The Former Yogoslav Republic of Macedonia

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All papers, statistics and materials contained in the Country Profiles express entirely the opinion of the mentioned authors.They should not, unless otherwise mentioned, be attributed to the Secretariat of the United Nations.

The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps in the Country Profiles do not imply the expressionof any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

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Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM)

Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)

United Nations

December 2004

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents........................................................................................... 1The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ....................................................... 21. General Information ................................................................................... 3

1.1 People.................................................................................................. 31.2 Economy .............................................................................................. 31.3 Public Spending..................................................................................... 41.4 Public Sector Employment and Wages....................................................... 4

2. Legal Structure .......................................................................................... 62.1 Legislative Branch.................................................................................. 62.2 Executive Branch ................................................................................... 72.3 Judiciary Branch .................................................................................... 82.4 Local Government.................................................................................. 9

3. The State and Civil Society .........................................................................103.1 Ombudsperson .....................................................................................10

3.2 NGOs..................................................................................................103.3 Civil Society .........................................................................................10

4. Civil Service .............................................................................................114.1 Legal basis...........................................................................................114.2 Recruitment.........................................................................................124.3 Performance Evaluation .........................................................................124.4 Remuneration ......................................................................................134.5 Training...............................................................................................134.6 Gender................................................................................................13

5. Ethics and Civil Service ..............................................................................145.1 Corruption ...........................................................................................145.2 Ethics..................................................................................................15

6. e-Government ..........................................................................................166.1 e-Government Readiness .......................................................................166.2 e-Participation......................................................................................17

7. Links .......................................................................................................187.1 National sites .......................................................................................187.2 Miscellaneous sites................................................................................18

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The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Click here for detailed map

Source: The World Factbook - FYROM

In 1991, FYROM seceded from the Yugoslavfederation after a referendum in which two-thirds

Gover nm en t t ype

Parliamentary democracy

I ndependence

8 September 1991referendum by registeredvoters endorsingindependence (fromYugoslavia)

Cons t i t u t i onAdopted 17 November 1991,effective 20 November 1991(click here)Legal sys tem

Based on civil law system;judicial review of legislativeacts

A d m i n i s t r a t i v ed iv i s ions

123 municipalities; of which 7

constitute greater SkopjeSource: World Factbook - FYROM

of the population voted in favor of independence. FYROM was the only republic of theformer Yugoslavia whose secession in 1991 was not clouded by ethnic or otherarmed conflict. Some issues concerning recognition of the new state's identity andborders were not completely resolved.

The first democratically elected coalition government was led by the SocialDemocratic Union of Macedonia (SDSM) and included the ethnic Albanian Party forDemocratic Prosperity (PDP). In November 1998 parliamentary elections, the SDSMlost its majority to VMRO-DPMNE (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization-

Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity). The initial coalition included theethnic Albanian Democratic Party of Albanians (DPA).

Ethnic minority grievances rapidly began to gain political currency in late 2000. Aninsurgency spread through northern and western FYROM during the first half of2001. The expanded coalition of ruling ethnic Macedonian and ethnic Albanianpolitical leaders negotiated and then signed the Ohrid Framework Agreement inAugust 2001, which brought an end to the fighting.

Source: U.S. Institute for Peace Special Report 115 &

U.S. Department of State - Background Notes

2

FFYYRROOMM

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11.. GGeenneerraall IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn

1.1 Peop le FYROM Alban ia Serb ia / Mont e . i 1Popula t ion a

Total estimated population (,000), 2003 2,056 3,167 10,527

Female estimated population (,000), 2003 1,028 1,549 5,290

Male estimated population (,000), 2003 1,028 1,618 5,237

Sex ratio (males per 100 females), 2003 100 104 99

Average annual rate of change of pop. (%), 2000-2005 0.51 0.68 -0.08

Youth and E lder l y Popu la t ion b

Total population under age 15 (%), 2003 22 28 19

Female population aged 60+ (%), 2003 16 11 21

Male population aged 60+ (%), 2003 13 9 16

H uman S e t t l emen ts c

Urban population (%), 2001 59 43 52

Rural population (%), 2001 41 57 48

Urban average annual rate of change in pop. (%), 00-05 0.39 2.1 0.15

Rural average annual rate of change in pop/ (%), 00-05 0.16 -0.52 -0.47

Educat ion d

Total school life expectancy, 2000/2001 .. 10.9 10.3 1

Female school life expectancy, 2000/2001 12ii 11.1 10.6 1

Male school life expectancy, 2000/2001 .. 10.7 10 1

Female estimated adult (15+) illiteracy rate (%), 2000 .. 23 .. 2

Male estimated adult (15+) illiteracy rate (%), 2000 .. 7.9 .. 2

E mp l oymen t e

Unemployment rate (15+) (%), 2001 30.5 9.1iii .. 1

Female adult (+15) economic activity rate (%), 1999 41iv .. .. 2

Male adult (+15) economic activity rate (%), 1999 66iv .. .. 2

Notes: i Serbia and Montenegro; ii 1999/2000; iii 1991, Official estimates; iv Age 16-64 years

1.2 Econom y FYROM Alban ia Serb ia / Mont e . i 2GD P a

GDP total (millions US$), 2002 3,712 4,695 15,555

GDP per capita (US$), 2002 1,821 1,469 1,459

PPP GDP total (millions int. US$), 2002 12,763 12,694 ..

PPP GDP per capita(int. US$), 2002 6,263 3,973 ..

Sectors b

Value added in agriculture (% of GDP), 2003 12.2 25.3i ..

Value added in industry (% of GDP), 2003 30.4 18.9i ..

Value added in services (% of GDP), 2003 57.3 55.7i ..

Misce l laneous c

GDP implicit price deflator (annual % growth), 2003 1.8 3.9 6.4

Private consumption (% of GDP), 2003 84.5 93.0i 85.5

Government consumption (% of GDP), 2003 12.0 8.4i 19.4

1United Nations Statistics Division:aStatistics Division and Population Division of the UN Secretariat; bStatistics Division and Population Division of the UNSecretariat; cPopulation Division of the UN Secretariat; d1UNESCO ; d2UNESCO; e1ILO; e2ILO/OECD2World Bank - Data and Statistics:

3

aQuick Reference Tables; bData Profile Tables ; cCountry at a Glance

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Notes: i 2002

1.3 Pub l ic Spend in g FYROM. Albania Croatia

P ub l ic expend i tu res 3

Education (% of GNP), 1985-1987 .. .. .. a

Education (% of GNP), 1995-1997 5.1 .. 5.3 a

Health (% of GDP), 1990 9.2 3.3 9.5

Health (% of GDP), 1998 5.3 2i 9.5i

Military (% of GDP), 1990 .. .. .. b

Military (% of GDP), 2000 2.1 1.2 3 b

Total debt service (% of GDP), 1990 .. 0.1 33

Total debt service (% of GDP), 2000 4.5 0.7 12.8

Notes: i Data refer to 1999; ii xxxx

1 .4 P ub l i c Sec to r Emp loy men t and Wages

Data from t he latest year availableFYROM

1991-1995FYROM

1996-2000

Europe &Central Asia

average4

1996-2000

Central &EasternEurope

average4

1996-2000

Middleincomegroup

average4

1996-2000E mp loy men t

(,000) 19.0 43.2Civilian Central Government

5(% pop.) 0.98 2.14 0.61 0.45 0.59

(,000) 2.0 1.3Sub-national Government5

(% pop.) 0.10 0.06 0.61 0.45 0.59

(,000) 18.0 20.7Education employees

(% pop.) 0.92 1.03 1.58 1.43 1.20

(,000) 26.0 16.7Health employees

(% pop.) 1.34 0.83 1.15 1.04 0.70

(,000) .. 7.5Police

(% pop.) .. 0.37 0.68 0.31 0.30

(,000) .. ..Armed forces

(% pop.) .. .. 0.87 0.77 0.46

(,000) 12.0 ..SOE Employees

(% pop.) 0.62 .. 20.1 8.28 3.61

(,000) .. ..Total Public Employment

(% pop.) .. .. .. .. ..

Wages

Total Central gov't wage bill (% of GDP) 6.0 .. 5.9 6.7 8.5

Total Central govt wage bill (% of exp) 71 .. 13.1 14.4 21.6

Average gov't wage (,000 LCU) 86 ..

Real ave. govt wage ('97 price) (,000 LCU) .. ..

Average govt wage to per capita GDP ratio 0.9 .. 6.3 1.1 4.2

Source: World Bank - Public Sector Employment and Wages

3UNDP - Human Development Report 2002

a Data refer to total public expenditure on education, including current and capital expenditures.b As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of military expenditure data over time and acrosscountries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see SIPRI (2001).4Averages for regions and sub regions are only generated if data is available for at least 35% of the countries in thatregion or sub region.

4

5Excluding education, health and police if available (view Country Sources for further explanations).

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22.. LLeeggaall SSttrruuccttuurree

W ith the national unity government formed in May 2001 by all major parties inParliament, in response to an ethnic insurgency that began in February that year, a

Framework Agreement was signed by the ruling ethnic-Macedonian and ethnic-Albanian party leaders. The Framework Agreement laid the foundation forpreservation of a multiethnic state with improved civil rights for minority groups. TheAgreement required implementation of constitutional and legislative changes. OnNovember 16, 2001, in the final vote, the Parliament amended the Constitution.

The State powers are divided into legislative, executive and judicial power. Thesepowers are exercised by unicameral Parliament, the President of Republic, thegovernment and by the courts.

Source: OSCE - Legislationline: FYROM (edited)

2.1 Leg is la t ive Branch

Unicameral Assembly or Sobranje (120 seats - 85 members are elected by popular vote, 35 members come

from lists of candidates submitted by parties based on the percentage that a party gains from the overall

vote; all serve four-year terms).6

women in parliament: 22 out of 120 seats: (18%).7

The legislative power of the Republic is vested in the Assembly.The members of parliament are elected at general, direct andfree elections by secret vote. The Law on Election of Members ofParliament stipulates the number of the members of parliament(120 seats). The term of the members of parliament is four yearsand they cannot be revoked. The Assembly works in sessionsopen to the public.

The Constitution and the Rules of Procedure of the Assemblystipulate the organization and functions of the Assembly. TheAssembly, inter alia:

adopts and alters the Constitution;

adopts laws and gives authentic interpretations of laws;

determines the public procurements;

adopts the Republic budget and the budget annual accounts;

elects the Government;

elects judges to the Constitutional Court;

elects and dismisses judges;

exercises political control and supervision over the Government and other holdersof public office responsible to the Assembly

6Source of fact boxes if nothing else stated: The World Factbook - F.Y.R.O.M.

7Inter-Parliamentary Union-Women in National Parliaments

6

Fact box:

elections:Last held 15September 2002 (next

to be held 2006)election results:seats

by party - Together for

Macedonia coalition

(SDSM and LDP) 60,

VMRO-DPMNE 33,Democratic Union for

Integration 16,

Democratic Party of

Albanians 7, Party for

Democratic Prosperity

2, National Democratic

Party 1, Socialist Party

of Macedonia 1

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In order to exercise the duties within its sphere of competence, the Assembly adoptsdecisions, declarations, resolutions, recommendations and conclusions. TheAssembly, as a legislative body, adopts laws at its sittings.

Every representative in the Assembly, the Government and 10 000 voters have theright to introduce a proposal to pass a law. Every citizen, a group of citizens,institutions and associations may give an initiative for a proposal to pass a law,which may be given to the authorized proponents. The proposal to pass a law isdeliberated at the sittings of the competent working bodies and the bodies, whosecompetence covers issues regulated by the law. These working bodies submit areport to the Assembly, in which they present their position on the proposal. TheGovernment also presents its stand on the proposal, in case it has not introduced it.

When the Assembly has adopted the proposal to pass a Law, the proponent draftsthe Draft Law. The working bodies that have deliberated the proposal in the previousphase deliberate the Draft Law and they submit reports to the Assembly. At thisphase, each representative, a working body of the Assembly and the Governmentmay submit amendments to the Draft Law. More complex and systemic laws may bedeliberated in an additional phase - a pre-draft law, prior to drafting the Draft Law. Ifa law is not complex and comprehensive, it may be passed in a shortened procedure

- a proposal to pass a law with a Draft Law.

After the general discussion and the deliberation on the amendments at a plenarysitting of the Assembly, the Assembly takes a vote on the Draft Law. In general, lawsare adopted with a majority of the votes cast, being at least a third of the totalnumber of representatives. The Constitution sets the exceptions - laws that areadopted with a two-third majority of the total number of representatives.

Laws are declared by promulgation, signed by the President of the Republic and thePresident of the Assembly. The President of the Republic may decide not to sign thepromulgation. In this case, the Assembly deliberates the Law again. If the Assemblyadopts the Law with a majority of the total number of representatives (absolutemajority), the President is obliged to sign the promulgation. The President is also

obliged to sign the promulgation for declaring laws adopted with a two-third majorityof the votes cast.

Standing working bodies are set up in the Assembly in order to consider proposals oflaws and other acts, to follow the implementation of the acts of the Assembly, aswell as to study and consider other questions within its sphere of competence. TheChairpersons and members of the working bodies are elected from among themembers of parliament of the Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia.

Source: The Macedonia FAQ website (edited)

A project of Macedonia.org

URL: http://faq.Macedonia.org/

2.2 Execut i ve Branch

cabinet:Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all the deputies in the Assemblyelections:President elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 14 November 1999 (next

to be held October 2004); prime minister elected by the Assembly; election last held 1 November 2002 (next

to be held 2006)

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Executive power is vested in the Government, which is elected upon the proposal ofthe mandator who, proposing the composition of the Government, also proposes aprogram of its work. The Government is elected by the Assembly.

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The Government determines the policy of carrying out the laws and other regulationsof the Assembly and is responsible for their execution. It proposes laws, theRepublic's budget and other general acts adopted by the Assembly, and also adoptsbylaws and other acts for the execution of laws. In accordance with the Constitution,

the Government decides on the recognition of states andgovernments, as well as on the establishment of diplomatic andconsular relations with other states.

Political organization and activity within the bodies of the stateadministration is prohibited. There is also a provision that thebodies of state administration in the areas of defense and thepolice must be headed by civilians. In addition to the specificMinistries and Ministers without Portfolio, there are a number ofindependent agencies and institutions performing specialfunctions.

The President of the Republic represents the Republic ofMacedonia at home and abroad. He is the Commander-in-Chief ofthe Armed Forces and President of its Security Council.

The President of the Republic is elected at general and directelections, by secret ballot, for a term of five years. A person maybe elected President of the Republic twice at most. The President of the Republicmust be a citizen and be over the age of 40 on the day of election. A Presidentialcandidate can be nominated by a minimum of 10 000 voters or at least 30representatives, and can be elected President if he/she wins the majority of votes (aminimum of 50% + 1) of the total number of voters.

The President of the Republic exercises his rights and duties on the basis and withinthe framework of the Constitution and laws. The President gives the mandate to forma government to the candidate nominated. He appoints three members to theSecurity Council, proposes the members for the Council of Inter-Ethnic Relations,two judges for the Constitutional Court and two members for the Republican Judicial

Council and performs other duties defined by the Constitution.

The post of the President is incompatible with other public functions, profession orpost in a political party. He enjoys immunity, has the right of veto and is obligedonce a year to inform the Parliament about his activities.

Source: The Macedonia FAQ website (edited)

A project of Macedonia.org

URL: http://faq.Macedonia.org/

2.3 Jud ic ia ry Branch

Supreme Court - Parliament appoints the judges; Constitutional Court - Parliament appoints the judges;

Republican Judicial Council - Parliament appoints the judges ox on Judiciary branch..

Judiciary power is exercised by courts. They are independent institutions and work incompliance with the Constitution, laws and ratified international agreements. A judgeis elected without restriction of his/her term of office and cannot be transferredagainst his/her will. The judges are proposed by the Judicial Council, but are electedfor life by the Parliament. The Republic has 27 Courts of the First Instance, 3 Courtsof Appeal and the Supreme Court.

The Constitutional Court is responsible for the protection of constitutional and legalrights. It is composed of 9 judges elected by the Parliament with a mandate of 9

8

Fact box:

chief of state:

President BorisTRAJKOVSKI (since

15 December 1999).

Elected president on

second-round ballot;

percent of vote - Boris

TRAJKOVSKI 52.4%,

Tito PETKOVSKI

46.2%head of government:

Prime Minister Branko

CRVENKOVSKI

(since 1 November

2002). Elected prime

minister by Parliamentwith 72% of the vote

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years, without the possibility of re-election. The Constitutional Court protects humanrights and freedom of thought, speech and political association. It prohibitsdiscrimination on grounds of sex, race, religion, nationality and social or politicalaffiliation.

It is the duty of the Constitutional Court to ensure that there is no conflict in theresponsibilities of the legislative, executive and judicial powers. This Court alsodecides whether the President of the Republic has violated his rights, should therespective legislative body raise the question of his answerability.

The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and guarantees equaladministration of laws by all courts.

The Judicial Council of the Republic is composed of seven members elected by theParliament for a period of 6 years, with the possibility of re-election for one furthermandate. The Council proposes to the Parliament the election or dismissal of judgesand evaluates their work. In addition, it nominates two judges in the ConstitutionalCourt.

The Public Prosecutor's Office is an independent body of the state, whoseresponsibility is to prosecute criminals and other offenders against the law. The

Public Prosecutor is appointed or dismissed by the Parliament and has a mandate of6 years.

Source: The Macedonia FAQ website (edited)

A project of Macedonia.org

URL: http://faq.Macedonia.org/

2.4 Loca l Govern m ent

The Republic has a single-tiered system of local government based on municipalities.Currently (2001), there are 123 municipalities with the City of Skopje comprisingseven of them. The foundation of new local government units and alterations toexisting territories must be enacted by Law after consultation with local populationthrough referendum.

The process of codification started in 1995 with the Local Government Act of whichmuch is still in use, even though a new Local Government Act was adopted in 2002.This new law has produced some changes, notably in the rights of Municipal Councilsas legislatures, and Mayors as executive bodies. It also guarantees minorityrepresentation in local government administration, the establishment of Multi EthnicCommission and the use of minority languages in addition to Macedonian.

However, it is still a centralized system and financial dependence of municipalities oncentral authorities is evident.

Source: Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative (LGI) - Local Governments in the CEE and CIS (1994) &

Stabilization of Local Governments (2001)

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33.. TThhee SSttaattee aanndd CCiivviill SSoocciieettyy

3 . 1 Om bu dspe r son

The Ombudsman institution is regulated by Section 77 of the Constitution and the

Ombudsman Law, adopted in September 2003. The institution is an independentstate body elected by the Assembly to protect the constitutional and legal rights ofcitizens and all other persons when these are infringed by acts, actions andomissions by the state administration bodies and by other bodies and organizationsthat have public authority. The ombudsman is to undertake actions and measures forprotection of the principle of non-discrimination and adequate and equitablerepresentation of community members in the state administration bodies, the localself-government units and the public institutions and agencies. Ombudsman hasDeputies who manage six regional offices.

Source: Eunomia & The Greek Ombudsman - The Ombudsman institution in South-eastern Europe (2003)

3.2 NGOs

Many FYROM NGOs are vestigial Yugoslav-era organizations that were of but notfor citizens. The total number of NGOs in FYROM is unknown. The FYROM Centerfor International Cooperation listed approximately 300 international and domesticorganizations in its 1998 Guide to Nongovernmental Organizations in Macedonia(not updated since). The basic court, where NGO registrations are recorded, nowreports closer to 10 times that figure. Precise NGO membership cannot be calculated,either, since local organizations inflate their numbers. Many local NGOs typicallycompete for a project once a tender has been issued but are often otherwiseinactive. Although local NGOs face few procedural obstacles such as registration, theoverall NGO environment is hazy since no tradition of civic activism exists outsidegovernmental control.

The government tolerates NGOs, but neither encourages their development nor

considers them beneficial. NGOs have few expectations of government and rarelyattempt to influence legal and regulatory matters. Usually politicians are dismissiveof NGOs, and with few exceptions, NGOs lobby infrequently for legislation. Eventssuch as protests against industrial pollution receive media coverage, but rarely doNGOs and media cooperate on issues of general public concern. The Movement ofEcologists of Macedonia has advocated for greater environmental protection andcontributed to FYROMs National Environmental Action Plan. The womens groupHumanitarian Organization for the Emancipation, Solidarity, and Equality of Womenlobbied for maternity leave rights and other pieces of family law. In these twoinstances, both the media and the government took this advocacy seriously.Macedonian law requires NGOs to report their income and expenses, but mostgroups typically reveal only the former. They do so largely to avoid tax obligations,since they are not tax-exempt.

Source: Freedom House - Nations in Transit (2003) (edited)

3.3 Civ i l Soc iety

Interest groups and trade unions do exist, but unemployment and small businessgrowth have reduced the overall role of trade syndicates. Religion in public life isoften a contentious issue. Faith-based organizations are rare but not nonexistent inFYROM.

Source: Freedom House - Nations in Transit (2003) (edited)

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44.. CCiivviill SSeerrvviiccee

The Civil Service Agency (CSA) is the responsible body for establishing civil servicemanagement policies and procedures; for maintaining a central civil service registry,

and for ensuring effective training of civil servants. It also has the mandate to reviewand regulate positions and salary levels of civil servants.

Source: World Bank (FYROM) - Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (April 2, 2002)

4.1 Lega l bas is

The Law on Civil Servants was adopted in July 2000; amended in December inDecember 2000 and May 2001.

The law forth the status, rights, duties and responsibilities of civil servants and thesystem of salaries and allowances for the civil servants. It is aimed at professionaland efficient civil service by regulating that civil servants shall perform mattersrelated to the functions of the state in accordance with the Constitution and Law in a

professional, politically neutral and impartial way.All civil servants, defined by the Law as such, are classified into three maincategories depending on the official tasks they perform managerial civil servants,expert civil servants and expert-administrative civil servants. The number ofpositions covered by this Law was unknown in 2002, but estimated to be somewherebetween about 8,500 and 20,000, or roughly 15% to one-third of generalgovernment employment.8

The Law regulates the establishment of a Civil Servant Agency. It is an independentstate body with a legal capacity for execution of professional, administrative andother activities related to the status, rights, duties and responsibilities of civilservants. It also proposes job descriptions, develops policies on recruitment,selection and termination of employment, salaries, coordinate activities related to

professional development and training of civil servants and promote efficient andeffective performance of civil servants. The Director and the Deputy Director of theAgency are appointed by the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia at theGovernment proposal.

Source: Law on Civil Service (2000)

Cont en t o f C iv i l Serv ice Leg is la t ion

Content of Civil Service Legislation in OECD and Select CEE Countries1

Career System

CountryJob duties &

ResponsibilitiesTenure &Security2

Disciplinary

Arrangements3

Rewards & WageBargaining

Closed Open RecruitmentFYROM

1) The empirical data presented in this table (and the one below) draw from material kindly provided by OECD PUMA andSIGMA. The authors take full responsibility for any errors. The specific content of civil service legislation varies widely.2) Tenure and security does not imply that civil servants cannot be dismissed.3) Disciplinary arrangements may apply only to some groups of civil servants.

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8World Bank (Macedonia, FYR) - Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (April 2, 2002)

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Source: World Bank Civil Service in OECD and Select CEE Countries

W ho has c iv i l se r van t s t a t u s?

Groups of public employees covered by the same civil service legislation as civilian central governmentemployees

Sub national Government(excluding education, health, & police)

CountryHealth

EmployeesEducationEmployees Police

Covered by samelegislation as civilian central

government?Separate civil service legislation offering

similar, but distinct status?

FYROM

Source: World Bank Civil Service in OECD and Select CEE Countries

4 . 2 Rec r u i t m en t

All the requests for the new employment from Governmental agencies and statebodies should be submitted to the Civil Servant Agency. Any person that meetsgeneral requirements set forth by the Law on Civil Servants may be employed. Itshould be done by Agency through public announcement in at least two dailynewspapers.

Civil Servant Agency should define criteria and standards, as well as the procedurefor employment and selection

Law on Civil Servants regulates the obligation of all the candidates who applied forthe vacated position to take professional exam, and Agency is obliged to shortlist atleast the five best ranked candidates.

Agency is also obliged to draw up the list of candidates who applied for JuniorAssociate or Junior Officer positions and selected candidate/s should be employed ascivil servant-trainee. This law regulates the duration of internship, one year for civilservants-trainees with the University degree and six months for civil servant-trainees

with higher or secondary education. Upon expiry of the internship they are to passtrainee exams before the Commission on Implementation of Civil ServantEmployment Procedure, whose composition and work procedure is regulated in thesame Law.

Source: Law on Civil Service (2000)

4.3 Per fo rm ance Eva lua t ion

Civil servants, except the Secretary General, that is the State Secretary, in thecourse of their work shall be assessed each year on the basis of continuousmonitoring, not later than the first quarter of the next year for the year that hasexpired [Art. 77]

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The assessment of civil servants shall be made based on data regarding theprofessional knowledge and skills at work, efforts, results achieved, creativity andconsciousness when performing the official tasks that are significant for theperformance of service [78].

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The employment of a civil servant shall be terminated if he/she was assessed withunsatisfactory grade9 for two times consecutively or for at least three times in thepast five years.

Source: Law on Civil Service (2000)

4 . 4 Rem u ner a t i on

Civil servants are entitled to salaries and allowances under the conditions and criteriaregulated in details by the Law on Civil Servants. The salary of a civil servantconsists of two components general component and exceptional component. Thegeneral component consists of basic salary, position supplement and careersupplement.

The value of this supplement depends on each individual who must meet certainconditions, such as minimum length of experience in the civil service and positiveassessment of performance in the service. Each position categorized in the Law hasfour career development steps, each entailing a right to a payment of a careersupplement as a percentage of the position supplement.

Law on Civil Servants regulates in detail supplements for work at night, in shifts,

during weekends and public holidays, and work entailing high risk as well as paid andsick leave allowances. It also regulates the right to a salary during the period ofstrike in amount of 60% of the salary received in the previous month.

Source: Law on Civil Service (2000)

The 2004 budget law requires that the Civil Service Agency (CSA) must approve allstaff changes in ministries before the Ministry of Finance (MOF) can process thesalary changes. The CSA and MOF are now able to cooperate on the sharing ofemployment-related data. The MOF will not process salary changes in the absence ofappropriate documentation from the CSA indicating the change complies with theiracts of systemization.

Source: World Bank (FYROM) - Country Financial Accountability Assessment (March 11, 2004)

Click here for 2002 World Bank evaluation of pay (p. 7-10, 67-71).

4 . 5 T r a in ing

Civil servants have a right and duty to professional development and training inaccordance with the needs of the body where he/she is employed. The professionaldevelopment and training shall be implemented on the basis of an annual programadopted by the respected governmental body, upon the prior opinion given by theAgency. Funding of these programs is provided by the Budget of the Republic ofMacedonia.

Source: Law on Civil Service (2000)

4.6 Gender

Source: Institution - Title

13

9The grades of the civil servant may be outstanding, satisfactory and unsatisfactory.

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55.. EEtthhiiccss aanndd CCiivviill SSeerrvviiccee

5 . 1 Co r r up t i on

2003 CPI Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by

business people and country analysts and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0(highly corrupt).

Cor r up t i on P e r cep t i ons I ndex

2003 CPIScore

SurveysUsed

StandardDeviation

High-LowRange

NumberInst.

90 percentconfidence

range

Rank Country

1 Highly clean 9.7 8 0.3 9.2 - 10.0 4 9.5 - 9.9

106 FYROM 2.3 5 0.3 2.0 2.7 5 2.1 2.5

133 Highly corrupt 1.3 8 0.7 0.3 - 2.2 6 0.9 - 1.7

Source:Transparency International - Corruption Perceptions Index 2003Surveys Used: Refers to the number of surveys that were used to assess a country's performance. 17 surveys were

used and at least 3 surveys were required for a country to be included in the CPI.

Standard Deviation: Indicates differences in the values of the sources. Values below 0.5 indicate agreement, values

between 0.5 and c. 0.9 indicate some agreement, while values equal or larger than 1 indicate disagreement.

High-Low Range: Provides the highest and lowest values of the sources.

Number Institutions: Refers to the number of independent institutions that assessed a country's performance. Since

some institutions provided more than one survey.

90 percent confidence range: Provides a range of possible values of the CPI score. With 5 percent probability the score

is above this range and with another 5 percent it is below.

The public is increasingly aware of the phenomenon of corruption, which is regardedas the country's most serious problem along with unemployment.

According to the data and information of reported cases of corruption received by theGRECO Evaluation Team (GET), areas most susceptible to corrupt behaviour in theformer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are customs, police and employees in taxadministration and health services. Their susceptibility to bribe taking may, to someextent, be explained by the low income and the fact that such behaviour derivesfrom the type of work that they do and functions that they fulfil.

Macedonia, FYR has adopted, or is in the progress of adopting, all the internationalstandards in the field of combating corruption, but, for the moment, the effects oflegislation already passed or under preparation are not yet perceptible. The GET feltthat knowledge of corruption phenomena is based on a general conviction thatcorruption is rampant and widespread in the country, which may be linked to somevisible, manifest forms of organized crime, including serious forms of organizedcrime. This is confirmed in public opinion polls.

The Law on Preventing Corruption has been recently adopted. Furthermore, codes ofconduct exist, or are in the pipeline, for civil servants and public-sector employees,police officers, members of the judiciary and finance ministry staff. The legislation onpublic procurement contracts has recently been amended. In addition to that,various positive measures have been taken to prevent, detect, deter and penalizecorruption:

Civil servants are encouraged to report persons suspected of fraud (to their linemanagement or an independent authority);

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66.. ee--GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt

6.1 e -Govern m ent Read iness

16

e-Government

Readiness Index:

The index refers to the

generic capacity oraptitude of the public

sector to use ICT for

encapsulating in public

services and deploying

to the public, high

quality information

(explicit knowledge) and

effective communication

tools that support

human development.

The index is comprised

of three sub-indexes:

Web Measure Index,

Telecommunications

Infrastructure Index andHuman Capital Index.

Web Measure Index:

A scale based on

progressively

sophisticated web

services present.

Coverage and

sophistication of state-

provided e-service and

e-product availability

correspond to a

numerical classification.

Telecommunications

Infrastructure Index:

A composite, weighted

average index of six

primary indices, based

on basic infrastructural

indicators that define a

country's ICT infra-

structure capacity.

Primary indicators are:

PCs, Internet users,

online population andMobile phones.

Secondary indicators

are TVs and telephone

lines.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

FYRO

M

Alba

nia BiH

Bulga

ria

Croatia

Mold

ova,

Rep.

Romania

Serb.

&Mont.

e-Government Readiness Index

Source: HUnited Nations World Public Sector Re ort 2003H

Human Capital Index:

A composite of the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio, with two thirds of the weight

given to adult literacy and one third to the gross enrolment ratio.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

FYROM

Albania

BiH

Bulga

ria

Croatia

Mold

ova,Re

p.

Roman

ia

Serb

.&Mo

nt.

Web Measure Index Telecom. Infrastructure IndexHuman Capital Index

Source: HUnited Nations World Public Sector Re ort 2003H

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6.2 e -Par t ic ipa t ion

17

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

FYRO

M

Alba

nia

BiH

Bulgaria

Croatia

M

oldo

va,Rep

.

Romania

Serb

.&Mont.

e-Participation Index

Source: HUnited Nations World Public Sector Report 2003H

e-consultation:

The government website explains e-consultation mechanisms and tools. It offers a choice of public policy topics online for discussion with

real time and archived access to audios and videos of public meetings. The government encourages citizens to participate in discussions.

e-decision making:

The government

indicates that it will

take citizens input

into account in

decision making and

provides actualfeedback on the

outcome of specific

issues.

e-Participation

Index:

Refers to the willing-

ness, on the part of

the government, to

use ICT to provide

high quality informa-

tion (explicit know-

ledge) and effective

communication tools

for the specific

purpose of empower-

ring people for able

participation in

consultations and

decision-making both

in their capacity as

consumers of public

services and as

citizens.

e-information:

The government

websites offer

information on

policies and

programs, budgets,

laws and regulations,

and other briefs of

key public interest.

Tools for dissemi-

nating of information

exist for timely access

and use of public

information, including

web forums, e-mail

lists, newsgroups and

chat rooms.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

FYRO

M

Alba

nia

BiH

B

ulgaria

Croatia

Moldov

a,Rep

.

Rom

ania

Serb.&Mo

nt.

e-information e-decision making e-consultation

Source: HUnited Nations World Public Sector Report 2003H d

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77.. LLiinnkkss

7.1 Nat iona l s i tes

Authority TopicNational Assembly http://www.assembly.gov.mk

Government http://www.gov.mk

Ministries http://www.gov.mk/English/Tela.htm

State Statistical Office http://www.stat.gov.mk/

7.2 Misce l laneous s i tes

Institution Topic

Council of Europe (COE) http://www.coe.int

European Agency for Reconstruction http://www.ear.eu.int/macedonia/macedonia.htm

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(EBRD)

http://www.ebrd.com/country/country/mace/index.htm

European Commission and World Bank (SEERECON) http://www.seerecon.org/macedonia/index.cfm

European Union (EU) http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/see/fyrom/index.htm

International Labour Organization (ILO) - NATLEX http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.home

Organization for Security and Co-operation inEurope (OSCE)

http://www.osce.org/skopje/

OSCE - legislation http://www.legislationline.org

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) http://www.undp.org.mk/

World Bank (WB) http://www.worldbank.org.mk/

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