The Frontiers of Burma

8/9/2019 The Frontiers of Burma

1/20

[AN FU@I[JNUS@F %EÛGD%

[an {ansjs~iknubzjilajsnssdz gdzen s~ggdujnk s f`bb`|s? [an g`knuiN~u`}ndicìcn}{s uì{jnu" {d{n dikid{jì dunji{nukn}nikni{~{ {anz duni`{ incnssdujbzd}}bjcdebn ` dbb s{d{n'bjhn}`bj{jcdbùldijsd{jìsvnuz|anun)Ji knfd~b{ f dknt~d{nk`c~gni{duzgd{nujdbsg`s{ ajs{ùjdis f S`~{a'Nds{Dsjd advn {niknk{` dss~gn ad{ {an s{d{ns |j{a|ajca{anzadvn {` kndb |nunId{jì'S{d{ns cc~}jnkez idgnk%]n`}bns%dik sn}dud{nk u`g ndca `{anuez }uncjsn}`bj{jcdbfuì{jnus) [an jifnunicns{ad{ advn enni gdkn ì {anedsjs f {ansn jij{jdb dss~g}{jìs `gn{jgnscìfbjc{|j{a s`cj`b`ljcdbc`g'gì snisn) J{ js i`{ {an di{au`}`b`ljs{,sdsh{` |uj{najs{ùz"e~{ jf ajs{ùzjs {` en nbdeùd{nk|j{a{an djk`f jis}junkl~nssns ani {an s}ncjdbhi`|bnkln`f {an di{au`}`b`ljs{ nc`gnsunbnvdi{s` ds {` }`ji{ ~} {an }uèdejbj{jns)\ad{ {ani k` |n gndi ez d fuì{jnu0 Ji g`knui}`bj{jcdbln`lud}azdfuì{jnu s d }uncjsnbzknfjink jin ì {an gd} !dikì {an lu`~ik*gduhjil{an nqdc{ kjvjsjìen{|nni{|` dkodcni{ {d{ns) G`s{ s~cafuì{jnus"ds {anznqjs{ {`kdz" dun {an `~{c`gn`f duej{uduz `bj{jcdbkncjsjìù gjbj{duzdccj'kni{8 vnuz fn| cùuns}ìk ` diz ncì`gjcdbbz sjlijfjcdi{fnd{~un `f {anid{~udb `}`lud}az)Zn{ |dus dun f`~la{{` knfniks~cafuì{jnusdikfu`gs~ca |dus {anun ads ngnulnkd N~u`}ndigz{a|ajcadssnu{s"i`{ ìbz {ad{nvnuz}`bj{jcdbs{d{ng~s{"j}s` fdc{`" advn d knfjij{ne`~ikduz"e~{ dbs` {ad{{an fuì{jnus i t~ns{jì`~la{ ji s`gn |dz {` cùuns}ìk|j{a kjffnunicns`f c~b{~un dik bdil~dln)[ajs d{{j{~kn {` fuì{jnus{jns ji |j{a {an k`lgd `f s`vnunjli{z)Ji {anjkn`b`lz`f g`knuiji{nuid{jìdb `bj{jcs dbb s{d{ns dun s`vnunjlidik nvnuz}jncn `f {an ndu{a,ss~ufdcng~s{" ez b`ljcdb incnssj{z"en {an ujla{f~b nldb}`ssnssjì`f ìn dik ìbz ìn s~ca s{d{n) [anun dun i` bìlnudiz ebdihs}dcnsì {an gd} dik" ji {anùzd{ bnds{" {anuncdi en i` `vnubd}en{|nni{an {nuuj{ùjns f {|` dkodcni{ {d{ns) \ad{nvnu}udc{jcdbkjffjc~b{jns ajsgdzni{djb'ds fù nqdg}bn i Di{du{jcd'" {an}ujicj}bns i`{ ji k`~e{8 nuuj{ùjdbs`vnunjli{zs des`b~{n dik jikjvjsjebn)[an~ijvnusdbj{z f {ajsk`lgd s t~j{nd uncni{knvnb`}gni{)Ji j{s }unsni{fùg j{ js d ez'}u`k~c{ f {an cbdsa `f N~u`}ndi g}nujdbjs{ i{nuns{s) JiDsjd dikDfujcdindubzdbb {an}unsni{}`bj{jcdb uì{jnus|nunfjus{ns{debjsank


2/20

k~ujil{an ijin{nni{aù ndubz {|ni{jn{acni{~ujnsnj{anu ds d c`g}u`gjsnen{|nni{an ujvdbds}jud{jìs f N~u`}ndiLund{]`|nusù nbsn ds di dk a`cjivni{jìknsjlink{` s~j{ {an dkgjijs{ud{jvnìvnijnicn f s`gn c`bìjdbdlnicz) Nvni {`kdz ji {an fn| cdsns ji |ajca lni~jinbziì'N~u`}ndiunljgnss{jbb s~uvjvn"{an kn{nugjid{jì f fuì{jnus s `f{ni jg}`ssjebn) [ane`~ikdujnsen{|nniSd,~kjDudejd dik [u~cjdb @gdi dun d cdsn ji }`ji{8{an e`~ikduzen{|nniIù{a'Nds{E~ugd dik Cajidjs di`{anu) [ajs bds{jis{dicn s unbnvdi{ ` gz {angn)Ez {an %E~ugd% f gz {j{bn J |jsa {` jg}bz {an |a`bn f {an |jkn jg'}uncjsnbzknfjinkfuì{jnuunljìbzjil en{|nniJikjd dik Cajid dikadvjilg`knui}`bj{jcdbE~ugdd{ j{s cùn)Ji {ajs unljì{an jikjlni`~s}`bj{jcdb szs{ngs|ajca nqjs{nk}ujù{` {an}adsn`f N~u`}ndi}`bj{jcdbnq}disjì|nuni`{ sn}dud{nku`gìn di`{anuez fuì{jnus i {an g`knuisnisn dik{anz |nuni`{ s`vnunjliId{jì'S{d{ns)[an |a`bn `f %E~ugd% s d fuì{jnuunljìcì{ji~`~sbz ~eonc{nk ` jifb~'nicns fu`g e`{a Jikjd dik Cajid dik s` dbs` {an fuì{jnus|ajcasn}dud{nk{an }n{{z }`bj{jcdb~ij{s |j{aji %E~ugd%|nun i`{ cbndubzknfjinkbjins e~{ìns f g~{~db i{nuns{) [an}`bj{jcdbni{j{jns i t~ns{jìadkji{nu}nin{ud{jil}`bj{jcdb szs{ngs" {anz |nun i`{ sn}dud{nc`~i{ujns jiadej{nkez kjs{jic{}`}~bd{jìs) [ajs cìcn}{ `f d fuì{jnu ds d eùknu ìn {au`~la|ajcac~b{~uns i{nu}nin{ud{ni d kzidgjcgdiinu s i`{ d in| ìn, e~{ j{ innks{` en kjs{jil~jsankcbndubz fu`g {an }uncjsn GdcGdaì bjins `f g`knui}`bj{jcdbln`lud}az)Nqjs{jilajs{ùjns f {an E~ugdunljìk` i`{ ji{nu}un{ an fdc{s ji {ajs|dz) Jis{ndk j{ js cìs{di{bzdss~gnk ad{ fuì{jnus f bdil~dlncùuns}ìk{` fuì{jnus`f c~b{~un dik `f }`bj{jcdb }`|nu) [an }`}~bd{jìjs sdjk {`cìsjs{ f d bdulni~genu`f sn}dud{n%}n`}bns%?Gìs" Dudhdinsn"Hdunis"E~ugnsn"Hdcajis"Sadis"Bjs~ dik s` ì" ndcalu`~}enjildss~gnk ` advn

d sn}dud{najs{ùz) S~ca}n`}bnsdun invnu {und{nk ds jikjlni`~s ` E~ugd8ndcalu`~}duujvnk n}dud{nbzez gjlud{jìu`g s`gnung`{nùjljidba`gn'bdik) S~ca fdebns dun bjhn sdzjil{ad{ {an ùjljidba`gn `f Gdi |ds ji {anLdukni f Nkni) [an {anùz{ad{ {an E~ugnsn cdgn fu`g [jen{ js edsnkì bjil~js{jc jgjbduj{jns n{|nni an g`knuiE~ugnsndik [jen{di dil~dlns)Sjgjbdudul~gni{sgjla{en ~snk {` kngìs{ud{nad{ {an ùjljidba`gn `f{an Nilbjsa|ds ji J{dbzù ]nusjdù nvni Jcnbdik)[ajs gz{a `f }ajb`b`ljcdb ujljis"|j{a j{s jbb~sjì f g~b{j}bnkjscì{j'i~j{jns"ads kjs{udc{nk an ajs{ùjdi,sd{{ni{jìfu`g {a`sn nbngni{s f {ang`knuiE~ugnsns`cjdb scnin |ajcaadvn enni }nusjs{ni{bz}unsni{{au`~la'`~{ {an bds{ 5=== zndus) Ji }du{jc~bdu"an ajs{ùjdisadvn {niknk{` inlbnc{{an cì{ji~jilji{nudc{jì en{|nni }u`cnssns `f }`bj{jcdb dc{jì dik {an}nugdini{ {u~c{~un f nc`b`ljcdbunbd{jìsaj}s)Ji |ad{ f`bb`|sJ sadbbjliùn{an}uèbngs}`snkez bdil~dlnkjs{uje~{jìs

4Bd{{jgùn !4:;=*)

>= NKGÎK BNDCA


3/20

[AN FU@I[JNUS @F %EÛGD%dik J k` s` ji{ni{jìdbbzù J jisjs{ {ad{ vnuz fn| vdbjk jifnunicnscdi encìs{u~c{nk `bnbz ì {an edsjs f hi`|bnkln a~s }u`vjknk) Dizìn |a`k`~e{s {ajs innk ìbz cìsjknu {an unbd{jìsen{|nniajs{ùzdik {an fdc{ss~llns{nkez d bjil~js{jcgd}`f cì{ng}ùduz ~u`}n) Bdil~dlnlu`~}jilsdun f s`cj`b`ljcdbud{anu adiajs{ùjcdbsjlijfjcdicn)[a`sn |a` s}ndhìn g`{anu'{ìl~n ncnssdujbz adund cnu{dji snisn `fs`cjdbs`bjkduj{z|j{a ìn di`{anu"e~{ {ajs ads i` incnssduz g}bjcd{jìsù{an ajs{ùjcdb di{ncnkni{s f {an jikjvjk~dbscìcnuink) Ji }unsni{'kdzCnzbì g`s{ `f {an u~bjil nbj{n s}ndh Nilbjsa ji {anju a`gns dik advn]ù{~l~nsn ~uidgns8{ |`~bken c`g}bn{nbznuuìn`~s ` s~}}`sn{ad{ dizsjlijfjcdi{}u`}ù{jì f {ansn }n`}bn dun f N~u`}ndiknscni{)

[an didbzsjsdik cbdssjfjcd{jì f {an bdil~dlnsdikbdil~dlnkjs{uje~{jìs`f %E~ugd%s di jg}ù{di{ cjni{jfjcnqnucjsn" { cdii`{en d cì{uje~{jì ajs{ùz)Ds di db{nuid{jvnJ dul~n {ad{ {an ajs{ùjcdbbzsjlijfjcdi{cì{uds{s ji}unsni{'kdz%E~ugd% un kjffnunicns f nc`b`lzdikkjffnunicns f s`cjdbù'ldijd{jì)[an {|` sn{s f kjffnunicnsindubzc`jicjkn8u`~labzs}ndhjil anAjbb ]n`}bn dun }d{ujbjindbdik ajnuducajcdb"an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn advn d iì'~ijbjindbhjisaj}ùldijsd{jì jihnk |j{a cadujsgd{jckns}`{jsg) [ajs c`'jicjknicn s i`{ d incnssduzc`jicjknicn8f |n dun {` nq}bdji|az j{ nqjs{s{ani |n g~s{ snnh di ajs{ùjcdbnq}bdid{jì)[an nq}bdid{jì|ajca J `ffnujs {ad{ {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn {``h {anju s`cjdb ùldijsd{jìdik {anju }`bj{jcsfu`g Jikjd |ajbn {an Ajbb ]n`}bn {``h {anju s`cjdb ùldijd{jìdbìl |j{a{anju {udkndik {anjuhjisaj}szs{ng u`gCajid) J{ js d }`ssjebnnq}bdid{jì8J k` i`{ cbdjggùn {adi{ad{)Ji }bdcn `f {an ~s~db bjil~js{jccd{nlùjnsJ |`~bk s~es{j{~{nnc`b`ljcdbcd{nlùjnsdik{ansn J sadbb i`| s}ncjfz)

%AJBB ]N@]BN% DIK %VDBBNZ ]N@]BN%

[an {nuudji`f E~ugd js vnuzg`~i{dji`~se~{ i`{ ~ijfùgbz `) [anun dun}du{s`f {an dund|anun {an vdbbnzsen{|nni{an g`~i{djiujklnsdun iduu`|lùlns |anun i` a~gdi adej{d{jì js }`ssjebn nqcn}{ fù {a`sn |a` dun}un}dunk ` scdu}d bjvnbja``k u`g {an s{nn}g`~i{dji dcn) E~{ nbsn|anun{an vdbbnzs fùg fbd{ |nbb'|d{nunkdbb~vjdbedsjis }nufnc{bz dkd}{nk{` {aninnks `f {an ujcn fdugnu) Gz {nugs %Ajbb]n`}bn%dik %Vdbbnz]n`}bn%dunji{niknk kni`{n{an kjdgn{ujcdbbz }}`snkg`kns f s~esjs{nicndss`cjd{nk|j{a {ansn {|` {z}ns `f {nuudji) [ansn {|` g`kns`f s~esjs{nicnadvn enni}unsni{ i {an dund{au`~la`~{ js{ùjcdb jgns5dikdizaz}`{ansjs icnuijilajs{ùjcdb}u`cnssg~s{{dhn {ajs ji{` dcc`~i{)5 N)l)" ]nbbj`{ !4:>4*" }}) 5='5>) [ajs js d {udisbd{jì`f {an ìbz fjus{ adik dcc`~i{`f Dilhù d{ {an anjla{ `f j{s s}bnik`~u) [an ùjljidb d~{aù |ds d Cajinsn |a`

>4


4/20

[an {nug %Ajbb ]n`}bn%js ~idgejl~`~s8an }n`}bn s` knscujenkk` jifdc{ bjvn ji s{nn} ajbb c`~i{uz) Ji {an gdji {anz nio`z d s`gn|ad{gndluns{dikduk`f bjvjil s~s{djink{au`~la{an djk `f sajf{jilc~b{jvd{jì" a`~lacnu{dji nqcn}{jìs{` {ajs lninudbjd{jì|jbb en cìsjknunk d{nu) Dgìl{an %Ajbb ]n`}bn% {anun js d lund{ udiln `f vdujn{ze`{a ji bdil~dlndik{ujedb ùldijsd{jì)[an jikjlni`~sunbjljì`f g`s{ lu`~}sc`gns |j{aji[zbù,s cd{nlùz `f dijgjsg8j{ ~s~dbbz jiv`bvns s`gn fùg `f dicns{ù|ùsaj}) @vnu {an }ds{ cni{~uz{an Caujs{jdigjssjìsadvP gdkn gdizcìvnu{s"e~{ {u~n %Ajbb]n`}bn%dun invnu E~kkajs{s)[an {nug %Vdbbnz]n`}bn%js i`{ t~j{n s` s{udjla{fù|duk8{ js i`{ {annt~jvdbni{`f %B`|bdiknu%)[an gdoù }`}~bd{jìs`f {an b`|bdik }bdjis`f E~ugd"[adjbdikdik Dssdg dun %Vdbbnz ]n`}bn%"e~{ s` dbs` dun {ank`gjidi{nbngni{s i {an }`}~bd{jì f {an SadiS{d{ns"S`~{a'\ns{Z~iididik Bd`s'dbb `f |ajca dun ~}bdik kjs{ujc{s) [an cadudc{nujs{jcdbb~vjdb{nuudji|ajcagdhns|n{ ujcn c~b{jvd{jìd }u`fj{debnni{nu}ujsn f{ni cc~usd{ ajla db{j{~kns) S`gn sn{{bngni{s f %Vdbbnz]n`}bn% dun b`cd{nk indubz6=== fnn{ de`vn snd bnvnb)

Gz {nug%Vdbbnz]n`}bn%dbs` c`vnus {anudgejl~j{jns)[an lund{nu}du{`f %E~ugd%s d unljì`f ajla dii~dbudjifdbb" i |ajcanvnuzbnvnb s{un{ca`f lu`~ik cdi undkjbzen knvnb`}nkji{` d ujcn fjnbk) E~{ %E~ugd%dbs`jicb~kns cnu{djiKuz _ìns ji |ajca {an cadudc{nujs{jc jcn fdugjil{nca'ijt~ns`f {an Vdbbnz]n`}bn dun ìbz }`ssjebnji dss`cjd{jì|j{a bdulnscdbnjuujld{jìniljinnujil)Cìsnt~ni{bz"i {ansn Kuz _ìn vdbbnzs"{an }`}~'bd{jì js kjvjknk en{|nni{|` kjs{jic{s`cj`b`ljcdb cd{nlùjns) @i {an ìnadik {anun dun {an }u`s}nu`~sujcn fdugnus |a` dun cìcni{ud{nkdu`~ik{an dunds `f du{jfjcjdb uujld{jì8 i {an `{anu {anun dun {an }n`}bn `f {an}ducank`~{bdiks"|a`sn bjvjil s{dikduksdun d{ di db{`ln{anu `|nu bnvnb)Ji {ajsnssdzJ sadbbjliùn{ajs kjs{jic{jì)Gz Vdbbnz]n`}bndun dbb dss~gnk{` en |n{ ujcn c~b{jvd{ùsjvjil ji cìkj{jìsajlabzfdv`~udebn ` |n{ ujcnc~b{jvd{jì)[an bdil~dlns f {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn dun kjvnusn e~{ g~ca bnss s` {adi js{an cdsn |j{a {an Ajbb ]n`}bn) [an gdoùj{z f Vdbbnz ]n`}bn s}ndhHagnu!Cdge`kjdi*"[dj dik E~ugnsnkjdbnc{s83{ansn bdil~dlnsdun i`{ s}`hniez diz Ajbb ]n`}bn ds d g`{anu'{ìl~n"a`~laejbjil~dbjsgs c`ggì)[an g`s{ kjs{jic{jvnc~b{~udbcadudc{nujs{jc f {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn'd}du{fu`g {an }udc{jcn `f |n{ ujcn fdugjil'js {anju dkanunicn{` AjidzdidE~kkajsg) [an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn {ajih`f {angsnbvnsds {an cjvjbjsnk snc{ù`f{udvnbbnk |j{a di ngedsszfu`g {an Gìl`b Ng}nuùji {an zndu 45:6) An kjs{jil~jsans{aunn nbngni{s ji {an }`}~bd{jì" {an Cdge`kjdis}u`}nu `f {an cj{z dund" {an sdvdlns|a` snbb {angsnbvns ds eìk sbdvns {` Cdge`kjdi gds{nus dik |ùh fù {ang ji {ancj{z" dik {an eujldiks`f {an g`~i{djis|a` fùg d udcn d}du{) [an fjus{ {|` cd{nlùjnsdun kn}nikni{ì ji{nisjvn ujcn dlujc~b{~un)3 [ajs jliùns {an ajlabz c`g}bnq bdil~dln }d{{nui dgìl {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn `fNds{nui Dssdg dik Gdij}~u)

>5 NKGÎK BNDCA


5/20

[AN FU@I[JNUS @F %EÛGD%{an {`{db %E~ugd% `}~bd{jì"dikji {ad{ cì{nq{ E~kkajsgdikcjvjbjsd{jìdun sziìzg`~s) Ji E~ugd }u`}nu" {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn dun g`s{bz nj{anuE~ugnsnù Sadi8{anz nq}unss{anju cì{ng}{fù {anju ajbb injlae`~usez~sjil{an n}j{an{Had!%sbdvn%"%sdvdln%*)Invnu{anbnss"d Had|aènc`gnsd E~kkajs{js {anunez cjvjbjsnk" an ads %enc`gn d Sadi%" dik |j{aji dlninud{jì u {|` {an eduedujdi ujlji`f ajs knscnikdi{sgdz en fùl`{{ni)[ajs {z}n `f dssjgjbd{jìads enni l`jilì fù cni{~ujns) \ad{ js uncùknk`f Cdge`kjd i {an 43{a cni{~uz s s{ujc{bz i dccùk|j{a |ad{|n hi`|`fIù{aE~ugd i {an 4:{a cni{~uz);

Gz lninudbjsd{jì ad{ Ajbb ]n`}bn dun invnu E~kkajs{ innks f~u{anut~dbjfjcd{jì)D}du{fu`gjikjvjk~db ìvnusjìsanun dun cnu{djinqcn}{jìdbcjuc~gs{dicnsi |ajca |a`bn lu`~}s`f Ajbb ]n`}bnadvn enc`gnncì`gj'cdbbz s`}ajs{jcd{nkdik advn dk`}{nk {an unbjljì dik gdiinus`f {anjbVdbbnz injlae`~us)Fù nqdg}bn"{an ]dbd~il iadej{di{s f [d|il}nil i{an E~ugdSadi S{d{ns|a` dun }u`s}nu`~sc~b{jvd{ùs f {nd advn enc`gnE~kkajs{sdik advn ùldijsnk{anju [d|i}nilS{d{n ji nqdc{ jgj{d{jì`f{an }`bj{jcdbg`knb}u`vjknkez {anjuSadiinjlae`~us'|a` dun {z}jcdbujcnlu`|jilVdbbnz ]n`}bn)>Ji lninudba`|nvnu { js ìbz{an {u~nVdbbnz]n`}bn|a` cdi dffùk {` en cjvjbjsnkdikE~kkajs{)[anf~bbz k`c~gni{nkajs{ùz`f %E~ugd% `ns edchìbzfù d fn| cni{~'ujns dik js vnuz bdulnbz cìcnuink|j{a {an unbd{jìsen{|nni N~u`}ndic`bìjdbjs{sdik id{jvn u~bnus) Fù }nuj`ksgùn ung`{n{adi {an fjf{nni{acni{~uz|n advn ìbz d hjik `f }u`{`'ajs{ùz"d gjq{~un f bnlnik dikjis}junkl~nss|ùhc`g}dudebn` {a`sn ajs{ùjns`f [u`z |ajcajilnij`~sbzgdidln {` fj{ {an s{ùjns `f {an Jbjdk {` {an bd{ns{ fjikjils `f [~uhjsaducadn`b`lz) Jf s~ca }u`{`'ajs{ùzs {` en cìvjicjil { g~s{en s`cj`b`lj'cdbbz }uèdebn8 { g~s{ i`{ inlbnc{{an fjqj{z `f nc`b`ljcdbfdc{s dik j{ g~s{i`{ }`s{~bd{nsadu}c~b{~udbdik}`bj{jcdbe`~ikdujnsi d unljì|anun iìnnqjs{ nvni {` {ajs kdz)Ensjkns {an {|` ji{nuidbcì{ji~j{jns'{an nc`b`ljcdbcd{nlùjnsAjbb ]n`}bndikVdbbnz ]n`}bn'{anun advn enni {|` nq{nuidbcì{ji~j{jns"an }nusjs{jiljifb~nicn`f Jikjddik Cajid) \ad{js {anju id{~un0

JIKJD DIK CAJID

[au`~la`~{uncùknkajs{ùz {anun advn enni {|` gdji f`cj `f c~b{~udbknvnb`}gni{i Nds{nuiDsjd8 ìn ji Jikjd dik {an `{anu ji Cajid) Nvnuzs`cjn{zji S`~{a'Nds{Dsjd f |ajca |n advnhi`|bnkln|ajca ads }`ssnssnknvni d g`kns{knlunn`f c~b{~udbs`}ajs{jcd{jìads enni t~j{n ng}ad{jcdbbzs~eonc{{` Jikjdiù Cajinsn ifb~nicn8~s~dbbz{` e`{a); ]nbbj`{ !4:>4*" }) 4:8 Bndca !4:>;*" }) 5:3)Gjbin !4:5;*)

>3


6/20

[an gdijfns{d{jìs f s~ca jifb~nicndun vnuz kjvnusn dik J ìbz }u`}`sn{` cìsjknucnu{djigdoùds}nc{s) \j{aji {ansn bjgj{s J sadbb}u`}`~ik an{ansns{ad{ {an jifb~nicn`f Cajidads enni gdjibz i {an fjnbks f {udkn dikc`gg~ijcd{jìdik ads dffnc{nk {an Ajbb ]n`}bn ud{anu {adi {an Vdbbnz]n`}bn dik{ad{"ji cì{uds{" an jifb~nicn`f Jikjd ads enni fnb{ }du{jc~bdubzji {an fjnbks f }`bj{jcsdikunbjljìdik ads dffnc{nk an Vdbbnz]n`}bnud{anu{adi {an Ajbb ]n`}bn)[anun js i` gzs{nuzde`~{{ajs'{an Cajinsnadvn invnu enni ji{nuns{nkji %E~ugd%ds d }`{ni{jdbk`gjijì'{anz advn enbjnvnkj{ {` en {`` ~i'andb{az) E~{ {anz advn adk d }nusjs{ni{i{nuns{ i `vnubdiku`~{ns {` Jikjddik dbs` ji {an id{~udbuns`~ucns f %E~ugd,s%g`~i{djisdikfùns{s) [anndubz Cajinsnuncùks{nbb ~s i`{ajilde`~{ {an }`bj{jcdbùldijsd{jì f {anunljìe~{ {anz uncùk kn{djbnk j{jinudujns6 ik dbs` s~ca fdc{s ds {ad{ {anbdik `f {an e,~`h< {ujensbjvjil S`~{a'\ns{ f Z~il Cadil}u`k~cnkuaj'i`cnu`s" nbn}adi{" {ù{`jsn'sanbb" odkn" dgenu" c`|ujns" l`bk" sjbvnu" sdb{"cjiidgìdik c`{{ì" ajbbz'}dkkzdik }dijcbnkgjbbn{" d cd{db`l~n|ajca"d}du{fu`g {an cjiidgì" s dcc~ud{ndikc`g}unanisjvn` {ajs kdz)Nvni ji {an 43{a cni{~uz|ani Cajid~iknu{an Gìl`bs|ds dk`}{jilebd{di{bz jg}nujdbjs{jc}`bjcjns anu dgedssdkùungduhs`f Cdge`kjd{ad{%{ajsc`~i{uzads bìladk c`ggnucjdb nbd{jìs|j{a ~s%) An k`ns i`{ cbdjgdiz dicjni{}`bj{jcdbs~nudji{z)1S` dbs` ji uncni{ cni{~ujns |ani Iù{anui E~ugdadk enni {an gdjis`~ucn f odkn fù dbb Cajid"{an odkn gjins |nun |inkdik |ùhnkez Ajbb]n`}bn dik Cajinsn ji{nuns{s ungdjinkedsjcdbbz c`ggnucjdbud{anu {adi}`bj{jcdb) [an Vdbbnz]n`}bn`f {an odkngjins dundeninfj{nk ibz jikjunc{bz)J sadbb un{~uidldji{` {ajs gd{{nu`f {an ncì`gjcji{nuunbd{jìs n{|nni{an Cajinsndik {an iù{anuiAjbb ]n`}bns" e~{ fjus{ bn{ ~s cìsjknus`gnfnd{~uns`f {an }`bj{jcdbs{u~c{~un)

Dbundkz i ndubzAdi {jgns"ji {an fjus{gjbbniij~gE)C)" {an Cajinsnadkknvnb`}nkdijknd f {an Id{jì S{d{nc`g}dudebn` {ancìcn}{ f jg}nuj~g|ajca {an U`gdisknvnb`}nk i N~u`}dd fn| cni{~ujnsd{nu) [ajs jkn`b`lz}`s{~bd{nsd cni{udbl`vnuigni{|ajca js {an ~b{jgd{n}`bj{jcdb d~{aùj{z ù{an|a`bn`f d bduln{nuuj{ùjdb und knbjgj{nkez fuì{jnus)[an dkgjijs{ud{jì`f {ajs ng}junjs ji {an adiks f `ffjcn'a`bknus"di Ng}nuù|j{a di dk'gjijs{ud{jvn {dff `f e~und~cud{s):[an d~{aùj{z f {an cni{udbl`vnuigni{js gdji{djinkez gjbj{duzfùcn" nqnucjsnkez lduujsì{u``}s }nugdini{bzkjs}nusnkau`~la`~{an c`~i{uzdikd{ d}}u`}ujd{n sj{jìs i {an fuì{jnu)Dkgjijs{ud{jì s fjidicnk ez {dqd{jì |ajca js bnvjnk ji d szs{ngd{jc6 ]nbbj`{ !4:=;*)< Snn B~cn dik ]n Gd~il [ji !4:3:*" }) 56;*" }) 5;1f)1 ]nbbj`{ !4:>4*" }) 4=): J ~sn \nenu,s {nugji`b`lz?cf) \nenu !4:;4*)

>; NKGÎK BNDCA


7/20

[AN FU@I[JNUS @F %EÛGD%%bnlj{jgd{n%gdiinudik i`{ dccùkjil ` {an duej{uduz|ajg`f b`cdb |du'bùks)I` k`~e{ {an }udc{jcdbd}}bjcd{jì f s~ca {anùjns f{ni knvjd{nkvnuzfdu fu`g {an jkndb"zn{ {an edsjc s{u~c{~un f e`{a {an Cajinsndik {an U`gdiszs{ngs }`ssnssnk di nq{udùkjiduz nlunn `f s{dejbj{z) Ji e`{a cdsns {anNg}jun|ds debn {` s~uvjvnbìl }adsns `f cd{ds{u`}ajcic`g}n{nicndikcùu~}{jìd{ {an cni{un8 an s{u~c{~un f dkgjijs{ud{jvn~{aùj{z|ds dbg`s{jg}nuvj`~s ` {an nffnc{s `f }dbdcnunv`b~{jìsdik kzids{jccadiln)[an Jikjdi}`bj{jcdbg`knb js vnuz kjffnuni{) Anun {an jkndb u~bnujs i`{di `ffjcn'a`bknu"an Ng}nuù"e~{ di jikjvjk~db"Ds`hd8 {an }d{{nui s ìn`f cadujsgd{jcndknusaj}ud{anu{adi e~und~cud{jcì{ji~j{z)I`| j{ js dins{debjsank dc{ {ad{ dbb {an ndubzajs{ùjcdb {d{ns`f {an E~ugdunljì|ajcadcajnvnkdiz ji{nuid{jìdb ni`|i|nun `f di Jikjdi s{zbn) C`nkns cdbbs{ang bns n{d{s ajik`~jsns"dik Adbb" nbdeùd{jilajs" sdzs {ad{ {anju ùldi'jsd{jìdb}d{{nuidb|dzsadk f`~u c`ggìnbngni{s|ajcaan bjs{s ds?!j* d cìcn}{jì`f u`zdb{zcadudc{nujsnk z Ajik~ù E~kkajs{c~b{s8!jj* bj{nuduznq}unssjìez gndis f {an Sdishuj{ dil~dln8!jjj* d gz{a`b`lz dhni fu`g {an N}jcs" {an ]~udids"dik `{anu Sdishuj{{nq{s cì{djijild i~cbn~s f u`zdb {udkj{jìdik {an {udkj{jìdblnindb`ljns`f u`zdbfdgjbjns`f {an Ldilns unljì8!jv* {an èsnuvdicn f {an Kadugdsad{uds"an sdcunk bd|s `f Ajik~jsgdikji }du{jc~bduad{vnusjìhi`|i ds {an Bd|s `f Gdi~)4=J{ js t~j{n `~{sjkngz fjnbk {` kjsc~sso~s{ a`| {ajs Jikjdic`bìjsd{jìcdgn de`~{ e~{ |ad{J g~s{ng}adsjns {an }nuvdsjvninss ik|jkn nq{ni{`f {an }`bj{jcdbjifb~nicn i t~ns{jì)Ji {an sncìk cni{~uzE)C) {an \ns{nuieùknu f Cajidbdz dbìl {anSdb|nnie~{ df{nu 3;5 D)K) {an `ffjcjdbfuì{jnu|ds|j{akud|ig~caf~u{anu{` {an Iù{a'Nds{) [ajs |ds d cìsnt~nicn f {an knvnb`}gni{ f Idicad`ds di jikn}nikni{}`bj{jcdbni{j{zcni{unkindug`knui[dbj) I`| Idicad`"kns}j{nj{s ung`{n}`sj{jì"|ds ~it~ns{jìdebz s{d{n`f Jikjdiud{anu adiCajinsn{z}n) J{ adk i` e~und~cud{jc {dejbj{zdik j{s fù{~insfb~c{~d{nkvj`bni{bzdccùkjil ` {an jikjvjk~dbdllunssjvninss f s~ccnssjvnu~bnus)Idicad` }u`vjkns di nqcnbbni{ nqdg}bn `f {an cìf~sjì |ajca dujsns|ani s~ca s{d{ns dun {a`~la{`f ds id{jìs{d{ns `f g`knui{z}n) Idicad`|ds jiadej{nkez }n`}bn`f [dj s}nnca8j{ cndsnk{` nqjs{ ds di jikn}nikni{}`bj{jcdbni{j{zji 45>3" f`bb`|jilcìt~ns{ez H~ebdjHadi) Ji {an cni{~ujns|ajcaf`bb`|"gìducas|j{a [dj s`~ikjilidgnsdununcùknkds {an u~bnus`f }n{{z }ujicj}dbj{jnsdbb `vnu %E~ugd%)[ajs ads enni ji{nu}un{nkds nvj'knicn{ad{"f`bb`|jil an kns{u~c{jì f Idicad`"{anun|ds d gdssgjlud{jì`f [dj's}ndhjil}n`}bns{` {an S`~{a'\ns{)4[ajs ji {~uijs bjihnk|j{a {an4= Adbb !4:>>*" }) 43) \ani Ajidzdid E~kkajsg un}bdcnk Sdjvj{n Ajik~jsg" ]dbbun}bdcnk Sdiscuj{)44 Adbb !4:>>*" }}) 4;;'4;6)

>>


8/20

gùn lninudb {ansjs {ad{ sjicn [dj js d bdil~dln `f Cajinsn {z}n j{ g~s{ advn%ùjljid{nk% s`gn|anun ji Cni{udb Cajid)Zn{ ji fdc{ {anun js i` nvjknicn d{ dbb `f diz gjlud{jì `f [dj's}ndhjil}n`}bns ji{` %E~ugd% fu`g {an Iù{a'Nds{" dik uncni{ {uniks ji bjil~js{jcunsnduca snng {` jikjcd{n {ad{ [dj s}nnca ads i` cb`sn dffjij{jns |j{a Cajinsn)J{s cb`sns{ bjihs d}}ndu {` en |j{a bdil~dlns f~u{anu s`~{a s~ca ds Gì dikJikìnsjdi)45

Gùn`vnu Idicad` sa`~bk i`{ en {a`~la{ `f ds d s{d{n |j{a eùknus e~{ds d cd}j{db cj{z |j{a d |jkn dik vdujdebn s}anun `f jifb~nicn) [an jiadej{di{s`f Idicad` adk i` s}ncjfjc jkni{jfjcd{jì |j{a {an s{d{n" {anun |ds iÌdicad` id{jì |ajca |`~bk en kjs}nusnk ez {an nbjgjid{jì `f Idicad`ds d sn}dud{n }`bj{jcdb ni{j{z) Jiknnk H~ebdj Hadi,s `cc~}d{jì `f {ancd}j{db'|ajca |ds i`{debz }ndcnf~b'innk advn adk i` nffnc{ ì {an }`}~'bd{jì |ad{s`nvnu)

[an c`ggì'snisn dss~g}{jì js {ad{ {anun g~s{ advn enni Vdbbnz ]n`}bnji %E~ugd%ji {an fjf{a cni{~uz o~s{ ds {anun |nun Vdbbnz ]n`}bn ji %E~ugd%ji {an fjf{nni{a cni{~uz dik {ad{ {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn `f {an {|` }nuj`ks s}`hng~ca {an sdgn sù{ `f bdil~dln ù sn{ `f bdil~dlns) [an gjlud{jì az}`{ansjs`f {an ajs{ùjdis js e`{a jg}uèdebn dik ~iincnssduz)

CADUJSGD[JC HJILSAJ]\ad{ {ani dun {an ng}jujcdb cadudc{nujs{jcs `f bns n{d{s ajik`~jsns0 G`s{ `f{ang advn enni sgdbb" g`s{ `f {ang advn enni saù{bjvnk8 {an cì{ji~j{z `f{an s{d{n kn}niks ~}ì {an }nusìdbj{z `f {an gìduca8 nvnuz gìduca adsd s~ccnssù" e~{ nvnuz s~ccnssjì js di jss~n `f kjs}~{n8 {an s{d{n kjns |j{a{an Hjil" {an s~ccnssù g~s{ cund{n d in| s{d{n fu`g ajs `|i }nusìdbnikndv`~us)[anun |ds cì{ji~j{z `f d sù{" fù {an s{d{ns |nun ji nvnuz cdsn e~jb{ ~}du`~ik d andu{bdik `f juujld{nk ujcn c~b{jvd{jì dik" |ad{nvnu {an vjcjssj{~kns`f }`bj{jcs" {an ujcn'bdik s{dznk ji ìn }bdcn) E~{ {an s{d{n adk i` fjqnkfuì{jnu" i` }nugdini{ dkgjijs{ud{jvn s{dff)Sc`{{,s c`ggni{ ì {an Sadis js d}}bjcdebn {` dbb {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bns `f%E~ugd%?Sadi ajs{ùz gùn {adi {ad{ `f diz `{anu udcn" snngs {` advn kn}niknkì {ancadudc{nudik }nusìdbninulz`f {an Sd|e|d!]ujicn*) Di dgej{j`~su~bnu snngsdb|dzs {` advn d{{ng}{nk" dik `f{ni {` advn nffnc{nk" {an s~eo~ld{jì`f ajsinjlae`~us) \ani {anun |nun {|` ù gùn s~ca {anun |ds }nu}n{~db|du8 |ani{anun|ds iìn {anun|nun d i~genu`f }udc{jcdbbz ikn}nikni{cajnf{djisk|nbbjilji {anju |i vdbbnzs) Anicn {an ds{`~ikjili~genu`f a~ln u~jink cj{jns |ajcadun f`~ik dbb `vnu Jik`'Cajid),345 Eninkjc{ !4:;5*8 [dzbù !4:>6*)43 Sc`{{ dik Adukjgdi!4:==/=4*" ]du{ JJ" V`b) JJ" }) 333)

>6 NKGÎKBNDCA


9/20

[AN FU@I[JNUS @F %EÛGD%Ji {ajs uns}nc{ {an ajs{ùjcdbhjilk`gs`f Dudhdi" ]dldi" ]nl~" [ad{ì"Dvd" Dz~{,jd" Gdij}~u"dik Dssdg !ds |nbb ds s`gn a~ikunks f sgdbbnu}ujicj}dbj{jns cd{nk |j{aji{an sdgnlninudbdund*dbbadkg~ca ji c`ggì)AjidzdidE~kkajsg|ds nvnuz|anunan s{d{n unbjljìgjqnk"ds ji Cnzbì"|j{a gdiz nq}bjcj{ nbngni{s `f Sdjvj{n Eudagdijsg) Nvnuz|anunu`zdb}`bzlziz|ds di nqdllnud{nk nd{~un`f {an u`zdb }unu`ld{jvn)[an Hjil|ds unlduknkds d Cadhudvdu{ji'd %îjvnusdbNg}nuù%'ù nbsn ds dijicj}jni{E~kkad)4;Uj{~db dik gz{a e`{a jg}bjnk{ad{ an |ds }bdzjil{anu`bn `f {an snc~bduLd~kdgd}ujù{` ajs nibjla{nigni{)Nvnuz fnd{~un f{an szs{ng jg}bjnk {ad{ l`vnuigni{|ds unlduknkds }nusìdbu~bn ez dkjvjinbz jis}junkgìducacìsjknunkds di jikjvjk~db)

Bn{ gn nbdeùd{n{ansn s|nn}jil lninudbjsd{jìs ` ds {` eujil `~{ {ankjffnunicnen{|nni{an Jikjdi g`knb dik {an Cajinsn)Ji Cajid{an s~ccnssjì|ds l`vnuinkez bd|8ndcaNg}nuùadk d sjilbnbnlj{jgd{nanju s}ncjfjnkez u~bns`f knscni{) Jf {an anju |ds d gjiù d{ {an{jgn f ajs s~ccnssjìan s{jbb encdgnNg}nuùnvni {a`~lad cb`sn unbd{jvngjla{dc{ ds unlni{) ^s~u}d{jì|ds unbd{jvnbzudun dik cc~uunk ibz |j{ad cadiln`f kzids{zù ji {jgns `f }`bj{jcdbcad`s) Kdz {` kdz l`vnuigni{|ds ji {an adiks`f {an bj{nud{j"}nusìs|a`sn s{d{~sds e~und~cud{s|ds" ji{anùz" edsnk ì }nusìdbgnuj{ dik i`{ ì u`zdb fdv`~u u dujs{`cud{jceb``k) Ji }udc{jcn{an bj{nud{jcìs{j{~{nkd bdulnbz anunkj{duz bdss e~{ {anz|nun i`{ cb`sn unbd{jvns f {an Ng}nuù) [an ]ujicns`f {an eb``k u`zdbanbk ajlabz }ujvjbnlnk}`sj{jìse~{ {ajs kjk i`{ ljvn {ang `ffjcn ds dk'gjijs{ud{ùs)Ji {an %Jikjdi% {d{ns `f %E~ugd%diz ìn `f d Hjil,svnuz i~gnu`~s`ffs}ujilgjla{ %bnlj{jgd{nbz%~ccnnk ajg dik }dbdcn g~uknus|nun {aniùg) [an fjus{ dc{ `f diz s~ccnssf~bcbdjgdi{|ds {` cduuz`~{ d a`b`cd~s{`f ajs g`s{ jggnkjd{n ujvdbs'{ad{ js {` sdz" ajs adbf'eu`{anusdik s{n}'g`{anus) An {ani d}}ù{jìnk ~{ ajs undbg ji fjnfs {` {a`sn `f ajs cb`snunbd{jvns|a` adk s~uvjvnkdik |nun cìsjknunk u~s{|ù{az8ad{ gndi{"ji{an gdji"{an Hjil,s`|i |jvns dik sìs) [an id{~un`f {ajs fjnfk`g js |nbbjikjcd{nkez {an E~ugnsn nug fù d fjnf a`bknu'gz`sd'%{an nd{nu`f {an{`|isaj}%) Sjicn {an gz`sd,s{ni~un f `ffjcn |ds i`{ùj`~sbzsaù{bjvnk"an gdkn {an g`s{ `f ajs `}}ù{~ij{jns)J{ js {u~n {ad{ ji dkkj{jì ` {ansn bjcnisnku`zdb}b~iknunusan s{u~c{~un`f l`vnuigni{icb~knkd ajnuducaz f c`ggìnu ffjcjdbs|j{a fdicjf~b diknbdeùd{n{j{bns'{an E~ugnsn|~i" Sadi dgd{" Sjdgnsneudazd) E~{ {ansn`ffjcns {`` |nun kjunc{bz i {an Hjil,s}nusìdbljf{) [anun|ds i` cuj{nujì`f dcajnvnkt~dbjfjcd{jì s ji {an cdsn `f {an Cajinsn bj{nud{j) Ji {aju{nni{a4; T~duj{ca \dbns !4:34*" Cad}{nu JV8 cf) Cdkz !4:>=*" Cad}{nu J8 cf) Adbb !4:>>*"}}) :3':;) ]nbbj`{ !4:>4*" }) 46" cunkj{s {an 43{a cni{~uz Cdge`kjdi gìduca |j{a>=== cìc~ejins)

>


10/20

cni{~uz Cdge`kjd {an {|` unc`lijsnk |dzs `f è{djijil dkgjijs{ud{jvn ffjcn|nun !d* {` gdhn ìsnsnbf {an cbjni{ `f d u`zdb }ujicn ù !e* {` kìd{n dkd~la{nu {` {an u`zdb adung)4>Fjus{ adik èsnuvnus `f [adj dik E~ugnsn gìducas k~ujil {an 4:{acni{~uz |nun dbb ~idijg`~s ji ng}adsjsjil {an c`g}bn{n des`b~{jsg `f {angìduca,s d~{aùj{z46 dik {an duej{udujinss `f {an uns~b{jil dkgjijs{ud{jì)[an }`sj{jì js {a~s s~ggnk ~} ez Sc`{{?[an c``bjn `f {`kdz gdz en {an gjijs{nu`f {`gùu`|8dik d gì{aanicn an gdzen s}undk'ndlbnki {an c`~u{ f {an }dbdcn|j{a d vnu{jcdb s~i end{jilk`|i ~}ìajg dika~ln s{ìns}jbnk ì ajs cans{ dik s{`gdca))) \aniHjil [aduud|dkkzs~ccnnknk"an gdknEd'lznn'kd|,sgjijs{nus|ùh ds sbdvns i {an u`dksfù d {jgn"dik |ani {ajs nqnucjsnadk t~j{n|ùi {ang `~{" caduj{debz}~{ {ang {` knd{a)))\ani di ffjcjdb kjs}bndsnk an hjil !GjikàiGji* ji s`gn |dz" an sdjk ng}ad'{jcdbbz %J kì,{ |di{ {` snn {ad{ gdi diz gùn%))) D kdz ù {|` df{nu|duksajsgdons{z|`~bk dsh |anun s`'dik's`|ds) %DbdsSjun"%|ds {an dis|nu"%an kjnk fcadluji saù{bz df{nu {an bùk `f {an ndu{a dik `cndi cds{ nzns `f kjs}bnds~unì ajg)%b:


12/20

]ujicn vnu d {udc{ f Ajbb c`~i{uzkjk i`{ ni{djb {an gnuljil f {an Vdbbnz]n`}bn |j{a {an Ajbb ]n`}bn ji diz c~b{~udb snisn) \ad{nvnu{an `vnudbb}`bj{jcdbs{u~c{~un an {|` cd{nlùjnsungdjinkkjs{jic{ i bdil~dln"unbjljìdik nc`b`ljcdbdkd}{d{jì) J{ js {u~n {ad{ {an gdiinusdik c~s{`gs f {anVdbbnz ]n`}bn }u`vjknk" i cnu{djiuns}nc{s"d g`knb `f }`bj{ninssnvni fù{an ajbb eduedujdis)Ji E~ugd}u`}nu{an Ajbb Cajnf{djis|a`g {an fjus{N~u`}ndi{udvnbbnusnic`~i{nunk|nun `f{ni kunssnkji Cajinsn" Sadi" ùE~ugnsns{zbn dik {``h }ujkn ji bjs{jil{an aìùjfjc {j{bns |ajcaadk enniens{`|nk~}ì {angez {anjunbnldi{Vdbbnz`vnubùks"e~{ d{ {an sdgn {jgn{anz{angsnbvnscbdjgnk{` en bùks ji {anju |i ujla{"s~eonc{ ` i` `~{sjknd~{aùj{z)

E~{ j{ |`~bken nt~dbbzgjsbndkjil` un}unsni{an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn dik{anAjbb]n`}bnds}nugdini{bzdilnki jg}bdcdebna`s{jbj{z)[an{|`cd{nlùjns`f }`}~bd{jìdun szgej`{jc i ìn di`{anu8 anz ji{nu}nin{ud{nnuuj{ùjdbbzdik }`bj{jcdbbzds |nbb ds c~b{~udbbz ù" ji {an c`~usn`f cni{~ujns"%cjvjbj'sd{jì%"ds un}unsni{nkez {an c~b{~un f {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn" ads fdiink ~{dbìl{an ujvnuvdbbnzsdik jifjb{ud{nk~}|duks i{` js`bd{nk}`chn{sujla{ji{anandu{ f {an ajbb c`~i{uz)S`gn f {ansnsgdbb}`chn{s`f ~}bdikVdbbnz ]n`}bngdzadvn ùjljid{nkds gjbj{duzlduujsìsl~dukjild s{ud{nljc `~{n"`{anusgdzadvnenni s{du{nkez }ujvd{nc`bìjs{ssnnhjil{` nscd}n{an e~uknis`f |du dik {zudiiz"e~{{anfdc{ {ad{{anzadvn s~uvjvnkdiks{jbbgdidlnk ` un{dji anju cadudc{nujs{jcVdbbnz C~b{~unsa`|s {ad{ {an }u`fnssnk a`s{jbj{z `f {an s~uu`~ikjilAjbb]n`}bn js snbk`g cduujnk{` nq{ungns)[an ajla knlunn`f }`bj{jcdbji{nucìinc{nkinssn{|nnidkodcni{lu`~}s`f Vdbbnz ]n`}bndik Ajbb ]n`}bngdzens{ en kngìs{ud{nku`gdi8 qdg}bn)[anfduIù{a'\ns{ f E~ugd s k`{{nk|j{a{jizSadisn{{bngni{s~uu`~iknkez vds{ dunds f g`~i{djic`~i{uz jiadej{nkìbz ez Hdcajis) Cajinsnk`c~gni{s a`| {ad{s`gn`f {ansn Sadisn{{bngni{s|nundbundkzi nqjs{nicnji {an 1{acni{~uzD)K) [a`~la|jknbzscd{{nunk"ansnvduj`~sSadis{d{nbn{scbdjg d c~b{~udb~ij{z8 {anz dun Ahdg{j Sadisdik fùgnubz nbb |j{aji{ank`gdji `f {an ]ujicn `f G`ld~il) [an Hdcajis`f {an s~uu`~ikjilajbbc`~i{uzdkgj{i` hjisaj}|j{a {an Sadis iù k` {anz dkgj{{ad{ {anz |nunnvnu {an s~eonc{s`f {an ]ujicn f G`ld~il) [anz }`ji{ `~{ {ad{ {an odkndik dgenugjins|ajca |nun {an gdjis`~ucn`f G`ld~il}u`s}nuj{zjn jiHdcajidik i`{ ji Sadi {nuuj{ùz) [an Hdcajis"{anz sdz" |nun {an dbbjnse~{i`{ {an snuvdi{s f G`ld~il) { js d gd{{nu f ajs{ùz ad{ {an jikn}nikni{}ujicj}dbj{z f G`ld~il|ds nq{jil~jsankez gjbj{duz ùcn ji 4" e~{ {andicjni{jkn`b`lz }nusjs{s) [an }unsni{ kdz Hdcajicajnf{dji|a` `|is {anodkn gjins ads d}}u`}ujd{nk` ajgsnbf {an {j{bn `f Ahdg{j ]ujicn !HdisjK~|d*)[an Sadi s{d{nbn{s`f {an fùgnuG`ld~ilundbg|nun|jknbzscd{{nunkds{an f`bb`|jil{debn sa`|s?

6= NKGÎK BNDCA


13/20

[AN FU@I[JNUS @F %EÛGD%G`knui Gd} Idgns Kjs{dicn !gjbns* dik Kjunc{jìfu`g G`ld~ilG`ld~ilHdgdjil 55 I)\)Gàizji >= S)\)Gdjilah|di


14/20

{duz snufk`g) \n advn dc{~db ajs{ùjcdb nvjknicn {ad{ s~ca lu`~}s" ezdk`}{jil{an gdiinus"dik kunss dik bdil~dln`f {anju gds{nus {niknk {`gnuln|j{a {angc`g}bn{nbzi {an c`~usn`f d fn| lninud{jìs)4: an Vdbbnz]n`}bn`f {`kdzsa`~bki`{ en {a`~la{ f ds {an knscnikdi{s f di jggjludi{dbjni udcn" {anz dun sjg}bzknscnikdi{s f Ajbb ]n`}bn |a` advn sn{{bnk ji{an Vdbbnzsdik dk`}{nkcjvjbjsnkc~s{`gsdbìl|j{a {an }udc{jcn`f Vdbbnz'{z}n |n{ ujcn dlujc~b{~un)E~{ ji gdhjil{ajs c~b{~udb udisfnu anz advn c~{{angsnbvns ff c`g}bn{nbz u`g {anjufùgnudss`cjd{ns i {an Ajbbs) Ji {ajs}du{`f {an |ùbkd E~kkajs{cdii`{ en d hjisgdi f d iì'E~kkajs{)Cnu{dji {anuds}nc{s f {an dul~gni{u`gnc`b`lzknsnuvnd{{ni{jì)[anVdbbnz]n`}bn encd~sn`f {anju|n{ ujcn fdugjil jvn ji b`cdbbz knisn dllun'ld{ns`f }`}~bd{jìdik{ajs js di jg}ù{di{dc{ùji {anju c~b{~udbcànsjì8ji cì{uds{"g`s{ f {an Ajbb ]n`}bn"enjil sajf{jilc~b{jvd{ùs"jvn ji sgdbb|jknbz scd{{nunksn{{bngni{s) J advn i` gndis `f c`g}~{jil{an }uncjsnfjl~unse~{" vnuz u`~labz" i E~ugd}u`}nu"{an Ajbb c`~i{uz{dhns ~} {ni{jgnsds g~cas}dcn ds {an Vdbbnz c`~i{uze~{ {anun dun {ni {jgns ds gdizVdbbnz ]n`}bn ds {anun dun Ajbb ]n`}bn)[an Ajbb ]n`}bn dun i`{ ji nvnuz cdsn sajf{jilc~b{jvd{ùs8 `gn `f {angunsù{ ` fjqnk c~b{jvd{jì i juujld{nknuudcns) E~{ {an lu`~}s|ajca k` {ajsdun i`{ d kjs{jic{cd{nlùz i diz bjil~js{jcù c~b{~udbsnisn dik {anju nq'js{nicn k`ns i`{ dffnc{ {an lninudb dul~gni{) Ajbb fdugjil`f diz hjikunt~junsd vnuz ajla bde`~unffù{ ji unbd{jì {` zjnbk dik cìsnt~ni{bz {cdivnuzsnbk`g}u`vjkndizncì`gjcs~u}b~s vnudikde`vn {an jggnkjd{ns~esjs{nicninnks`f {an b`cdb}`}~bd{jì)J{ js {an nqjs{nicn f s~ca d s~u}b~sji {an Vdbbnz ncì`gz|ajca }nugj{s{an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn {` gdji{dji{anjugùnnbnldi{s{zbn `f bjfn)[an cìvnusn s bjhn|jsn{u~n8{au`~la`~{ an |a`bnAjbb unljì|anunvnud }du{jc~bdu u`~}ads enc`gnnqcn}{jìdbbz}u`s}nu`~s{s gngenussa`| d{niknicz{` dk`}{ d Sadi ![dj* ù E~ugnsns{zbn `f bjvjil dik {` enc`gncìvnu{nk ` E~kkajsg)J{ f`bb`|s{ad{ {an cì{uds{s f c~b{~undikbdil~dln|ajca advn bnk {` {an cìvni{jìdbcbdssjfjcd{jì f %{ujensdik }n`}bns `fE~ugd%advni` ji{ujisjc}nugdinicn)Diz jikjvjk~db di s{du{ds d gngenu`f ìn cd{nlùzdik nik ~} ji di`{anu)Db{a`~la {an lund{nu}du{ `f {an %E~ugd%ajbb c`~i{uzads enni fùcni{~ujns ~iknu {an !i`gjidb*}`bj{jcdb s~nudji{z`f Vdbbnz }ujicns" {anVdbbnz jifb~nicnads i`{ enni nvnibzkjs{uje~{nk)Vdbbnz c~b{~unads s}undkìbz {` dunds|anun {anun js s~j{debn dbb~vjdbfdugjil dik s` {ad{ ji s`gn`f {an gùn ung`{n dunds di jikjlni`~sAjbb }`}~bd{jìads enni dbb`|nk{` knvnb`} ì j{s `|i |j{a`~{}`bj{jcdbji{nufnunicn u`g |`~bk'enVdbbnzu~bnus)Jf {ani |n |di{ {` cìsjknu an id{~un`f Ajbb S`cjn{zds di jkndb {z}n s`4: Cf) s~}ud" i`{n ;)

65 NKGÎK BNDCA


15/20

[ANFU@I[JNUS F %EÛGD%ds {` cì{uds{ j{ |j{a Vdbbnz S`cjn{z ds di jkndb {z}n {ani j{ js anun ji {angùn ung`{n ajbb dunds {ad{ |n cdi èsnuvn j{)

]@BJ[JCDB S[U^C[ÛN @F AJBB S@CJN[Z@i {ajs edsjs Ajbb S`cjn{z cdi en sdjk {` }`ssnss {an f`bb`|jil lninudbcadudc{nujs{jcs?

!4* [an Vdbbnz }d{{nui `f d sngj'kjvjin ]ujicn" s~uu`~iknk ez d adung"dik u~bjil ez kjvjin ujla{ ji ajs }nusìdb cd}dcj{z" js |a`bbz desni{)!5* [|` cì{uds{nk }d{{nuis `f d~{aùj{z s{u~c{~un s{dik `~{ dik dun

indubz db|dzs o~q{d}`snk ji jggnkjd{n dss`cjd{jì)))[ansn dun?!d* di jkn`b`lz `f u~bn ez dujs{`cud{jc cajnfs) [an cajnf js i`{ nik`|nk|j{a }nusìdb cadujsgd e~{ a`bks ajs `ffjcn ez anunkj{duz ujla{ ds snijùgngenu `f d u`zdb bjindln8!e* di jkn`b`lz `f %kng`cud{jc% u~bn ez d c`~icjb `f nbknus) Ndca nbknudc{s ds un}unsni{d{jvn `f d }du{jc~bdu bjindln e~{ i` ìn bjindln js ji{ujisjcdbbz

s~}nujù {` diz `{anu) [an nbknu gdz dcajnvn ajs `ffjcn nj{anu ez snijùj{zù ds d cìsnt~nicn `f }dssjil s`gn {ns{ `f gnuj{)5=Ji nj{anu cdsn `ffjcns `f d~{aùj{z dun un}unsni{d{jvn`ffjcns dik dun knujvnkfu`g s{d{~s d{ eju{a) [an ludi{jil `f `ffjcn js invnu bjihnk |j{a }`bj{jcdb}d{uìdln ds ji {an Vdbbnz s`cjn{z)J{ js vnuz ungduhdebn {ad{ e`{a {z}ns `f jkn`b`lz" {an dujs{`cud{jc dik {ankng`cud{jc" dun unl~bdubz f`~ik {` c`nqjs{ sjkn ez sjkn {au`~la`~{ {an |a`bn`f {an iù{anui dik |ns{nui }du{s `f {an %E~ugd% ajbb c`~i{uz) J |jbb bjs{ìbz d fn| nqdg}bns?Ajbb Lu`~} Dujs{`cud{jc Kng`cud{jcHdcaji54 l~gsd l~gbd`Hìzdh Idld55 {anik~ {anihàS`~{anuiIdld53 Sngd Cadhujgd Dildgj*Cni{udb Caji5; _dad~ _diijd{\ns{nuiGdij}~uAjbbs5> In| H~hj ![adk`* @bk H~hjFù {an gùn nds{nubz ajbb {udc{s `f {an S`~{anui Sadi S{d{ns" Hduniij"Iù{anui [adjbdik dik Bd`s" {an n{ai`lud}ajc knscuj}{jìs dun {`` knfnc{jvn{` }nugj{ cìfjkni{ lninudbjsd{jì" e~{ anun {`` {an sdgn {|` cì{uds{nk{z}ns `f }`bj{jcdb jkn`b`lz d}}ndu {` c`nqjs{)56 Nbsn|anun J advn dul~nk d{5= S{nvnisì !4:;3*)54 Bndca !4:>;*)55 Vì Fjjunu'Adjgnikùf!4:;4*)53 A~{{ì !4:54d*8 !4:54e*)5; S{nvnisì !4:;3*)5> Sadhns}ndu !4:45*)56 Sc`{{ dik Adukjgdi!4:==/=4*" ]du{ J" V`b) J)

63


16/20

bnil{a {ad{ {ansn {|` {z}ns `f }`bj{jcdb ùldijsd{jì un}unsni{ kjffnuni{ ds}nc{s`f d sjilbn %czcbjc% {z}n `f szs{ng vjn|nk d{ kjffnuni{ }adsns `f j{s lu`|{a)544)

6; NKGÎK BNDCA


17/20

[AN FU@I[JNUS @F %EÛGD%Caujs{jdij{z dik ]dldijsg |nun jicìsjs{ni{) [anun dun c~b{~udb nbngni{s|ajca dun c`ggì {` e`{a lu`~}s e~{ {ansn sjgjbduj{jns dun ungduhdebz fn|)C~b{~udbbz {anun js fdu gùn ji c`ggì en{|nni {an Bdhanu ji Dssdg dik{an Bdgn{ ji Bd`s5: {adi {anun js en{|nni nj{anu lu`~} dik {anju induns{Vdbbnz injlae`~us) [an sdgn js {u~n `f diz `f {an Ajbb }n`}bns {au`~la`~{{an dund)

Zn{ {an }d{{nui `f }`bj{jcdb unbd{jìs |ajca J advn }unvj`~sbz knscujenkgjla{ advn bnk ~s {` nq}nc{ s`gn{ajil kjffnuni{) Df{nu dbb" {an Ajbb ]n`}bndik {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn dun udcjdbbz {an sdgn dik bdil~dlns dun vnuz ndsjbzcadilnk" s` |ad{ js j{ {ad{ hnn}s {an {|` lu`~}s d}du{0J k` i`{ {ajih {ad{ {an di{au`}`b`ljs{ ù dizìn nbsn cdi sdz |az {ankjs{jic{jì nqjs{s e~{ J {ajih j{ gdz en jbb~gjid{jil {` }`ji{ `~{ s`gn `f {andss`cjd{nk cùunbd{jìs)

CAJID DIK [AN AJBB ]N@]BN

Ndubjnu ji {ajs nssdz J ungduhnk {ad{ db{a`~la {an Ajbb ]n`}bn `f %E~ugd%advn fù cni{~ujns c`gn ~iknu {an s}dsg`kjc }`bj{jcdb jifb~nicn `f Jikjdis{zbn s{d{ns" {anju g`s{ kjunc{ ncì`gjc cì{dc{s advn enni |j{a {an Cajinsn)Ji s`gn cdsns {ajs js {u~n nvni d{ {an }unsni{ {jgn) J gzsnbf advn fjus{'adikdct~dji{dicn `f d i~genu `f Iù{a E~ugd b`cdbj{jns |ajca |nun %~idk'gjijs{nunk {nuuj{ùz% {au`~la`~{ {an }nuj`k `f Euj{jsa c`bìjdb u~bn8 dbb `f{ang |nun unl~bdubz vjsj{nk ez Cajinsn {udknus" e~{ invnu ez E~ugnsn)J{ js unbnvdi{ anun {` ungngenu {ad{ Cajinsn s`cjn{z" bjhn {ad{ `f {an Ajbb]n`}bn" js s{u~c{~unk ji{` d szs{ng `f ~ijbjindb knscni{ lu`~}s dik dbs` {ad{{an %dijgjsg% `f {an Ajbb ]n`}bn js f~ikdgni{dbbz d c~b{ `f kndk dicns{ùs|ajca ads gdiz Cìf~cjdijs{ }dudbbnbs) [ansn sjgjbduj{jns gdhn j{ }`ssjebnfù {an Cajinsn dik {an %E~ugd% Ajbb ]n`}bn {` c`gg~ijcd{n |j{a ìndi`{anu dik {` ns{debjsa }nugdini{ s`cjdb unbd{jìsaj}s ji d |dz |ajca jsjg}`ssjebn fù {an Ajbb ]n`}bn dik {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn)Cajinsn vjbbdlnus dc{~dbbz sn{{bn ji {an ajbb c`~i{uz dik {ani bjvn g~ca bjhnùkjiduz ajbb f`bh) [anz |jbb nvni ji{nugduuz |j{a {anju %eduedujdi%injla'e`~us8 e~{ {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bn |jbb invnu k` nj{anu `f {ansn {ajils) [ancì{uds{ ji {an }d{{nui `f gduujdln snngs {` gn }du{jc~bdubz sjlijfjcdi{)Ji {an Vdbbnz c~b{~un {an }`}~bd{jì `f ndca b`cdb ujcn }bdji {niks {` ennik`ldg`~s) [an ]ujicn" |a` ads gdiz |jvns" gdz {dhn kd~la{nus fu`ginjlae`~ujil ]ujicns e~{ an dbs` {dhns |`gni fu`g ajs `|i jggnkjd{nf`bb`|nus) An uncnjvns {an bd{{nu |`gni ds {uje~{n) [a~s" ji {nugs `fhjisaj}" Vdbbnz s`cjn{z ds d |a`bn fùgs d cb`snk szs{ng8 {an Vdbbnz ]n`}bnk` i`{ ljvn {anju |`gni d|dz {` s{udilnus) F~u{anugùn" ndca gduujdln jsdi jikjvjk~db dffdju en{|nni d }du{jc~bdu gdi dik d }du{jc~bdu |`gdi8 j{5: ]duuz !4:35*8 Jjh`|j{ !4:>4*) [ansn {|` %{ujens% dun de`~{ >== gjbns d}du{)

6>


18/20

k`ns i`{ ns{debjsadi dbbjdicnen{|nnihji lu`~}s) Dbb {ajs js cìsjs{ni{|j{a{an fdc{ {ad{ nbngni{s f Ajik~ cds{n jkn`b`lzadvn dbb dbìlenni }unsni{ji {an Vdbbnz c~b{~un) Vdbbnz ]n`}bn un}~kjd{ngduujdln|j{a {an eduedujdisnvni |ani{anz dun|jbbjil{` dccn}{{anjuncì`gjcsnuvjcns)3=Ji cì{uds{" i {an Ajbb c~b{~un"gduujdlns cb`snbz gjqnk~} |j{a {udkn)Ljubs dun gduujnkdldjis{d eujkn'}ujcndik {an èonc{s jiv`bvnkji eujkn'}ujcn {udisdc{jìsdun {an sdgn sù{ `f èonc{sds dun gn{ |j{a ji kndbjils|j{a d Cajinsn {udknu)34[a~s {an {jns `f dffjidb hjisaj} udgjfz |jknbz"f`bb`|jil{udkn u`~{ns dik o~g}jildcu`ss bdil~dlnfuì{jnus dik }`bj{jcdbe`~ikdujns) Ji 4:;5 d Ld~uj dct~dji{dicn f gjin fu`g Nds{ `f Eadg`f`~ikajgsnbf i d Sjilf` vjbbdlnji Dssdg5>= gjbns fu`ga`gn"e~{ j{ {``hajg ìbz d kdz ù s` {` }nus~dknajs a`s{s{ad{an |ds in f {anjuunbd{jvns)J dg i`{ dul~jil ad{ d sjilbnhjisaj}in{|ùhudgjfjns vnu {an |a`bn f{an %E~ugd%Ajbb c`~i{uze~{ nvnuz|anuni {an ajbbs d vnuz ajla vdb~d{jìjs }bdcnkì nq{niknkhjisaj}unbd{jìsdik dbs` ~}ì {an }nugdinicndiks{dejbj{z`f s~ca unbd{jìs) Jikjvjk~dbsdun unlduknkds un}unsni{d{jvns f}du{jc~bdujindlnsdik}du{jc~bdu bdcnsdik{anz duncbdssnk i {ad{ dcc`~i{ds fujnik u f`n) \`gni |a` dun ljvni ji gduujdlnsnuvn {` ns{debjsadunbd{jìsaj}en{|nnibjindlns'd unbd{jìsaj}|ajcajs bjhnbz {` en un}nd{nkbd{nuji f~u{anugduujdlns u f~u{anu udkn) [ajs js {an di{j{ansjs f {an VdbbnzC~b{~un {anùz |ajca {und{s |`gni nj{anu ds sn}dud{n jikjvjk~dbsù dscad{{nb sbdvns) D Vdbbnz ]ujicnuncnjvns |`gni ds {uje~{n8d Ajbb cajnf{djiljvns {ang ~{ ds }bnklns`f ncì`gjcc``}nud{jì)Ajbb c~b{~un s i`{ d kjunc{ jgj{d{jì u`g {an Cajinsne~{ j{ }dudbbnbs anCajinsnszs{ngji d |dz {ad{ {an Vdbbnz c~b{~un k`ns i`{) O~s{ ds |n cdisdz {ad{ {an Vdbbnz c~b{~unads di Jikjdi s{zbn |j{a`~{jg}bzjil{ad{ {anSadis dun Ajik~s u {ad{ {an E~ugnsnadvn d f~bbz knvnb`}nkcds{n szs{ng"J {ajih |n cdi sdz {ad{ {an Ajbb c~b{~unads d Cajinsns{zbn|j{a`~{ g}bzjil{ad{ Idld {ujensgnidun knv`~{ dkanuni{s f {an Cìf~cjdin{ajc)[an undbbzcu~cjdbkjs{jic{jìanun js {ad{ en{|nnicadujsgd{jcjikjvjk~db*d~{aùj{z i {an in adikdik {udkj{jìdb ffjcn ì {an `{anu) Ji {an Vdbbnzszs{ngdbb d~{aùj{zs jikjvjk~dbdik{ng}ùduz ikfù {ad{undsì{zudiij'cdb) [an Vdbbnz {zudi{k`ns i`{ kjs}bdzajs gnuj{ez o~s{jcne~{ ez dc{s `fsnbf'lbùjfjcd{jì)Ji {an Ajbb szs{ng" ds ji {an Cajinsn" dbb `ffjcns dun vns{nk nj{anu ji}du{jc~bdu jindlns !|ajca dun cìcn}{~dbbz ggù{db* u nbsn dun unsnuvnkfù jikjvjk~dbs|a` advn dcajnvnk d }du{jc~bdu `cjdb s{d{~s!n)l) ez }dssjilnqdgjid{jìs u ez |ùhjil{au`~lad ludknksnujns f sdcujfjcjdbfnds{s*)[an dc{s f {an u~bnudun {angsnbvnsl`vnuinkez u~bns"nvnuz{ajilan k`nscduujns {an sdic{jì f bnlj{jgd{nc~s{`g)Gz s~llns{jìjs {ad{ {ajs cì{uds{ f jkn`b`ljns de`~{ {an id{~un `f3= Cf) ]nbbj`{ !4:>4*" }) 4:8 Gjbin !4:4=*" }) >=)34 Cf) Bndca !4:>;*" unfnunicns {` a}dld)

66 NKGÎK BNDCA


19/20

[AN FU@I[JNUS @F %EÛGD%d~{aùj{zbb~gjid{ns"nvni jf j{ k`ns i`{ nq}bdji |az 5=== zndus`f Jikjdiu~bn ads i`{ nbjgjid{nk{an udkjcdb sn}dud{jìen{|nni Ajbb dik Vdbbnzs`cjn{z)

S^GGDUZ%E~ugd%s d unljì zjilen{|nni |`lund{cni{uns f cjvjbjsd{jì)[au`~la'`~{ ajs{ùz j{ ads enni jifb~nicnksjg~b{din`~sbz u`g Jikjd dik fu`gCajid" i`{ ìbz d{ {an {ujvjdbbnvnb `f C`~u{}`bj{jcs e~{ f~ikdgni{dbbzi{nugs f {an c~b{~udbszs{ngds d |a`bn)E~{ {ajs jifb~nicn ads i`{ enni di jikjscujgjid{nkjff~sjì f jknds)]`bj{jcs" nc`b`lz" hjisaj} dik ncì`gjcs}u`vjknji s`gn knlunn sn}dud{ndiksn}dudebn udgns`f unfnunicn"dikJ advn {anunfùn ivj{nk{an ajs{ùjdi`f E~ugd{` b``h ~}ì {an }unsni{ds }du{`f d cì{ji~jil}u`cnss`f ji{nu'dc{jì en{|nni {|` hjiks `f }`bj{jcdbs{u~c{~un" |` hjiks f nc`b`lz" {|`kjs{jic{}d{{nuis f hjisaj}ùldijsd{jì"|` sn{s f ncì`gjc i{nuns{s)[anun dun `{anu fuì{jnuunljìs|anun d vnuz sjgjbdus{zbn `f didbzsjsgjla{d}}bzdik j{ js ì {ad{ dcc`~i{{ad{ J fnnb o~s{jfjnk i `ffnujil{ajs dsd cì{uje~{jì|j{a }`{ni{jdbc`g}dud{jvn db~n)

N) U) BNDCACdgeujkln îjvnusj{z

UNFNUNICNS

I` d{{ng}{ ads enni gdkn anun {` s~}}ù{ gz gùn lninudb s{d{ngni{s|j{a kn{djbnkunfnunicns) Fù E~ugd}u`}nu dik {an unljìs {` {an Nds{ {an g`s{ ~snf~b snbnc{ ejebj`'lud}az fù Nilbjsa bdil~dln undknus js {ad{ d}}niknk {` Adbb !4:>>*) N{ai`lud}ajcs`~ucns fù {an |a`bn unljì dun |nbb c`vnunk ez Ngeunn dik K`{sì !4:>=*) Fù {anIdld Ajbbs dund A~{{ì !4:56* c`vnus 4:{a cni{~uz s`~ucns vnuz {aù`~labz) J hi`|`f i` lninudb ejebj`lud}az`f s`~ucns fù Dssdgnsn ajs{ùz e~{ Gdchnijn !411;* dikGjcanbb !4113* dik Snbnc{jì `f ]d}nus !41;* gni{jìs d i~genu f j{ngs unbd{jil {` {an Iù{a E~ugd/Dssdg unljì |ajca k` i`{ d}}nduji `{anu ejebj`lud}ajc js{s)ENINKJC["]) H) %[adj" Hdkdj dik Jikìnsjdi? d In| Dbjligni{ ji4:;5 S`~{ands{nui Dsjd%" Dgnujcdi Di{au`}`b`ljs{" ;;" }})>


20/20

61ADBB" K) L) N)4:>>A^[[@I" ) A)

4:544:544:56

J_JH@\J[_"H) L4:>4BD[[JG@UN" )4:;=BNDCA"N) U)4:>;B`|Js" C) C)4:4:B^CN" L) A)4:;=B^CN"L) A) & ]N GDÎL[JI4:3:GDCHNI_JN" )411;GJCANBB" S[) O) F)

4113GJBIN"B)4:4=]DUUZ"I) N)4:35]NBBJ@["])4:=;

4:>4T^DUJ[CA \DBNS" A) L)4:34UNJK" U)4:;5SC@[["O) L) !SA\DZZ@N*41:6SC@[[" ) L) & ADUKJGDI") ])4:==/=4Snbnc{jì `f ]d}nus414

NKGÎKBNDCAD Ajs{ùz `f S`~{a'Nds{ Dsjd !Bìkì*)!d* [an Dildgj Idlds !Bìkì*)!e* [an Sngd Idlds !Bìkì*)%D Ejebj`lud}az `f {an Idld Ajbbs |j{a s`gn Dkod'cni{ Kjs{ujc{s%) D}}nikjq VJ {` O) ]) Gjbbs" [an DÌdlds !Bìkì*)Bdgn{?Ajbb ]ndsdi{s ji Funica Jik`cajid !L`{neùl*)Jiinu Dsjdi Fuì{jnus `f Cajid !In| Zùh*)]`bj{jcdb Szs{ngs `f Ajlabdik E~ugd !Bìkì*)[an [ujens `f E~ugd) N{ai`b`ljcdb S~uvnz `f Jikjd?E~ugd" I`) ; !Udil`ì*)%Ncì`gjc Bjfn `f {an Ndubz E~ugdi%" O`~uidb `f {anE~ugd Unsnduca S`cjn{z" QQQ)%E~ugd k`|i {` {an Fdbb `f ]dldi" ]du{ J%" O`~uidb`f {an E~ugd Unsnduca S`cjn{z" QQJQ !]du{ JJ |dsinvnu }~ebjsank*)Ajs{ùz `f {an Unbd{jìs `f {an L`vnuigni{|j{a {anAjbb [ujens `f {an Iù{ands{nui Fuì{jnu `f Enildb!Cdbc~{{d*)Un}ù{ ![`}`lud}ajcdb"]`bj{jcdb dik Gjbj{duz* ì {anIù{a'Nds{ Fuì{jnu `f Jikjd) Cìfjkni{jdb !Cdbc~{{d*)Sadis d{ A`gn !Bìkì*)[an Bdhanus !Bìkì*)%Kn~q j{jinudjuns kn Cajin ni Jikn d bd fji k~ VJJJngnsjncbn%" E)N)F)N)@) !Adi`j*)Gng`juns s~u bns C`~{~gns k~ Cdge`kln kn [can`~[d'H`~di) @n~vuns}`s{a~gns kn ]d~b ]nbbj`{" I`) 3!]dujs*)Sjdgnsn S{d{n Cnungìjns!Bìkì*)Ajs{ùz `f {an Fuì{jnu Dunds EùknujilDssdg fu`g4113'4:;4 !Sajbbìl*)[an E~ugdi"Ajs Bjfn dik I`{jìs !Bìkì*)Ldn{{nnu `f ^}}nu E~ugd dik {an Sadi S{d{ns) ]du{J? 5 v`bs8 ]du{ JJ? 3 v`bs) !Udil`ì*)Snbnc{jì `f ]d}nus unldukjil{an Ajbb [udc{s en{|nniDssdg dik E~ugd dik ì {an ^}}nu Eudagd}~{ud!Cdbc~{{d*)[an B~sanj H~hj Cbdis !Bìkì*)[an Ncì`gjcs `f {an Cni{udbCaji [ujens !E`gedz*)%Lninudb S{u~c{~un `f Bdil~dlns S}`hni ji E~ugd%"O`~uidb `f {an E~ugd Unsnduca S`cjn{z" QQQJQ)[an [anùz `f S`cjdb dik Ncì`gjc @uldijsd{jì!Bìkì*)[an Unbjljì `f Cajid !Lbnic`n*)

The Frontiers of Burma

Documents