The French Revolution & Napoleon AP European History Mr. Bayer Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Symbols of the Revolution. Rousseau represented as the author of the Social Contract and the philosopher who promoted the regeneration of natural sentiments and values against the corrupting influences of urban society. The eye of vigilance is a symbol from the Free Mason movement, to which many revolutionary leaders belonged. Other symbols are those of the French Republic: the tri-color flags above the principles of "Love of County" and "French Republic;" an altar dedicated to the rights of man and guarded by a soldier and a canon; the fisc of pikes surmounted by the red bonnet and adjacent to the tree of Liberty. The rising, glowing light in the foreground suggest the regeneration of social justice; two figures hand in hand represent the sign of unity, while a dog, symbol of faithfulness, and a horn of plenty complete the picture. Painting by D. Jeaurat, c. 1794
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The French Revolution
& Napoleon
AP European
History
Mr. Bayer
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Symbols of the Revolution.
Rousseau represented as the author of the Social Contract
and the philosopher who promoted the regeneration of natural
sentiments and values against the corrupting influences of
urban society. The eye of vigilance is a symbol from the Free
Mason movement, to which many revolutionary leaders
belonged. Other symbols are those of the French Republic:
the tri-color flags above the principles of "Love of County" and
"French Republic;" an altar dedicated to the rights of man and
guarded by a soldier and a canon; the fisc of pikes
surmounted by the red bonnet and adjacent to the tree of
Liberty. The rising, glowing light in the foreground suggest the
regeneration of social justice; two figures hand in hand
represent the sign of unity, while a dog, symbol of faithfulness,
and a horn of plenty complete the picture. Painting by D. Jeaurat, c. 1794
Characterizing the French
Revolution…
Was it REALLY a “democratic revolution”?
Political movement embodying liberal
enlightenment thought
Precursors to the French Revolution:
English Civil War
American Revolution
Dutch Republic/Swiss Cities/Austrian
Netherlands
Serious challenge to Old Regime
# 1.
The American Revolution: Origins of the Revolution
Effects of the Seven Years‟ War (1756-1763) The high cost of the war
Defense of new lands
Chief Pontiac – Proclamation of 1763 – prohibited settlement
Bigger question of representation „virtual representation‟
Growing view of Americans as separate and unique Lack of powerful, established
church
More widespread right to vote
Greater social equality
The suffering of the British East India Company and the granting of a monopoly
The bypass of American tea merchants and the Boston Tea Party (1773)
Coercive Acts (closing Boston Harbor, quartering soldiers, banned hostile juries for British troops, control over Mass. Gov‟t) and the start of Revolution Sept 1774 – 1st Continental
In this cartoon from the time, Louis is looking at the chests and
asks "where is the tax money?" The financial minister, Necker,
looks on and says "the money was there last time I looked." The
nobles and clergy are sneaking out the door carrying sacks of
money, saying "We have it."
1789-1791
Moderate
Phase
• Led by bourgeoisie, uprisings of common Parisians, peasants
• Abolition of aristocratic and ecclesiastical privilege
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
• Church subordinated to state
• Administrative/Judicial systems reformed
• Constitution – created parliament and limited king‟s power
1792-1794
Radical
Phase
• San-culottes, urban poor
• Counterrevolution led by clergy/aristocracy (undo reforms)
• International pressure & war to limit expansion of France/ideals
• Republic est. Sept. 1792 & dethronement / decapitation of Louis XVI – Jan. 1793
• Jacobins take power – defend against invasion, counterrevolution – Reign of Terror & Radical Reforms
1794-1799
Moderate
Phase
• Departure from Jacobin radicalism – reassertion of bourgeoisie control
• Robespierre killed
• Bourgeoisie moderation of reforms
• Directory Established
1799-1815
Napoleonic
Phase
• Napoleon‟s Coup d’ Etat
• Establishment of authoritarian regime
• Revolutionary/Counterrevolutionary?
• European Conquest /Defeat
National
Assembly
(1789-1791)
Legislative
Assembly
(1791-1792)
National
Convention
(1792-1795)
Directory
(1795-1799)
Governing
Bodies
Napoleon‟s
Imperial
France
(1795-1799)
Why is it Important?
Destruction of aristocratic privileges
Opening careers to talent
Advanced the idea of equality under the law
Secularization – weakened the power of the clergy
Role of parliament, constitution, diminishing of divine-
right monarchy – move toward liberal democratic state
Elimination of serfdom
Fairer tax system
Nationalism
Look for the
Goals of the Revolution!!!
Look for revolutionary,
liberal/moderate, conservative
and reactionary
(counterrevolutionary) goals!!!
The French Revolution 1. Convening of the Estates General – called
to solve financial crisis (May 5, 1789) Goals limited to solving financial crisis – no intent to
institute the revolutionary changes that would occur
Third Estate allowed 600 delegates (2 X)
Urban, legally trained
Ties between the Third Estate and the First/Second
Estates (liberal/urban/young/anti-old-regime)
Cahiers de doléances – reg. const. gov‟t – abolish
tax privileges of church/nobility
Rules? – by order (17th C. tradition - Paris
Parlement) or by head (Patriots/”lovers of liberty”,
Society of Thirty)?
The National Assembly: Formation of the National Assembly
Support for the 3rd Estate and the push to
vote by head
Abbe Sieyes: What is the Third Estate?
First Estate‟s declaration to vote by order
Third Estate‟s declaration of National
Assembly and decision to draw up a
constitution (June 17)
“Who then shall dare to say that the Third Estate has not within itself all that is necessary for the formation of a complete nation? It is the strong and robust man who has one arm still shackled. If the privileged order should be abolished, the nation would be nothing less, but something more. Therefore, what is the Third Estate? Everything; but an everything shackled and oppressed. What would it be without the privileged order? Everything, but an everything free and flourishing. Nothing can succeed without it, everything would be infinitely better without the others.” - Abbé Sieyès
The National Assembly:
“The lawyers’ revolution…” Oath of the Tennis Court (June 20, 1789)
…action by lawyers – not legally justified
Louis XVI – sides with First Estate,
prepared to dissolve/use force
p. 578
Saving the National Assembly: Fall of the Bastille
Limited goals of the “lawyer’s revolution”
Revolutionary vs. counterrevolutionary popular sentiment
King’s attempt to defend Versailles/armories and
inflammation of public opinion at dissolving of Estates
General
Parisian citizens’ desire to arm themselves
Attack on Bastille (p. 579)
Symbolic and real victory for National Assembly – collapse
of Royal authority
Legitimization of the revolution: “National Guard” formed -
Marquis de Lafayette
Peasant revolutions in the countryside
The National Assembly: The Great Fear
Agrarian peasant rebellions
throughout France – (July 19th –
August 3rd)
Inspired by a belief in their actions
being supported by the king
Varied response – general
resentment of feudal obligations,
tithes, quitrents and dues
(privileges of the nobility)
“Great Fear” – foreign troop
invasion (aristocratic)
Popular uprisings influenced
National Assembly
The National Assembly: Night of August 4th
Impact of the Great Fear
Need to restore order and destruction of
„relics of feudalism‟ – BUT went beyond this
and voted to abolish seigneurial rights/fiscal
privileges/exemptions of nobility, clergy,
towns
Jacobin influence
The National
Assembly: Declaration of the
Rights of Man (August 26, 1789)
Reflection of philosophes‟
ideas and Declaration of
Independence Civic equality and popular
sovereignty
“natural and imprescriptible rights of man”
“liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression”