The Fundamental Role of Vision - Optometric Extension … Sheedy.pdf · Reason Illusion Intelligence Belief ... *From Paul Alan Harris ... The Fundamental Role of Vision in - Cognition-Behavior

The Fundamental Role of

VisionVisionin

- CognitionCognition- Behavior

- Social OrganizationSocial Organization

Jim Sheedy OD PhDJim Sheedy, OD, PhDPacific University

I t ti l C f International Congress of Behavioral Optometry Behavioral Optometry


Eyes and BrainEyes and Brain

Introspection on Consciousness

We can be aware of these a b a a odifferences in our consciousness

• Awareness–No words–Vision based

• ThinkingW d–Words

–Speech/hearing based

Consciousness

• Primary consciousness–State of being mentally aware of State of being mentally aware of

things in the world

• Higher order consciousnessHigher order consciousness–The ability to be aware of being

awareaware

Right brain/Left brainGerald Edelman, MD, PhD

hThe Human Brain

l b hSplit brain research

• Roger Wolcott Sperry and Michael Gazzanigag–shared the 1981 Noble Prize in

Physiology and Medicine with David y gyHubel and Torstein Wiesel

• Animal studies• Human patients with epilepsy

Split brainSplit brain

Vision perceptionHearing and speech

Ri ht id f b dLeft side of body Right side of body

Advanced cognitive skills use neural frameworks established neural frameworks established for vision and hearing/speech

Higher level skills built upon vision g bu upo oand hearing/speech

• Vision based• Verbally based

Left BrainRight Brain

• Parallel processing• Holistic

• Verbally based• Serial processing• Words

• Understanding• Feelings

Intuition

• Words• Thinking• Logic

• Intuition• Beliefs• “Silent” – no words

g• Deduction

• Silent no words• Survival

Development of Eyes and VisionDevelopment of Eyes and Vision

• Universe age:• Universe age:– 13.73 ± 0.12 billion years

• Earth ageEarth age– 4.55 billion years

• 4 billion - simple cells• 3 billion - photosynthesis, • 2 billion - complex cells• 2 billion complex cells• 1 billion - multicellular life, • 600 million - simple animals

570 illi th d

Pre-Cambrian

• 570 million - arthropods • 550 million - complex animals • 500 million - fish and proto-amphibians,

Cambrian

• 475 million - land plants, • 400 million - insects and seeds, • 360 million - amphibians

Life on earth (in years)

• 360 million amphibians, • 300 million - reptiles, • 200 million - mammals,

150 illi bi d (in years)• 150 million - birds, • 130 million - flowers, • 65 million - dinosaurs died out• 6 million – divergence from ape line• 100,000 – homo sapiens

The Cambrian explosion • 570-530 million years ago• Prior to this most organisms were g

simple, composed of individual cells occasionally organized into colonies.

• All basic body plans developed here – heads, tails, and appendages

• Evolution of all current animals has come from this era.

d f• Rapid appearance of most major groups of complex animalsFi t f i i• First appearance of vision

Visioni th C b i E l iin the Cambrian Explosion

• Rapid development of eyes• Rapid development of eyes

• Large survival benefits from vision

• Vision drives survival and evolution

• Strong evolutionary pressure to develop vision

• Behavior driven by vision

• Vision drives neural processing

In the Blink of an Eye, Andrew Parker

David Plachetzki and Todd Oakley

Genesis of vision?David Plachetzki and Todd Oakley

University of California at Santa Barbara

Opsin genes (pictured in blue) offer the first evidence of sight in animals.

The hydras have opsin proteins all over their bodies and are reactive to light, but have no eyes.

Source: National Science Foundation web-site

Genesis of vision?

An eye cupeye cup

OFF ONReceptive field –communication with muscle with muscle movement

Genesis of vision?

P d Proposed evolutionary ydevelopment

of eyeof eyeNilsson, Dan-Erik:Department of Zoology, Lund University in Sweden.

Vision provided…

• a “map” of the external penvironment

• a sense of “self”a sense of self–survival

• a sense of “group”• a sense of group–protection and survival

d ti d i l– reproduction and survival

dGravity detection

• Perfect partner with Vision

O i t ti i ld–Orientation in world

• For the most part, all vertebrates p ,

and invertebrates contain some

t f ( ) th t ll th type of organ(s) that allows them

to maintain equilibrium with

respect to gravity and movement

Statocyst• Balance organ

Likely occurred early in evolution

http://moteprime.org/article.php?id=7

y y

Development of Ears and HearingDevelopment of Ears and Hearing

Evolution of hearingg• Much less is known• Probably early in evolution but not as • Probably early in evolution, but not as

early as eyes– Possibly as early as 260 million years agoPossibly as early as 260 million years ago

• Lateral line in fish• Reptiles sensed sound with jaw bones• Reptiles sensed sound with jaw bones• Jaw bones transformed in mammals

– Transitional mammal “Yanoconodon allini” – Transitional mammal Yanoconodon allini lived 125 million years ago

Hearing perceptionHearing perception• Major advance was j

speech• Speech partners Speech partners

with hearing• Speech is unique • Speech is unique

to humans

Speech developmentp p

• Many questions remain:

• 500,000 years ago

– Throat and ear bones of Stone Age ancestors indicate some speech, but archaic.p

• 100,000 to 40,000 years ago

– transition to facial and neck traits needed for modern speech in H sapiensspeech in H. sapiens.

• 40,000 years ago

– eight hearing-related genes show signs of having eight hearing related genes show signs of having systematically evolved (John Hawks of the University of Wisconsin–Madison)

• Some alterations on these genes occurred as recently as 2,000 to 3,000 years ago.

Early Human Development (years ago)• 6 million

– divergence of apes and human ancestors from a

• 12,000 –11,000– beginning plant selection

and agricultureu a a cesto s o acommon ancestor

• 2.5 million– first stone tools

a d ag cu tu e

• 8,000– first cities

• 5,000• 150,000 – 30,000

– Neanderthal man

• 100,000 years f f

,– first Civilizations (e.g.

Egyptian), wheel invented, writing invented

• 3 500– first appearance of Homo Sapiens (us)

• 70,000 – 50,000– first burials

• 3,500– first alphabetic writing

• 3,500 to 2,500– Old Testament is writtenfirst burials

• 60,000 years – first boats

• 60,000-30,000 years

Old Testament is written

• 3,000– first New World Civilizations

(e.g. Inca, Aztec)60,000 30,000 years – first art and religion

Development of Human Perception and Mind

• We emerged from a vision based world (right g ( gbrain)

– “self’

– “group”

– survival

• Our visual mind played (and plays) the major role in defining our perception of world and relationships relationships

• Speech-based perception (left brain) is an overlay on the visual perceptionoverlay on the visual perception

Development of Human Development of Human Perception and Mind

Vision (R) Speech (L)

“Self” Ego

thoughts

Hearing &

Group

Seeing

“G ”

Hearing & Speaking

thoughts “Group”

What is ego?• Cogito ergo sum

– Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

• 2 components to Ego– Sense of “self”

• Vision based

– The thinking self• Hearing/speech based• Hearing/speech based• Uniquely human

What is “group”?g p• Sense of “group”

Vision based– Vision based– Cooperation for survival– Cooperation for successCooperation for success– Carl Jung’s “collective unconscious”

• Group thoughtsp g– Speech/hearing based– Governance and cooperation– Knowledge base– Foundations for towns to civilizations

lWestern Civilization

• the left brain emerges in group governance and directiong

h kThe Greeks (750 BCE – 350 BCE)

• Written language - 750 BCE–Oldest known literary writingsOldest known literary writings

• Iliad and the Odyssey – 700 BCE

• Formally developed the left brainFormally developed the left brain–Conscious inquiry into life and nature–Rules of reasoning and logic–Rules of reasoning and logic– Introduced reason and thought into

human guidancehuman guidance

Socrates (470 B.C. - 399 B.C.)

• Athenian philosopher• Method of inquiry

– “Socratic method”C ti d ti i– Continued questioning

– Not taking a point of view• Great teacher• No writings• No writings• Known through most famous

pupil– Plato

Diffi l di i i h h i – Difficult to distinguish their ideas

• Chose to drink hemlock instead of being banished

Plato (427 BC -347 BC)Plato (427 BC -347 BC)• Knowledge gained

th h th through the senses always remains confused and impurep

• True knowledge is gained through contemplation by the soulthe soul

• Soul alone can have knowledge of the formsg– World is an imperfect copy

• Idealist and rationalist

Allegory of the Cave and the Divided Line (Plato)

• 2 worlds• 2 worlds– Sensible (Visible) world that surrounds us

• World of change and uncertaintyg y• Illusions and beliefs• We can only have opinions in this world

Intelligible world (Speech)– Intelligible world – (Speech)• Unchanging products of human reason• Contains eternal “forms” (Visual cognition?)• Ideas• Reason and intelligence• World of realityWorld of reality• We can have knowledge in this world

Allegory of the Cave and the Divided Line (Plato)

• The 2 worlds each have a lower and • The 2 worlds each have a lower and upper region– Sensible (Visible) world that surrounds usSensible (Visible) world that surrounds us

•Lower region – Illusion•Upper region - BeliefUpper region Belief

– Intelligible world (Speech)

•Lower region – ReasonLower region Reason•Upper region - Intelligence

Plato’s 2 worldsVision (R) Speech (L)

“Self” Ego

thoughts

G

Seeing Hearing & Speaking

Group thoughts “Group”

S ibl I t lli ibl Sensible world

Intelligible world


“Self” Ego

thoughts

G


Illusion Reason



Intelligible world


“Self” Ego

thoughts

G


Illusion Reason Belief Intelligence


g


Intelligible world

The Sensory Mind

•Similar to Plato’s analysis

The Sensory MindVision (R) Speech (L)

“Self” Ego

thoughts

G




“Self” Ego

thoughts

Feelings Reason

G


Feelings

Logic

Deduction Beliefs



“Self” Ego

thoughts

Feelings Reason

G


Feelings

Logic

Deduction Beliefs

Intelligence

Understanding

Creativity


g

Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• Large unconsciousness driven by sexual and driven by sexual and other aggressive drives

• Goal of therapy is to make the

i unconscious conscious

• Id ego superego• Id, ego, superego

The Visual, or “unconscious” side of our mindside of our mind

http://www.abundance-and-happiness.com/images/iceburg.jpg

Carl Jung (1875-1961)Carl Jung (1875 1961)

• Psyche divided into 3 parts–Ego–Personal

unconscious Vision (R) Speech (L)

– Collective unconscious

“Self” Ego

thoughts

Hearing &

• He missed “group thoughts”

Group thoughts

Seeing

“Group”

Hearing & Speaking

( )Myers–Briggs test (1962)

• Isabel Briggs Myers (daughter) I – Ey ( g )

• Katharine Briggs (mother)

I – EN – S(mother)

• Paper and pencil test based on

T – FP Jtest based on

Jung typologiesP - J

( )Myers–Briggs test (1962)

• Isabel Briggs Myers (daughter) I – Ey ( g )

• Katharine Briggs (mother)

I – EN – S(mother)

• Paper and pencil test based on

T – FP Jtest based on

Jung typologiesP - J

N f JNot from Jung

l lJung personality typology

• Attitude scale

–Introversion ego oriented towards –Introversion – ego oriented towards the personal unconsciousness

E t i i t d t d –Extroversion – ego oriented towards the collective unconsciousness


“Self” Ego

thoughts

G




“Self” Ego

thoughts

I

G



E


• Judging scale

Thi ki–Thinking• Preference for deciding via objective

impersonal logicimpersonal logic

–Feeling• Preference for deciding via subjective and

emotional responses


“Self” Ego

thoughts

I

G



E


“Self” Ego

thoughts

Feelings Reason

I

G


Feelings

Logic

Deduction Beliefs


E


“Self” Ego

thoughts

Feelings Reason

I

G


Feelings

Logic

Deduction Beliefs

F T


E


• Perceiving scale

–Sensing–Sensing• Preference for obtaining information

through the senses as facts and detailst oug t e se ses as acts a d deta s

– INtuition• Preference for obtaining information as • Preference for obtaining information as

relationships, patterns, and possibilities


“Self” Ego

thoughts

Feelings Reason

I

G


Feelings

Logic

Deduction Beliefs

F T


E


“Self” Ego

thoughts

Feelings Reason

I

G


Feelings

Logic

Deduction Beliefs

Intelligence

Understanding

Creativity

F T


g

E


“Self” Ego

thoughts

Feelings Reason

I

S S

N N

G


Feelings

Logic

Deduction Beliefs

Intelligence

Understanding

Creativity S S

F T


g

E

The Four Circles of Skeffington*The Four Circles of Skeffington

Centering Identification

IC

g•Where is it? •What is it?

V

Vision•The Emergent

S/AASpeech Auditory•What do I know b t it?Anti-gravity about it?

•What can I tell you about it?

Anti gravity•Where am I?•Where are my body parts one relative to

*From Paul Alan Harris

relative to another?

The Four Circles of Skeffington*The Four Circles of Skeffington

Centering Identificationns

IC

g•Where is it? •What is it?

onnec

tion

V

Vision•The EmergentVision

(Right brain)Speech(Left brain)

d o

ther

co

S/AASpeech Auditory•What do I know b t it?Anti-gravity lo

sal an

d

about it?•What can I tell you about it?

Anti gravity•Where am I?•Where are my body parts one relative to

Cal

*From Paul Alan Harris

relative to another?

The Visual, or “unconscious” side of our mindside of our mind

http://www.abundance-and-happiness.com/images/iceburg.jpg

The Fundamental Role of

VisionVisionin

- CognitionCognition- Behavior

- Social OrganizationSocial Organization

Jim Sheedy OD PhDJim Sheedy, OD, PhDPacific University


The Fundamental Role of Vision - Optometric Extension … Sheedy.pdf · Reason Illusion Intelligence Belief ... *From Paul Alan Harris ... The Fundamental Role of Vision in - Cognition-Behavior

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