whereitwillbeseenthatifBlackplaysateitherS16orT16Whitecankilltheblackstonesinthecornerbyplayingon theotherpoint, and ifWhiteplaysoneitherpointBlackcan kill thewhite stones by filling the remaining vacancy.Directly below, onDiagramVII,isshownthesamegroup,butthecornerblackstonehasbeentakenout.Thepositionisnownolonger“Seki,”butiscalledbytheJapanese“Mearimenashi,”orliterally“having‘Me,’nothaving‘Me.’”Herethewhitestonesaredead, because if Black plays, for instance, at T 4White cannot kill the blackstonesbyplayingatS4,forthereasonthatthevacant“Me”atT1stillremains.Thebeginnermightconfuse“Seki”with“Mearimenashi,”andwhileagoodplayerhasno trouble inrecognizing thedifferencewhenthesituationarises, ittakesconsiderableforesightsometimessotoplayastoproduceonesituationortheother.

Plate 6, Diagram VII, shows another group which might be mistaken for“Seki,”buthere, ifWhiteplaysat J19, theblackstonescanbekilled, furtherproceedingsbeingsomewhatsimilar to thosewesawin the illustrationof“Gomokunakadewajusante.”Plate7showsalargegroupofstonesfromwhichinevitably“Seki”willresult.Itwouldbewellforthestudenttoworkthisoutforhimself.“Seki”veryseldomorneveroccursingamesbetweengoodplayers,anditrarelyoccursinanygame.

It isa ruleof thegame togivewarningwhenastoneorgroupof stones isabouttobecompletelysurrounded.ForthispurposetheJapaneseusetheword“Atari” (from“ataru,” to touch lightly),whichcorrespondsquiteclosely to theexpression “gardez” inChess. If thiswarningwere omitted, the playerwhosestoneswereabout tobe takenshouldhave theright to takehis lastmoveoverandsavetheimperiledpositionifhecould.Thisruleisnotsostrictlyobservedasformerly;itbelongsmoretotheetiquetteoftheoldJapan.

Thegamecomestoanendwhenthefrontiersoftheopposinggroupsareincontact.Thisdoesnotmean that theboard isentirelycovered, for theobviousreason that the space inside the groups or chains of stones is purposely left

vacant,forthatistheonlypartoftheboardwhichcounts;butsolongasthereisanyvacantspacelyingbetweentheopposinggroupsthatmustbedisposedofinsomeway,andwhenitissodisposedofitwillbefoundthatthewhiteandblackgroupsareincompletecontact.

Justattheendofthegametherewillbefoundisolatedvacantintersectionsor“Me”onthefrontierlines,anditdoesnotmakeanydifferencewhichplayerfillstheseup.TheyarecalledbytheJapanese“Dame,”whichmeans“useless.”(Theword “Dame” is likely to be confusing when it is first heard, because thebeginnerjumpstotheconclusionthatitissomenewkindofa“Me.”Thisarisesfromacoincidenceonly.Anythingthatisuselessorprofitlessiscalled“Dame”in Japanese, but etymologically the word really means “horse’s eye,” as theJapanese,notbeingadmirersofthevacantstareofthatnobleanimal,haveusedthiswordasasynonymforallthatisuseless.Thereforethesyllable“Me”doesmeananeye,andisthesamewordthatisusedtodesignatetheintersections,butitsrecurrenceinthisconnectionismerelyanaccident.)

It isdifficult for thebeginnerat first tounderstandwhy the fillingof these“Dame”resultsinnoadvantagetoeitherplayer,andbeginnersoftenfillupsuchspaces even before the end of the game, feeling that they are gaining groundslowly but surely; and the Japanese have a saying, “Heta go ni dame nashi,”

whichmeans that there are no “Dame” in beginners’Go, as beginners do notrecognizetheiruselessness.Ontheotherhand,anecessarymovewillsometimeslook like “Dame.” The moves that are likely to be so confused are the finalconnectingmovesor“Tsugu,”whereapotentialconnectionhasbeenmadeearlyin the game, but which need to be filled up to complete the chain. In theIllustrativeGame,Number 1, the “Dame” are all given, but a little practice isnecessarybeforetheycanalwaysberecognized.

Whenthe“Dame”havebeenfilled,andthedeadstoneshavebeenremovedfromtheboard,thereisnoreasonwhytheplayersshouldnotatonceproceedtocounting up which of them has the greatest amount of vacant space, less, ofcourse, the number of stones they have lost, and thus determine who is thevictor.Asamatterofpractice,however,theJapanesedonotdothisimmediately,but,purelyforthepurposeoffacilitatingthecount,theplayerhavingthewhitepieces would fill up his adversary’s territory with the black stones he hadcapturedasfarastheywouldgo,andtheplayerhavingtheblackstoneswouldfilluphisadversary’s territorywith thewhitestones thathehadcaptured;andthereupontheentireboardisreconstructed,sothatthevacantspacescomeintorowsoffivesandtens,sothattheyareeasiertocount.Thishasreallynothingtodowiththegame,anditismerelyadevicetomakethecountingofthespaceseasier,butitseemslikeamysteriousprocesstoanovice,andaddsnotalittletothe general mystery with which the end of the game seems to be surroundedwhenanOccidentalseesitplayedforthefirsttime.Thisprocessofarrangementiscalled“Mewotsukuru.”Itmaybeaddedthatifanypartoftheboardcontainsthesituationcalled“Seki,”thatportionisleftalone,andisnotreconstructedliketherestoftheboard.

Plate8showsacompletedgame inwhich the“Dame”haveallbeen filled,butthedeadstoneshavenotyetbeenremovedfromtheboard.Letusfirstseewhich of the stones are dead. It is easy to see that thewhite stone atN 11 ishopeless,asitiscutoffineverydirection.ThesameistrueofthewhitestoneatB18.ItisnotsoeasytoseethattheblackstonesatLandM18,N,O,P,QandR17,N16,andMandN15aredead,butagainstagoodplayertheywouldhavenohopeofformingthenecessarytwo“Me,”andtheyarethereforeconcededtobe dead; but a good player could probably manage to defend them against anovice.Itisstillmoredifficulttoseewhytheirregularwhitegroupofeighteenstones on the left-hand side of the board has been abandoned, but there alsoWhitehasnochanceofmakingthenecessarytwo“Me.”AttheriskofrepetitionIwill again point out that these groups of dead stones can be taken from theboardwithoutfurtherplay.

Plate9shows thesamegameafter thedeadstoneshavebeen removedand

used to fill up the respective territories, and after the board has beenreconstructedinaccordancewiththeJapanesemethod,anditwillbeseenthatinthiscaseBlackhaswonbyonestone.ThisresultcanbearrivedatequallywellbycountingupthespacesonPlate8,buttheyareeasiertocountonPlate9,afterthe“Mewotsukuru”hasbeendone.

Plate10showsanothercompletedgame.ThisplateisfromKorschelt,andisinterestingbecauseitcontainsaninstructiveerror.Thegameissupposedtobecompleted, and the black stone at C 18 is said to be dead. This is not true,becauseBlackbyplayingatC17couldnotonlysavehisstone,butkillthefourwhite stones at the left-hand side. Therefore, before this game is completed,WhitemustplayatC17todefendhimself.Thisiscalled“Tsugu.”Ontheleft-handsideoftheboardisshownawhitegroupwhichisdead,andthemethodofreduction ofwhichwehave already studied in detail.On the right side of theboard are a few scatteringblack stoneswhich are dead, because theyhavenochanceofformingagroupwiththenecessarytwo“Me.”ThequestionmaybeaskedwhetheritisnecessaryforWhitetoplayatC1orE1inordertocompletetheconnectionofthegroupinthecorner,butheisnotobligedsotodounlessBlackchoosestoplayatB1orF1,which,ofcourse,Blackwouldnotdo.

OnPlaten,thisgamealsoisshownasreconstructedforcounting,anditwillbeseenthatWhitehaswonbytwostones.Reallythisisanerrorofonestone,asWhiteshouldhaveplayedatC17,aswehavepreviouslypointedout.

Sometimesattheendofthegameplayersofmoderateskillmaydifferastowhetherthereisanythinglefttobedone,andwhenonethinksthereisnolongeranyadvantagetobegainedbyeitherside,hesays,“Moarimasen,arunarabaoyukinasai,”thatistosay,“Ithinkthereisnothingmoretobedone;ifyouthinkyou can gain anything, you may play,” and sometimes he will allow hisadversarytoplaytwoorthreetimesinsuccession,reservingtherighttostepinifhethinksthereisachanceofhisadversaryrevivingagroupthatisapparentlydead.

Nopartoftherulesofthegamehasbeenmoredifficultformetounderstandthan themethodsemployedat theend,andespecially the rule in regard to theremoval of dead stones without actually surrounding them, but I trust in theforegoingexamplesIhavemadethisrulesufficientlyclear.Moreover, it isnotalways easy to tellwhether stones are dead or alive.There is a little poemor“Hokku”inJapanese,whichrunsasfollows:

“IkishiniwoShiranunonkinoGouehikana,”

whichmightbetranslatedas“Oh!whatkindofaGoplayerishewhodoesnotknowwhether his stones are alive or dead!”Butwhile the Japanese author of

this“Hokku”mayhaveregardeditasasimplething,theOccidentalstudentofthegamewouldnotbelikelytosharehisviews.Aninstanceofthisisshownbythepossibilitiesof the supposedlydeadblack stoneonPlate10, and I think itwouldbefairertostatethattheskillofagoodGoplayerismostclearlyshownbyhisabilitytorecognizeimmediatelywhetheragroupisdeadorcanbesaved;the study of our chapter on Problems will give further illustrations of thedifficultyandnicetyofsuchdecisions.

We now come to the question of handicaps. Handicaps are given by thestrongerplayerallowingtheweakerplayer toplaceacertainnumberofstoneson the board before the game begins, andwe have seen in the chapter on theDescription of the Board that these stones are placed on the nine dottedintersections.Ifonestoneisgiven,itisusualtoplaceitintheupperright-handcorner.Ifasecondstoneisgiven,itisplacedinthelowerleft-handcorner.Ifathird stone is given, it is placed in the lower right-hand corner. The fourth isplaced in the upper left-hand corner. The fifth is placed at the center or “Tengen.”Whensixaregiven,thecenteroneisremoved,andthefifthandsixthareplacedattheleftandright-handedgesoftheboardonline10.Ifsevenaregiven,these stones remain, and the seventh stone is placed in the center. If eight aregiven,thecenterstoneisagainremoved,andtheseventhandeighthstonesare

placedonthe“Seimoku”onlineK.Iftheninthisgiven,itisagainplacedinthecenteroftheboard.

Betweenplayersof reasonable skillmore thannine stones arenever given,butwhen the disparity between the players is too great, four other stones aresometimesgiven.Theyareplacedjustoutsidethecorner“Seimoku,”asshownonthediagram(Plate12),and theseextrastonesarecalled“Furin”handicaps.“Furin”means“asmallbell,”as thesestonessuggest to theJapanese thebellswhich hang from the eaves at the corners of a Japanese temple. When thedisparitybetweentheplayersisverygreat indeed,sometimesfourmorestonesaregiven,andwhengiventheyareplacedonthediagonalhalfwaybetweenthecorner“Seimoku”andthecenter.Thesefourstonesarecalled“Nakayotsu,”or“thefourmiddlestones,”butsuchahandicapcouldonlybegiventothemerestnovice.

Wehavenowcompletedasurveyofall theactual rulesof thegame,and itmaybewelltosummarizetheminorderthattheirrealsimplicitymaybeclearlyseen;briefly,theyareasfollows:

1.Theobjectofthegameistoobtainvacantterritory.2.Thestonesareplacedon the intersectionsandonanyvacant intersection

theplayerchooses(except inthecaseof“Ko”).After theyareplayedtheyare

notmovedagain.3.(a)Oneormorestoneswhicharecompactlysurroundedbythestonesof

theothersidearesaidtobetakenandareatonceremovedfromtheboard.(b) Stones which, while not actually surrounded can inevitably be

surrounded,aredead,andcanbe taken from theboardat theendof thegamewithoutfurtherplay.

(c)Takenordeadstonesareusedtofilluptheadversary’sterritory.4.Thegameisatanendwhentheopposinggroupsofstonesareinabsolute

contact(thecaseof“Seki”beingthesingleexception).It is not possible to imagine a gamewith simpler rules, or the elements of

whichareeasiertoacquire.Wewillnowturnourattentiontoafewconsiderationsastothebestmethods

ofplay, andof certainmoves and formationswhichoccur in everygame, andalsotothenameswhichinJapaneseareusedtodesignatethesethings.

IVGENERALMETHODSOFPLAYANDTERMINOLOGYOFTHEGAME

AswillbeshownmoreindetailinthechapteronOpeningsor“Joseki,”thegameiscommencedbyplayinginthecornersoftheboard,andgenerallyononeof the squares adjacent to the handicap point. The reason for this is that thecorners of the board are natural fortresses, and can bemore readily defendedagainstattack.Itisalsoeasiertoformterritoryinthecornersoftheboard.Nextto the corners of the board the sides of the board are easiest to defend, andterritory is more easily formed along the sides than in the center, and in anordinary game the play generally proceeds from the corners and edges to thecenter. The importance which the Japanese attach to the corners is shown bytheirsaying“Yosumitoraretegowoutsuna,”or,“ifthefourcornersaretaken,ceaseplaying.”Againstagoodplayeritisnexttoimpossibletoformterritoryinthecenteroftheboard,unlessitisbasedononeofthesidesorcorners.

There is,however,anold ruleofetiquettewhich isnotconsistentwith thistheory of the opening; it used to be regarded as exceedingly impolite andinsultingtoplaythefirststoneonthehandicappointinthecenteroftheboard,called“Tengen.”Ithasbeenexplainedtomethatthereasonforthisruleisthatsuch a move was supposed to assure the victory to the first player, and it isrelated that when on one occasion Murase Shuho had defeated a rival manytimesinsuccession,thelatter,becomingdesperate,apologizedforhisrudenessand placed his stone on this spot, and Murase, nevertheless, succeeded inwinning the game, which was regarded as evidence of his great skill. It has,however,beenshownbyHoninboDosakuthat thismovegives thefirstplayerno decisive advantage, and I have been also told by some Japanese that thereasonthatthismoveisregardedasimpoliteisbecauseitisawastedmove,andimpliesadisrespect for theadversary’s skill, and fromwhatexperience Ihavehad in thegame I think the latter explanation ismoreplausible.At all events,suchamoveismostunusualandcanonlybeutilizedbyaplayerofthehighestskill.

Whengoodplayerscommencethegame,fromthefirsttheyhaveinmindtheentireboard,andtheygenerallyplayastoneineachofthefourcornersandoneor two around the edges of the board, sketching out, as it were, the territory

which theyultimately hope to obtain.Theydonot at once attack eachother’sstones,anditisnotuntilthegameiswelladvancedthatanythinglikeahandtohandconflictoccurs.Beginnersarelikelytoengageatonceinacloseconflict.Theirmindsseemtobeoccupiedwithanintensedesiretosurroundandcapturethe first stones the adversary places on the board, and often their opposinggroupsofstones,startinginonecorner,willspreadoutinastrugglingmassfromthatpointallovertheboard.Thereisnosurerindicationoftheplayofanovicethan this. It is just as if a battlewere to commencewithout theguidanceof acommandingofficer,byindiscriminatefisticuffsamongthecommonsoldiers.Ofthe other extreme, or “Ji dori Go,” we have already spoken. Another way inwhich the play of expertsmay be recognized is that all the stones of a goodplayer are likely to be connected in one or atmost two groups, while poorerplayers find their stones divided up into small groups each of which has tostruggletoformthenecessarytwo“Me”inordertoinsuresurvival.

Assumingthatwehaveadvancedfarenoughtoavoidprematureencountersor“JidoriGo,”andareplacingourstones inadvantageouspositions,decentlyandinorder, thequestionarises,howmanyspacescanbesafelyskippedfromstone to stone inadvancingour frontiers; that is to say,how far can stonesbeseparated and yet be potentially connected, and therefore safe against attack ?The answer is, that two spaces can safely be left if there are no adversary’sstonesintheimmediatevicinity.Todemonstratethis,letussupposethatBlackhasstonesatR13andR16,andWhite tries tocut themoff fromeachother.White’sbestlineofattackwouldbeasfollows:

WHITE BLACKR14 S14R15 S15Q16 R17Q13 R12Q12

andBlackhasmadegoodhisconnection,orBlackathisfourthmovecouldplayatQ14,then

W BQ15 R12P14takes.

Thereareothercontinuations,buttheyarestillworseforWhite.If,however,theadversary’sstonesarealreadypostedonthelineofadvancesometimesitisonlysafetoskiponepoint,andofcourseinclosepositionsthestonesmustbeplayedsothattheyareactuallyconnected.TheJapanesecallthisskippingof“Me”bytheterms“Ikkentobi,”“Nikkentobi,”“Sangentobi,”etc.,whichliterallymeans“toflyone,two,orthreespaces.”Althoughthisisplainenough,theserelationsare nevertheless shown on Plate 13, Diagrams I, II, and III. When stones ofoppositecolorsonthesamelineareseparatedbyvacantspaceinasimilarway(Diagram IV), then the terms “Ikken kakari,” “Nikken kakari,” etc., are used.“Kakari”reallymeans“tohang”or“toberelated,”butasusedin thissense itmightbetranslated“toattack.”

Sometimes the stones are placed in relation to each other like theKnight’smove in Chess. TheKnight in Japanese is called “Keima,” or “the honorablehorse,”andifthestonesareofthesamecolortherelationiscalled“Keima”or“Kogeima,”“Ko”beingthediminutive.Ifthestonesareofoppositecolors,thenthephrase“Keima“or“Kogeimakakari”isusedasinthepreviouscase.TheJapanesealsodesignatearelationsimilartotheKnight’smove,butfartherapart,by special words; thus, if the stones are one space farther apart, it is called“Ogeima,”or“theGreatKnight’smove,”andifthestoneisadvancedonestepstillfarther,kiscalled“Daidaigeima,”or“theGreatGreatKnight’smove.”OnPlate 13, Diagrams V, VI, and VII, are shown “Kogeima,” “Ogeima,” and“Daidaigeima.”

Thenextquestionthatwilltroublethebeginneriswheretoplacehisstoneswhen his adversary is advancing into his territory, and beginners are likely toplay their stones directly in contact with the advancing forces. This merelyresultsintheirbeingengulfedbytheattackingline,andthestonesandterritoryareboth lost. Ifyouwish tostopyouradversary’sadvance,playyourstonesaspaceor twoapart fromhis, so thatyouhaveachance tostrengthenyour linebeforehisattackisuponyou.

Thenext thingwewillspeakof iswhat theJapanesecall the“Sente.”Thisword means literally “the leading hand,” but is best translated by our words“havingtheoffensive.”Itcorrespondsquitecloselytotheword“attack,”asitisused inChess, but indescribingagameofGo it is better to reserve theword“attack”forastrongerdemonstrationthanisindicatedbytheword“Sente.”The“Sente” merely means that the player having it can compel his adversary toanswerhismovesorelsesustainworsedamage,andsometimesoneplayerwillhave the“Sente” inoneportionof theboard,andhisadversarymaydisregardthe attack and by playing in some other quarter take the “Sente” there.Sometimesthedefendingplayerbyhisingeniousmovesmayturnthetablesonhisadversaryandwrestthe“Sente”fromhim.Atallevents,holdingthe“Sente”is an advantage, and the annotations on illustrative games abound withreferencestoit,andconservativeauthorsonthegameadviseabandoningastoneortwoforthepurposeoftakingthe“Sente.”

Sometimesaplayerhasthreestonessurroundingavacantspace,asshowninPlate13,DiagramVIII,andthequestionariseshowtoattackthisgroup.Thisisdonebyplayingonthefourthintersection.TheJapanesecallthis“Nozoku,”or“peeping into/’ andwhen a stone is played in thisway it generally forces theadversary to fill up that “Me.” Itmay bementioned here also thatwhen youradversaryistryingtoform“Me”inadisputedterritory,thewaytocircumvent

him is toplayyourstonesononeof the fourpointshewillobviouslyneed tocomplete his “Me,” and sometimes this is done before he has three of thenecessarystonesontheboard.Theterm“Nozoku”isalsoappliedtoanystonewhichisplayedasapreliminarymoveincuttingtheconnectionbetweentwooftheadversary’sstonesorgroupsofstones.

Sometimes a situation occurs as shown in Plate 13,Diagram IX.Here it issupposedtobeWhite’smove,andhemust,ofcourse,playatK8,whereuponBlack would play at K 7 (“Osaeru”), and White would have to play at L 8(“Nobiru”), and so on until, if these moves were persisted in, the formationwouldstretch inazigzag line to theedgeof theboard.Thissituation iscalled“Shicho,”whichreallymeans“arunningattack.”Itresultsinthecaptureofthewhitestoneswhentheedgeoftheboardisreached,unlesstheyhappentofindacomradepostedonthelineofretreat,forinstance,atP4,inwhichcasetheycanbesaved.Ofcourse,betweengoodplayers“Shicho”isneverplayedouttotheend, for they can at once seewhether or not the stoneswill live, and often astoneplacedseeminglyatrandominadistantpartoftheboardisplayedpartlywiththeobjectofsupportingaretreatinglineshould“Shicho”occur.

Plate13,DiagramX,showsasituationthatoftenarises, inwhichtheWhiteplayer,byputtinghis stoneatM1on theedgeof theboard, can joinhis twogroups of stones. This is so because if Black plays at L I or N I,White canimmediatelykillthestone.Thisjoiningontheedgeoftheboardiscalledbythespecial term “Watari,” which means “to cross over.” Sometimes we find theword “Watari” used when the connection between two groups is made in asimilarway,althoughnotattheextremeedgeoftheboard.

Amuchmore frequent situation is shownatPlate13,DiagramXI. It isnotworthyofspecialnoticeexceptbecauseaspecialwordisappliedtoit.IfBlackplaysatS1,itiscalled“Haneru,”whichreallymeanstheflourishwhichismadeinfinishinganideograph.

WewillnowtakeupafewoftheotherwordsthatareusedbytheJapaneseasthey play the game. By far the most frequent of these are “Tsugu,” “Kiru,”“Nobiru,”and“Osaeru.”“Tsugu”means“toconnect,”andwhentwostonesareadjacentbutonthediagonal,asshowninPlate13,DiagramXII,itisnecessarytoconnectthemifanattackisthreatened.Thismaybedonebyplayingoneitherside;thatistosay,atQ17orR16.If,ontheotherhand,Blackshouldplayonboththesepoints,thewhitestoneswouldbeforeverseparated,andthiscuttingoff is called “Kiru,” although, as a rule, when such a situation is worthy ofcomment,oneoftheintersectionshasalreadybeenfilledbytheattackingplayer.Plate13,DiagramXIII,illustrates“Kiru,”where,ifablackstoneisplayedatQ12,thewhitestonesareseparated.“Kiru”means“tocut,”andisrecognizableas

one of the component parts of that much abused and mispronounced word“Harakiri.” “Nobiru”means “to extend,” andwhen there is a line of stones itmeanstheaddingofanotheroneattheend,notskippingaspaceasinthecaseof“Ikken tobi,” but extendingwith the stones absolutely connected. In Plate 13,DiagramXIV,ifBlackplaysatQ9itwouldbecalled“Nobiru.”“Osaeru”means“topressdown,”andthisiswhatwedowhenwedesiretopreventouradversaryfromextendinghisline,asseenintheprecedingdiagram.Itisdonebyplayingdirectlyattheendoftheadversary’sline,asshowninDiagramXV,whereBlackissupposedtoplayatQ6.HereWhitemustplayononesideoftheblackstone,butitmustbepointedoutthatunlessthereissupportintheneighborhoodforthestone used in “ Osaeru,” the stone thus played runs the risk of capture. InDiagram IX, explaining “Shicho,”we also had an illustration of “Nobiru” and“Osaeru.”

Ifastoneisplayedontheintersectiondiagonallyadjacenttoanotherstone,itiscalled“Kosumu,”butthiswordisnotnearlysomuchusedastheotherfour.Sometimes,also,whenitisnecessarytoconnecttwogroupsofstonesinsteadofplacingthestonesoasactuallytoconnectthem,asinthecaseof“Tsugu,”thestofie is played so as to effectively guard the point of connection and thuspreventtheadversary’sstonefromseparatingthetwogroups.Thisplayiscalled“Kaketsugu,”or“ahangingconnection”;e.g.,inDiagramXIII,ifawhitestonewereplayedatQ11 itwouldbean instanceof“Kake tsugu”andwouldhavepreventedtheblackstonefromcuttingofftheWhiteconnectionatQ12,for,iftheblackstonewereplayedthereafterawhitestonehadbeenplacedatQ11,Whitecouldcaptureitonthenextmove.

Passingfromthesewordswhichdescribethecommonestmovesinthegame,wewillmentiontheexpression“Teokure”—literally“aslowhand”or“aslowmove,”whichmeansanunnecessaryorwastedmove.Manyof themovesofabeginner are of this character, especially when he has a territory pretty wellfenced in and cannot make up his mind whether or not it is necessary tostrengthenthegroupbeforeproceedingtoanotherfieldofbattle. Inannotatingthebestgames,also,itisusedtomeanamovethatisnotthebestpossiblemove,andwefrequentlyhearitusedbyJapaneseincriticisingtheplay.

“Semeai” is another word with which we must be familiar. It means“mutuallyattacking,”from“Semeru,”“toattack,”and“Au,”“toencounter,”thatis to say, if theWhiteplayerattacksagroupofblackstones, theBlackplayeranswersby endeavoring to surround the surrounding stones, and soon. InourIllustrative Game, Number 1, the play in the upper right-hand corner of theboardisanexampleof“Semeai.”Itisinpositionsofthiskindthattheconditionofaffairscalled“Seki”oftencomesabout.

Plate13,DiagramXVI, showsapositionwhich is illustratedonlybecauseaspecialname isapplied to it.TheJapanesecall sucha relationof stones“Chotsugai,”literally,“thehingeofadoor.”

The last expressionwhichwewillgive is “Nakaoshigatchi,”which is thetermappliedtoavictorybyalargemarginintheearlypartofthegame.TheseJapanese words mean “to conquer by pushing the center.” Beginners aregenerallydesirousofachievingavictoryinthisway,andarenotcontenttoallowtheir adversary any portion of the board. It is one of the first things to beremembered, that, no matter how skilful a player may be, his adversary willalwaysbeabletoacquiresometerritory,andoneofthemaximsofthegameisnottoattempttoachievetoogreatavictory.

Before proceeding with the technical chapters on the Illustrative Games,Openings,etc.,itmaybewelltosayawordinregardtothemethodadoptedforkeepingarecordofthegame.TheJapanesedothisbysimplyshowingapictureof the finished game, onwhich each stone is numbered as itwas played. If astone is takenandanotherstone isput in itsplace,anannotation ismadeoverthediagramoftheboardwithareferencetothatintersection,statingthatsuchastone has been taken in “Ko.” Such a method with the necessary marginalannotationisgoodenough,butitisveryhardtofollow,asthereisnomeansoftellingwhereanystoneiswithoutsearchingallovertheboardforit;andwhiletheJapaneseareverycleveratthis,Occidentalstudentsofthegamedonotfinditsoeasy.Therefore,IhaveadoptedthemethodsuggestedbyKorschelt,whichinturnisfoundedonthecustomofChessannotationinuseallovertheworld.ThelinesatthebottomoftheboardareletteredfromAtoT,theletterIbeingomitted,andatthesidesoftheboardtheyarenumberedupfrom1to19.Thusitisalwayseasytolocateanygivenstone.InthelastfewyearstheJapanesehavecommencedtoadoptananalogousmethodofnotation.

VILLUSTRATIVEGAMES

I

Plate14WHITE.—IwasaKei,fifthdegree.BLACK.—MadameTsutsukiYoneko,seconddegree.Blackhasahandicapoftwostones.PlayedaboutOctober,1906.Therecordisfromthe“TokioNichiNichi.”Thisgameisselectedbecauseitisverythoroughlyplayedout.Thenotesare

intendedforbeginners,andmuchisstatedwhichisobvious toaplayerofanyskill;supplementingtheexplanationsmadeintheprecedingchaptertheJapanesenamesofthevariousmovesaregiven.

WHITE BLACK

1.C15.Aratherunusualmovecalled“Mokuhadzushi.”Aswillbeseeninthechapteron“Joseki,”itistheleastconservativeofthethreeusualopenings.

2.R4.Called“Komoku,”themostusualandmostconservativemethodofcommencingthecornerplay.

3.P3. 4.Q.5.IntendedtoattackNo.3,andalsoitcommencestomaketerritoryontherightsideoftheboard.

5.D17.ThismovesecuresthiscornerforWhite.

6.O4.ContinuestheattackonNo.3.

7.N3.(“Ikkentobi”)M3wouldbetoofar.

8.R10.Blacktriestomaketerritoryontherightside.

9.F3.(“Kogeima.”)Thisistheusualmove.

10.C7.(“Ogeima.”)Thisistheusualreply.Seethechapteron

“Joseki.”11.C3. 12.D3.CuttingoffNo.11.13.C4.(“Nobiru.”)Givingaid

toNo.11.15.C5.14.D5.

15.C5. 16.C6.(“Osaeru.”)Blackcouldnotdothisbefore.

17.D2. 18.E2.19.C2.(“Tsugu.”)Thismoveis

necessary.20.E3.(“Tsugu.”)Whitenow

hasthecorner,butBlackhaspossibilitiesofexpansion.

21.F4.SupportingNo.9.“Ikkentobi”wouldbedangerous.

22.E6.ConnectingandatthesametimeattackingWhite.

23.G6. 24.C11.Makingterritoryontheleftsideoftheboard.

25.K17.Aimingtomaketerritoryatthetopoftheboard.

26.L3.Precipitate.

CommentbyHontnboShuye:“Black’stwenty-sixthmoveispremature,andithastheeffectofprecipitatingthecontesttooearlyinthegame.TheterritoryaroundthatpointisdangerousgroundforBlack.N17wouldhavebeenbetter.”

27.N4.ThisisnecessarytoleadoutthestoneatN3.“Ikkentobi”wouldbedangerous.

28.L5.Leadingouttowardthecenter.(“Ikkentakatobi.”)

CommentbyHontnboShuye:“BlackshouldhaveplayedatH4.WhitewouldthenplayatF2,andBlackwouldreplyatE1.”

29.O5. 30.H3.Takingterritory.

CommentbyHoninboShuye:“BlackshouldstillplayatH4.”

31.F2.PreventingtheconnectionofthetwoBlack

32.F1(“Haneru.”)

groups.33.G1. 34.E1.(“Tsugu.”)Thisseriesof

movesisnecessaryandoftenoccursinthegame.

35.H2.ProtectingtheconnectionatG2.

36.J3.Blackmustconnect,otherwisethestoneatH3islost.

37.F6. 38.F8.Aimingtomaketerritory.CommentbyHontnboShuye:“This

movedoesnothitthespot.ItshouldhavebeenplayedatL7.”.CommentbyHoninboShuye:“This

movedoesnothitthespot.ItshouldhavebeenplayedatL7.”

39.G8.ThismovepreventsWhitefrombeingshutin.

40.G9.

41.H8.(“Nobiru.”) 42.F7.Blackcompleteshisfrontier.

43.G7.Necessarytoconnect. 44.F10.ThissecurestheconnectionatF9,andatthesametimeextends.

45.K4.Whitethreatenstobreakthroughintwoplaces.

46.L4.

47.H9. 48.L7.LeadingoutthestonesonlineL,whicharenowthreatened.

49.G11.ThisconnectsWhite’sgroupsandpreventsBlackfromextending.

50.Q3

51.P4. 52.Q7.MakingterritoryontherightandatthesametimeattackingWhite’sfivestones.

53.M6.ThismovegivesWhitethe“Sente.”

54.L6.Blackmustconnect.

55.P7.LeadingoutthesmallWhitegroup.

56.N8.Adangerousmove.

CommentbyHoninboShuye:“Thismovemaybecalledalittledangerous.P6wouldhavebeenpreferable,andifWhiterespondsatO8orO7,BlackcouldreplyatL9.”

57.P8. 58.P6.59.06. 60.O7.(“Kiru.”)Cuttingoff

connectionofthewhitegroups.61.M2.SinceWhiteiscutoff

atO7,hemustform“Me”inthisgroup.

62.K9.BlackseesthatWhitecanformthenecessarytwo“Me,”andthereforedoesnotpresstheattack.

63.Q8. 64.R7.Blackmustextendinthisway.

65.R8. 66.S8.(“Osaeru.”)67.S9. 68.S7.(“Tsugu.”)Theusual

seriesofmoves.69.P5.(“Atari.”) 70.Q6.71.Q10 72.Q1173.R9. 74.Pio.(“Sente”)

75.O10.WhitemustsacrificeNo.71inordertoescape.

76.S10.

77.N9. 78.M8.79.P9. 80.Q9.Takes.Thisis“Ko.”81.T10.(“Haneru.”) 82.T11.(“Osaeru.”)83.Q10.Takingin“Ko.” 84.P11.(“Tsugu.”)Blackmust

playheretosavethefrontier.85.T9.SavingthestoneatT10. 86.R11.Blackcannotneglect

toplayhere.87.O11. 88.L11.89.L10. 90.K10.91.Q.13.Whitemustbreakup

Black’sterritoryintheupperright-handcorner.

92.P12.

93.M11.Whkeretreats. 94.M10.

95.L12. 96.L9.Takes.Whitehasescapedbymeansofsacrificingonestone.

97.P13. 98.O12.99.N12. 100.O13.101.S12.(“Nozoku.”) 102.K12.103.O14. 104.N13.(“Shicho.”)105.L13. 106.P14.CutsWhiteoff.107.P15. 108.Q14.109.Q15. 110.R14.111.R15. 112.S14.Alltheselastmoves

areobviouslynecessary.113.O15.Connecting. 114.S15.115.R16. 116.M14.

CommentbyHontnboShuye:“Thismoveisamistake;itshouldhavebeenplayedatM15.”

117.K14.White’sstonesintheupperleft-handcornerarenowconnected.

118.M16.

119.G10.Adefensivemove.Whiteattemptstogetallhisstonesinonegroup.

120.F9.(“Tsugu.”)

121.J12.ProtectstheconnectionatH10.

122.J11.

123.J13. 124.N10.Protectingthe“Me”atL10.Knis“Kageme.”

125.N11. 126.O17.127.L15. 128.M15.White’ssituationin

theupperright-handcornerlooksverybadatthispoint.

129.Q.17. 130.R18.AbettermovethanQ16.

131.N17. 132.N18.133.Q18. 134.S17.

135.M17. 136.N16.Whiteispreventedfromconnecting.

137.M18. 138.M13.ThreateningWhite’sotherconnection.

139.M12.Whitemustconnect. 140.P18.ToaninexperteyeWhite’sgroupintheupperright-handcornernowlookshopeless.

141.Q.19Thisistoprevent“Watari.”

142.O16.Blackmustplayheretoprotecthisfourstones.

143.S16. 144.T16.(“Watari.”)145.T15.Asacrificetoprevent

Blackfromforming“Me.”146.T14.Blackmusttakethe

stone.147.R13.Theconditioninthis

corneroftheboardisnowafineexampleof“Semeai.”

148.S13.

149.S18. 150.T18.151.S19.Thesituationisnow

highlyinteresting.152.R12.White’ssacrificeatT

15isnowbearingfruit.153.R17. 154.T17.Neithersidecanplay

atT19withoutloss.

155.P16.Takes.Formingaperfect“Me,”theotherbeingatR18.Theplayinthiscornerisnowcomplete.

156.C13.IncreasingBlack’sterritory.

157.B5.Protectingthecorner. 158.G13.159.H11. 160.L16.161.K16. 162.F15.ExtendingBlack’s

frontiers.163.F17. 164.J15.

CommentbyHontnboSbuye:“Black’smoves164and166arebothuseless.Atmove164BlackshouldhaveplayedatD15.”

165.H16. 166.G16.167.H15. 168.D15.

169.D16. 170.D14.171.G15. 172.B15.173.B16. 174.C14Completingthe

frontier.175.P2. 176.Q2.177.Q1. 178.R1.179.P1. 180.R2Theusualseriesof

movesinsuchasituation.181.C16.Wemightsaythatthe

endgamecommencesataboutthispoint.

182.J2.

183.L2. 184.K3.185.A7. 186.E16.187.G17. 188.F13.ThestoneatG13

needssupport.189.H13.Averygoodmoveto

protectWhite’sgroup.190.A8.StoppingWhite’s

invasion191.B6. 192.B7.193.A6. 194.B8.Theusualmoves.195.B14. 196.B13.

197.A15.Takes 198.L17.199.L18.Completingthe

frontier.200.M19.

201.K18. 202.J6.Alltherestoftheboardispracticallyfinished.

203.F11. 204.E11.205.E16. 206.E15.207.H14. 208.G14.209.E5. 210.E12.211.H5. 212.J5.213.H4. 214.J4.215.G3. 216.J9.

CommentbyHontnboShuye:“Thismoveisunprofitable.HadBlackplayed

atJ8,averygoodprofitwouldhavebeensecured.’’

217.J8. 218.E4.219.F5. 220.D1.221.C1. 222.D6.Blackmustconnect.223.O9. 224.M9.225.K13. 226.K11.227.J7. 228.H6.229.H10. 230.G12.231.H12. 232.K7.233.N7. 234.08.235.S5.Bysacrificingone

stoneWhiteforcesBlacktofilltwospaces.

236.Q4.

237.T8. 238.T7.239.J1. 240.K2.241.K1. 242.A13.243.L19. 244.N19.245.P19. 246.O18.247.A14. 248.L14.249.K15. 250.M5.

251.N5. 252.K8.253.Q,9.(“Kotsugu.”)

Here thegame is left as finished in thepublished report,but the remainingmovesarenotallstrictlyspeaking“Dame.”Therearequiteanumberofmovestobemadebeforewecanproceedtothecount.Thefirstquestionis,naturally,whatstonesaredead,andwefindthatWhitehasthreedeadstonesatS12,S5,andK4.BlackhasthreedeadstonesatJ15,O4,andR18.ThewhitestonesatP,Q,andR13,arenotdeadyet.Theyhaveaggressivepossibilities,andmustbeactually surrounded. As near as we can judge the game would proceed asfollows: First: Necessary although obvious moves which are not strictly“Dame.”

WHITE BLACK

254.O12.ThethreewhitestonesmustbetakenbeforeBlackissafe.

255.R19.WhitemusttakethisbeforefillingT19.

256.T15.Anecessaryconnection.

257.N6.Necessarytoformconnection.

Second: The following moves which are strictly “Dame.” It makes nodifferencewhichsidefillstheseintersections,butitwouldgenerallybedoneasfollows:

WHITE BLACK

258.T19.259.O19. 260.P17.261.N15. 262.N14.263.F12. 264.J10.265.H7. 266.M7.267.M4. 268.M3.

Thefrontiersarenowabsolutelyincontact,andthecountcanbemade,anditwillbeseenthatafterfillingupthevacantterritorywiththecapturedstonesasfarastheywillgo,Blackhaswonbythreepoints.TheJapanesewouldrearrangethe board in order to make the counting of the spaces more easy (“Me wotsukuru”),butforthefirstgameortwothebeginnermightfinditlessconfusingtoomitthisprocess.HontnboShuyecommentsonthisgameasfollows:“Inspiteofsomanyerrors,Blackwinsshowinghowgreatistheadvantage

resultingfromahandicap.”

II

Plate15WHITE.—MuraseShuho,seventhdegree.

BLACK.—UchigakiSutekichi,fifthdegree.Thisgame is taken fromKorschelt, and thenotes arehis. In someof these

notes will be found mere repetitions of matter that I have inserted in theprecedingchapters,orwhichwillbehereafterfoundinthechapteron“Joseki.”Thesenotesare,however,veryfullandvaluable,andalittlerepetitionmayhavetheeffectofaidingthememoryofthestudent,andwilldonoharm.Contrarytothecustom,thisgamewasplayedwithouthandicaps.

BLACK WHITE

1.R16.Inthebeginningofthegamethecornersandmarginsarefirstoccupied,becauseitistherethatpositionscanmosteasilybetakenwhichcannotbekilled,andwhichalsocontainterritory.Fromtheedgesandcornerstheplayermakestowardthecenter.Thisprocessisrepeatedineverygame.

2.D17.

3.Q.3-Intakingacornerthatisstillvacantthereisachoiceamongsevenpoints;e.g.,inthecornerdesignatedasD4,thesepointsareD3,D4,D5,C4,C5,E3,andE4.Ontheotherhand,C3andE5arebad,becausetheterritorywhichisobtainedbyC3istoosmall,andtheadversarywouldreplytoE5withD4,bymeansofwhichE5wouldbecutofffromthemargin.OfmovesthataregoodD3-C4arethesurest,andmostfrequentlyused.E4-D5formerlywerethefavoritemoves,buttheprecedingmovesarenowpreferredtothem.E3-C5areseldomused.Allofthis,ofcourse,appliestothecorrespondingpointsintheotherthreecorners.

4.P17.TheattackcouldalsobecommencedatP16.

5.C4. 6.Q6.CorrespondingtoNo.4,thismoveshouldhavebeenplayedatR5orQ.5,butWhiteplaysonQ6,becauseifheplayedonQ5,BlackwouldhaverepliedatR10orR9,andlaterWhiteP5andBlackO4wouldhavefollowed,withtheresultthatWhitehasnothing,whileBlackhasobtainedtwopositions,oneonO-Q,andtheotheronR.

7.O4.BeginnerswouldhaverepliedtoQ.6withQ.5orR5.Theyattacktheiropponentatclosequartersfromthebeginning,becausetheycannottakeinthewholefieldataglance.Their

8.D15.ThepositionD15-D17isverystrong,andplayersliketotakeit.Thisapplies,ofcourse,tothecorrespondingpositionsinotherpartsoftheboard,ofwhichthereareseven;i.e.,C16-Ei6#Q

entireeffortistoabsorbthelaststonethattheiropponenthasplayed.Whentwobeginnersplaytogetherthebattlemovesslowlyfromacorneroutoverisentirelyfilledwithstones,whiletheotheriscompletelyempty.Thisisasuresignofbadplay.Inthebeginningthegoodplayersspreadtheirstonesovertheboardasmuchaspossible,andavoidcloseconflicts.

3-Q5,etc.Assoonasoneplayergetsapositionofthekindhisopponentortentakesasimilarpositiononthenextmoveinordertobalancetheboard,andonesideoftheboardtheadvantagegainedbyhisadversary;thisissomethinglikecastlinginChess.

9.E4. 10.C10.IfWhitedidnotoccupythispoint,wemighthavethefollowingcontinuation:B.C10W.C7

B.C13W.E7

andBlackhastheadvantage,becauseWhite’sstonesatC7-E7canonlygetone“Me”ontheedgeoftheboard,andlateronmustseekaconnectionwithsomeothergroup.Byconstantlyharassingsuchendangeredgroupsterritoryisoftenobtained.

11.R13.InplaceoftakingthissecurepositiononlineR,BlackshouldhaveattackedthewhitestoneonP17withL17,andinthiswayBlackwouldhaveobtainedpositionsonbothline17andonlineR.

12.C5.WhiteseesthatBlackplaystoocarefully,andthereforechallengeshimwithaboldbutprematureattackthatgivesthewholegameitscharacter.

13.D5. 14.C6.15.B4. 16.D6.17.E6. 18.E7.19.F6. 20.H3.AssoonasBlack

answersthismove,Whitewill

taketerritoryontherightorleftofH3.

21.G2.Isplayedverycarefully.K3wouldprobablyhavebeenbetter.InthatcaseWhitewouldeitherhaveplayedH5inordertosaveH.3,whereuponB.F7W.E8

B.K5

wouldhavefollowed,orWhitewouldhaveansweredatK4.

22.M3.Twostoneswhichmutuallysupporteachotheronthemarginoftheboardandformapositioncannotbeseparatedbymorethantwospaces;forinstance,R13-R16.Inthatcasetheadversarycannotcutoneofffromtheother.(Korschelthereinsertscontinuationssimilartowhatwehaveshowninaprecedingchapter.)Therefore,White’stwentiethandtwenty-secondmovesaremerelyintendedtofillterritorythatwouldotherwisefalltoBlack,andarenotintendedtoformanewgroup.

23.H2.TheonlycorrectanswerwouldhavebeenK3,whichwouldhaveseparatedWhite’stwentiethandtwenty-secondstones.

24.M5.WhiteseekstoformaconnectionwithNo.6,whichBlackfrustratesbyhistwenty-fifthmove.Itisofthegreatestimportancetopreventtheunionofgroupswhichtheadversaryhasformedonthemargin,inorderthattheymayremainweak,andrequirecontinuousdefense.Theplayerwhohasthe“Sente”

mostofthetimewillgenerallybethevictor.

25.O6. 26.Q9.IsverynecessaryinordernottosurrendertheentirerightsidetoBlack.

27.K17.Allgoodplayersagreethat27shouldnothavebeenplayedatK17,butatL17.ThisisdifficulttounderstandbecauseK17canbesupportedfromboth

28.H17.ThismovehastheeffectofabandoningstoneNo.4atP17.AfterBlack’stwenty-ninthmoveatN17,No.4couldstillescapebymeansofP15,but

sidesatG17andN17,buth17isbetterbecauseBlackshouldbeoccupiednotmerelywithtakingaposition,butmoreparticularlywithkillingWhite’sfourthstone.InthesequelK17ifactuallytakenbyWhite.

givingitupbringsmoreterritoryelsewherethanistherelost.Iti&afavoritedeviceofstrongplayerstoapparentlyabandonapositiontotheiradversaryafterfirstpreparingitsothateventuallyitmaylive,orsothatitmayafterwardaidinsur«>roundingoneoftheadversary’sgroups.Theabandonedpositionoftenreawakenstolifeiftheweakeradversaryallowshissurroundinggrouptobeitselfsurroundedandtakenbeforethecaptureoftheabandonedposition,hasbeencompleted.

29.N17. 30.F7.31.G7. 32.K3.Itmighthavebeen

bettertohaveplayedatG8.ThenifBlackrepliedatH7,WhitecouldplayatC10,andthewhiteterritoryintheneighborhoodoflineDwouldbeverylarge.CertainlyinthatcaseH3wouldhavebeenabandoned,butnotM3–M5.Since32K3ispurelydefensive,Blackgetstheattack,andappreciablyreducesthewhiteterritoryintheneighborhoodoflineD.

33.D8. 34.D7.35.D11. 36.C11.37.D12. 38.C12.39.D13. 40.C13.41.G9. 42.G6.Ifthismovehadnot

dividedtheblackgroups,Blackwouldhavebecometoopowerful.

43.H7. 44.E9.ThisconnectsthetwopartsoftheWhiteposition,whichconnectionwasthreatenedbyBlack’sthirty-thirdstone.Moreover,the“Sente”remainswithWhite,'becauseBlackcannotallowhispositiontobebrokenintothroughF10.

45.Gl2. 46.Q14.

47.R14. 48.R17.49.S17. 50.Q16.51.R15. 52.R11.Thebeginnerwill

wonderthat52Q15didnotfollow51R15.Thisisbecause53R10-54R9wouldresult,andWhitewouldbeatadisadvantage.Themoves46-52arepartofadeeplythought-outplanonthepartofWhite.BlackcouldaffordtoignoreNo.4aslongasitstoodalone.ThereuponWhiteincreasesitbyNos.48and50,andBlackmustacceptthesacrifice,becauseotherwiseNos.27-29arethreatened.BythissacrificeWhitegetstheterritoryaroundNo.27,andalsohasanopportunityofincreasinghispositiononlineQbyhisfifty-secondmove.

53.O16. 54.M16.Onthefifty-thirdmoveBlackproceedswiththecaptureofNos.4,48,and50,whileWhiteonhisfifty-fourthmovehemsinNo.27.

55.H16.ThismoveisignoredbyWhitebecauseBlackmust

56.M17.

replytohisfifty-sixthandmovesinordertosaveNos.29and53.57.N18. 58.M18.59.Q15. 60.J17.61.J16. 62.K18.63.E16. 64.D16.65.G17. 66.K16.67.P16.Thisisnecessaryto

avoidthefollowingcontinuation:W.P16,O15,N16,O14

B.P15,N15,O17,P18

andWhitehastheadvantage.

68.K15.

69.D14. 70.C14.71.R5. 72.R6.73.E15.Itisoftheutmost

importancetoBlacktooccupythispoint,forotherwiseWhitewouldpressfarintohisterritorythroughthisopening.Hegoesfirst,however,onhisseventy-firstmovetoR5,becauseWhitemustfollow,andthento73,becauseonthismovehelosesthe“Sente.”BlackcouldalsohaveoccupiedS5,towhichWhitewouldhaverepliedwithS6,becauseotherwisethefollowingcontinuationwouldhaveoccurred:B.S5,S6,S8,R8,Q8

W.E15,S7,T7,R7

andtheWhitepositionisbrokenup.ItisbecauseBlackplayedatE15toohastilyandwithoutfirstoccupyingS5

74.Q5.MuraseShuhothoughtthat74wasabadmoveandthatS5wouldhavebeenbetter.Thegamewouldthenhavecontinuedasfollows:B.73,E15,R4

W.S5,S4

HealsothoughtthatWhite’smovesfrom76–82werebad,becausenothing”inparticularwasaccomplishedbyseparatingO4from06,sinceitwasimpossibletokillthem.

thatWhitecanbreakuptheBlackpositionbytheseriesofmovesNos.74-82.

75.S5. 76.Q.4.77.R3. 78.P3.79.P2. 80.O3.81.O2. 82.P4.83.N8. 84.L8.85.O10. 86.F3.87.G3. 88.F4.

89.E3. 90.G5.91.E5.Blackhasplayedonthis

pointbecauseotherwiseE6-F6willdie;thus,W.E5,B.E5takes

W.E5retakes

92.J6.

93.G4.ThisisintendedtosecureH2,G2andG3.ThesimplestwayofdoingthiswouldbetoplayatF2,butG4gainssixmore“Me”becauseF3-F4mayberegardedastaken.

94.H14.Fromthispointon,theterritoryinthecenterisfilledup.BlackandWhiteseemtogetitinaboutequalparts.

95.L10. 96.J11.97.H11. 98.F14.99.E14. 100.H10.101.G10. 102.H12.103.G11

.104.O8.

105.Q10. 106.R10.107.P8. 108.P9.109.O9. 110.O7.111.P10. 112.R8.113.N7. 114.P7.

115.L9. 116.K8.117.J9. 118.K12.119.J10. 120.N6.121.A7.Thismoveisworthyof

study.122.B7.

123.N2. 124.J5.125.E18. 126.D18.127.G18. 128.G13.129.M12. 130.F12.

131.F11. 132.E10.133.E11. 134.S12.135.S13. 136.N14.137.L12. 138.L13.139.M13. 140.L14.141.K11. 142.J12.143.A6. 144.A8.145.B5. 146.B6.147.A5. 148.B8.149.S6. 150.S7.151.M8. 152.M6.NotatM7,because

thatwouldleadtothelossofK8–L8.

153.D19. 154.C19.155.E19. 156.C18.157.N3. 158.N4.159.L2. 160.L3161.K2. 162.F5163.F2. 164.E17.165.F17. 166.H19.167.H18. 168.J18.169.G19. 170.P14.171.P15. 172.N19.173.O19. 174.M19.

175.O17. 176.R4.177.S4. 178.T6.179.R12. 180.S11.181.O13. 182.O14.183.P13.

This is as far as the game is recorded in the Go magazine, published byMuraseShuho.Agoodplayercannowforesee the result at thecostofa littletrouble.Blackhaswonbyfivepoints.

AccordingtoKorschelt’sview,theplaywouldhaveproceededasfollows:

BLACK WHITE

184.T5.185.T4. 186.T7.187.S3. 188.G15.189.G16. 190.J8.191.H8. 192.N13.193.Nl2. 194.M14.195.J7 196.K7.197.F8. 198.E8.199.D10. 200.D9.201.J15. 202.J’4.203.J19.Takes. 204.K19.206.Q11. 206.F5.207.F16. 208.J2209.J1. 210.J3.211.M7. 212.L7.213.H4. 214.J4.215.N15. 216.K9.217.K10. 218.M2.219.M1. 220.Q13.221.M15. 222.L5.223.F9. 224.Q12.

225.P12. 226.T13.227.T14. 228.T12.229.H19.

Thestonesthatarestilltobeplayedare“Dame.”Byplayingtheseno“Me”canbeeitherwonorlost,andforthemostpartitmakesnodifferencewhethertheyarefilledupbyBlackorWhite.Theseareasfollows:

O15,N16,H5,H6,F13,E13,H5,H15,F10,E13E12,H15,F10.Blackhassixty-four“Me”andWhitefifty-seven“Me.”

IIIBLACK.—ItoKotaro,fifthdegree.WHITE.—KariganeJunichi,sixthdegree.ThisgamewasplayedinTokioaboutJanuary,1907,andisafineillustration

oftheruleof“Ko.”Nohandicapsweregiven.

BLACK WHITE

1.C4.(“Komoku.”)Blackbeingtheweakerplayer,adoptsaconservativeopening.

2.Q.3.

3.D17. 4.C15.5.E3.Theopeningis

conventionalsofar.6.C9.Thisisan

unusualmove.7.F16. 8.C17.9.C18. 10.D16.11.E17. 12.Q.17.13.R15. 14.R6.15.R11. 16.K3.17.N17. 18.D12.Notthebest

move.P16wouldhavebeenbetter.Thispartofthegameisgenerallydevotedtothegeneraldistributionofstones.

19.P16.White’sstoneatQ17isnowshutin.IftheblackstoneatN17wereatM17,Whitecouldhaveescaped.

20.P17

21.O17. 22.S16.23.R16. 24.R17.25.S15. 26.S17.27.P18. 28.Q.18.29.O19.Probablynotthebest.

O15wouldhavehadgreaterpossibilities.

30.S19.ThecornerisatypicalGoproblem.Whitehadtoplacethisstoneverycarefullyinordertoprovideforthenecessarytwo“Me.”

31.J16.Notthebest.O15wouldhavebeenbetter.

32.Q16.

33.Q15. 34.P15.CuttingBlack’sconnection.TljenecessityforablackstoneatO15isnowapparent.

35.O16. 36.P14.37.R13. 38.Q12.39.Q11. 40.P12.41.P11. 42.M13.43.R8.Notthebestmove.N11

wouldhavebeenmoreaggressive.44.K16.Whitenow

commencesaseriesofmovestobreakupBlack’sterritoryatthetopoftheboard.

45.K17. 46.L17.47.L16. 48.K15.49.L15. 50.J17.51.K18. 52.H17.53.L18. 54.J1555.H16. 56.G16.

57.H15. 58.G15.59.H14. 60.G17.61.J13. 62.O11.63.O10. 64.N11.65.N10. 66.M11.67.K12.Anineffectivemove;B

17wouldhavebeenbetter.68.B17.

69.B18. 70.F15.71.F18.Blackmustdefendhis

corner,whichisalreadymuchreducedinsize.

72.A18.

73.G19. 74.L14.

75.K14.Thethreewhitestones,J15,K15,andK16aredead.TheyweresacrificedinordertobreakupBlack’sterritoryatthetopoftheboard.

76.M15.

77.M16. 78.Q8.79.Q7. 80.R7.81.P8. 82.S8.83.Q9.Takes. 84.R9.85.O13.Anefforttodeprivethe

whitegroupofthenecessary“Me”andtoenvelopthem.

86.O14.

87.N13. 88.N14.89.L10. 90.L11.91.K10.K11wouldnotdo;

Whitecouldbreakthroughinthatcase.

92.R12.

93.S12. 94.Q13.95.S10. 96.R14.97.S14. 98.S13.Takes.99.T13.“Watari.” 100.L12.101.N12. 102.Mio.

103.M9. 104.Kn.105.J11.Whiteisnowshutin. 106.O12.Whitesaves

hisgroupinthiswaybecausehecangetthepositioncalled“Magarishimokuwame”nomatterwhatBlackdoes.

107.R4. 108.Q4.109.R3. 110.R2.111.S2. 112.Q4.113.S5. 114.Q6.115.S1.Black’scornerissmall,

butitwillsurelylive.116.Q8.Takes.“Ko.”

117.P7. 118.P9.119.R8.“Ko.”. 120.T3.Aneffortto

destroythecorner.121.S3. 122.Q8.“Ko.”.123.P10. 124.N4.White

eventuallywinsthegamebymeansoftheterritoryhenowmapsout.

125.E16. 126.15.127.D14.“Nozoku”. 128.D15.129.C7. 130.J10.131.L8. 132.H11.133.J12. 134.J9.135.G11.Notverygood.Black

shouldhaveplayedatK8.136.N8.

137.N9. 138.K8.139.L9.Blackmustplayhereto

protecthistwostones.140.B4.

141.B3. 142.D4.143.C3. 144.C5.145.C6.Anunusualwayof

playingthecorner.146.N6.

147.L6. 148.K5.149.K6. 150.J5.151.J6. 152.H6.153.H7. 154.G10.155.F11. 156.G7.157.G6. 158.H5.159.G8. 160.F7161.F8. 162.H8.163.J7.Notehowthecenter

fillsupwithouteithersidegettingterritorythere.

164.F10.

165.E8. 166.E7.167.E11. 168.E10.

169.D11. 170.D8.171.D7. 172.F5.173.E5. 174.F6.175.C14. 176.M7.177.R8.“Ko.”Aweakmove.

White’spositionisalreadybetter,andBlackshouldplayatB14,wherehemighthaveachancetokillWhite’sgroup,intheupperleft-handcorner.

178.B14.White’sgroupisnowsafe.

179.B13. 180.A14.181.C12. 182.B16.Thisisan

interestingproblem.IfWhiteplaysatB15,Blackcouldkillthegroup.

183.L7. 184.D5.185.C8. 186.D9.187.B5. 188.B6.189.A4.Takes. 190.D6.191.B7. 192.B8.

193.A6.Takes. 194.F2.Defendinghislargeterritoryontheloweredgeoftheboard.

195.E4. 196.Q8.“Ko.”AttackingBlack’sgroupwhichhasstilltoformthenecessarytwo“Me.”.

197.J8. 198.H9.Whitecannotaffordtofillthe“Ko”atR8.

199.R8.“Ko.”. 200.G18.201.H19. 202.Q8.“Ko.”

Returningtotheattack.203.O9.Takes. 204.E6.Anecessary

connection.

205.G4.InvadingWhite’sterritory.

206.G5.Takes.Whitemustdothisorlosetenstones.

207.E2. 208.G3.209.P6. 210.P5.211.M5. 212.N5.213.M4. 214.M3.Thisends

Black’sinvasion.215.F4. 216.Q14.217.R13.“Ko.”. 218.B19.“Sente.”.219.D18.Blackmustconnect. 220.S13.“Ko.”.221.R5. 222.Q5.223.R13.“Ko”.Blackmustwin

this“Ko”orlosefivestones.224.J18

225.J19. 226.S13.“Ko”.227.L4.“Sente.” 228.L3.229.R13.“Ko”.Black’sgroup

isnowsafe.230.H12.

231.S13.“Kotsugu.”. 232.E13.

233.B10. 234.B9.235.F13. 236.E14.237.G14. 238.H3.239.S6. 240.D3.241.D2. 242.C10.243.C11. 244.B11.245.R8.“Ko.”. 246.M6.247.L5. 248.Q8.“Ko”.249.R1. 250.Q1.251.R8.“Ko”. 252.S7.253.S9. 254.Q8.“Ko”.255.E12. 256.D13.257.R8.“Ko”. 258.G12.“Sente.”.

259.F12. 260.Q8.“Ko”.261.F3. 262.G2.

263.R8.“Ko”. 264.T4.265.T2.Blackmustdefendhis

group.266.Q8.“Ko”.

267.T16. 268.T17.269.R8.“Ko”. 270.T6.271.T5.Blackmuststopthe

Whiteadvance.272.Q8.“Ko”.

273.Q19. 274.R19.276.R8.“Ko”. 276.P19.“Ko”.277.O18. 278.Q8.“Ko”.279.S18.IfBlackcanalsoplay

atT19,White’scornerisdead.280.T18.

281.R8.“Ko”. 282.N15.283.L13.Purposelystarting

another“Ko”.284.K13.“Ko”.

286.B12. 286.L13.“Kotsugu.”.287.An.Takes. 288.Q8.“Ko”.

289.C13. 290.R8.“Kotsugu.”.291.K9.Blackmustform

another“Me”forthisgroupatonce.

292.O6.

293.J4. 294.H4.296.K4. 296.C2.297.B2. 298.E1.299.C1.Takes. 300.J3.301.T9.Thegameispractically

overatthispoint.302.N16.

303.J14.Takingthreestones. 304.G8.305.T19.Takes. 306.O7.307.P9.Connecting. 308.T15.Takes.309.T8. 310.C19.

311.F17. 312.A13.313.A12. 314.A17.315.D19. 316.A19.317.R10. 318.A9.319.A10. 320.Q19.“Kotsugu.”.321.A7.

Thegameaspublishedendsatthispoint,buttherestillremainmovestobemadethatarenotstrictly“Dame.”WhitemustkillthethreeblackstonesatE8,F8,andG8,as thatportionof theboard isnotquitedisposedof,and“Seki”mighteasilyoccurifWhiteplaysbadly.Thegamemightcontinueasfollows:

BLACK WHITE

322.F1.323.G13. 324.E9.325.H13. 326.H10.Whitemustconnect.327.A8. 328.F9.329.D10. 330.G9.Whitemusttakethe

threestones.

331.Di.StoppingWhite’sadvance.

332.T16.“Tsugu.”.

Thefollowingmovesarestrictly“Dame”:F14,H18,M8,O15,T14.Eithersidecanfillthese“Me.”Thefollowingstonesaredeadandcannowberemoved:

WHITE.—K8,L17,T3,T4.BLACK.—N12,N13,O13,S18.

Whitewinsbyfourstones.Afterthedeadstonesareusedtofillupthevacantspaces, and the board is rearranged, it will be found thatWhite has fourteen“Me”andBlackten“Me.”

Morethantheusualnumberofmovesweremadeinthisgame.

IV

Plate16WHITE.—HiroseHeijiro,fifthdegree.

BLACK.—NaganoKeijiro,fourthdegree.

Blackhasahandicapoftwostones.(D4andQ16.)PlayedMarch,1907,inTokio.BothplayerswereoftheHoyenshaSchool.Whenthisgamewaspublished,itwasannotatedbyMr.IwasakiKenzo,andI

havetranslatedhisannotations;theseareindicatedbytheinitials“I.K.”

WHITE BLACK

1.R4. 2.C16.3.E17. 4.D15.5.C11.TopreventBlack

formingterritoryontheleftside.6.C7.P3wouldhavebeen

better.(IwasakiKenzo.)7.O3. 8.R10.Thismoveiscalled

“Moku’Shita.”ItisoneofMuraseShuho’sinventions.

9.R14.WhitebreaksintoBlack’sterritoryatonce.

10.R6.

11.O17. 12.O16.Thesemoveswillbefoundinthechapteron“Joseki.”.

13.N16. 14.O15.15.P17. 16.Q17.17.Q13.Whitemustlookour

forthestoneatR14.18.R15.Thismovesecuresthe

corner,andatthesametimeprotectstheconnectionofBlack’sstonesonlinesOandQ“Ikkyoryotoku.”.

19.O13. 20.N14.21.L17.RepliestoBlack’slast

move.22.Q14.

23.S14. 24.F16.25.G17. 26.S15.Securesthecorner.27.P10. 28.Q8.P6wouldhavebeen

better.(I.K.)29.C14. 30.D14.31.C13. 32.D12.Notthebestmove.M

3wouldhavebeenbetter.(I.K.)33.D11. 34.E12.35.E11. 36.F11.37.F12.Whitecutsoff.Thisis

anaggressivemove.38.F13.G14wouldhavebeen

better.(I.K.)39.G12. 40.F10.41.G13. 42.F14.43.D8.Whiteprovides;an

escapeforstonesonline11.44.H15.H14wasbetter,as

WhitedarenotcutoffatG14.(I.K.)

45.H10. 46.F8.47.D7. 48.C6.49.D6. 50.D5.

51.F6. 52.H9.BlackmustprovideanexitforhnstonesonlineE.

53.J10.Whitecannotrisk 54.H8.

jumpingfarther.55.H17.Notgood.K8would

havebeenbetter,(I.K.).56.K8.Blackpromptly

escapes.57.C8.Good,butnotthebest.

M12wouldhavehelpedthewhitestonesnearthecenter.

58.L10.BlackcommencesanattackonWhite’sfivestones.

59.J14.Whiteretreats. 60.J15.61.L14. 62.L15.63.Lia. 64.J12.Thisisa“Suteishi,”

butitgreatlyaidsBlack’sattack.65.K12.Notagoodmove.By

reasonofthisBlack’ssixty-eighthmoveismadepossible.(I.K.)

66.K15.

67.J13.Anothermovewhicharreststhedevelopmentofthegame.(I.K.)

68.K17.AttacksWhite’sstonesatthetopoftheboard.

69.K18. 70.L18.71.J17. 72.M17.73.K16.Takes. 74.L16.Black’sattackonthe

upperright-handcornerisnowwelldeveloped

75.P8.Whiteabandonsfieldandplayselsewhere.

76.p7.

77.O8. 78.H5.79.F4. 80.H3.81.F2. 82.D2.83.F7.Whiteperfectshis

connection.84.M3.

85.Q9. 86.R9.87.Q7. 88.R8.89.P6. 90.M5.Blackenlargeshis

territoryatthebottomoftheboard.

91.O7.Takes 92.S5.Forming“Me”forthesidegroup.

93.C18.StrongerthanC17 94.K17.Takesin“Ko.”95.S4. 96.R12.97.P14. 98.Q15.99.R13. 100.T4.101.L17.Takes.in“Ko” 102.M18.103.K3.InvadingBlack’s

terrritory.Whitecanconnectoneitherside.

104.L4.

105.H2. 106.G3.107.J3. 108.J4.109.G2. 110.M7.111.E2. 112.C3.IfBlackplaysatD

3,WhitecouldreplyatD1withthe“Sente.”

113.L8.ThreteningBlack’sterritory.IfBlackdefence,Whitecanconnectsomewhere.

114.K9.

115.J6. 116.H6.117.L6.White’sattackonthis

territoryisveryfine.118.L7.

119.K4. 120.K5.121.J5. 122.K6.123.H4.Takes 124.S3.125.R3. 126.S2.127.J7. 128.M9.Blackcannotneglect

this—thewholecenteroftheboardmightbelost

129.R2. 130.H7.131.T15. 132.S17.BetterthanT16,asit

providesfor“Me”inthecorner.133.S12. 134.S11.135.L19. 136.K17.Takesin“Ko.”137.N9. 138.N8.139.L17.Takesin“Ko.” 140.M16.

141.N7. 142.M8.143.B17. 144.B16.145.B8. 146.M12.Threateningto

surroundthetenwhitestonesinthecenter

147.E9. 148.F9.149.K14.Forming“Me”for

groupincenter.150.G11.

151.H11. 152.H14.153.M11. 154.H13.155.H12. 156.M13.157.L11. 158.S1.Thismoveisworth

fiveorsixpoints159.B6.B5mighthavebeen

moreaggressive.160.B5.

161.B7. 162.C5.163.N5. 164.N6.165.N4. 166.L2.167.N2. 168.M2.OtherwiseWhite

wouldplayatL3.169.G5. 170.A13.Thisstoneis

connectedwithstoneatB16.Thismoveoftenoccurs.

171.B12. 172.D17.173.E18. 174.Q.12.175.P12. 176.T16.177.E16. 178.E15.179.R5. 180.S7.181.R1. 182.Q6.183.Q5.Thispartoftheboard

isnowcompleted.184.M19.

185.A5. 186.A4.

187.A6. 188.B4.189.M4. 190.L3.

191.K2. 192.K19.Takes.193.J19. 194.K17.Takesin“Ko.”195.L19.Takesin“Ko.” 196.F17.197.F18. 198.D18.199.C17. 200.D16.201.D19.“Watari.” 202.E10.203.D10. 204.E8.205.M10. 206.Q10.207.K10. 208.L9.Takes.209.P9. 210.L13.211.K13. 212.N12.213.M14. 214.N13.215.N11. 216.O12.217.O11. 218.O14.219.P13. 220.D9.Takes.221.C9. 222.Q11.223.P11. 224.J16.Takes.225.G16. 226.F15.227.N3. 228.M6.229.T14. 230.T12.231.T13. 232.S13.Takes.233.P15. 234.P16.235.S12.Takesin“Ko.” 236.T11237.E3. 238.O6.239.O5. 240.A17.241.A18. 242.A16.243.A12. 244.B14.245.B13. 246.A14.247.D3. 248.C2.249.M15. 250.N15.

Blackwins,thereportsays,by“Ichiban,”whichmeansanythinguptoten“Me.”Accordingtomycontinuation,Blackwonbyseven“Me.”

V

Plate17ThisisagamebetweenaJapaneseplayerandabeginner.Itisinsertedsolely

toshowthecharacterofthemistakeswhichbeginnersarelikelytomake.Sucherrorsneveroccuringamesbetweengoodplayers,andthereforethisgamemaybemoreusefultoanovicethanthegamescontestedbetweenplayersofgreaterskill.

PlayedMay7,1907.Blackhasahandicapoffivestones.

WHITE BLACK

1.C14. 2.E3.Bad;tooclosetothehandicapstone.Besidesitisbetter

torespondtoWhite’sattackinthesamepartoftheboard.

3.O3. 4.C15.Thiswouldbetooconservativeiftheplayerswereanythinglikeequal.

5.R14. 6.D6.Muchbettertoplayinoneoftheright-handcorners.C6wouldbebetteralso.

7.F17. 8.P3.O4ismuchbetter.9.R6 10.Q14.11.S16.Thiswouldnotplayed

againstagoodplayer.12.O4.Blackshouldreplyto

White’slastmove.13.N3. 14.D8.Unnecessary;much

bettertoplayinoneofthethreatenedcorners.

15.C3. 16.C4.B4wouldbebetter.17.B3. 18.D2.19.D3. 20.E2.21.B5. 22.B4.23.A4. 24.C2.25.B8. 26.D5.Overcautious.27.C7. 28.D7.Unnecessary;Black

couldgain-adecisiveadvantageatB6.

29.B6. 30.C8.TooneartheWhiteline,acommonmistakeofbeginners.

31.B9. 32.B2.33.A3. 34.C9.Toonear;Blackcan

jumponeortwospaceswithmuchbettereffect.

35.C10. 36.D10.37.C11. 38.D14.

39.C13. 40.D12.AtthispointBlack’spositionisgoodenougn,ashis

lineonDisverystrong.41.C17. 42.B14.43.B13. 44.C12.Blackgainsverylittle

bythis.45.B12. 46.B15.47.D17. 48.B16.Verybad;Blackhas

thewholeboardtogaingroundinelsewhere.

49.E16. 50.D15.IfBlackfeelshemustplayhere,D13isbetter.

51.D13. 52.E13.53.E12. 54.D11.55.F13. 56.E14.57.G12. 58.E11.59.F12. 60.F11.IfBlackhopestosave

hisgroupintheupperleft-handcorner,hemustescapetowardthecenteratthispoint.

61.F14.Black’sgroupisnowhopeless

62.A14.Blackcannotpossiblyform“Me”;thismoveismerelywasted.

63.J3. 64.E9.Toocautious.65.G3. 66.H11.67.G11. 68.F10.Blackforms“Me”in

thisgrouplongbeforeitisthreatened,whilehemightgaingroundelsewhere.

69.G10. 70.A16.Anotherlostmove.71.F4. 72.E4.73.G8. 74.G9.75.H9. 76.F9.77.H10. 78.F8.79.G7. 80.F6.

81.G6. 82.G5.ShouldhavebeenplayedatF5.

83.F5. 84.J10.Blackshouldplaynearertheedgeoftheboard.J10isradicallywrong.

85.K8. 86.H13.Blacktriestoformalivinggroupinthecenterwithoutsupport;thiscanseldombedone.

87.H12. 88.J11.89.J13. 90.H8.91.J8. 92.H7.Thesestonesare

hopelessfromthestart.Blackshouldplayintheright-handcorners.

93.H6. 94.J7.95.L7. 96.J6.97.H5. 98.J5.99.G4.Takes. 100.J9.101.M6. 102.N5.M5wouldbemuch

better.103.M5. 104.K4.Blackaddsmorestones

tohisalreadyhopelessgroup.Thisisoneofthecommonestmistakes.

105.M4. 106.J12.Blackshouldjumptotheright,sayatM11.

107.K13. 108.G14.F15mighthavehelpedBlack.

109.F15. 110.H4.111.J4. 112.F7.113.H3.Takes. 114.E6.Unnecessary.Black

shouldplaysomewhereintheunoccupiedportionoftheboard.

115.M12. 116.A13.WhollywastedunlessBlackwereanexpert.

117.B11. 118.B17.

119.B18. 120.C18.

121.D18. 122.A18.123.C19.Takes. 124.C6.125.B7. 126.K12.Likeall

beginners,blackkeepshisstonestooclosetogether.M10wouldbebetter

127.L13. 128.L12.129.M10. 130.M11.131.N11. 132.L11.133.N13. 134.L10.Blackagainadds

stonestoadeadgroup.135.M9. 136.L8.137.M8. 138.L9.139.K7. 140.O6.141.P5. 142.O2.S4wouldhavebeen

muchbetter.143.N2 144.N1.Blackoverlooksthat

hemustconnectatP2.Thisisacommonerrorofnovices.

145.P2. 146.J14.147.K16. 148.J16.149.K17. 150.K15.Blacktriestoform

anotherlivinggroup.HisonlychancewasnearQ.14–Q16.

151.L15. 152.L14.153.M14. 154.K14.155.M13. 156.M15.157.L16. 158.G16.Blackagainaddstoa

hopelessposition.159.G17. 160.H17.161.G15. 162.H15.Blackthingshehas

thenecessary“Me.”Twoofthem,however,are“Kageme.”

163.H18. 164.J18.165.J17. 166.G18.

167.H16.Takes,“Ko.” 168.A2.Blackplaysthiscorrectly

169.A5. 170.H17.Takes,“Ko.”171.H19. 172.K18.173.H16.Takes,“Ko.” 174.L18.175.H17.“Kotsugu.” 176.M17.Blackhasachance

tomakesometerritoryinthispartoftheboard.

177.O17. 178.N16.179.Q17. 180.O15.181.P16 182.Q15.183.P15. 184.R17.185.R16. 186.Q18.187.P17. 188.R15.189.S17. 190.R13.191.S14. 192.P14.193.S15. 194.O13.Blackshould

live,althoughhehasgainedlittlespace

195.N14. 196.P12.BlackshouldhaveoccupiedO14

197.O14.Black’sgroupsarenowseparated.

198.N18.

199.O18. 200.P18.201.R18.Takes. 202.O12.203.N12. 204.E15.Thisispurewaste.205.M19.IfBlackhadplayed

herehisgroupwouldhavelived.206.E17.

207.E18.Takes. 208.A12.209.A11 210.O16.Toolate;thisgroupis

hopelessnow.211.Q11. 212.Q12.213.R11 214.O11.

215.O10. 216.Q2.

217.O1.Takes. 218.M1.Thisisnonsense;mightstillsavethecornerbycorrectplay.

219.P4. 220.Q3.221.Q5. 222.M2.IfBlackplayedatS5

hewouldstillhaveachance.223.R4. 224.O5.225.P10. 226.R12.227.F2. 228.F1.229.G1. 230.E1.231.F3 232.C1.Blackwastesoneof

hisfewvacantspaces.233.R3 234.N19.

WhitepermitsBlacktoplayagain.

235.L17.

WhitepermitsBlacktoplayagain.

236.J19.

237.L19. 238.M18.WhitepermitsBlacktoplay

again.239.P19.

WhitepermitsBlacktoplayagain.

240.N17.

WhitepermitsBlacktoplayagain.

241.R19.

242.S19. 243.O19.244.R17.

“Dame”—E5andC5.Whitewinsbyonehundredandninety-sevenspacesandeighty-eightstones.

VIPlate18

WHITE.—InouyeInseki.BLACK.—YasuiShintetsu.

Played December, 1835. ° handicaps were given. This game is from aJapaneseworkcalled“KachiSeiKioku.”Thenotes are taken fromKorschelt,andas in theprevious instance involve the repetitionof some things thathavebeentouchedonintheprecedingchapters.

WHITE BLACK

1.R16. 2.D17.3.Q3. 4.P17.5.C4. 6.C14.JustasgoodasD15,

whichwealreadyknow.7.Q5.Thismaybethebestplay

underthecircumstances.ThesecurepositionQ.3-Q.5supports

8.Q14.

theadvancepostsatC4andR16inequalmeasure.9.P16. 10.Q16.11.Q.15. 12.Qi7.13.P15. 14.R15.15.R14. 16.S15.17.Q.13. 18.N17.Theeighthstone

playedatQ,14cannotbesaved.IfWhiteattemptstosaveit,thefollowingwouldbethecontinuation:B.W.P14O14P13P12O13N12P14O11etc.IfWhitehadhadanopportunity

ofplacingastoneonthelineofretreatatsayE3,thenWhitecouldhavesavedNo.8.(ThishasalreadybeenexplainedindefiningtheJapaneseexpression"Shicho.")

19.P14.Takes.S14probablywouldhavebeenbetter,becauseitwouldhaveretainedthe"Sente"forBlack;tha;istosay,aplaywhichtheopponentiscompelledtoanswer,orotherwisesustaintoogreataloss.HadBlackplayedatS14,WhitemusthaveansweredatS16,inordernottolosethestonesatR154IS,andalsothecorner,whichisworthaboutfourteen"Me."ToWhite'splayatS16BlackwouldprobablyhaveansweredatR12andthusobtainedasecureposition.

20.S16.

21.R9. 22.E3.23.J3. 24.D5.ThisisanalogoustoNo.

8,butitisnotadvancedsofarbecauseBlackhasalreadyoccupiedJ3.

25.C5. 26.D6.27.C6. 28.D7.29.C7. 30.D8.31.C9. 32.L3.Whitehasestablished

thelonglineonDandallowedBlackalargeterritoryinordertobeabletooccupyL3.IfhehadplayedthereimmediatelyinanswertoBlack’stwenty-thirdmove,theneitherL3orE3wouldhavebeeningreatdanger.

33.D3. 34.D2.35.C2. 36.D4.37.C3. 38.L5.39.F3. 40.F2.41.E4.BlackcompelsWhiteto

take41,inordertomakegoodhisescape.

42.E2.

43.G3. 44.F4.45.G4. 46.F5.47.G5. 48.K2.49.F6.“Sente.” 50.E5.Takes.51.J2. 52.H7.53.H6. 54.G7.55.J7. 56.P3.57.P4. 58.O3.59.Q2. 60.O4.61.O5. 62.N5.63.O6. 64.K7.Aninterestingattack

thatdeterminesthecourseofthe

gameforalongtime.65J8,wouldmeanabandoningthepositiononG-J(26“Me”),butitwouldgiveanopportunityforaboldattack.IfBlackplayed65,J6,hisstoneswouldscarcelysurvive.

65.K3.“Sente.”Whitemustreplytoit,orhewouldfindhimselfwithoutthenecessary“Me”inthatgroup.

66.L2.

67.K6. 68.J8.69.L6. 70.J6.Takes.71.K5.Avoids“Ko”and

neverthelessassuresaconnection.72.N6.

73.L7. 74.K4.IsplayedforthesamereasonasNo.66.

75.J5. 76.N7.77.K8. 78.J7.79.O7. 80.N8.81.L9. 82.J10.83.O8. 84.N10.85.K11. 86.R10.Nowtheeffectofthe

mistakeatmove19beginstobeapparent.

87.Q10. 88.Q11.89.R11. 90.R12.91.S10.Takes. 92.S11.93.R10.Q12wouldprobably

havebeenbetter;atalleventsitwouldhavebeensurer,becauseitassurestheconnectionbywayofPnafterWhitehastaken.IfWhitedoesnottake,butplaysatP11,hisstonesontheedgeoftheboardwilldie.

94.M11.ThismoveseparatesP14fromK11,andisatthesametime“Sente”asregardstheblackstonesnearK,becauseifblackdoesnotanswer,thesestoneswouldbecutoffbyW–K10.MovesNos.98,100,and102isolatetheblackstonesinthe

neighborhoodofP14.95.L11. 96.Q12.97.L14. 98.L13.99.K13. 100.M13.101.K14. 102.M14.103.S14. 104.S13.105.T15. 106.N15.107.O11.Itiscertainthateither

theeightblackstonesorthefivewhitestonesmustdie,andonthisdependstheresultofthegame,becauseitwouldmakeadifferenceofabout40“Me.”

108.O12.

100.P12. 110.P11.111.O13. 112.N12.113.O10. 114.P13.Takes,“Ko.”115.M16. 116.T16.117.T14. 118.O16.119.P12.“Ko.” 120.J12.121.K12. 122.P13.“Ko.”123.R17. 124.S17.125.P12.“Ko.” 126.R13.127.P10. 128.P13.“Ko.”129.D16. 130.C16.131.P12.“Ko.” 132.T13.133.Q.14.Connecting. 134.P13.“Ko.”136.S18. 136.R18.Takes.137.P12.“Ko.” 138.K9.139.L8. 140.P13.“Ko.”141.E17. 142.P12.Connecting.White

wouldhavehadanother“Ko”atM10.

143.C17. 144.D18145.C15. 146.B16.

147.E18. 148.C18.149.B15. 150.E16.151.E16. 152.B17.Takes.Theseriesof

movesfrom143to152shouldbecarefullynoted,astheyfrequentlyoccur.

153.C14. 154.C13.155.B13. 156.C12.157.B12. 158.C11.159.F14.“Sente.“ 160.D14.161.B11. 162.C10.163.B9.IsnotplayedatB10in

ordertoretainthe“Sente“withoutconcedingtoogreatanadvantage.

164.D9.ItwouldhavebeenbettertoplayatK17.

165.K17. 166.H14.167.G13. 168.H13.169.Gn. 170.G14.171.F15. 172.J11.173.En. 174.F12.175.G12. 176.E12.177.Fn. 178.E10.179.Du. 180.D10.181.D12. 182.H16.183.H17. 184.G17.185.J17. 186.E13.187.F13. 188.G16.189.G18. 190.G6.191.M17. 192.P2.193.Pi. 194.O1.195.Q_i. 196.L4.197.N18. 198.G2.“Sente.“Itthreatens

thethreeblackstonesonJandK.199.H5. 200.O18.201.M18. 202.B10.

203.A10. 204.C1.205.B1. 206.Di.207.B2. 208.F10.C8oughttohave

beenoccupiedfirst.209.G10. 210.G9.211.Tu. 212.T12.213.S12.Takes. 214.C8.215.B8. 216.S11.“Ko.“217.Tio. 218.E19.219.F19. 220.F17.221.F18. 222.M15.223.L15. 224.J15.226.N16. 226.O17.227.H10. 228.H9.229.Kio. 230.J9.231.M6. 232.O9.233.P9. 234.N9.236.M5. 236.M4.237.O19. 238.P19.239.N19. 240.A15.241.A14. 242.A16.243.H2. 244.J4.246.L12. 246.M12.247.Gi. 248.Fi.249.Hi. 260.K16.261.L16. 262.Ki.263.S12."Ko." 264.C19.266.S11.Connecting. 266.D19.

Whitewinsbysevenstones.

VI“JOSEKI”ANDOPENINGS

FROM theearliest times theJapanesehavestudied theopeningof thegame.EspeciallysincethefoundationoftheGoAcademytherehavebeensystematictreatisesonthissubject,andforkeenandthoroughanalysis,thesetreatiseshavenothingtofearfromacomparisonwiththeanalogousworksonChessopenings.There is,however,adifferencebetweentheopeningof thegameinChessandtheopeninginGo,becauseinthelattercasetheplaycancommenceineachofthe four corners successively, and therefore, instead of having one opening, itmightbesaidthattherearefour.

The Japanesemasters usually overcome this difficulty by treating a cornerseparately,asifitwereuninfluencedbythepositionorthepossibilityofplayingintheadjacentcorners,andintheirtreatisestheyhaveindicatedwherethefirststonesinsuchanisolatedcornercanadvantageouslybeplayed.Thesestonesarecalled“ Joseki.”Asamatterof fact, theseseparateanalysesor“Joseki”differslightlyfromtheopeningofthegameasactuallyplayed,becauseitiscustomaryinopeningthegametoskipfromonecornertoanother,andthemomentafewstonesareplayed inanycorner the situation in theadjacentcorners is therebyinfluenced. It is due to this fact also that in their treatises on the “Joseki” theJapanesewritersdonotcontinuetheanalysisasfarasweareaccustomedtoinourworksonChess.Whilethismethodofstudyingtheopeningspersiststothepresent time, one of the greatest of the Japanese masters, Murase Shuho,compiled a series of openings which correspond more closely to our Chessopenings; that is tosay, thegameiscommenced,as inactualplay,allover theboard, and is not confined to the study of one corner as in the case of theconventional“Joseki.”Korschelt,inhisworkonthegame,insertsaboutfiftyoftheseopeningsbyMuraseShuho,withnotesthatwerepreparedbytheJapanesemasterespeciallyfortheuseofforeigners,andIhaveselectedafewoftheseinadditiontothecollectionof“Joseki”whichwewillfirstconsider.

The work from which my “ Joseki” have been selected was compiled byInouyeHoshin,andpublishedinNovember,1905.Itwasoriginallywrittenforthe “Nippon Shimbun,” a newspaper published in Tokio. Of course, theannotations accompanying these “ Joseki"” are not the original ones from theJapanese text.Manyof the thingswhichIpointoutwouldberegardedas trite

and obvious to a good player, and my annotations are intended solely to aidbeginnersinunderstandingsomeofthereasonsforthemovesgiven.Itmustalsobeunderstoodthattheseriesof“Joseki”whichIhaveinsertedfallsfarshortofcompleteness.InaJapaneseworkonthegametherewouldbeatleastfivetimesasmany.

Although the “Joseki” have been studied by the Japanesemasters from theearliesttimes,itdoesnotmeanthattheordinaryplayerinJapanisfamiliarwiththem; just as in this countrywe find amajority ofChess players have a verylimitedacquaintancewiththeChessopenings,soinJapanmanyplayersattainafairdegreeofskillwithoutathoroughacquaintancewiththe“Joseki.”Itwouldcertainly very greatly aid the beginner in attaining proficiency if he were tostudytheseexamples,andfollowthemasnearlyaspossibleinactualplay.

Itwould seem tous that incompilingaworkon“Joseki,”oropenings,wewouldcommencewiththeopeningswherenohandicapisgiven,andlaterstudythosewheretherewerehandicaps;itisanotherinstanceofthedivergentwayinwhichtheJapanesedothingsthattheydojusttheopposite,andcommencetheirtreatiseswiththestudyofopeningswherehandicapsaregiven.InasmuchasthisisabookonaJapanesesubject,Ishallfollowtheirexampleandshallcommencethestudyof“Joseki”ingameswhereBlackhasahandicap.

Aswehave already seen, the handicap stone is always placed on a certainfixedpoint,whichisthefourthintersectionfromtheedgeoftheboardineachdirection, andWhite has five recognizedmethods of playing his first stone inrelation to such handicap stone. These are called “Kogeima kakari,” “Ogeimakakari,” “Daidaigeimakakari,” “Ikken taka kakari,” “Nikken taka kakari.”Weshalltakeupexamplesoftheseintheirorder.

I

HANDICAP

Plate19(A)

WHITE BLACK

1.R14.“Kogeimakakari.”Thisisthemostusualmovefor

2.N17.Thismovesupportsthehandicapstoneandalsogainsas

attackingthecorner.ThepurposeofWhite’sfirstmoveistolayabasisforfutureaggression;hecannot,ofcourse,playinthecornerimmediately,neithercanheplaynearertheblackstonewithadvantage.

muchgroundaspossibleforBlack.BeginnerswouldgenerallyfindO17moresafeandconservative.

3.R17.Thisisadirectattackonthecorner.Whitecaneitherconnectwithhisfirststoneorformalivinggroupinthecorner.

4.R16.Blackplaystopreventtheconnectionofthewhitestones.

5.S16.Whitethreatenstoconnect.

6.S15.Blackbreakstheconnectionbythismove.

7.S17.WhitecannotplayatR15atthistimebecausehewouldlosethestoneatS16.

8.R15.Blackalsomustconnect.Beginnersarepronetoneglectthesenecessaryconnectingmoves.

9.P18.SinceWhitecannotconnect,hemustplaytoformtwo“Me”inthecorner.

10.P17.Blackplaystoconnecthisstones,andatthesametimeconfinesWhitetothecorner.

11.Q17.Whitemakeshiscorneraslargeaspossible.Thismoveisalso“Sente,”becauseitthreatenstobreakthroughBlack’sline.

12.O17.BlackmustconnecttopreventWhite’sescape.

13.S14.Whitethreatens“Watari,”andagainBlackmustreplyatonce.(“Sente.”)

14.T14.Prevents“Watari.”

15.Q14.ToconfineBlack’sgroupandprepareforterritoryontherightsideoftheboard.

16.P15.Animportantdefensivemove.OtherwiseWhitecouldalmostenveloptheblackstones.

Evengame.Whitehasasmall territory in thecorner,butBlackhasgreaterpossibilityofexpansion.

II

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.R14. 2.N17.3.R17. 4.R6.5.Q17.Inplaceoftryingto

connectasbefore,Whitethreatenstoextendintheotherdirection.

6.P16.BlackpreventsWhitefromgettingout.

7.S16.Threatenstoconnectagain.

8.S15.Blackstopsitagain.

9.S17. 10.R15.11.O18.Whiteagainmustform

“Me”inthecorner.12.O17.

13.N18.Whiteextendsasfaras 14.M18.Blackstopsthe

possible. advance.15.P17.Whitemustlookout

forthesafetyofthestonesatNandO18.

16.M17.Blackmustconnect.

17.P14.TopreventBlack’sextensionandformabasisforterritoryonrightside.

18.O14.Blackextendsasfarashecan.

19.O13. 20.N14.

AgainWhitehasthecornerandBlackhasbetteropportunitiesforexpansion.

III

HANDICAP

Plate19(B)

WHITE BLACK

1.O3. 2.R7.3.Q3.Thisvariationiscalled 4.R3.“KiriKaeshi.”Thismovedoes

notattackthecornersoaggressivelyastheprecedingexamples.

5.R4.Thisisthecharacteristimoveofthisvariation.

6.Q5.ThisisanimportantmoveforBlack;ifheplayselsewhere,hewillgetabadposition.

7.R2.Whitethreatenstheblackstone.IfBlackdefendsWhitecandividethecorner.

8.S3.

9.P2.“Kaketsugu.”IfWhitedoesnotmakethismove,Blackwillgetthe“Sente”witha

10.S2.FormerlyS4wasgivenasBlack’smove,butitisnotsogood,becauseWhiterepliesatR8

superiorposition. withafineattack.11.S1.Whitecannotneglect

thismove.IfBlackwereallowedtoplayatR1,hewouldgetthebettergame.

12.R5.

Inthisopeningthecornerisaboutevenlydivided.

IV

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.R14. 2.N17.3.P14.Preparingfor“Kiri

Kaeshi”ontheothersideofhandicapstone.

4.R11.Called“Tenuki.”NotnecessarilyplayedatR11.ThewordmeansthatBlack“drawsout”andplaysinanotherpartoftheboard.

5.P16. 6.P17.7.Q17.“KiriKaeshi.”The

effectofthismoveisgenerallytodividetheterritory.

8.R17.

9.Q18. 10.R18.11.P18. 12.O17.13.R16. 14.Q15.15.S18. 16.R15.17.S16. 18.S15.19.S17. 20.P15.

Whitehasthecorner,butBlackhasbetterchancestomaketerritorylater.

V

HANDICAP

BlackissupposedtohaveanotherhandicapstoneatD4.

Plate19(C)

WHITE BLACK

1.C14.“Kogeima.” 2.F16.“Ikkentakahiraki.”This“Joseki”wasaninventionofMuraseShuho.

3.H17.WhkeconfinesBlack’sadvances.

4.C11.Blackpreparestogetterritoryonleftsideoftheboard.

5.B16.Whiteplaystotakethecorner.

6.D14.

7.C15. 8.D13.BetterthanD15,asitconfinesWhitemoreeffectively.

9.C17. 10.D17.11.H15. 12.C16.13.B18. 14.C18.15.B17. 16.C13.Averygoodmove;it

shutsWhiteinthecornerandassuresBlackalargeterritoryontheleftsideoftheboard.

Thisopeningmightbecontinuedasfollows:

WHITE BLACK

17.D18. 18.E18.19.C19.Takes. 20.D7.

or17.C6. 18.D18.19.B13. 20.B12.

21.B14. 22.C8.

VI

HANDICAP

BlackissupposedtohavestonesatO4andQ4also;thesearecalled“Shikiishi.”

WHITE BLACK

1.F3.“Kogeima.” 2.H3.BythismoveBlackatonceattacksthewhitestoneandalsopreparestoconnectwiththestoneatO4.

3.F5.Whitemustgetouttowardsthemiddleoftheboard.

4.L3.“Tenuki”;thatis,hasnothingtodowiththecornerindispute;Blackfeelshehasanopportunitytotaketerritory.Ititinterestingtonotethatifthe“Shikiishi”atO4wereatN3,thenBlackwouldplayNo.4atH5.

5.D6.Whiteattacksthehandicapstone.

6.D2.Thisisanimportantdefensivemove.

7.E2. 8.B5.Blacktriestoescape.9.B6. 10.C6.11.C5.C7wouldbegoodalso. 12.C7.13.B4. 14.D5.15.C4. 16.C3.17.B7. 18.C8.19.E6.Whitemustsupport

stoneatD6.20.A5.Thisisaverywell

consideredmoveforBlack.21.A4. 22.B3.23.A6.Takestwo. 24.B8.

25.A3.Thecornerisnowanexampleof“Semeai”;thequestioniswhichsidecankilltheotherfirst.

26.B2.

27.A2. 28.B1.29.D1. 30.A8.IfBlackplaysatC1,

thecornerwillbecome“Seki,”asitis,thewhitegroupisdead.

Blackhasmuchthebestofthisvariation.

VII

HANDICAP

BlackissupposedtohaveahandicapstoneatQ4also.Plate19(D)

WHITE BLACK

1.F3. 2.F4.“Tsukete.”AgainBlacktakestheaggressivefromthestart.

3.G4. 4.F5.5.E3. 6.D3.7.G5. 8.G6.9.J5.White’sbestmove. 10.D6.

Blackhasthebetterposition.

VIII

HANDICAP

Plate20(A)

WHITE BLACK

1.O17.“Kogeima.” 2.O16.“Tsukete.”3.N16. 4.O15.5.Q17. 6.P17.7.P18. 8.P16.9.N18. 10.R17.11.Q18. 12.N15.13.M16. 14.R10.Blackabandonsstone

atR17inordertogetterritory;anamateurmightbetemptedtoplayNo.14atR18,butinthatcaseWhitecouldspoilBlack’schancetogetspaceontherightsideoftheboard.

15.R16. 16.R15.17.S16. 18.S15.19.S17. 20.P10.

Whitehasthecorner,butBlackhaspracticallysecuredalargeterritoryontheright.

X

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.R14. 2.Q14.“Tsukete.”3.Q13. 4.P14.5.O17.Whiteattacksfromthe

othersidealso.6.R15,

7.R13. 8.P18.9.N16. 10.S14.

Blackhasthecorner.Whitehasachanceonbothsides.

X

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.R14.”Kogeima.” 2.Q14.“Tsukete.”3.Q13. 4.P14.5.O17.Whiteattacksfromthe

othersideasbefore.6.O16.Blackrespondsfrom

theoutsideasinthecaseofmoveNo.2.

7.P17. 8.Q17.9.P16. 10.R13.11.R15. 12.Q15.13.R12. 14.S13.16.S12. 16.N17.17.N16. 18.O15.19.M17. 20.N18.21.M18. 22.N13.23.M16. 24.T13.25.Q12. 26.S15.

Blackhasthecornerandalsoanoutlet tothecenter.Whitehasachancetoformterritoryonbothsides.Black’spositionispreferable.

XI

HANDICAP

BlackissupposedtohaveastoneatD4also.Plate20(B)

WHITE BLACK

1.R6. 2.K3.ThismoveisaninventionofMuraseShuho;itwouldnotbeplayedunlessBlackhadastoneatD4.Black’sintentionistodevelopterritoryineithercornerdependingonthenatureofWhite’sattack.

3.O3.Whiteattackstherighthandcornerfrombothsides.

4.Q6.

5.Q7. 6.P6.7.R3.Thisisadirectattackon

thecorner.8.R5.Blackmustplayhere

beforeplayingatQ3.ItalsogivesBlackthe“Sente.”

9.R7.Whitemustconnect. 10.Q3.11.Q2. 12.S2.Thisisaclevermove.

AmateurswouldbetemptedtoplayatP2,whichwouldbeverybadforBlack,asWhitewouldthengettheentirerightside.

13.R2. 14.S3.SecuresBlack’sconnectionwithR5.

15.M3.Whitemustextendhisboundariesorhisstoneswilldie.

16.K5.BlackplaystoshutinWhiteasmuchaspossible;healsosupportshisstoneatD4.

Blackhasthebettergame.

XII

HANDICAP

Plate20(C)

WHITE BLACK

1.C13.“OgeimaKakari.”Thisisanothermethodofcommencingtheattack;itdoesnotattackthecornersodirectly,hutitgivesWhiteabetterchanceonthesidesorcenter.

2.C15.ThisistopreventWhitefromplayingatB16.

3.G17.Whiteattacksfromtheothersideinthesameway.

4.E17.PreventingWhitefromenteringatD18;thissecuresthecornerforBlack.

5.C17.Thisisa“Suteishi”or 6.B16.

sacrificedstone.Whitethreatenstoconnectitwithonesideortheother.

Thegame isabouteven; ifWhitedoesnotplayatC17on the fifthmove,Blackgetsmuchthebetterofit.

XIII

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.N17.“OgeimaKakari.” 2.P17.PreventingtheentryatQ18.

3.R14.Whiteattackstheothersidewith“Kogeima.”

4.S15.VeryimportantmoveforBlack;ifBlackmakesamoveelsewhereatthispoint(“Tenuki,”)Whitegetsmuchthebetterofit.

XIV

HANDICAP

Plate20(D)

WHITE BLACK

1.C7. 2.C5.3.G4.“Nikkentakakakari.”

Thisisanothermethodofattackingfromtheotherside.

4.E2.Averyimportantmove;ifBlackplays“Tenuki,”Whitecanatonceenterthecorner.

Suppose Black does not play No. 4, E 2, but plays else where, then the

followingcontinuationmightoccur:

WHITE BLACK

4.“Tenuki.”5.D2. 6.E3.7.E2. 8.F3.9.G3. 10.F2.11.G2. 12.G1.13.C3. 14.B4.15.B3. 16.D6.Blackmustgetout

towardthecenter.17.B6.Threatening“Watari.” 18.B5.19.H1. 20.F1.21.B1.Bymeansofthismove

thewhitestonesinthecornerlive.

Whitehasthebetterofit.

XV

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.N17. 2.P17.3.Q14.Thisisanothermethod

ofattack,called“Ikkentakakakari”;itdoesnotgiveWhiteabaseforattackingthecomerimmediately.

4.O15.Blackplaystogetouttowardthecenter,asWhite’sthirdmovedoesnotmenacethecorner.

5.N15.Whitealsoplaysouttowardthecenter,otherwiseBlackwouldshuthiminatM16.

6.N14.

7.M15. 8.P13.AmateursmightplayatO14;thetextmoveprotectstheconnectionandextendsalso.

9.Q13. 10.P12.11.R11.Beginnersmightplay

atQ12;thisisalwaysbadplay.12.M14.

13.L15. 14.S15.ProtectingthecorneragainstthewhitestoneatQ13.

Evengame.

XVI

HANDICAP

Plate21(A)

WHITE BLACK

1.M17.“Daidaigeima”;notsomuchusedastheotherattacks.

2.O17.Blackdefendsthecornerfromthatside.

3.R14.“Kogeima.”Whiteattacksfromtheotherside.

4.S16.Blackagainpreventstheadvanceintothecorner.

5.P16.WhitethreatenstheconnectionbetweenthehandicapstoneandNo.2,otherwiseBlackwouldplayatR12,withtheadvantage.

6.P15.P17looksliketheobviousdefense,butthiswouldshutBlackinthecornerandgiveWhitethebettergame.

7.P17. 8.Q17.9.O16. 10.P18.11.O18. 12.O15.13.N16.Muchbetterthan

immediatelytakingthesingleblackstone.

14.Q13.ThisattacksthewhitestoneatR14;italsodefendstheconnectionatQ15.

15.R12.MuchbetterthanR13;inthatcaseWhitewouldloseboth

16.R13.

stones.17.S13. 18.Q14.

Blackhasthebetterotit.

XVII

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.H3. 2.F3.3.C6. 4.C5.Thisisanalternative

methodofdefendingthecorner.5.D6. 6.F5.Blackplaystoavoid

beingshutinthecorner,alsoitcanbedemonstratedifheneglectsthismovehisstoneswillbekilled.

7.F6. 8.H4.9.J4. 10.H5.11.G3. 12.F2.Thisisagoodmove.F4

wouldbeweak.ThetextmovedefendsandatthesametimethreatensWhite’sstonesonline3.F4wouldgiveWhiteachancetoplayelsewhere(“Tenuki”)whichisagreatadvantage.

13.J3. 14.E5.Blackcannotneglectthismove,orWhitecanbreakinwithawinningattack.

AgainBlackhas thebetterof it.Hehasachance toplayatJ1onthenextmove.TherelationofthisstonetothestoneatF2whenattheedgeoftheboardis called “Ozaru,” or the “great monkey,” and it generally gains about eightspaces.Thisisalsoshownamongtheexamplesofendpositions.

XVIII

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.C8. 2.C6.3.E2.Thisisanothermethodof

tryingtogetinthecorner.4.D2.

5.D3. 6.E3.Thisisthecrucialmoveofthisvariation;ifBlackplaysNo6atC3,hegetsthecorner,butWhitegetsthebettergame.

7.C3. 8.C2.9.C4. 10.D5.11.F2. 12.B3.13.B4. 14.B2

15.G4. 16.E4.

Blackhasthebetterofit.

XIX

HANDICAP

Plate21(B)

WHITE BLACK

1.O4.“Ikkentakakakari.”Thisisthefourthmethodofcommencingtheattack.

2.QAThisitBlack’sbestanswer.

3.R8. 4.P7.Blackintendstofollowupthismoveononesideortheother,thetwopointsbeingQ9andM3.Thisiscalled“Hibiku,”or“toecho.”

5.Q10.Whitedefendsononesied.

6.M3.

7.N5.Whitemustgetout. 8.M5.9.M6. 10.M4.11.P3. 12.Q3.13.O8. 14.L6.15.S6. 16.S5.17.R5. 18.S4.19.R6. 20.P4.21.O3. 22.S2.Blackpreparestoform

“Me”inthecorner.

WhitemustnowplayatO6tosavehisstonesontheleftside.This“Joseki”isverymuchspreadout;itisdifficulttosaywhohasthebetter

ofit.

XX

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.D14. 2.C14.NotsogoodatF16.3.C15.ThisisnotWhite’sbest

move;itisdonetoconfuseBlack,andwillwinifBlackdoesnotknowhowtoreply.

4.D15.

5.C13. 6.B14.7.B15. 8.B13.D13wouldbebad.9.C17. 10.D17.11.C18. 12.C12.13.D13. 14.D18.15.D19. 16.C16.17.B16. 18.A15.19.A17.A16wouldnotdo. 20.E19.21.C19. 22.F18.“Kaketsugu.”Blacl

mustprotecthisconnection;thissituationarisesfrequently.

23.B18.Whiteplaysontheonlypointtosavethecorner.

24.F15.

25.D12. 26.C11.27.D11. 28.C10.

Blackhasthebettergame.

XXI

HANDICAP

Plate21(C)

WHITE BLACK

1.D13.“Nikkentakakakari”;thisisthefifthmethodofopeningtheattack.

2.F16.Blackhasavarietyofmovesathiscommand;thetextmoveisprobahlybest.

3.H17. 4.C10.Really“Tenuki.”BlackcanplayequallywellatC7.

5.B16. 6.C16.7.B14. 8.B17.

Blackhas thecornerandWhitehascommenced toenvelophis stones.Thefollowingcontinuationmightoccur:

WHITE BLACK

5.F18. 6.D18.7.E17. 8.C15.

Black’s last move in this continuation is interesting, because it will make“Kake tsugu”nomatterwhichwayWhite tries tobreak through. If he shouldplayatD17,WhitecouldgetthroughatE16.

XXII

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.N16. 2.017.Thisisanalternativedefense.

3.N17. 4.O16.5.O15. 6.N18.ThisisBlack’sbest

move.IfheplaysatP15,WhiterepliesatO18withagoodattack.

7.M18. 8.O18.9.M15. 10.N14.Thisstonewillbe

sacrificed,butwhileWhiteiskillingitBlackgetsadvantageelsewhere.

11.N15.Whitemustconnect. 12.Q14.

Blackhasthebetterofit.

XXIII

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.G4. 2.D7.Thisisanotherdefensivemove.

3.D3. 4.E3.ThisisbetterthanC3;inthatcaseBlackgetstheworstofit.

5.E4. 6.C3.7.D2. 8.E5.9.F4. 10.C4.C2isnotsogood.11.C2. 12.B2.13.E2.Whitemustlookoutfor

histhreestones.BIwouldbeabadmove.

14.C10.

Thecornerisdivided,butBlackhasbetterprospects.

XXIV

HANDICAP

WHITE BLACK

1.F3. 2.C7.3.C9. 4.D3.Black’sthreestonesare

nowcalled“Ogeimashimari”;theyaresupposedtobeastrongformationprotectingthecorner.

5.C5.ThepointofthisvariationistoshowthatWhitecanstrikeinonthismoveandyetlive.

6.D5.

7.C6. 8.D7.9.B7.. 10.B8.11.B6. 12.C8.13.D6. 14.E6.15.E7.Whitethreatensfrom

theoutside.16.C4.

17.B9. 18.E8.BlackcannotventureA8,ashisfourstoneswouldthendie.

19.A8.“Watari.” 20.F7.Takes.

Whitehasenteredthecornerandstillhisstoneswilllive.

XXV

HANDICAP

Plate21(D)

WHITE BLACK

1.C6. 2.G3.3.J3. 4.C4.5.E6.Insteadofenteringthe

corner,Whiteattacksfromboth6.G5.Blacktriestogetout

towardthecenter;thismovealso

sides. preventsWhitefromplayingatE3.

7.J5. 8.G7.9.F8. 10.H2.

Blackhasagoodgame.Wenowcometothe“Joseki”wherenohandicapsaregiven.Insuchcases,of

course, Black has the first move. The first stone is generally played on anintersection adjacent to the point onwhich the handicap stone is placedwhengiven.Thereare,therefore,eightintersectionsonwhichthefirststonemightbeplayed.Inthelowerleft-handcorner,forinstance,thesewouldbeC3,C4,C5,D 3, D 5, E 3, E 4, E 5. By common consent C 3 has been rejected asdisadvantageousforthefirstplayer,becausetheterritoryobtainedtherebyistoosmall.E5hasbeenrejectedbecauseitallowstheadversarytoplaybehinditandtakethecorner.D4,orthehandicappoint,isalsonotused.Theothersixpointsmaybedivided intoduplicate setsof threeeach,and, therefore, thereareonlythreewell-recognizedmethodsofplayingthefirststone.Theseare:inthelowerleft-handcorner,C4orD3, themostusual andconservative,which is called“Komoku,”orthe“little‘Me’“;E4orD5whichisbolder,called“Takamoku,”or.the“high‘Me’“;andE3orC5which isnotsomuchusedaseitherof theothers,called“Mokuhadzushi,”orthe“detached‘Me.’“Weshallgiveaboutanequal number of examples of each of these methods of opening the game,commencing,asiscustomaryintheJapaneseworks,with“Takamoku.”

I

NoHANDICAP

Plate22(D)

BLACK WHITE

1.D5.“Takamoku.”Thisisthemostaggressiveofthethreemethodsofopening.

2.D3.ThisisWhite’sbestanswer.E3isalsogood.C3isbad.

3.C3.Blackplaystogetterritoryontheleft;heattacks

4.C2.Best;ifheattemptstocutoffatC4hegetsabadgame.

frominside.5.C4.Blackextends. 6.E2.Necessarytosecurethe

connectionatD2.7.C9.Blacktakesterritoryon

leftside.8.G4.Whitetakesspacetothe

right.

Evengame.

II

NoHANDICAP

BLACK WHITE

1.Q15“Takamoku.” 2.Q17.3.P17.Blackattacksfromthe

outside.4.P18.

5.P16. 6.O17.Whiteplaystogetterritoryononesideortheother;hewillsacrificeoneofhisstonesonline17.

7.O18.ThisstoneisintendedasasacrificetoaidBlackingettingthecorner.ItisbetterthanQ18.

8.N18.Whiteplaystosecuretheleft-handside.

9.Q18.Blacknowsecuresthecorner.

10.O19,Takes.

11.R17. 12.O16.Animportantstone;itisplayedtosecureWhiteterritoryontheleft,alsotoaidinanattackontheright-handside.

13.P14.ThisisalsoimportantasitextendsBlack’sterritory;hecannotneglectit.

14.K16.Whitereturnstohisoriginalplanandsecuresterritorytotheleft.

Evengame.SupposeBlackneglectsP14onhisthirteenthmove,wewouldthenhavethe

followingcontinuation:

BLACK WHITE

13.“Tehuki.” 14.P14.15.Q14. 16.Q13.17.R13. 18.R12.19.Q12. 20.P13.21.R11. 22.S12.23.S11. 24.S13.25.R14. 26.Q11.27.P12. 28.S10.29.R10. 30.Q10.31.R9.

Whitehasthebetterofit.

III

NoHANDICAP

Plate22(A)

BLACK WHITE

1.P16.“Takamoku.” 2.R16.3.Q14.Thepurposeofthis

moveistoconfineWhitetothecorner.

4.P17.Whitetriestogetoutontheleft.

5.O17.Blackpreventsthis. 6.Q17.7.O16. 8.R14.Whitetriestheother

side.9.R13.Blackstopshim. 10.S14.

11.Q16.IfBlackwishes“Tenuki,”thisisgood,otherwiseS13wouldbebetter.

12.R17.

13.E17.“Tenuki,”but,nevertheless,playedwithreferencetothestonesonlineO.

Evengame.Whitehasthecorner,butBlackhasbetterpossiblities.

IV

NoHANDICAP

BLACK WHITE

1.E16.“Takamoku.” 2.C16.3.D14. 4.E17.5.D16.Blackthreatenstobreak 6.D17.

intothecorner.7.C17Blackrepeatshisthreat;

inrealityitisasacrificedstone.8.B17.

9.C18.Thisstonemaybelost,butitaidsBlackinattackingfromtheoutside.

10.B18.Whitemustplayheretosavehisstones.

11.C15. 12.B16.13.F17. 14.D18.14.E18. 16.C19.Takestwo.17.G16.

Thisisanold“Joseki”whichusedtobepopular;itfellintodisuseandwasrevived byMurase Shuho. It is good enough forWhite if he has an outlyingstoneortwointheneighborhood,otherwiseitisbadplayforWhite.

V

NoHANDICAP

Thefollowingstonesaresupposedtobeontheboard:Black,Q13,R13,R15;White,Q14,P16,Q17.

BLACK WHITE

1.Q5.Blackplays“Takamoku,”thinkingtoconnectwithstonesonline13.

2.R3.WhiteplanstopreventBlack’sconnectionandreducetheBlackterritory.

3.p3.Thisisanerror;ifBlackwishestofrustrateWhite’splan,R4isthecorrectplay.

4.Q4.

5.P4. 6.R5.7.R6. 8.S6.9.R7. 10.S7.11.R8. 12.S8.Whitehasnowmadea

formidableattackontheBlackterritory.

13.R9. 14.P5.IfBlackgetsthispoint,hislinewouldbetoostrong.

15.Q6. 16.Q2.Important;notmerelytoattackBlackonlineP,butitpreventsBlackfromcomingtoR2,whichwouldmean10“Me”;italsopreparesforO2.

Whitehasthebetterofit.VariationcommencingatWhite’ssixteenthmove:

BLACK WHITE

16.O5.NotsogoodasNo.16,Q2.

17.R2. 18.S2.19.Q2. 20.S4.Whitesecuresthe

necessarytwo“Me.”21.M3.

Black now has secured territory at the bottom of the board and confinedWhitetothecornerwiththebettergame.

VI

NoHANDICAP

Plate22(B)

BLACK WHITE

1.Q5. 2.Q33.O4. 4.R5.6.R6. 6.R4.7.S6. 8.O2.9.“Tenuki”atQ15.

White has the corner; Black can afford “Tenuki” at move nine because ifWhite cuts atQ 6 Black can still get a good game. In factQ 15 indirectlydefendstheconnectionatQ6.

VII

NoHANDICAP

Plate22(C)

BLACK WHITE

1.D15. 2.D17.3.G16.Old“Joseki,”originated

byKonnoGenkointheMiddleAges.

4.C15.

5.C16. 6.D16.7.C17. 8.C18.9.B18. 10.D18.11.B15. 12.C14.13.B14. 14.C13.15.E15. 16.B19.17.B17. 18.B13.19.A16.ThisgivesBlacktwo

“Me.”20.G18.

21.H18. 22.G17.23.H17. 24.F16.25.F15. 26.E16.27.G15. 28.F18.Importantmovefor

defense.29.C10.

Blackhasthebetterofit.

VIII

NoHANDICAP

Plate23(A)

BLACK WHITE

1.P17.“Mokuhadzushi”;notsomuchusedastheothertwoopenings.Itismoreconservativethan“Takamoku.”

2.Q15.Thisiscalled“Takamokukakari”;itisoneofthetwogeneralmethodsofreplyingto“Mokuhadzushi.”

3.R16.Blackplaystosecurethecorner.

4.R15.

5.S16.Thecornerisnowsafe. 6.R11.S15wouldbegoodalso.

Evengame.

IX

NoHANDICAP

BLACK WHITE

1.R15.“Mokuhadzushi.” 2.P16.3.P15.Blackplaystoconfine

White.4.O15.

5.P14.NecessarytopreventWhitebreakingin.

6.Q16.Whiteplaystogetthecorner.

7.R16. 8.N16.Veryimportant;ifneglected,Blackgetsthecorner,andalsodestroysWhite’sadjacentterritory.

9.R10. 10.R17.11.S17. 12.S18.13.R18. 14.Q17.15.S16 16.K17.

Thecornerisevenlydivided,andneithersidehasanadvantage.

X

NoHANDICAP

BLACK WHITE

1.P17. 2.Q15.“Takamokukakari.”3.P15. 4.P16.Thisisaninventionof

MuraseShuho.5.O16.BlackcannotplayatQ

16withoutgettingaverybad6.Q16.

position.7.Q17. 8.R17.9.R18. 10.S16.11.S18. 12.O17.13.N17. 14.O18.15.P18. 16.N18.Thisandthetwo

precedingstonesaresacrificed;BlacknaturallyexpectsWhitetocutatO15.ThetextmoveisabrilliantinventionofMuraseShuho.

17.M17.Blackcannotneglectthismove.

18.O15.

19.N16. 20.P14.Takes.21.K17.Defensive;Blackloses

the“Sente.”22.R10.

Whitehasmuchthebettergame.

XI

NoHANDICAP

Plate23(B)

BLACK WHITE

1.P3.“Mokuhadzushi.” 2.Q5.“Takamokukakari.”3.P5. 4.P4.5.Q4.Thisisnotagoodmove

forBlackandwillresultinhisgettingaconfinedposition.

6.O4.

7.R5. 8.Q6.9.R4. 10.O3.

11.P2. 12.O2.13.R6. 14.Q7.15.S8.Blackcannotplayat16.

E3.R8,asWhitewouldcutatR7.

16.E3.

Whitehasthebetterposition.

XII

NoHANDICAP

Plate23(C)

BLACK WHITE

1.C15. 2.D17.“Komokukakari.”Thisisthealternativemethodofdefensetothisopening.

3.F17.Blackattacksfrombothsides.

4.E17.Thisisthecrucialmove.Whiteplaysthusfirsttogetastrongpositiononline17,alsotoprepareforgettingoutatD15.Twoconnectedstonesalwaysformastrongbase.

5.G16. 6.D15.7.D14. 8.E15.9.B16.Blacknowinvadesthe

corner;hewishestooccupyC17,animportantpoint.

10.B17.

11.C17. 12.C18.13.C16. 14.B18.15.E18. 16.D18.17.G14. 18.F14.

19.D13.GuardingtheconnectionatC14.

20.G13.

21.H14. 22.F12.

Blackhasthebetterposition.Thisisanold“Joseki.”Itisnotmuchlikedatthepresenttime.

XIII

NoHANDICAP

BLACK WHITE

1.C15. 2.D17.3.F16.Thisisavariation;the

intentionistoconfineWhitetothemargin.

4.E17.

5.E15.ThisistopreventWhitefromcomingtoD15.

6.G17.

7.H16. 8.H18.Thisisacorrectmove.H17wouldinferior.

9.G16. 10.K17.

Evengame.

XIV

NoHANDICAP

Plate23(D)

BLACK WHITE

1.C5. 2.D3.3.F4. 4.E3.5.C3.Thisisunusual;E5isthe

customarymove.6.C2.

7.C4. 8.G3.9.B2. 10.G4.11.E5. 12.D2.13.G5. 14.J4.

Evengame;thecornerisdivided.

XV

NoHANDICAP

Plate24(A)

BLACK WHITE

1.R16.Thismove,called“Komoku”isthemostfrequentlyusedopeningwhentherearenohandicaps;itisalsothesafestfortheweakerplayer.

2.P17.White’sbestreply.

3.N17.Thismoveiscalled“Ikkenbasami”;thisisthemostusualwayofcontinuing:itgivesBlackanattackatonce.

4.R17.Whiteplaystogetthecorner.

5.S17. 6.Q16.7.R15.Blackmustextend;R

18wouldbebad.8.Whitemustdothesame;he

cannotpalyatS18.9.Q13. 10.S18.Whitecannotneglect

thismoveafterBlackplaysatQ13;ifBlackhadplayedatR12,Whitecouldhaveplayedelsewhere.

Blackhasthebetterposition.

XVINoHANDICAP

BLACK WHITE

1.Q17.“Komoku.” 2.R15.3.R13.“Ikkenbasami.” 4.Q13.ThistimeWhitedoes

nottryforthecorner,butattackstheblackstoneatR13.

5.Q12. 6.Q14.7.N17.Blackabandonsthe

stoneatR13inordertogetgreaterterritory;ifhedefendsitatR11,WhiteplaysatN17withabettergame.

8.R12.

9.R11. 10.S12.11.Q11.S11wouldbebad. 12.S13.13.R16. 14.S15.

Blackhasthebetterposition.

XVII

NoHANDICAP

BLACK WHITE

1.D3.“Komoku.” 2.C5.3.C7. 4.H3.Whiteinturnattacksthe

blackstoneatD3;G3wouldbetoonear.

5.D5.BlackconnectshisstonesandshutsWhitein.

6.D4.

7.E4. 8.C4.9.D6. 10.C3.11.E2. 12.D2.13.E3. 14.L3.Whitecanaffordtoplay

foragreaterspace,ashisstonesinthecornerwillliveevenifhelosesthestoneatD2.

15.B6. 16.B5.17.C2. 18.B2.19.D1.Takes. 20.B1.

Evengame.

XVIII

NoHANDICAP

Plate24(B)

BLACK WHITE

1.R4.“Komoku.” 2.P3.3.M3.“Nikkenbasami.”Thisis

thesecondvariationinthisopenings.

4.Q5.Whiteplaystogetouttowardthecenter.

5.R5. 6.Q6.7.R7. 8.R6.9.S6. 10.S7.“Suteishi.”11.S8. 12.Q7.13.R8.Itwouldbebadplayto

takeimmediately.14.S5.

15.T7.Takes. 16.R3.17.S4. 18.S3.Thismoveismadeto

secure“Me”inthecorner.19.Q4. 20.P4.

Thegameisabouteven

XIX

NoHANDICAP

BLACK WHITE

1.C4.“Komoku.” 2.E3.3.H3.“Nikkenbasami.” 4.D5.Whiteattacksthestoneat

C4.5.D4. 6.E4.7.E5.Thisisabadmoveif

Whiterepliescorrectly,otherwise8.D6.

Blackgetsthebetterofit.9.F5. 10.D2.Thisisanimportant

move;itattackstheblackstonesonline4andalsopreparesforWhitetoextendatG4.C2wouldbebad,asBlackwouldplayatF4.

11.B6.Blackdefendshisthreatenedposition.

12.G4.

13.F7. 14.D8.Whitemustextend.15.B2. 16.H4.

Black’s third stone at H 3 is now called “Uke ishi,” or a “floating stone.”Whitehasthebetterposition.

XX

NoHANDICAP

Plate24(C)

BLACK WHITE

1.D17.“Komoku.” 2.C15.3.C12.“Nikkenbasami.” 4.D12.Whiteattacksthestone

atC12inthisvariation.5.D11. 6.C13.7.C11. 8.G17.Whiteattackstheother

blackstone.9.E16. 10.F15.11.C16.Theoldbookmove

wasE15,butthisgave“Tenuki”toWhite.

12.E15.

Evengame.

XXI

NoHANDICAP

BLACK WHITE

1.C4.“Komoku.” 2.E3.3.J3.“Sangenbasami.”This

moveattacksthewhitestonebutnotsodirectlyastheprecedingvariation.ItistheinventionofHoninboDosaku.

4.R4.Whitetakesadvantageofhisopportunityandplaysinanothercorner.

6.D3. 6.E4.7.B6. 8.J5.9.M3.Itwillbeseeninthis

variationthatthestonesareplayedfartherapartthaninthepreceding“Joseki.”

10.H3.

11.H2. 12.H4.13.D8.Thisisanimportant

moveforBlack.14.O3.

15.M5. 16.L4.“Nozoku.”ItthreatensBlack’sconnectiononlinesMand3.

17.L3.IfBlackdefendsatM4,WhiterepliesatK2.

18.G2.

19.J2. 20.L5.21.M4. 22.P5.

This“Joseki”reallydealswithtwocorners.

XXII

NoHANDICAP

Plate24(D)

BLACK WHITE

1.D3.“Komoku.” 2.C5.3.C9.“Sangenbasami.” 4.C3.5.C2. 6.D4.7.E3. 8.B3.9.E4.Preparatoryto11atC15;

generallyNo.9isplayedatH3.10.D6.Agoodmove.E5

wouldbebad,becauseBlackwouldreplyatD6withabettergame.

11.C15.(Notindiagram.)

Wewillnowinserttenexamplesofopenings,asdistingfrom“Joseki.”Asalreadystated,thesearebyMuraseShuho.IntheseexamplesBlackissupposedtomake thebestpossiblemoves,and thereforeWhitealwaysfindshimselfatadisadvantage.

I

Plate25

Blackhasahandicapoffourstones

WHITE BLACK

1.R14. 2.Q14.3.Q13. 4.P14.5.R15. 6.R16.7.O3. 8.R10.Formerlyinsuchacase

asthisBlackplayedatR7.ThismoverepliedtoWhite’smoveatO3andatthesametimefromadistanceattackedWhite’sstonesatR14andR15.Itisbettertoconfinethelasttwostonesbythetextmove.

9.P13. 10.R12.11.Q15. 12.P15.13.R13. 14.P16.15.N13. 16.P10.Thismoveisbetter

thanR7.17.R3. 18.R4.Thismoveisbetterthan

Q3,whichalthoughitcutsoffO3andR3wouldleaveBlack’sstoneatR10weak.

19.Q3. 20.P4.21.P3. 22.N5.23.L17. 24.G17.26.O17. 28.N16.27.P18. 28.Q18.Blackisquitesatisfied

tohavemerelythenecessarytwo“Me”inthiscorner,becausehehasamuchlargerterritorytotheleft.

29.J17. 30.C10.31.Q6. 32.O4.33.M4.Thismoveisbetter

thanO7becauseBlackcouldfollowatN3inthatcase.Q6isa“Suteishi”orsacrificedstone.IthastheeffectofforcingBlacktoplay34O8,andlateronwillhelpstillfurthertonarrowdownBlack’sterritory.AtthesametimeeveryattackontheBlackpositionfromtheoutsidewouldbemademoreeffectivebythepresenceofthisstone.Possiblyitcouldalsobeusedlaterin“Ko.”Blackmakeshis36th,38thand40thmovesinordertosecurehispositionwhichisweakenedbythepresenceofthewhitestoneatQ6.

34.O8.

35.F3. 36.M5.37.L4. 38.L5.39.K5. 40.K6.41.J5. 42.F4.

43.G4. 44.E3.45.F5. 46.E4.47.G3. 48.D7.49.R18.Beginnerswouldplay

atS16orQ17.50.P17.

51.O18. 52.Q19.

II

Plate26

Blackhasahandicapoffourstones.

WHITE BLACK

1.R14. 2.Q14.3.Q13. 4.P14.5.R15. 6.R16.

7.R10. 8.K17.9.O3. 10.G3.11.H17. 12.F17.13.M17. 14.O17.15.O18. 16.P17.17.K18. 18.L18.19.L17. 20.J18.21.K16. 22.J17.23.J16. 24.H18.25.M18. 26.P3.27.O4. 28.Q6.Thismovehasthesame

effectasR6.29.J3. 30.C10.31.C6. 32.C4.33.C8. 34.E10.35.F7. 36.G5.37.Cl2. 38.D7.39.D8. 40.C11.Thismoveisvery

importantbecauseitpreventsthestoneatC12frommakingaconnectionwiththatatC8.

41.El2. 42.F9.43.F8. 44.H9.45.H7. 46.H12.47.C14. 48.K19.49.M15. 50.J5.51.K7. 62.K9.53.L3. 54.R8.

III

Plate27

Blackhasahandicapofthreestones

WHITE BLACK

1.R4. 2.P3.3.L3. 4.G3.5.Q3. 6.P4.7.Q6. 8.M5.Thefollowingisalso

good.B.L5,M3,M4

W.J3,M2,Q8WhiteplayingatQ8inordertopreventBlackfromplayingatR5.

9.K4. 10.K6.11.H4. 12.G4.13.J6. 14.K7.15.G6. 16.R11.BlackcannotplayatR

5withoutseeingP3and4cutoff.17.R9. 18.Q14.

19.C6. 20.C4.21.C14. 22.G17.23.C17. 24.C16.25.D17. 26.E16.27.B16. 28.B15.29.B17. 30.C15.31.E17. 32.F17.33.D14. 34.F15.35.M17. 36.C8.37.E6. 38.D11.39.B14.Theordinaryanswerto

thisisA14,butthistimeBlackcannotplayinthiswaysinceWhitewouldfollowatB12andthusthreatentheblackstonesatC8andD11.

40.E8.

41.J7. 42.K8.43.H9. 44.G11.45.A15.Blackcouldnot

occupyA14onhis42dand44thmoves.

46.J10.

47.H3. 48.O17.49.J17. 50.G2.Thismoveisnecessary.

forthesecurityoftheBlackposition,andatthesametimeBlackdoesnotlosethe“Sente”bythismove.

IV

Plate28

Blackhasahandicapofthreestones

WHITE BLACK

1.R14. 2.R5.3.P4. 4.Q3.5.P3. 6.Q2.7.R7.Formerlyinthiscase

WhiteplayedatL3andBlackrepliedatQ6.

8.R6.

9.Q7. 10.P5.11.O17. 12.Q14.13.Q13. 14.P14.15.R15. 16.R16.17.P13. 18.O16.19.N16. 20.P17.21.O18. 22.O13.23.O12. 24.O14.

26.K17. 26.L3.27.C14.AtthismoveWhite

abandonsP3and4.IfherepliedtoBlackL3,thentherewouldfollow:B.L3,L4,L5,L6,G4

W.M4,M5,M6,M7andBlackhasadecisiveadvantage.

28.L5.

29.C8. 30.C6.31.E14. 32.C15.33.B14. 34.F16.35.E2. 36.D2.37.D3. 38.C3.39.E3. 40.C2.41.J3. 42.E4.43.G3 44.K2.Theimportanceofthis

move,whenaterritorymerelyhastheprotectionofL3–L5,hasbeencommentedonbefore.

45.J5. 46.P6.47.O8. 48.N12.49.O11. 50.H17.

V

Plate29Blackhasahandicapoftwostones.

WHITE BLACK

1.R4. 2.D15.3.D17. 4.F16.5.C15. 6.C14.7.C16. 8.D14.9.C8.F17isjustasgood. 10.E18.

Thenwouldfollow:B.G17W.F18

11.D18. 12.P3.13.L3. 14.P6.16.R7. 16.J3.17.L5. 18.J5.19.L7. 20.R3.21.S3. 22.Q4.Thismoveand24–R2

arenecessarybecauseofthewhitestonesonlineL.

23.R5. 24.R2.25.O17. 26.C6.27.D11. 28.F12.Thismoveisvery

good,otherwiseWhiteplaysatE16andbreaksintotheBlackposition.

29.F9. 30.Q14.31.K16. 32.R9.33.S2.IfBlackplaysatR9,this

moveisnecessaryforthesecurityofthewhitegroup.

34.P9.

35.C12. 36.E17.37.D16. 38.F14.39.G15. 40.F15.41.H17. 42.J7.43.O4. 44.Q5.45.R8. 46.M6.47.L6. 48.Q9.49.F3. 50.E3.51.G2.Thisisafinemove.By

meansofitBlackiscompelledtoplayatK2andWhitecanoccupyF5onhis53dmoveandthusescape,whereaswithoutG2White

52.K2.

couldonlyhaveplayedatF4,whereuponBlackcouldhavecutofftheretreatatF6.

VI

Plate30Blackhasahandicapoftwostones

WHITE BLACK

1.Q3. 2.D17.3.C15. 4.C13.5.J17. 6.D15.7.D16. 8.E16.9.C16. 10.D14.11.C17. 12.E18.13.C18. 14.L17.Blackcouldprevent

White‘snextmoveofE15byplaying14–G15.

15.E15. 16.F16.

17.E13. 18.E14.19.F15.“Shicho”isimpossible

becauseWhitealreadyoccupiesQ3.

20.H16.ThismovemakestheBlackpositionsecure.

21.F14. 22.C11.23.L16. 24.M17.25.J16. 26.H15.27.G13. 28.J1429.M16. 30.N16.31.N15. 32.O16.33.L14. 34.J12.35.G11. 36.D9.37.H10. 38.J10.39.J9. 40.K10.41.G8. 42.D6.43.K9. 44.L10.45.M8. 46.N10.47.J15. 48.H14.49.N13. 50.J3.Whitecouldnotoccupy

thispointwithoutendangeringtheupperposition.

51.L3. 52.J5.53.P8. 54.P10.55.Q13. 56.L5.Blackdoesnotneedto

furtherdefendhispositionE17-P10,becauseitsurelyhastwo“Me.”

VII

NoHANDICAP

Plate31

BLACK WHITE

1.C4. 2.Q3.3.D17. 4.E3.5.D5. 6.R16.7.R5. 8.O17.9.F4. 10.G3.11.O4. 12.O3.Fromherethegame

mightcontinueasfollows:

B.W.

N3P4

O2P3

N4Q6

R7K3

butthisisbadforBlack13.P4. 14.P3.15.N4.M3wouldbejustas

good.16.R4.

17.N3. 18.S5.19.J3. 20.C11Whiteabandonsthe

stonesatE3andG3.ifheweretoplayatG4,BlackwouldreplyatC11withtoogreatanadvantage.

21.C14. 22.C8.23.D3. 24.J17.25.G17. 26.J15.27.J5.Nowthetwowhite

stonesarecutoff.28.Q12.

29.L15.Blackcannotventureanyfartherin.

30.L17.

31.P16. 32.P1733.Q16. 34.Q17.35.R15. 36.S16.37.P13. 38.P12.39.N13. 40.O13.41.O14. 42.O12.43.L13. 44.R6.45.D7.

VIII

NoHANDICAP

Plate32

BLACK WHITE

1.C4. 2.C16.3.Q3. 4.R5.5.R9. 6.O5.7.N3. 8.R12.9.P9. 10.Q16.11.R4. 12.Q5.13.P4. 14.P5.15.M4. 16.M7.17.O17. 18.E16.19.C10. 20.E3.21.D5. 22.K17.23.R17. 24.Q17.25.R16. 26.Q15.27.Q18. 28.P18.29.R18. 30.P17.31.R14. 32.Q14.

33.R13. 34.Q13.35.S12. 36.K15.37.C13. 38.E13.39.Q12. 40.R15.41.S15. 42.S16.43.S14. 44.P12.45.R11.Takes. 46.M5.Thismoveisnecessary

becauseBlack’spositionaboveithasbecomestrong.

47.O13.Thecontinuationwouldnowbeeither48P13,49O15,or48O15,49P13.

IX

NoHANDICAP

Plate33

1.C4. 2.Q3.3.D17. 4.E3.5.R16. 6.C15.7.D5. 8.P17.9.F4. 10.C11.Whitecannotplay10

atG3becauseBlackwouldthenoccupyC11.

11.F3. 12.K3.13.R5. 14.O4.15.F16. 16.H17.17.C13. 18.C8.Abandoningthestoneat

C15.19.C16. 20.R13.21.Q15. 22.N16.23.Q17. 24.P18.25.R9.If25wereplayedatQ

8,26R8wouldbetheresult.26.P14.

27.O16. 28.O15.

29.P16. 30.N17.31.Q18. 32.R17.33.S7.Thismoveinsuresa

connectionbetweenthestonesatR5ANDR9.

34.E4.ThismoverescuesNo.4.

35.E2. 36.D2.37.G2. 38.E5.39.D3. 40.D6.41.C3. 42.H15.43.Q7. 44.N13.ThispreventsBlack

fromcuttingatN15andQ13.45.F14. 46.C6.47.G13.

X

NoHANDICAP

Plate34

BLACK WHITE

1.C4. 2.Q3.3.D17. 4.E3.5.R16. 6.C15.7.D5. 8.F16.9.D15. 10.D16.11.E16. 12.C16.13.E17. 14.E15.15.D14. 16.C17.17.F17. 18.G16.19.H18.Thismoveismuch

betterthanG17.20.C14.

21.E14. 22.F15.23.F14. 24.H16.25.J17. 26.G18.27.F18. 28.G14.

29.E12. 30.C11.31.G13. 32.Hl3.33.G12.H14wouldbebad. 34.J14.35.M17. 36.J1137.G10. 38.Q5.39.R10. 40.R8.41.P16. 42.J3.43.P10. 44.P12.45.R12. 46.R17.Asacrifice.47.Q17. 48.D8.49.H9. 50.N12.

VIITHEENDGAME

A WORK on the game of Go would not be complete without a chapterespeciallydevotedtothesubjectoftheendgame.

OntheaverageagameofGoconsistsofabouttwohundredandfiftymoves,andwemightsaythatabouttwentyofthesemovesbelongtotheopening,aboutonehundredandfiftytothemainpartofthegame,andtheremainingeightytotheendgame.Themoveswhichmayberegardedasbelongingtotheendgamearethosewhichconnectthevariousgroupsofstoneswiththemargin,andwhichfillupthespacebetweentheopposinggroupsofstones.Ofcourse, thereisnosharp distinction between themain game and the end game. Long before themaingameisfinishedmovesoccurwhichbearthecharacteristicsofendgameplay, and as the game progressesmoves of this kind becomemore andmorefrequent,untilatlastallofthemovesarestrictlypartoftheendgame.

Toward theendof thegame itbecomespossible tocalculate thevalueofamovewithgreateraccuracythaninthemiddleofthegame,andinmanycasesthenumberofpointswhichmaybegainedbyacertainmovemaybeascertainedwithabsoluteaccuracy.Therefore,when themaingame isnearingcompletion,theplayerssurveytrieboardinordertolocatethemostadvantageousendplays;that is to say, positionswhere they can gain the greatest number of “Me.” Incalculating the value of an end position, a player must carefully considerwhetheronitscompletionhewillretainorlosethe“Sente.”Itisanadvantageto retain the “Sente,” and it is generallygoodplay to choose an endpositionwhere the“Sente” is retained, inpreference toanendpositionwhere it is lost,evenifthelatterwouldgainafewmore“Me.”

Theplayerholding the“Sente”would, therefore,complete in rotation thoseendpositionswhichallowedhimtoretainit,commencing,ofcourse,withthoseinvolving the greatest number of “Me.” He would at last come to a point,however,whereitwouldbemoreadvantageoustoplaysomeendpositionwhichgainedforhimquiteanumberofpoints,althoughonitscompletionthe“Sente”wouldbelost.Hisadversary,thereupongainingthe“Sente,”would,inturn,playhisseriesofendpositionsuntilitbecameadvantageousforhimtorelinquishit.Bythisprocessthevalueofthecontestedendpositionswouldbecomesmallerandsmaller,untilat last therewouldremainonlythefillingof isolated,vacant

intersectionsbetweentheopposing lines, theoccupationofwhichresults innoadvantageforeitherplayer.Thesemovesarecalled“Dame,”aswehavealreadyseen.

Thisisthegeneralschemeofanendgame,but,ofcourse,inactualplaytherewouldbemanydeparturestherefrom.Sometimesanadvantagecanbegainedbymakinganunsoundthoughdangerousmove,inthehopethattheadversarymaymakesomeerrorinreplyingthereto.Thenagain,inplayingagainstaplayerwholacks initiative, it is not sonecessary to consider the certaintyof retaining the“Sente” aswhenopposedby amore aggressive adversary.Frequently also theplayersdifferintheirestimateofthevalueofthevariousendpositions,anddonot,therefore,respondtoeachother’sattacks.Inthiswaythepossessionofthe“Sente”generallychangesmorefrequentlyduringtheendgamethanislogicallynecessary.

Theprocessofconnectingthevariousgroupswiththeedgeoftheboardgivesrisetoendpositionsinwhichthereismoreor lesssimilarityinallgames,andmostoftheillustrationswhicharenowgivenareexamplesofthisclass.Theendpositionswhich occur in themiddle of the boardmay vary somuch in everygamethatitispracticallyimpossibletogivetypicalillustrationsofthem.

Of course, in an introductorywork of this character it is not practicable togiveagreatmanyexamplesofendpositions,andIhavepreparedonlytwelve,whichareselectedfromtheworkofInouyeHoshin,andwhichareannotatedsothatthereasonsforthemovesmaybeunderstoodbybeginners.Thenumberof“Me” gained in each case is stated, and also whether the “Sente” is lost orretained.TothesetwelveexamplesIhaveaddedeightpositionsfromKorschelt’swork.

I

Plate35(A)Thefollowingstonesareontheboard:White,S15,R14,P14,L17;Black,

R16,Q16,N15,N17.IfWhite has the “Sente,” he gains eight “Me,” counting together what he

winsandBlackloses.

WHITE BLACK

1.S17.ThisisWhite’sonlygoodmove;S16doesnottakeadvantageoftheopportunity,andhecannotriskS18.

2.S16.IfBlackhadhadthemoveor“Sente,”hecouldhaveavoidedWhite’sinvasionbyplayinghere.

3.T16.Aninstanceof“Watari.” 4.R17.5.S18.Whitecannotventureto

playatR18.6.R18.IfBlackneglectsthis,

WhitewouldjumptoQ18.

Whiteretainsthe“Sente.”

II

Plate35(B)Thefollowingstonesareonthehoard:White,R9,O5,O3;Black,P7,Q3,

Q4,R7.

IfWhitehasthefirstmove,itmakesadifferenceofsix“Me.”

WHITE BLACK

1.P2. 2.Q2.3.Q1. 4.RI.5.P1. 6.S2.Blackcannotneglectthis

move.

Whiteretainsthe“Sente.”IfBlackhadhadthefirstmove,theplaywouldhavebeenasfollows:

WHITE BLACK

1.P2. 2.O2.3.O1. 4.N1.5.P1. 6.M2.

AndBlackhasthe“Sente.’

III

Plate35(C)Thefollowingstonesareontheboard:White,B16,C14,E15;Black,C17,

D16,E16,G17.IfWhitehasthemove,itmakesadifferenceofseven“Me.”

WHITE BLACK

1.B17.WhitedarenotgotoB18becausehewouldbecutoffeventuallyatB15.

2.B18.

3.A18. 4.C18.

Whiteretainsthe“Sente.”

IV

Plate35(D)Thefollowingstonesareontheboard:White,B8,C7,C8,D6,E2,E6,F

3,F5;Black,B6,B7,C6,D2,3,4,5.IfWhitehasthemove,itmakesadifferenceoffour“Me.”

WHITE BLACK

1.B4.Thisstoneissacrificed,butthereisnolossbecauseitissothreateningthatBlackmustplaytwiceinordertomakehispositionsecure,meanwhileWhiteadvancesonlineA.

2.B3.Black’sbestmovebecauseitdefendstheconnectionatC5,andalsopreventsWhitefromtryingtoconnectatD1.

3.A7.Whitegainsone“Me”bythismove.

4.A6.

5.A8. 6.C4.NecessarybecausetheconnectionatC5isnowinimmediatedanger,butBlacktherebyfillsupanotherofhis“Me,”andWhiteretainsthe“Sente.”

V

Plate36(A)Thefollowingstonesareontheboard:White,M16,M17,M18,N16,O15,

P14,R14;Black,N17,N18,O16,P16,Q16,R16.IfWhitehasthe“Sente,”itmakesadifferenceofsix“Me.”

WHITE BLACK

1.N19. 2.O18.BlackcannotstoptheinvasionatO19,asWhitewouldthenplayatO18andkilltheblackstonesonlineN.

3.O19.Whitepusheshisinvasionfarther.

4.P19.Blackcannowarresttheadvance.

5.M19. 6.P18.

Whiteretainsthe“Sente.”

VI

Plate36(B)Thefollowingstonesareontheboard:Black,M2,M3,N3,N4,O4,Q4,

R4,S4;White,L3,N4,O2,O3,P3,R2,S3,R6.

Blackhasthe“Sente”andgainsnine“Me.”

BLACK WHITE

1.T3. 2.Q2.TheobviousanswerisatT2,butifWhiteplaysthere,BlackrepliesatandWhitelosesallhisstonesunlesshecanwinby“Ko.”HeplaysatQ2inordertoformthenecessarytwo“Me.”

3.S2.Blackproceedswithhisinvasion.

4.P1.IfWhitetriestosavehisstonebyplayingatR3,BlackrepliesatP1,andthewhitegroupisdead.

Blackretainsthe“Sente.”

VII

Plate36(C)Thefollowingstonesareontheboard:Black,B17,C17,D16,G17;White,

B16,C13.

BLACK WHITE

1.B14.Thismoveisreally“Gote”;thatistosay,Whiteisnotforcedtoreplytoit,butitisveryadvantageousforBlack,asiteffectivelyseparatesWhite’stwostones.

2.C14.C15isnotsogood.

3.B15.ThewhitestoneatB16isnowhopeless.

Blackhasgivenupthe“Sente,”buthasgainedconsiderableground.

VIII

Plate36(D)Thefollowingstonesareontheboard:Black,C4,D4,E4,C7;White,C3,

D3,E3,F3.Blackhasthemove.

BLACK WHITE

1.B3. 2.B2.3.B4.

These moves seem obvious, but the importance of Black’s opportunity islikelytobeunderestimated;Blackgainsabouteleven“Me”bythisplay.If theopposinglinesextendonespacenearertheedgeoftheboard,theterritorygainedbyasimilarattackisnotnearlysogreat.

IX

Plate37(A)Thefollowingstonesareontheboard:White,M16,N16,N18,O17,P18,

Q17,18;Black,N15,O15,16,P16,17,Q16,R12,R17.Whitehasthemove.

BLACK WHITE

1.S17. 2.S16.3.R18. 4.R16.5.T18.

White has givenup the “Sente,” but thesemovesmake a difference in hisfavorofaboutfourteen“Me.”

X

Plate37(B)

The following stones are on the board :White,M 3, O 3, P 2, Q 3, R2;Black,N4,O4,Q5,R3,R4.

Whitehasthemove.

WHITE BLACK

1.S2.

Thismoveisreally“Gote”butifBlackneglectstoanswerit,Whitecanthenjump to T 5. This jump is called by a special name “O zaru,” or the “bigmonkey,”andwouldgainabouteight“Me.”forWhiteXI

Plate37(C)Thefollowingstonesareontheboard:White,C15,D15,E15,16;Black,C

16,D16,E17,18,F16,G17.Whitehasthemove.

WHITE BLACK

1.B16. 2.B17.3.B15.

Whitehasgivenupthe“Sente”andhasgainedsomewhat,butifBlacknowneglectstodefendandplayselsewhere,WhitecanjumptoB18,andgainaboutseventeen“Me”altogether.

XII

Plate37(D)Thefollowingstonesareontheboard:White,B8,C7,11,D5,6,7,E6;

Black,B7,C5,6,D3,4,E4,5.

Whitehasthemove.

WHITE BLACK

1.B6. 2.B5.3.A7.Takes.

Whitehasgivenupthe“Sente,”butthismethodofplaygainsaboutfourteen“Me,”asitisnownolongernecessarytoprotecttheconnectionatC8.

WewillnowinserttwoplatesfromKorschelt’sbook.Thenotesatthefootoftheillustrationsarehis.

VIIIPROBLEMS

AFTERthestudenthasbecomefamiliarwiththerulesandthemethodsofplay,and perhaps has played a few games either with another beginner or with aJapanesemaster,theimpressionleftonthemindislikelytobethatthegameistoo vague, and that there is too wide a latitude of choice of positions wherestones may be placed. This impression might be corrected by the study ofillustrativegames,orof“Joseki”andendpositions,butsuchacourseisratherdryanduninteresting,and, in theopinionof theauthor,byfar thebestwayofattainingacorrectideaofthegameisbymeansofproblems.

ManyofusarefamiliarwithChessproblems,andIthinkChessplayerswillagree that they benefit the student of Chess very little, because the assumedpositionsarenotsuchasarisefrequentlyinactualplay.Theoppositeisthecaseinregard toGoproblems.Thesearefor themostpart taknfromactualgames,andthetypicalproblemisasituationthatisquitelikelytoariseinactualplay,andsomeofthemarepositionsthatoccuragainandagain.

Ifthestudentofthegamewillsetupthesepositionsfromthetextandattempttosolvethem,preferablywiththeaidandencouragementofsomefriend,hewillfind that the task is an interesting one, and hewill be impressed by the greataccuracywhichisnecessaryinattackinganddefendingdifficultpositions.

With theknowledgeobtained in thisway,hewillbeable to judgewith fargreaterskillwhattodowhenapositionisthreatenedinactualplay.Hewillbeable to distinguish whether the danger is real, and whether it is, therefore,necessarytoreplytohisadversary’sattack,orwhetherhecanaffordtoignoreitandassumethe“Sente”insomeotherpartoftheboard.Hewillalsobeabletoperceivewhenanadversary’sgroupisvulnerablesothatitwillbeprofitabletoattackit.

The collection of problemswhich I have given in this book are rearrangedfrom Korschelt’s work, and they were in turn taken by him from a Japanesetreatisecalled“GoKiyoShiyuMiyo.”Necessarilythecollectionheregivenisaverysmallone,butifanyreaderofthisbookbecomessomuchinterestedinthegame that he desires to study other examples, he will doubtless find someJapaneseacquaintancewhocansupplyhimwithfurthermaterial,astheJapaneseliteratureofthegamecontainslargecollections.

Themostimportantkindofproblemsarethoseinwhichthequestionishowtokillanadversary’sgroup,orhowtosaveone’sowngroupwhenthreatened.Itisalsooftenveryimportanttoknowhowaconnectionbetweentwogroupscanbeforced.

Forgreaterclearnesstheseproblemsarearrangedundersevenheads;towit,1.SAVINGTHREATENEDGROUPS.2.KILLINGGROUPS.3.PLAYINGFOR“Ko.”Theadvantagegainedbythisoperationisnotapparentinthegroupitself,

butdependsuponwhichplayerhasthelargerthreatenedgroupelsewhere.4.RECIPROCALATTACKSOR“SEMEAI.”Thisisacombinationofthefirsttwokindsofproblems,anditonlydiffers

fromthemin thatbothplayershavecomparativelystronggroupswhicharesointertwined that both cannot live, and thequestion is,which cankill theotherfirst.

5.CONNECTINGGROUPS. Theproblemhereistoforceaconnectionbetweenasmallgrouphaving

insufficient“Me”andsomelargergroup.6.“OIOTOSHl.”Thisreallymeansa“robber’sattack.”Itariseswhereagroupisapparently

engulfed by the opponent, andwhen, by adding further stones to itwhich theopponentmust take, thethreatenedplayercanforcehisopponent toabandonapartofhissurroundingchaininordernottosustaingreaterlosses.Theattackisso sudden and unexpected that the Japanese compare it to the methods of ahighwayman.Itisanexampleofthefinestplayinthegame.

7.CUTTING.Thisisanothermethodofescape,andtheproblemistocutoffandkillpart

oftheadversary’ssurroundingchain.Inthefollowingexamplesthesidehavingthefirstmoveisgiveninitalics.

I.SAVINGTHREATENEDGROUPS

1.(Plate40,A)

White,Q18,R18,S16,17,18.Black,O17,P18,Q17,R15,17,S15.

2.(Plate40,B)

White,O3,Q3,4,R3,5,S5.Black,R2,4,S3,4.

3.(Plate40,C)

White,A14,B11,13,C13,14,15,17,D17,18,E16,F17.Black,A13,B14,15,17,18,C16,18.

4.(Plate40,D)

White,B3,C3,D2,E2.Black,B4,C4,D3,E3,F2,G3.

5. White,B5,C4,D5,E2,3,4,G2.Black,B3,4,D2,3,E1.

6. White,B12,13,15,16,C13,15,D13,14.Black,A16,B11,17,C10,12,16,D12,15,16,E13,14.

7. White,M16,17,N16,O15,17,P14,17,Q18,R14,S15.Black,N17,O16,P16,Q16,R16,S16,18.

8. White,O1,P2,Q2,3,R3,S3,4.Black,N2,O2,P1,3,4,Q4,R4,6,S5,T4.White,A4,B5,6,C4,D5,E2,3,4.

9. Black,A5,B3,4,C3,D2,3.

10. White,B15,16,C17,18,D18.Black,A15,B14,C14,15,16,D17,E17,18.

11.

White,L18,M16,17,N14,18,O13,19,P18,Q12,13,17,18,R12,14,18,S14,17,19.Black,N17,O15,17,18,P14,17,Q14,15,16,R13,16,17,S13,18.

12. White,Q3,R2,3,S3.Black,P2,3,5,Q2,4,R5,7.

13. White,B2,C3,D1,3,E2.Black,B4,C5,D4,E3,4,F1,2,G3.

14. White,A16,B15,C15,16,D17,E17,F18,G18.Black,B16,17,C17,D18,E18,F19.

15. White,Q15,R14,15,16,S17.Black,P15,17,Q13,14,16,R11,12,17,18.

16. White,R3,4,5,S2.Black,O3,P3,Q4,6,R6,S6,T3.

17. White,B4,C3,4,5,E4,F2,3,H2.Black,B3,C2,D3,E2,F1.

18. White,C13,15,16,17,E14,15,16.Black,B14,15,C12,14,D13,17,E12,17,F15,16,G13.

19. White,M17,N18,O17,19,P15,17,R14,16,S16.Black,O18,P18,Q16,17,R17,S17.

20. White,P2,3,6,Q2,4,R2,4,6,7.Black,Q3,R1,3,9,S2,4,5.

21. White,B13,14,16,C13,D13,14,15,18,E16,17.Black,B15,C14,15,17,18,D16.

22. White,C7,D3,5,6,E2,3,7,F5.Black,C2,4,5,6,9,10,D2,E8,F2,8,G3,5,6,J3.

23. White,O2,3,4,6,Q4,R4,6,S5,T4.Black,P2,3,R3,S3,4.

24. White,Q17,R16,17,S18.Black,N17,O17,P16,Q16,R15,S16,17.

II.KILLINGGROUPS

1.(Plate41,A)

White,O17,P18,Q14,15,16,17,R13,S13,14,15.Black,Q18,R14,15,16,17,18,S16,T15.

2.(Plate41,B)

White,P5,Q3,R2,5,S5,6.Black,O2,P3,4,6,Q2,5,R6,7,S8.

3.(Plate41,C)

White,B15,18,C16,17.Black,B14,C14,D15,16,17,18.

4.(Plate41,D)

White,B4,C3,4,E1,3,F2,4,G2.Black,A3,B2,3,C2,D2,E2,F1.

5. White,B4,C4,D3,E3,F2,G3.Black,A3,B3,C2,D2,E2.

6. White,B16,C10,D13,15,16,17.Black,B14,C12,15,D18,E12,F14,15,17,G17.

7. White,P17,18,Q15,16,R13,15.Black,Q17,18,R16,S16.

8. White,Q1,R2,3,5,S5.Black,O2,Q2,3,4,5,6,R7,S7.White,B5,C5,8,D5,E2,4,F2,3,4.

9. Black,B4,C4,D2,3,E3.

10. White,B15,C15,17,18.Black,B14,C12,14,D15,16,17,F17.

11. White,M16,O15,16,18,P18,Q14,R12,15,18,S16.Black,L16,P16,17,Q16,18,S17,18.

12. White,Q2,R2,S3,4,5.Black,P2,3,Q3,R4,5,7,S6.

13. White,B4,C4,6,D4,E3,F3,G2,H3.Black,B3,C3,D3,E2,F2.

14.White,C17,18,E16,17,F15,G16,H16,17,K16.Black,B17,18,C16,D14,16,17,E13,15,G14,15,17,J14,15,K,17,L16.

15. White,N17,P16,17,18,Q15,R13,15,S14.Black,Q16,17,18,R16,S15.

16. White,P2,Q2,R3.Black,N3,03,Q3,4,R5.

17. White,B16,17,C17,D18,19.Black,C12,14,16,D16,17,E18,F17.

18. White,H3,K3,4,M3,N4,O2,P3,4,Q6,R5,S1,4.Black,P1,2,Q3,R2,3,S3.

19. White,M17,O16,17,P15,R13,15,S15,16.Black,P16,Q16,18,R16,S17.

III.PLAYINGFOR“KO”

1.(Plate42,A) White,O16,P17,18,Q16,R14,16,S15.Black,Q17,18,R17,S16.

2.(Plate42,B) White,O4,5,P2,3,6,R2,6,7,S3,5.Black,L3,N3,O3,P4,Q4,R4,9,S4,7,T4.

3.(Plate42,C) White,B16,17,C18.Black,C13,15,16,17,D18,E17.

4.(Plate42,D) White,B4,C4,D4,E3,4,F2,G4.Black,C2,3,D3,E2.

5. White,B4,C4,D3,E3,F2,3.Black,B3,C1,3,D2,E2.

6. White,C15,16,17,D18.Black,B14,C12,14,D15,16,17,E18,F17.

7. White,P17,18,Q17,R15,16,S15.Black,Q18,R17,19,S16,17.

8. White,Q3,R3,S4.Black,O3,P3,Q4,R4,6,S5.

9. White,B5,C4,5,E4,F4,H2,4,5,J3.Black,B3,4,D3,E3,F3,G3.

10. White,B15,16,C17,18,D19.Black,B14,18,C14,15,D16,18,E18,F16.

11. White,N17,O18,P16,17,Q16,R16,S16.Black,P18,Q17,R17,S17.

12. White,P2,Q2,R3,4,S2.Black,M3,O3,P3,Q5,R5,S3,4,T2.

13. White,A2,B3,4,C5,D4,5,F4,G2,3.Black,B2,C3,4,D3,E3,F2.

14. White,C15,16,17,D16.Black,C14,D14,15,l7,18,El6,F17.

15. White,N17,O18,P16,17,Q15,R15,S16.Black,P18,Q16,17,S17.

16. White,R2,4,S3.Black,O3,P4,Q2,4,R5,6,S4.

IV.RECIPROCALATTACKS(“SEMEAI”)

1.(Plate43,A)White,N17,P17,Q17,R17,S18.Black,Q18,R14,16,18,S16,17.

2.(Plate43,B) White,O3,P2,Q2,R3,S3,5.Black,Q3,4,R2,6,S2,7.

3.(Plate43,C) White,B15,16,C15,17,18,D17,E18.Black,B17,C16,D16,18,E16,17,F18.

4.(Plate43,D)White,B2,3,4,C5,D3,4,6,F3,G2,3.Black,B5,6,C2,3,4,7,D2,E2.F2.

5. White,B3,C2,3,4,D4,E3,F3,G2,3.Black,A3,5,B4,6,C5,D2,3,5,E2,4,5,F2.

6. White,B14,15,16,19,C15,17,18,D18,E17,F17.Black,B13,17,18,C13,14,16,D15,16,17,E14.

7. White,N17,O17,Q16,17,R18,S18.Black,P18,Q15,18,R15,17,S17.

8. White,P2,4,Q2,6,R3,7,S3,6.Black,N3,O2,3,P3,Q3,R4,5,S4.

9. White,A4,B5,C5,7,D2,3,5,E3,4.Black,B3,4,C2,4,D4,6,E5,6,F2,4,G3.

10. White,B13,14,15,C15,18,D16,17,18.Black,B12,16,C12,13,14,16,17,D15,E15.

11. White,O2,4,P2,4,Q2,3,5,R5,7,S4.Black,M3,N2,3,O3,P3,Q4,R3,4.

12. White,Q11,12,13,R11,14,15,S16,T14.Black,Q14,15,R12,13,16,17,18,S11,13.

V.CONNECTINGGROUPS

1.(Plate44,A)

White,K14,16,18,L18,M13,N13,15,O16,P14,17.Black,M16,18,N14,17,Q14,15,16,R17.

2.(Plate44,B)

White,N5,O4,6,P4,Q3,8,R3,8,S3,4,7,9.Black,N6,P5,6,8,9,R4,6,7,10,11,S5.

3.(Plate44, White,C11,12,13,14,18,D14,17,E18,G17.

C) Black,B10,C9,16,17,D10,13,15,E11,14,F13,16.4.(Plate44,D)

White,C2,3,5,6,E7,G3,5,H3,5.Black,D3,5,E5,F3,6,G6,J4,7,K3,6.

5. White,A2,B2,5,C6,D3,E5,7,F5,G2,3.Black,C1,2,3,4,D4,G5,H2,3,4.

6. White,B13,17,C13,17,D13,16,17,E17,F17.Black,B15,C10,14,16,D11,E14,16,F12,14.

7. White,M2,3,P2,3,R2,3,4,S5,6.Black,N4,P4,Q2,3,4,6,R5,S2,3.

8.White,M13,15,N11,O10,15,P13,Q9,14,R10,15,S12,16.Black,O12,17,P12,Q16,R11,12,13,17,S13,17.

9. White,B2,3,C2,4,D6,F4,7,G3,5,H3,5,J6,K5,L4.Black,C3,D2,3,E3,5,F3,G4,J4,5,K4,L3,M3.

10.White,C12,17,D9,14,18,E10,12,13,17,F17,G15,H12,14.Black,C8,9,14,15,16,D10,E15,16,F13,14.

11. White,H17,J17,K17,N15,O15,17,P17.Black,J16,K14,16,M14,16,N16,O13,Q14,17,R16.

12. White,Q8,9,R3,4,5,10,11,12,S2.Black,P3,5,7,8,9,Q2,5,10,R2,7,S1.

VI.“OIOTOSHI”

1.(Plate45,A)

White,P18,Q15,16,17,R17,18,S17.Black,O17,18,P14,16,Q14,R14,16,S16,18,T17.

2.(Plate45,B)

White,N5,04,P3,4,6,Q2,R2,7,S3,4,6,T5.Black,M4,N2,4,O3,P1,2,Q3,5,R3,5,S5.

3.(Plate45,C)

White,A16,B13,15,17,18,C14,19,D16,17,18,E13,16,F16,G14,15.Black,B16,C15,16,17,18,D15,E15,F15,17,G16,17.

4.(Plate45,D)

White,B3,C1,3,4,5,6,D2,E3,F2.Black,A3,B2,4,5,6,C2,7,D7,E4,6,F4,G2,3.

5. White,A3,B4,C4,D3,4,F2,3,4.Black,B3,C3,5,6,D2,E2,6,F1,G2,4,5,H3.

6.White,A18,B15,17,C14,18,D14,19,E14,18,F15,18,G19,H16,17,18.Black,A16,B16,18,C16,D15,17,18,E17,F17,G17,18.

7. White,P5,6,Q3,4,9,R3,9,S4,5,7,8,T6.Black,N4,P2,3,4,Q5,R4,5,6,7,8,S6.

8.White,Q16,17,18,R13,14,15,16,18,S16.Black,O17,P12,15,18,Q13,15,R12,17,S13,14,15,17,l8,Tl6.

9.White,A3,4,B4,6,C2,3,5,D1,3,E3,F3,G3,H3,J2,3.Black,B1,2,3,C1,4,D2,4,E2,4,F2,5,G2,H2,5,J1,K2,3,4.

10.

White,A9,12,B8,10,11,13,14,16,17,C8,15,D9,15,E11,13,14.Black,A18,B9,12,18,C9,10,11,12,13,14,17,D14,17,E15,16.

11.

White,H17,J15,18,L14,15,M14,N15,16,17,O17,18,P17,Q17.Black,K17,L16,M15,16,18,N14,18,O14,19,P18,Q15,R16,17.

12. White,O4,6,P2,3,8,Q9,R4,5,6,9,S3,4,7,9,T7,8.Black,Q3,4,5,6,7,R3,7,8,S2,6,8,T2.

VII.CUTTING

1.(Plate46,A)

White,C15,D17,18,E15,17,G18,H18,J13,K13,14,15,16,17,18.Black,E18,F12,17,18,G13,15,17,H12,J11,14,L12,16,18,M14,16,N18.

2.(Plate46,B)

White,J3,K5,6,L3,4,7,P3,5,7,Q2,3,9,R6.Black,L5,8,M3,8,N3,5,7,O3,8,P2.

3.

White,C15,D18,E13,15,16,17,H18,J12,15,17,K13,14,15,17.Black,E18,F12,13,17,18,G15,17,H12,13,J11,14,L12,16,17,M14.

4.White,H5,7,9,10,J3,K3,5,7,9,L2,3,M2,9,O4,6,7,8,Q3,R3Black,G5,6,7,9,H3,4,8,J2,M3,5,7,N2,3,5,7,P2,Q2.

SOLUTIONSTOPROBLEMS

I.SAVINGTHREATENEDGROUPS

1. T19.2. T2,S1,T4,Q2,R1.3. A18,A16,B16.4. B2,C1,B1,D1,C2.5. A2,B1,A4orA2,A4,B1.6. C17,C18,D17,E17,B18,D18,A18,B19,A12,A14,B14.

7. O18,N18,Q17,R18,P18,N17,R17,O19,R19,P19,T17orO18,P18,R18,orO18,R18,P18.

8. S1,R1,S1.9. B1,A2,B2.10. A17,B19,B18,A14,C19,A16,A19,B17,B16.11. T16,T18,T14orT16,S12,T18.12. S5,S6,T5.13. C1.14. B19.15. S18,S19,S13,T18,S15,T17,T14orS18,S13,T16.

16. S5,T5,T4,S4,T2,T6,Q2,orS5,T5,T4,S4>T2,Q2,S3,T4,T6,T4,T5,S1,S8.17. A3,B1,B2,E3,A1,A2,C1.

18.F17,G17,F18,G18,D18,E18,D19,E19,D16,F19,B19,A18,B18,A17,D14,C18,B17,C19,B16,orF17,G17,F18,G18,D18,E18,D19,E19,D16,F19,B19,C18,B18.

19. Q15,Q14,R15,S15,T16,S14,Q19,T17,S18,N19,R19.20. T3,S6,T5,S3,R3.21. A16,A17,A15,B18,B19,B17,A18,A19,C19.22. C3,B3,B2,B1,A2,A3,B6,B5,A5,A1,D4,B4,B8,E1,B9.23. S1,T2,T3,P1,Q1,Q2,Q3,R1,R1.24. T17,S15,R19.

II.KILLINGGROUPS

1. Q19,S18,T17,T16,R19,S19,T18,P19,Q19.

2. S2,Q4,O5,R3,R1,S1,T1,S3,T4,T3,S4,orS2,R1,R4,R3,Q4,S4,S3.

3. B19,C19,C18,A19,A17.4. A1,D1,B1.5. B1,B2,A1,E1,C1.

6.C14,E18,C18,E17,B17,C16,A17,A16,B19orC14,C18,E18,B18,C16,C17,A16,A15,A17,B15,C19,B19,A18orC14,C18,E18,C16,B19,C19,B18,B15,A15.

7. S18,R18,S19,R19,S17,R17,S15.8. T5,T4,R4,S4,S2,S3,T2.

9. B2,A2,C2,D1,A4,A3,A5,B3,B1,D4,C1orB2,B3,C2,D1,A2,B1,A4,A3,D4.

10. A15,A17,D18,C16,A16,B16,B18orA15,B16,D18.11. R19,P14,O13,O17,N18,R17,P19.12. T2,T5,T3,Q1,S2,R3,S1,orT2,T5,T3,S2,Q1,R1fTr13. F1,D1,A3,A2,B1,C1,G1,B2,D2,C2,E1.14. L18,G18,H19,D18,E19orL18,D18,F18,G18,F17,E18,H18.15. S17,S16,S19,R18,S18,T18,T17,T16,Q19,R19,P19.16. S3,S2,S4,T2,O2,P1,R1,R2,S1.17. B19,B18,E19,C18,B15.18. R1,N2,O3,O1,M1,M2,Q1,L2,N1,L1,N1,M1,T3,Ta,T4,19. S18,T17,R17,R18,T18,Q17,T16,R17,P18.

III.PLAYINGFOR“KO”

1. S18,T16,T17.

2.P1,O2,T2,T3,Q2,Q3,R3,S2,R1,T1,NaorP1,Q1,Q3,Q2,S2,T2,S1,R3,O2orP1,S2,O2,Q1,S6,S8,R5,R8,Q3,Q2,T3,T2,S1.

3. A18,C19,B19.4. D1,Ba,B3,A3,A2,A1,B1.

5. A2,B2,A3,E1,B1.6. B18,D19,C19.7. T18,S18,P19,T19,Q19.8. S2,T4,T3.9. C3,C2,B1,A2,E1,F1,F2,E2,G1,A4,C1,D1.10. A18,A17,B19.

11. P19,T17,T18,S19,R19,R18,Q18orP19,R19,S19,S18,T19orP19,S18,T18,R18,Q18,R19,S19.12. R1,S3,T1.13. C1,D2,A1.14. B14,B13,B18,A14,A17,C18,A15,B15,B16.15. R18,R16,S19,T18,T17,P19,Q19.16. Q3,P2,S5.

IV.RECIPROCALATTACKS(“SEMEAI”)

1. S19.2. S4,R4,R5,T4,T2,T3>T6.3. B18,D19,B19,C19,F19.4. B1.5. B1,A2,F1.6. A18.7. T18,R19,R16,S16,S15,S14,P17.8. S2,R2,T3.9. B2,A2,B1,C1,C3,A1,B2,B1,B5.10. A16,A17,B18.11. S2,S3,R2,T2,S1.12. T12,Tn,S10.

V.CONNECTINGGROUPS

1. O15,N16,M15,O14,O17orO15,P15,P18,Q18,P16,O17,O18,Q17,Q14.

2. T5,T6,S6,T4,Q5,OAp7,O7,O5,Q7,R5,Q4,R5,Q5,T3.3. E15,E16,B17,B16,D16,C15,A16.4. F5,E6,E2,F2,E4,D4,E3,D2,D1.5. F4,E4,F3,E3,F2.6. A15,A16,B16,A14,C15.7. Q1,S4,R1,O3,N1,O2,O1.8. S15,T15,S14,R16,Q15,R14,P14.9. j2,H2,H4,j3,K3,H4,G1,F2,F1.

10. F12,F11,D11,E11,B17,B18,B11,B12,A12,B13,B14,A13,D12.11. L16,M15,M18,L18,M17,L17,L19.

12. S8,S7,T7,R8,Q7,S9,R9,R6,T8,Q6,T5orS8,S7,T7,R8,Q7,R9,S9,T6,Q6.

VI.“OIOTOSHI“

1. T18,T19,R19.2. S2,S1,T2,T3,Q1,TI,S2.3. B19,A19,A17,A15,E18.4. A2,A1,A4,A5,D1.5. C2,B2,B1,C1,A2.6. B19,C19,C17,A19,B18,B19,A17.7. S3,S2,R2,T3,Q2,S3,T5,Q8,T7,S9,S1,Q7,T2.8. T15,T14,T18,S19,T17,T19,T17,T18,R19,S11,T17,S17,9. H1,G7,E1,F1,D1.10. B15,A15,A13,A14,A17.11. M17,L17,N19,M19,L18,K18,K19,L19,J19.12. T3,S5,T4.

VII.CUTTINC

1. G16,F16,G14,F14,F15.2. N6,M6,O6,M7,M4.3. G16,F16,G14,H15,F15.4. K6,J6,L6,J8,F4.

GLOSSARY

Atari, a term used to warn an opponent when a player is about to surroundcompletelyastoneoragroupofstonesofhisopponent.Thisisanoldrulenotalwaysobservednowadays.Daidaigeima (see alsoKeima,Ogeima), the placing of stones on the board inrelationtoeachotherliketheKnight’smoveinChess,butwiththestonestwospacesfartherapart.SeePlate13,DiagramVII.Dame,isolated“Me”onthefrontierlinesleftontheboardattheendofagame,whichareofnoimportancetoeitherplayer.Seepp.44–47.Furin, the four-stonehandicapwhich isgiven inaddition to theordinarynine-stonehandicap.SeePlate12.Goban,theboardonwhichthegameofGoisplayed.Gotsubo,thewoodenjarthatholdstheGostones,or“Ishi.”Ichiban,winningagamebyfromonetoten“Me.”Ikkentakahiraki,anopeningplayor“Joseki” inventedbyMuraseShuho.SeePlate19(C),Move2.Ikken takakakari, anopeningplayor “Joseki”used inExamplesXV (p. 134)andXIX(p.138)inthechapteron“Joseki.”IshiorGoishi,thestonesusedinplayingthegameofGo.Ji dori go, a contemptuous epithet meaning “ground taking Go,” used inreference to the type of game in which the players concentrate on capturingspaceontheboardwithoutanyregardtoeachother’splays.Jo zu, the honorary title for players who have attained the rank of SeventhDegreeGoplayer.Joseki,thefirststonesplacedontheboardbyaplayer.Theseopeningmovesareveryimportantindeterminingthesuccessofaplayer.Kageme, the situation in which there appear to be, but actually are not, twodisconnected“Me”inaplayer’sgroupofstoneswhichpreventthegroupfrombeingtaken.Seepp.33–34andPlate3,DiagramIII.Kakari(Ikkenkakari,Nikkenkakari,Sangenkakari,etc.),termsusedtodescribetheplacingofstonesofoppositecolorsontheboardinsuchawaytKattheyareseparatedbyone,twoorthree,etc.,vacantspaces.SeePlate13,DiagramIV.Kaketsugu,theplacingofastoneinsuchapositionthatiteffectivelyguardsapointofconnectionbetweenotherstones,withoutactuallyconnectingthemasinthecaseof“Tsugu.”Kan shu, the honorary title for players who have attained the rank of Eighth

Degree,theliteralmeaningofwhichis“thehalf-waystep.”Keima (see alsoOgeima,Daidaigeima), the placing of stones on the board inrelation to each other similar to the Knight’s move in Chess. Also called“Kogeima.”SeePlate13,DiagramV.Kirikaeshi,oneofthemorecommonopeningmoves.SeePlate19(B),Move3.Kiru,theplayingofastoneinsuchawaythatitpreventsone’sopponentfromconnectinguptwoormoreofhisownstones.SeePlate13,DiagramXIII.Ko,thesituationinwhichaplayermaynotplaceastoneonaparticularvacantintersection.ForexplanationSeepp.40–42.Kogeima,seeKeima.Kogpimakakari, theplacingofstonesofdifferentcolorsontheboardinrelationtoeachotherliketheKnight’smoveinChess.Thisisthemostusualmoveforattackingthecorner.SeePlate19(A),Move1.Komoku, the most usual and most conservative method of commencing thecornerplayatC4orD3.SeePlate24(A),Move1.Kosumu,theplayingofastoneontheintersectiondiagonallyadjacenttoanotherstone.Me,thepointsatwhichthelinesofaGoboardintersectandonwhichthestonesareplayed.Alsocalled“Moku.”Theliteralmeaningof thewordis“eye.”Seepp.31–32forexplanationoftheprincipleofthetwo“Me.’Mewotsukuru,anexpressionusedtodescribetheprocessswherebystonesarefinallyarrangedontheboardtofacilitatethecounting.Meishu orMeijin, the honorary title for playerswho attain the rank ofNinthDegree,theliterarymeaningofwhichis“Celebratedman.”Moku,seeMe.Mokuhadzushi,theleastconservativeofthreeusualopenings,whichisatE3orC5.SeeIllustrativeGameI,Move1.Nakaoshigatchi,a.victorybyalargemarginintheearlypartofagame.Nakayctsu, the fourstonehandicapwhich isgiven,usuallyonly to themerestnovice, in addition to the regular nine-stonehandicap and the extra four-stone“Furin”handicap.SeePlate12.Nikken take kakari, a formof opening or “Joseki” illustrated onPlate 20 (D),Move3andonPlate21(C),Move1.Nobiru, extending a line of stones by placing another in the adjacent vacant“Me” and not skipping a space as in the case of “Ikken tobi.” See Plate 13,DiagramXIV.Nozoku,theplayingofastoneinsuchawaythatitpreventsanopponentfromcompletely surrounding a “Me.”SeePlate13,DiagramVIII.The term is alsoappliedtotheplayingofastoneasapreliminarymoveincuttingtheconnectionbetweentwooftheadversary’sstonesorgroupsofstones.Seepp.62–63.

Ogeima, the placing of stones on the board in relation to each other like theKnight’smove inChess,butwith thestonesonespace fartherapart.SeePlate13,DiagramVI.Ogeimakakari,a formofopeningplayor“Joseki” inwhichaplayerdoesnotattackacornerdirectlybutgetsabetterchanceonthesidesorcenter.SeePlate20(C),Move1.Ogeima skimari, a form of opening play or “Joseki” that is supposed to be astrongformationprotectingacorner.SeeExampleXXIV(p.142)inthechapteron“Joseki.”Oiotoshi,asuddenandunexpectedattackbyaplayerwhoisprotectinganarea,carriedoutbyforcingtheadversarytotakecertainstonesandindoingsotobeobligedtoabandonpartofhissurroundingchaininordernottosustaingreaterlosses.Osaeru, the playing of a stone in such away that it prevents one’s adversaryfromcontinuingalineofstones.SeePlate13,DiagramXV.Ozjaru, the relationship of two stones near the edge of the boardwhich gainsabouteightspaces.SeeExampleXVII(p.136)inthechapteron“Joseki.”Seimoku, the nine intersections on a Go board on which handicap stones areplaced.Theyaremarkedwithblackdots.Seki, the situation inwhich a vacant space is surrounded partly bywhite andpartlybyblackstonesinsuchawaythat,ifeitherplayerplacesastonetherein,hisadversarycanthereuponcapturetheentiregroup.SeePlate6,DiagramVI.Semeai, an encounter between one who is attacking an area and a defenderattempting to capture the stoneswhich are being used by his adversary in theattack.Sente, thesituation inwhichaplayer is taking the lead inacertainpartof theboard, compelling his adversary to answer his moves or else sustain greaterdamage.Seep.62.Shicho, thesituationinwhichtwoplayerscarryonarunningattack,formingazigzagpatternacrosstheboard.SeePlate13,DiagramIX.Shikiishi,additionalhandicapstones.Shogi, theJapaneseformofchess,whichisslightlydifferentfromthegameasplayedinothercountries.Suteishi, stoneswhicharesacrificed inorder tokilla largergroup.The literalmeaningis“thrownawaystones.”Takamoku,anopeningplayatE4orD5,which is themostaggressiveof thethreeusualmethodsofopening.SeePlate22(D),Move1.Takamokukakari,aformofopeningor“Joseki”thatisoneofthetwomostoftenusedgeneralmethodsofreplyingto“Mokuhadzushi.”

Teokure,anunnecessaryorwastedmoveoronethatisnotthebestpossible.Seepp.65–66.Ten gen, the central spot on the board on which the fifth handicap stone isplaced.Tenuki, shifting from one area of combat to another in a different part of theboard.Tobi (Ikken tobi, Nikken tobi, Sangen tobi, etc.), terms used to describe theplacingofone’sstonesinsuchawaythattheyareseparatedbyone,two,three,etc.,vacantspaces.SeePlate13,DiagramsI-III.Tsugu,amovemadetoconnecttwoormorestonespreviouslyplayed.SeePlate13,DiagramXII.Tsukete,anopeningmoveshowninPlate19(D),Move2.Utekaeshi,asitsuationthatresembles“Ko,”butactuallyisnotoneinwhichtherule of “Ko” is applied. The literal meaning is “returning a blow.” Forexplanation,seep.42andPlate6,DiagramsIII-V.Watari,themakingofaconnectionbetweentwogroupsofstones,usuallyneartheedgeoftheboard.SeePlate13,DiagramX.