The French and Indian War. Competing European Claims In the middle of the 18th century, France and England had competing claims for land in North America.

The French and The French and Indian WarIndian War

Competing European Competing European Claims Claims

In the middle of the 18th In the middle of the 18th century, France and England century, France and England had competing claims for had competing claims for land in North America. land in North America.

The French held trapping and The French held trapping and trade routes in the Ohio trade routes in the Ohio Valley.Valley.

The English colonies were The English colonies were encroaching on French encroaching on French territory are the population territory are the population grew.grew.

They also competed over They also competed over trade issues with the Native trade issues with the Native Americans in the disputed Americans in the disputed region. region.

North America in North America in 17501750

North America in North America in 17501750

Competing European Competing European ClaimsClaims

BritishBritish FrenchFrench

Fort Necessity Fort DuquesneFort Necessity Fort Duquesne ** George Washington George Washington ** Delaware & Delaware & ShawneeShawnee Indians Indians

The The Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

1754 1754 The First The First ClashClash

The Battle of Fort The Battle of Fort NecessityNecessity

The French set up forts along The French set up forts along to protect their fur trading to protect their fur trading interests. interests.

Some of these forts conflicted Some of these forts conflicted with English claims.with English claims.

Virginia Governor Dinwiddie Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched a young George dispatched a young George Washington in 1753 to deliver Washington in 1753 to deliver a protest to the French. This a protest to the French. This protest was ignored. protest was ignored.

The British sent a party to The British sent a party to construct a fort on the site of construct a fort on the site of modern Pittsburg. modern Pittsburg.

Young George Washington

The Battle of Fort The Battle of Fort NecessityNecessity

The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on the site. Fort Duquesne on the site.

The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed by French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native American numbers. superior French and Native American numbers.

Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to surrender shortly there after. This Necessity, which he had to surrender shortly there after. This incident was a prelude to the French and Indian War. incident was a prelude to the French and Indian War.

A recreation of Ft. Necessity.

The Albany CongressThe Albany Congress In 1754, war was inevitable.In 1754, war was inevitable. The colonies sent delegates to The colonies sent delegates to

Albany to discuss strategy for Albany to discuss strategy for common defense. common defense.

They approved a document They approved a document written by Benjamin Franklin written by Benjamin Franklin promoting a substructure of promoting a substructure of government below British government below British authority to govern the authority to govern the colonies. colonies.

The council would be The council would be comprised of elected comprised of elected representatives from each representatives from each colony and headed by a colony and headed by a President-General appointed by President-General appointed by the crown. the crown.

The colonies were not ready for The colonies were not ready for political union and it is unlikely political union and it is unlikely that the British government that the British government would have supported the plan.would have supported the plan.

"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is considered the first political

cartoon of the colonies.

9. That the assent of the President-9. That the assent of the President-General be requisite to all acts of the General be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried and duty to cause them to be carried into execution. into execution.

10. That the President-General, with the 10. That the President-General, with the advice of the Grand Council, hold or advice of the Grand Council, hold or direct all Indian treaties… and make direct all Indian treaties… and make peace or declare war with Indian peace or declare war with Indian nations. nations.

11. That they make such laws as they 11. That they make such laws as they judge necessary for regulating all Indian judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade. …trade. …

15. That they raise and pay soldiers and 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build forts for the defence of any of the build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies… Colonies…

16. That for these purposes they have 16. That for these purposes they have power to make laws, and lay and levy power to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes… such general duties, imposts, or taxes…

““[the President]…he shall take care [the President]…he shall take care that the laws be faithfully that the laws be faithfully executed…”executed…”

““[the President]…shall have power, [the President]…shall have power, by and with the advice and consent by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators provided two thirds of the Senators present concur…”present concur…”

““[Congress will] regulate [Congress will] regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes…”with the Indian Tribes…”

““[Congress will] raise and support [Congress will] raise and support Armies…To provide and maintain a Armies…To provide and maintain a Navy…”Navy…”

““The Congress shall have Power To The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises…”Imposts and Excises…”

From the Albany Plan of Union (1754)

From the Constitution

(1787)

Gen. Edward Braddock Gen. Edward Braddock evict the evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)

A Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley,Valley, & Acadia. & Acadia.A Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian by 1500 French and Indian forces.forces.Only Br. Success Only Br. Success expelled expelled

France France from Louisiana. from Louisiana.

CAJUNSCAJUNS

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

1755 1755 Br. Decides Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Presence in No.

Amer.Amer.

Braddock’s DefeatBraddock’s Defeat In July 1755, the British sent a In July 1755, the British sent a

force from Virginia to attack force from Virginia to attack Fort Duquesne. Fort Duquesne.

The heavy force was defeated The heavy force was defeated by the smaller French force and by the smaller French force and their Native American allies. their Native American allies.

Both the British commander, Both the British commander, Braddock, and the French Braddock, and the French commander Beaujeu, were commander Beaujeu, were killed. killed.

23 year old George Washington 23 year old George Washington won accolades for rallying the won accolades for rallying the defeated British and preventing defeated British and preventing the battle from turning into a the battle from turning into a rout. rout.

The first two years of fighting The first two years of fighting were characterized by were characterized by humiliating defeats for the humiliating defeats for the British.British.

Native American tribes Native American tribes exploited both sides! exploited both sides!

Lord Lord LoudouinLoudouin

Marquis Marquis de Montcalmde Montcalm

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

1756 1756 War Is War Is Formally Formally

Declared! Declared!

The Seven Years War in The Seven Years War in EuropeEurope

The French and Indian War was essentially the North American The French and Indian War was essentially the North American theatre of a larger conflict, the Seven Years War, in Europe.theatre of a larger conflict, the Seven Years War, in Europe.

Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France, Austria, Saxony, Russia, Sweden and Spain. France, Austria, Saxony, Russia, Sweden and Spain.

Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight in Europe and committed British troops and resources to fight in Europe and committed British troops and resources to winning the war against the French in North America. winning the war against the French in North America.

The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to 1763.The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to 1763.

BritishBritish

• March in formation March in formation or or bayonet charge. bayonet charge.• Br. officers wanted toBr. officers wanted to take charge of take charge of colonials.colonials.

• Prima Donna Br. Prima Donna Br. officers with officers with servantsservants & tea settings. & tea settings.

• Drills & toughDrills & tough discipline. discipline.

• Colonists should payColonists should pay for their own defense. for their own defense.

• Indian-style Indian-style guerillaguerilla tactics. tactics.• Col. militias servedCol. militias served under own captains. under own captains.

• No mil. deference orNo mil. deference or protocols observed. protocols observed.

• Resistance to risingResistance to rising taxes. taxes.

• Casual, Casual, non-professionals non-professionals..

Methods ofMethods ofFighting:Fighting:

MilitaryMilitaryOrganizationOrganization::MilitaryMilitaryDiscipline:Discipline:

Finances:Finances:

Demeanor:Demeanor:

British-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial TensionsBritish-American British-American Colonial TensionsColonial Tensions

ColonialsColonials

Fortunes ReverseFortunes Reverse In 1757, expansion In 1757, expansion

advocate William Pitt advocate William Pitt became the British Prime became the British Prime Minister and vowed to lead Minister and vowed to lead country to victory. country to victory.

Pitt concentrated on:Pitt concentrated on: expelling the French from expelling the French from

North AmericaNorth America buying the cooperation by buying the cooperation by

the colonists by stimulating the colonists by stimulating the North American the North American economy with a massive economy with a massive infusion of British currencyinfusion of British currency

buying the support of the buying the support of the Native Americans with Native Americans with promises of fixed territorial promises of fixed territorial boundaries. boundaries.

Fortunes Reverse Fortunes Reverse

The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and began capturing strategic French forts and cutting off their supply began capturing strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines. lines.

The British conquered Quebec in 1759. The British conquered Quebec in 1759. In 1760, they captured Montreal. In 1760, they captured Montreal. In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and

took French colonies in the Caribbean. took French colonies in the Caribbean. The French Empire in North America came to an end.The French Empire in North America came to an end.

French Defeat: Treaty of French Defeat: Treaty of Easton Easton

The Treaty of Easton, signed The Treaty of Easton, signed in 1758, essentially sealed in 1758, essentially sealed France’s fate. France’s fate.

In the treaty, the British In the treaty, the British promised the Six Iroquois promised the Six Iroquois Nations to stop settlements Nations to stop settlements west of the Alleghenies in west of the Alleghenies in exchange for their neutrality exchange for their neutrality in the war. in the war.

This caused the French to This caused the French to abandon Fort Duquesne and, abandon Fort Duquesne and, by 1760, Detroit and by 1760, Detroit and Montreal, the last two French Montreal, the last two French strongholds in North strongholds in North America, had fallen. America, had fallen.

This was the end of major This was the end of major fighting in North America. fighting in North America.

The Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of Paris

The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain The French transferred its claims west of the Mississippi to Spain

and ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British.and ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to the British. The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the The Treaties of Easton and Paris limited colonization to the

Eastern seaboard.Eastern seaboard.

France --> France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi to lands east of the Mississippi River.River.Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands west got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to Orleans, but lost Florida to England.England.England -->England --> got all French lands in got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

1763 1763 Treaty of Treaty of ParisParis

Pontiac's Rebellion Pontiac's Rebellion Native Americans quickly grew Native Americans quickly grew

disenchanted with the British. disenchanted with the British. The British exhibited little The British exhibited little

cultural sensitivity, traded cultural sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to stop unfairly, and failed to stop encroachments on Indian land.encroachments on Indian land.

This unrest culminated in a This unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac, a Native rebellion by Pontiac, a Native American leader who united American leader who united various tribes with the goal of various tribes with the goal of expelling the British. expelling the British.

The uprising lasted from 1763 The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766.to 1766.

Massacres and atrocities Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides— most occurred on both sides— most notably, British General Jeffrey notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst gave the Native Amherst gave the Native Americans blankets infested Americans blankets infested with smallpox. with smallpox.

Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie Indians Pottawatomie Indians

(May 5, 1763)(May 5, 1763)

““It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. ……

When I go to see the English commander and say to him When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. …reply that he has no use for us. …

Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”

The Royal Proclamation The Royal Proclamation of 1763of 1763

Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians.Indians.

Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.”Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.” The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of

the Revolutionary War. the Revolutionary War.

1.1. It increased her colonial empire It increased her colonial empire in in the Americas. the Americas.

2.2. It greatly enlarged England’s It greatly enlarged England’s debt.debt.

3.3. Britain’s contempt for the Britain’s contempt for the colonials colonials created bitter feelings. created bitter feelings.

Therefore, England felt that aTherefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her major reorganization of her

American EmpireAmerican Empire was necessary! was necessary!

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

Effects of the War Effects of the War on Britain?on Britain?

1.1. It united them against aIt united them against a common enemy for the first common enemy for the first time. time.

2.2. It created a socializing It created a socializing experience for all the experience for all the colonials who participated. colonials who participated.

3.3. It created bitter feelings It created bitter feelings

towards the British that towards the British that would only intensify. would only intensify.

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Effects of the War on Effects of the War on the American the American

ColonialsColonials

Br. Gvt. measures to prevent Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling:smuggling:

James Otis’ caseJames Otis’ case

Protection of a citizen’sProtection of a citizen’s private property must private property must bebe held in higher regard held in higher regard than a parliamentary than a parliamentary statute. statute.

A 1761 1761 writs of assistancewrits of assistance

He lost He lost parliamentary parliamentary law and custom had law and custom had equalequalweight.weight.

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

Rethinking Their Rethinking Their EmpireEmpire

1.1. Sugar Act - 1764 Sugar Act - 1764

2.2. Currency Act - 1764 Currency Act - 1764

4.4. Stamp Act - 1765 Stamp Act - 1765

3.3. Quartering Act - 1765 Quartering Act - 1765

George Grenville’s George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765George Grenville’s George Grenville’s

Program, 1763-1765Program, 1763-1765

Real WhigsReal Whigs

Q->Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’sWhat was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? authority over the colonies??

Absolute?Absolute? OR Limited?OR Limited?

Q->Q-> How could the colonies give or How could the colonies give or withhold consent for withhold consent for parliamentaryparliamentary legislation when they did not legislation when they did not havehave representation in that body?? representation in that body??

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Theories of Theories of RepresentationRepresentation

Loyal NineLoyal Nine - 1765 - 1765

Sons of Liberty – Sons of Liberty – began in began in NYC:NYC:Samuel Samuel Adams Adams

Stamp Act Congress – 1765Stamp Act Congress – 1765 ** Stamp Act ResolvesStamp Act Resolves

Declaratory Act Declaratory Act – – 17661766

Stamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act CrisisStamp Act Crisis

17671767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. the Exchequer.

A Shift from paying taxes for Br. Shift from paying taxes for Br. war war debts & quartering of troops debts & quartering of troops paying col. govt. salaries. paying col. govt. salaries.A He diverted revenue collection He diverted revenue collection from from internal to external trade. internal to external trade.A Tax these imports Tax these imports paper, paint, paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. lead, glass, tea.

A Increase custom officials at Increase custom officials at American ports American ports established a established a Board of Customs in Boston. Board of Customs in Boston.

Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770Townshend Duties Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770Crisis: 1767-1770

1.1. John Dickinson John Dickinson 1768 1768 ** Letters from a Farmer inLetters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania..

2.2. 1768 1768 2 2ndnd non-importation non-importation movement: movement: ** “Daughters of Liberty”“Daughters of Liberty” ** spinning beesspinning bees

3.3. Riots against customs Riots against customs agents:agents: ** John Hancock’s ship, the John Hancock’s ship, the

LibertyLiberty.. ** 4000 British troops sent 4000 British troops sent to Boston. to Boston.

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

Colonial Response to Colonial Response to the Townshend the Townshend

DutiesDuties

Slide 2: http://www.clements.umich.edu/Exhibits/g.washington/case.07/07e.jpg Slide 3: http://www.teachkidshistory.com/revolutionary-war/french-indian-war.jpgSlide 4: http://www.georgewashington.si.edu/life/chrono_military.html Slide 5: http://www.fortedwards.org/cwffa/f-i-series/part5-27.jpg Slide 6: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/us.capitol/one.jpgSlide 7: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/amerdoc/albany.htm http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articleii.html#section2Slide 8: http://www.csulb.edu/~aisstudy/nae/chapter_1/001_002_1.46.jpgSlide 9: http://www.historyteacher.net/APEuroCourse/Maps/map-7YrsWar-1756-1763.jpg Slide 10: http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images3/chatham.jpgSlide 11: http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/west_deathwolfe.jpgSlide 12: http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/1/1f/350px-FortDuquesne.jpgSlide 13: http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/images/british-era-1763-75.jpg Slide 14: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h598.htmlSlide 15: http://asp1.umbc.edu/newmedia/sites/chetah/pdf/r2.pdfSlide 16: http://classes.maxwell.syr.edu/his101/pix/proc.jpgSlide 17: http://www.hfcsd.org/marozell/images/bloody%20pond.jpg

Photo and Text Citations