The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763)

North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

French and British Land Claims

• French:– Lasalle claimed M. River,– 1718 – Established New Orleans

British: Royal charters gave land

to British crown

Clash of Cultures

• Altered Native American life, bc

busy trading with the Europeans

• Disruption of Relations among

N.A. nations – Europeans pitted tribes against each other

• Conflict over land

Other wars

• Native American wars in New England area since early 17th c. (See notes) • 4 Colonial wars between France &

England– King William’s– Queen Anne’s– King George’s– French and Indian War (7 year’s War)

Sides

French and Native Americans Algonquins, Delaware, Huron, Ottowa,

Shawnee, Lenapa

vs.

English and Native AmericansIroquois League

Causes of the War

1. Land Disputes- Appalachian Mts. – M. River- Great Lakes to G. of Mexico

2. Religious Ideology- Protestant v. Catholic

3. Native Americans- wanted Europeans to stop coming on their

land

Ben Franklin Ben Franklin representatives representatives fromfrom New England, NY, MD, PA New England, NY, MD, PA

A Plan for defense and recruit Plan for defense and recruit Iroquois as allies Iroquois as allies

AAlbany CongressAlbany Congress failed due to failed due to fact that Parliament and colonial fact that Parliament and colonial legislatures were afraid of losing legislatures were afraid of losing powerpower

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

1754 1754 Albany Plan Albany Plan of Unionof Union

Fort Duquense

• VA land speculators had bought land in the Ohio Valley in 1749

– Built a fort there to protect their investment

• French drove them off the land and finished building the fort

– Named it Fort Duquesne– Forks of the Ohio, Monongahela, and

Allegheny River

– http://www.wqed.org/tv/specials/the-war-that-made-america/downloads/m317d1.jpg

Introducing

• November 1753 – Governor Robert Dinwiddie (VA)– Major George Washington

• Sent to the upper Ohio Valley

to warn the French to leave• Washington returns with report• French are well established and

intend to expand their control

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Jumonville Glen Jumonville Glen

Fort NecessityFort Necessity

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

At the beginning…• 1st phase – 1754-1756

– primarily a North American conflict that English colonists managed on their own with little assistance from Britain

• 1755 – Britain sends General Edward Braddock– Harsh leader, condescending towards colonial

militias– Utilizes traditional European fighting, not

prepared for colonial fighting – Fails miserably to take the crucial site at the forks

of the Ohio River where Washington had lost Fort necessity

• Early phase of war – French definitely had the advantage– French took British Fort Oswego in 1756 – more

Native Americans allied with French– Then French took Fort William Henry - 1757

Native American tribes Native American tribes exploited both sides! exploited both sides!

Lord Lord LoudounLoudoun

Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm

1756 1756 International International Conflict - 2Conflict - 2ndnd Phase Phase

begins!begins!

1756 1756 International International Conflict - 2Conflict - 2ndnd Phase Phase

begins!begins!

BritishBritish

• March in formation or March in formation or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.

• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. take charge of colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants officers with servants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style guerillaIndian-style guerilla tactics. tactics.

• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals. non-professionals.

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganization:Organization:

MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

A He understood colonial concerns.He understood colonial concerns.

A He improved war efforts in He improved war efforts in America:America: -- Sent Troops Sent Troops

-- Sent moneySent money

RESULTS?RESULTS? Colonial morale Colonial morale increased by 1758. increased by 1758.

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

1757 1757 William Pitt William Pitt Becomes Foreign Becomes Foreign

MinisterMinister

** By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

33rdrd Phase begins - Phase begins - 1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide

TurnsTurns

33rdrd Phase begins - Phase begins - 1758-1761 1758-1761 The Tide The Tide

TurnsTurns

3rd Phase – Tide Turns for England

• By mid 1758 – British regulars and colonial militias were seizing one French stronghold after another

• July 1758 - British took Ft. Duquesne without a fight – renamed it Ft Pitt

• Battle of Louisburg – Gen. Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe captured the French fortress

• Battle of Ticonderoga, Niagara – British victory

Siege of Quebec

• Lynch pin of French Control in America• General James Wolfe – British

– Ordered his troops up a narrow undefended path (hidden ravine) just outside Quebec

• General Louis Montcalm– Awoke to see @4000 British troops surrounding the city - City eventually fell, Sept. 13, 1759, after only 30

minutes of fightingOne year later – French formally surrendered to

Amherst at Montreal!

France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, some of her West Indian India, some of her West Indian islands, and claims to lands east of islands, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi R.the Mississippi R.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, Cuba, but lost Florida to Orleans, Cuba, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> all land east of M. all land east of M. River, Florida,River, Florida, got all French lands got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

North America in North America in 17631763

North America in North America in 17631763

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings

towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

1.1. It increased her colonial empire It increased her colonial empire in in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s debt.debt.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

17631763 Pontiac’s Pontiac’s RebellionRebellion

Fort DetroitFort Detroit

British “gifts” of smallpox-British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

The Aftermath: The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Tensions Along the

FrontierFrontier

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

British British ProclamationProclamation Line of 1763. Line of 1763.

Colonials Colonials Paxton Boys Paxton Boys (PA)(PA)

BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!BACKLASH!

Br. Gvt. measures to prevent Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling:smuggling:

James Otis’James Otis’ case case

Protection of a citizen’sProtection of a citizen’s private property must private property must bebe held in higher regard held in higher regard than a parliamentary than a parliamentary statute. statute.

A 1761 1761 writs of assistancewrits of assistance

He lost He lost parliamentary parliamentary law and custom had law and custom had equalequalweight.weight.

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

2.2. Currency Act - 1764 Currency Act - 1764

4.4. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765

3.3. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765George Grenville’s George Grenville’s

Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765

Real WhigsReal Whigs

Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR OR Limited?Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for withhold consent for parliamentaryparliamentary legislation when they did not legislation when they did not havehave representation in that body?? representation in that body??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Loyal NineLoyal Nine - 1765- 1765

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty – – began in began in NYC:NYC:Samuel Samuel Adams Adams

Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress – 1765– 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act – – 17661766

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. the Exchequer.

A Shift from paying taxes for Br. Shift from paying taxes for Br. war war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.A He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. lead, glass, tea.

A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation non-importation movement: movement: ** “Daughters of Liberty”“Daughters of Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees

3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the

LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston. to Boston.

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties