The Formation of the Nation Chapter 20. I. The European Discovery V. The Canadian Nation IV. Self-Government and Confederation III. British Canada II.

The Formation of the NationThe Formation of the Nation

Chapter 20Chapter 20

I. The European Discovery

V. The Canadian Nation

IV. Self-Government and Confederation

III. British Canada

II. Early Colonization

The Formation of the NationThe Formation of the Nation



1497 John Cabot1497 John Cabot

an Italian, an Italian,

the first European the first European explorer, five years after explorer, five years after Columbus discovered Columbus discovered America . America .

He claimed He claimed NewfoundlandNewfoundland..


1535, Jacques Cartier 1535, Jacques Cartier

a French navigator, sailed up the St. a French navigator, sailed up the St. Lawrence River and founded the present-Lawrence River and founded the present-day city of day city of MontrealMontreal. He did open the . He did open the interior of Canada.interior of Canada.


The king of France sent The king of France sent Samuel de Samuel de ChamplainChamplain to start a colony in to start a colony in Canada in the early 1600’s.Canada in the early 1600’s.

The actual settlement of New France The actual settlement of New France began in 1604 at Port Royal in what began in 1604 at Port Royal in what is now is now Nova ScotiaNova Scotia..

In 1610, In 1610, Henry HudsonHenry Hudson, the English , the English explorer, found and gave his name explorer, found and gave his name to the huge bay in the center of to the huge bay in the center of Canada.Canada.


In the late 1600’s and early 1700’s the In the late 1600’s and early 1700’s the French and British frequently fought over French and British frequently fought over land and competed for the fur trade.land and competed for the fur trade.

By 1763, France had given up all of its By 1763, France had given up all of its claims to the land in North America.claims to the land in North America.

Why was France finally defeated?


The French king, Louis

XV, was too busy with wars with Prussia to bother much about the condition in Canada;

Canada was known

as “Land of Ice and Snow”.

Ⅲ. British Canada

In 1774, the British passed In 1774, the British passed the Quebec the Quebec ActAct, which granted the people of Quebec , which granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians.rights as French Canadians.

The first English settlers were The first English settlers were American American LoyalistsLoyalists in the American War of in the American War of Independence, who Independence, who

refused to fight against refused to fight against

the British army. the British army.

Ⅲ. British Canada

In 1791 Britain divided the In 1791 Britain divided the former colony of New France former colony of New France into two colonies, into two colonies, Lower Lower Canada and Upper Canada and Upper CanadaCanada. .

In1840, the upper and lower In1840, the upper and lower Canada were united in one Canada were united in one province. province.

Ⅲ. British Canada

Three colonies Canada Three colonies Canada (Quebec and Ontario), New (Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined in a joined in a ConfederationConfederation, a, a federal union in 1867federal union in 1867..

A A dominiondominion was made by was made by the British North American Actthe British North American Act in 1867. in 1867.

Ⅳ. Self-Government and Confederation

1869 under the first prime minister Sir 1869 under the first prime minister Sir John Macdonald, Canada bought the vast John Macdonald, Canada bought the vast middle west from the Hudson Bay middle west from the Hudson Bay Company.Company.

1885 1885 the Canadian Pacific Railwaythe Canadian Pacific Railway was was completed and the country was linked completed and the country was linked from west coast to east coast.from west coast to east coast.

1896-1911 Canada grew rapidly, and 1896-1911 Canada grew rapidly, and settlers flowed to the plains by the settlers flowed to the plains by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Canadian Pacific Railway.

Ⅳ. Self-Government and Confederation

1896-1914 hydroelectric plant and paper 1896-1914 hydroelectric plant and paper mills arose in central Canada.mills arose in central Canada.

About foreign relationsAbout foreign relations

Laurier founded Laurier founded the Canadian Navythe Canadian Navy. . Canada entered WWWⅠ and signed the Canada entered WWWⅠ and signed the Peace Treaty of 1919 in its own name and Peace Treaty of 1919 in its own name and to take a seat as a member of the League to take a seat as a member of the League of Nations.of Nations.

Ⅴ. The Canadian Nation

1931 by 1931 by the Statute of Westminsterthe Statute of Westminster, , the British Dominions bound together only the British Dominions bound together only by their loyalty to a common Crown. Since by their loyalty to a common Crown. Since then, Canada became then, Canada became a member of the a member of the Commonwealth of NationsCommonwealth of Nations..

* * The British Dominions were formally declared to The British Dominions were formally declared to be partner nations with Britain and “equal in be partner nations with Britain and “equal in status, in no way subordinate to each other”.status, in no way subordinate to each other”.


After WWAfter WWⅡ (1939-1945)Ⅱ (1939-1945)

Economically,Economically,

TTremendous development took place remendous development took place in industries and agriculture in in industries and agriculture in Canada.Canada.

Rich oil fields were found, uranium Rich oil fields were found, uranium was mined, large deposits of iron ore was mined, large deposits of iron ore were developed.were developed.


International Status,International Status, 1945 Canada joined the United 1945 Canada joined the United

Nations Nations 1949 Canada founded 1949 Canada founded the North the North

Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) with the USA.with the USA.


Politically,Politically, In 1982, a Constitutional Act ended In 1982, a Constitutional Act ended

British Control over amendments to British Control over amendments to Canada’s Constitution and the Act Canada’s Constitution and the Act also included a new Bill of Rights.also included a new Bill of Rights.


QuebecQuebec

In 1608, In 1608, Samuel de Samuel de ChamplainChamplain ，， the French explorer, the French explorer, established his “habitation” in what established his “habitation” in what is now Quebec City, to lay the roots is now Quebec City, to lay the roots of French Canada, which was called of French Canada, which was called New FranceNew France..


QuebecQuebecAfter the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)After the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763),, the the

French colony on the St. Lawrence French colony on the St. Lawrence was reorganized as the British was reorganized as the British province of Quebec. province of Quebec.

1774 the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act, which granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians.


Quebec Quebec In June 1987, the In June 1987, the Meech Lake AccordMeech Lake Accord

was approved which provided was approved which provided Quebec with the status of a Quebec with the status of a “distinct society” and the right to “distinct society” and the right to preserve and promote that status.preserve and promote that status.


In the late half of the 20th century, In the late half of the 20th century, emphasis was put on education and emphasis was put on education and the development of science and the development of science and technology.technology.

Canada has long been universally Canada has long been universally recognized as one of the 7 biggest recognized as one of the 7 biggest economies in the capitalist world, economies in the capitalist world, and one of the most advanced and and one of the most advanced and developed countries in the world.developed countries in the world.

Exercises:

I. Fill in the following blanks:1. The discovery of Canada can be traced

back to the end of the __th century by a man named ______ .

2. After the ______ war (1756-1763), the french were forced to five up every inch of land in North America and the whole of Canada came under the British rule.

Exercises:

3. The __________Act of 1774 granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians.

4. ________ founded the Canadian Navy and tried to increase Canada’s control over its foreign relations.

5. Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1931 by the Statute of ______.

II. Explain the terms: 1. New France New France was the area colonized

by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Britain in 1763.

Exercises:

2. John Macdonald As the first Prime Minister of Canada and the

dominant figure of Canadian Confederation, John Macdonald was the major proponent of a national

railway, the Canadian Pacific Railway, which was

completed in 1885, linking Canada

from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. He won praise for having helped forge a nation of sprawling geographic size, a multiplicity of cultural backgrounds and political views.

Exercises:

3. Hudson's Bay Company As the oldest commercial corporation in

North America and one of the oldest in the world, Hudson’s Bay Company was incorporated by British royal charter in 1670 as The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay. In the late 19th century, its vast territory became the largest component in the newly formed Dominion of Canada.

Exercises:

4. The British North American ActsThe British North American Acts were a series of Acts at the core of the constitution of Canada, enacted by the Parliament of the United Kingdom and the Parliament of Canada from 1867 to 1975. In Canada, some of the Acts were amended or repealed by the Constitution Act, 1982; the rest were renamed the Constitution Acts. The term "British North America" The term "British North America" (BNA) refers to the British colonies in North America.(BNA) refers to the British colonies in North America.

Exercises:

5. Edmonton Edmonton is the capital

of the Canadian province of Alberta, and the second largest city in the province after Calgary. It is the northernmost North American city with a metropolitan population of more than one million.

Exercises:

Exercises:

III. Questions for discussion:1. Who were the first British settlers in

Canada? 2. What was the result of the Act of Union

1840?3. When and how did French Canada start?

What was the consequence of the Seven Years’ war between the British and the French?

Exercises:

4. What were the major economic achievements of Canada after World War ?Ⅱ

5. What efforts were made by the Canadian government in developing the country’s economy?

If you want to know more, please check the following websites:

http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=a1ARTA0005701http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/index.htmhttp://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/china-chine/

Thank you !Thank you !

The Formation of the Nation Chapter 20. I. The European Discovery V. The Canadian Nation IV. Self-Government and Confederation III. British Canada II.

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