The French Revolution/ Napoleon. Drill 12/12 What were the major themes of the Enlightenment?

The French Revolution/ Napoleon

Drill 12/12

What were the major themes of the Enlightenment?

Natural Law/ Rights The Social Contract Government’s role in society

How did they influence the French Revolution?

The French Revolution

OR…its NOT good to be the King

The Estates of the Realm

The estates were names given to the social classes of France

Dates back to medieval times

The First Estate

Clergy Less than 1% of the population Owned 10% of the land About 2% of their income was taxed

The Second Estate

Nobles About 2% of the population Owned 20% of the land Paid no taxes

The Third Estate

The underclass (98% of the pop) Bourgeoisie – Merchants + Artisans

The Middle class Lower class laborers Peasants

Alone made up 80% of France’s population

Paid about 50% of their income in taxes

The Enlightenment’s Influence

The Bourgeois took to the enlightenment Voltaire and Rousseau were the most

popular EQUALITY, LIBERTY, DEMOCRACY

Comte d’Antraigues

“The Third Estate is the people and the people is the foundation of the State; it is in fact the state itself. The other orders are merely political categories while by the immutable laws of nature the People is everything…”

How has the Enlightenment influenced this quote?

Drill 12/13

What were some of the main causes of the French Revolution?

Social/ Economic inequalities between the estates

The Influence of Enlightenment ideals Crippling economic crisis The weak leadership of Louis XVI

Louis XVI

Louis “Capet”Louis “Capet” Ran a different courtRan a different court Upset the noble Upset the noble

class class Would lead to many Would lead to many

questioning his questioning his intelligenceintelligence

Marie Antoinette

Austrian Princess France never liked

her from the start LAVISH lifestyle

France faces bankruptcy

Louis XVI inherited a mountain of debt

He goes through a series of advisors that are unable to fix the problem

New advisor Charles Calonne

Noble reaction

1787 – Louis calls an Assembly of Notables to discuss the country’s debt

Calonne’s plan had failed, the country was bankrupt he proposed that the NOBLES PAY TAXES?!?!

The Estates-General

Assembly of all the estates in France Called for the first time in 175 years It was a last-ditch effort to pass the

financial reforms

Did not work

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès

Abbé Sieyès

"What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been hitherto in the political order? Nothing. What does it desire? To be something."

The National Assembly

June 17, 1789 The Third Estate forms the assembly

and declares France a republic They are effectively locked out of the

meeting house The break down the door of an indoor

tennis court

The Tennis Court Oath

serment du jeu de paume “We swear never to separate ourselves from the National

Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations.”

Louis’ Reaction

The King has little choice but to go along with the demands

He ordered the other Estates to join the assembly

He tightens security in Paris, brings in foreign troops

The Bastille

Former Prison, now a storehouse for weapons and powder

Stormed July 14, 1789 1,000 Parisians against

a small amount of guards Largely symbolic at that

point

Drill 12/14

Describe the circumstances surrounding the Tennis-Court Oath.

What did the oath itself declare?

The Tennis Court Oath

serment du jeu de paume “We swear never to separate ourselves from the National

Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations.”

The Declaration of the Rights of Man

The DoRM

The new French Republic had to sweep away the kingdom

The OLD REGIME The Bourbon Kingdom and the old political

structure of France

First They remove the Feudal powers of the First and Second Estates Making all of the estates equal

They confiscated all Church lands and brought the Church under state control Local clergy would be elected

August 26, 1789 The General Assembly approves the

declaration The Declaration is heavily influenced

by The US Declaration of Independence English Bill of Rights The Enlightenment

Drafters of the document included Marquis de Lafayette Benjamin Franklin Checked by Thomas Jefferson

Read the Declaration of the Rights of Man. Underline the articles that you feel reflect enlightenment ideas

Drill 12/17

What was the Old Regime? What was the purpose of the

Declaration of the Rights of Man?

The Jacobins

Jacobins Radical political club prevalent in Paris Wanted to see the end of the Monarchy

and old regime entirely Wanted sweeping changes to France’s

political structure

Radicals, Centrists, Conservatives

Radicals like the Jacobins sat on the LEFT side of the Assembly

Centrists More moderate wanted reform but not as

drastic Sat in the middle

Conservatives Desired a limited monarchy Sat on the RIGHT

Rival Factions

Émigrés Wealthy land-owners, fled during the

Peasant uprisings Wanted to restore the monarchy

Sans-Culottes Poor wage earners No role in the assembly Radical leftists

CW

Complete the Geography Application: The French Revolution Under Siege

This discusses France’s struggle with foreign conflicts during the beginning of the Republic

What about Louis?

Louis and his family are under house arrest in a castle in Paris

Some advisors get to him and he feels he is in danger

June 1791, He tries to escape but is caught at the border

Drill 12/19

Why would enemies Prussia and Austria join forces to put Louis XVI BACK on the throne?

The Summer 0f 92

War with Austria and Prussia Panic in Paris

The September Massacres Upwards of 1,000 prisoners killed

As a result The National Assembly forgets the Limited Monarchy, disbands calls for a NEW legislature to be elected The National Convention

The Death of Louis

Jean Paul Marat Georges Danton

Marat and Danton

Powerful leaders/ speakers in the Jacobin club

Jacobin ideas would dominate the new National Convention

September 21, 1792

Convention gives adult males the right to vote and hold office No women

Reduces Louis XVI to a citizen and prisoner

He is tried for treason, found guilty and sentenced to death Louis is executed January 21, 1793

Wiping away the past

Radicals changed everything Face cards in playing cards were

renamed The calendar was changed: 12

months, 30 days each, new names, no Sundays Because religion was too old-fashioned

Maximilien Robespierre

Jacobin politician Consolidated

power within the Convention

Became leader of the Committee of Public Safety, 1793

The Committee of Public safety

Decided who was guilty of treason against the republic

“Terror is nothing more other than prompt, severe, inflexible justice.”

The Reign of Terror

On September 5, the Convention institutionalized The Terror: systematic and lethal repression of perceived enemies within the country

Mass executions Between 20,000 – 40,000 people were killed in a

little under one year

Over 1,900 executions in one month

Targets were anyone accused of treason against the state Priests Nobles The wealthy Anyone who spoke against

the state Robespierre took more

control and basically became a dictator of the nation

CW

Using your books, on page 203 answer question 3 in BCR format

The Terror

Anyone who was brought up on charges was executed

Danton was even executed for claiming that Robespierre was more moderate than he

Be sure to show the crowd my head

Jean Paul Marat was assassinated as he bathed

Paris was through with Robespierre

The Convention was through with the indiscriminate violence

The Thermidor Reaction

9 Thermidor, Year 2 July 24, 1794

Members of the Convention cry for Robespierre’s arrest He has no friends left, he killed them

ALL! He is arrested and put to death the

next day

Along with 20 members of the convention

Jean-Claude Bernard; Charles-Jacques Bougon; Christophe Cochefer; Georges Couthon; Jean-Barnabé Dhazard; René-François Dumas, ex-president of the Revolutionary Tribunal; Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot, mayor of Paris; Jean-Etienne Forestier; Antoine Gency; Adrien-Nicolas Gobeau, ex-substitute of the public prosecutor; Étienne-Nicolas Guérin; François Hanriot, ex-commander of the garde nationale; Denis-Étienne Laurent, municipal officir; Jean-Baptiste de Lavalette, ex-général de brigade; Claude-François de Payan; Jean-Marie Quenet; Augustin Robespierre; Louis-Antoine-Léon Saint-Just; Antoine Simon, geoler of the Dauphin; Nicolas-Joseph Vivier, judge of the Revolutionary Tribunal; Jacques-Louis Frédéric Wouarmé.

Drill 12/19

Define the following: Coup D’etat Plebiscite Napoleonic Code

Coup d’etat A sudden seizure of power, usually

through military force Plebiscite

A vote of the people Napoleonic Code

Uniform, but restrictive, set of laws Napoleon used to govern his empire

The Terror

Anyone who was brought up on charges was executed

Danton was even executed for claiming that Robespierre was more moderate than he

Be sure to show the crowd my head

Jean Paul Marat was assassinated as he bathed

Paris was through with Robespierre

The Convention was through with the indiscriminate violence

The Thermidor Reaction

9 Thermidor, Year 2 July 24, 1794

Members of the Convention cry for Robespierre’s arrest He has no friends left, he killed them

ALL! He is arrested and put to death the

next day

Napoleon Bonaparte

•Began career as a Began career as a generalgeneral

•Was appointed to lead Was appointed to lead France’s armies under the France’s armies under the brief reign of the brief reign of the directorydirectory

Napoleon’s Coup

Napoleon is named leader of the French armies

He returns from Egypt in 1799 Abbe Sieyes URGES him to take

power, the Directory is useless His wife Josephine, uses her

connections to foster support

November 9, 1799

Napoleon’s troops empty one house of the Legislature

They vote to dissolve the Directory Replacing it with Three “Councils”

Napoleon assumes the role of the FIRST Counsel

Effectively making him an Emperor

Things start off good Stabilizes the Stabilizes the

economyeconomy

Promotes religious Promotes religious tolerancetolerance

Runs a transparent Runs a transparent governmentgovernment

Balances taxes Balances taxes fairlyfairly

Friends with the Friends with the Pope againPope again

December 2, 1804

Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of France

Absolute power does what?

Napoleon Conquers Europe

Annexes The Austrian Netherlands, parts of Northern Italy and Spain

Sets up puppet governments in Switzerland

The Empire stretches through most of Europe

He sets his eyes on Britain

Napoleons Mistakes

Complete the Guided Reading for 7.4

Drill 12/20

What were Napoleon’s 3 costly mistakes?

The Continental System The Peninsular War The Invasion of Russia

Objective

Students will be able to characterize the relationship between Napoleon’s three major mistakes

The Continental System Naval blockade Naval blockade

of Britain of Britain Smugglers were Smugglers were

able to get able to get British goods inBritish goods in

Many allies Many allies simply ignored simply ignored himhim

Britain’s superior Britain’s superior navy won againnavy won again

The Peninsular War

Portugal was not adhering to the Continental system

Napoleon marches armies through Spain

Spain resists, Napoleon deposes the King and installs his brother Louis

This would lead to peasant This would lead to peasant uprisingsuprisings

Napoleon would lose about 300 Napoleon would lose about 300 THOUSAND men fighting rebels in THOUSAND men fighting rebels in Spain and PortugalSpain and Portugal

The Invasion Of Russia

Czar Alexander I was an ally He refused to stop selling grain to

England In 1812 Napoleon decided to invade

June 1812

Napoleon crosses the border with 422 Thousand troops

Starvation and exhaustion will bring that number down to 130 thousand by the time they reach Moscow Sept. 14 1812

Scorched Earth Policy

Rather than fight the superior army Alexander had his cities and towns burnt to the ground

Meaning there would be no supplies for the French

When Napoleon hits Moscow it is in flames

The Winter Retreat

By the time they By the time they are out of Russia are out of Russia in Decemberin December

Only 10 thousand Only 10 thousand troops remaintroops remain

Abdication

Napoleon is forced to abdicate as he can not hold back advancing coalition armies

He is exiled to Elba Louis XVIII is restored as King of France

The Hundred Days

French Peasants were afraid that the King would undo the land reforms

March 1, 1815 Napoleon returns to France to cheers!

June 15, 1815 The Battle of Waterloo Napoleon defeated sent to St. Helena Dies in exile

Summary – exit ticket

French writer Alex de Tocqueville wrote of Napoleon:

““He was as great as a man can be He was as great as a man can be without virtue.”without virtue.”

What did he mean by that?

HW

Complete the Congress of Vienna Guided reading

Chapter 7 Mini-Quiz

Answer the following in complete sentences

1) Using your copy of the Declaration of the Rights of Man as a guide, explain how the French Enlightenment influenced the document. Use specific examples from the writing.

2) Identify who Maxamilien Robespierre was. What was his role in government? What was his role in the “Reign of Terror?”

3) Describe 2 of the 3 critical errors of Napoleon’s rule. Describe the events. Why were they so disastrous? Use details to support your answer.