The Five Ways of Saint Thomas Aquinas With Theistic and Atheistic Views

8/2/2019 The Five Ways of Saint Thomas Aquinas With Theistic and Atheistic Views

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8/2/2019 The Five Ways of Saint Thomas Aquinas With Theistic and Atheistic Views

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8/2/2019 The Five Ways of Saint Thomas Aquinas With Theistic and Atheistic Views

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A@XTEHZFXAE@

Xbj we`hjtv ei xbj wetch bkv djj` xbjtj jyj` djietj ezt datxb# et jyj`

xbj djietj xbj datxb ei ezt ietjikxbjtv. Xbj jravxj`fj ei jyjtqxba`o wezchkcwkqv ljk` iet zv k`h wj# bzlk` kv wj ktj# kal `exba`o dzx xe vziiafj xbj

`jjhv ei ezt jravxj`fj. Dzx wj bkyj xe g`ew k`h wj ktj fe`xa`zezvcq vjjga`o

xbj ~zt~evj ei ezt jravxj`fj k`h xe wbel he wj ewj jyjtqxba`o# a`fczha`oezt yjtq caij.

Xbj we`hjtv ei xbj jravxj`fj ei xbj –Oeh“# wbel ~baceve~bjtv k`hjyj` xbj ~je~cj ei haiijtj`x vxkxzv a` caij# xbkx ktj djcajyjtv ei Oeh# djok`

hzta`o xbj ljhajykc ~jtaeh ‖ xbj xalj wbjtj ~je~cj ktj vjjga`o iet xbj tjkcaxqei xbj –oeh“ wbel xbjq djcajyjh a`. Ax av xbj Oeh ei xbjat ietjikxbjtv wbel

xbjq khe~xjh kv xbjat Oeh# xee# k`h jyj` xehkq# wj ktj e`j waxb xbjl#kfg`ewcjhoa`o xbj Oeh wbel xbjq ewj jyjtqxba`o ‖ velj djcajyjh k`h velj

e`cq kfg`ewcjhojh bav fe`fj~x.

Xbj ~baceve~bjtv ei xbj ljhajykc ~jtaeh letj eixj` v~jkg ei Oeh. Xbjqbkyj jrbkzvxjh xbjat la`hv mzvx xe xba`g ei xbj kxxtadzxjv xbkx djce`ov xe xbjOeh wbel xbjq bkyj `jyjt vjj` ikfj xe ikfj. Xbjq bkyj jyj` vjjg xbj ~teeiv

ei xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh7 e`j ei xbjl av Vka`x Xbelkv K{za`kv# k Hela`afk`~tajvx# wbe av wjcc,g`ew` a` bav –Vzllk Xbjeceoafk“# wbjtj xbj ykvxjr~ck`kxae` ei xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh fk` dj iez`h ‖  bav –Iayj _kqv“. 

A` xbav jtk# ax vjjlv xbkx wj tjkccq `jjh xe bkyj   ~teeiv a` Oeh‑vjravxj`fj djfkzvj kxbjavl av felle`# ~ewjtizc k`h a`iczj`xakc ~baceve~bajv

jcala`kxj et jr~cka` kwkq xbj `exae` ei Oeh# k`h levx ei kcc# lzcxaxzhjv ei ~je~cjv ktj jhzfkxjh waxbezx k`q djcaji a` Oeh

;. _j tjkccq `jjh ~teeiv#

wbjtja` jyj` ai xbjq vxacc `ex djcajyj a` Oeh wj fk` cjx xbjl kfg`ewcjhoj xbjjravxj`fj ei xbj –Oeh“ wbel wj djcajyjh a`.  

; Fi. ITJHJTAFG FE^^CJVXE@# V.M.#  K Bavxetq ei ^baceve~bq# Yeczlj 4# ^ktx AA# @jw

Qetg Faxq# Alkoj Deegv# ;194# ::.

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Xbav Tjvjktfb kalv xe z`yjac xbj –Iayj _kqv“ ei Vka`x Xbelkv a`~teya`o xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh. @ex mzvx ~tjvj`xa`o ax kv bew Vka`x Xbelkv bkv

~tjvj`xjh ax# dzx levx jv~jfakccq# vz~~etxa`o ax e` axv Tj~cajv xe xbj Edmjfxae`v

xbtezob xbj bjc~ ei exbjt ~baceve~bjtv. E` xbj fe`xtktq# xbj xwe Edmjfxae`vwacc dj ~tjvj`xjh# kcve vz~~etxjh dq kxbjavxaf ~baceve~bjtv. Xbav ~k~jt wacc dj~tjvj`xa`o xbj ~teeiv ei Vka`x Xbelkv a` k wkq wbjtj xbjavxaf k`h kxbjavxaf

yajwv wacc dj j`xjtxka`jh ve kv xe bkyj k` a`vaobx bew bj bkyj lkhj vzfbotjkx felda`kxae` ei ~baceve~bq k`h xbjeceoq xe ~teyj Oeh‑v jravxj`fj.

Vka`x Xbelkv# a` bav –Vzllk Xbjeceoafk“# ~teyjh xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeha` iayj wkqv# wbjtja` bj hj`ajv xbkx Oeh‑v jravxj`fj av vjci ,jyahj`x xe zv a`

xbav caij4. Ax fk` dj jvxkdcavbjh ~baceve~bafkccq e`cq dq tjkve`a`o itel jiijfx xe

fkzvj= –dq hjle`vxtkxae` ei xbj ikfx "{zak! tkxbjt xbk` dq k hjle`vxtkxae` ei 

xbj tjkve`jh ikfx "~te~xjt {zah!“6. Ax av yjtq z`xba`gkdcj xe ~teyj ax dzx ai 

Oeh‑v jravxj`fj fk``ex dj ~teyjh k ~taeta# xbtezob xbj ahjk ei Oeh# xbtezobBav jvvj`fj# ax tjlka`v xbkx ax lzvx dj ~teyjh k ~evxjtaeta# xbtezob k`

jrkla`kxae` ei Oeh‑v jiijfx8. Vka`x Xbelkv hjle`vxtkxjh Oeh‑v jravxj`fj

xbtezob wbkx xkgjv ~ckfj xbtezob k` jiijfx# k`h av fkccjh k ~teei a`veikt,kv#

wbjtj Vx. Xbelkv dkvjh bav ktozlj`xv# a` k` k ~evxjtaeta lk``jt. Bj `jyjtzvjh xbj hjle`vxtkxae` xbtezob xbj fkzvj wbafb av fkccjh ~teei iet,xbj,tjkve`,

xbkx# djfkzvj xbav djoa`v wbax wbkx av ~taet a` tjkcaxq# k` k ~taeta lk``jt# a`wbafb bj lzvx vjj` xbj Oeh wbel bj av jr~cka`a`o wbafb av ikcvj iet bj `jyjt

vjj` Oeh:. Bj bkv zvjh xbav djfkzvj bj fk` jr~cka` xbj fkzvj wbafb lzvx ~tj,

jravx wbjtj kcc jyahj`x jiijfxv wbafb Vx. Xbelkv bkv zvjh hj~j`h z~e` xbavfkzvj. Kv wbkx Lktq X. Fcktg bkv vkah# –A`veikt kv Oeh‑v jravxj`fj av `ex vjci ,jyahj`x xe zv# ax fk` dj hjle`vxtkxjh dq zv dq djoa``a`o waxb xbevj ei Bav

jiijfxv xbkx ktj g`ew` xe zv“.9 

Xbj –Iayj _kqv“ ei Vx. Xbelkv e` xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh bkyj zvjh xbj~baceve~bq ei Ktavxexcj. Bj fk``ex hj`q xbav ikfx djfkzvj lk`q ei bav wetgv

ktj a`iczj`fjh dq Ktavxexjcak` ~baceve~bq. Xbj iatvx ~teei av xbj ktozlj`x itel

4Fi. @ETLK@ GTJX]LK@@ k`h JCJE@ETJ VXZL^# Fkldtahoj Fel~k`ae` xe

 K{za`kv# Fkldtahoj# Fkldtahoj Z`ayjtvaxq ^tjvv# ;116# ;;6.  6@ETLK@ GTJX]LK@@ k`h JCJE@ETJ VXZL^# FFK# ;;6.8 Fi. ITJHJTAFG FE^^CJVXE@# V.M.# KB^# ::.:Fi. LKTQ X. FCKTG# K` K{za`kv Tjkhjt # @jw Qetg Faxq# Alkoj Deegv# 4>>># ;>?.9 LKTQ X. FCKTG# KKT# E` xbj hjle vxtkxae` ei Oeh‑v jravxj`fj# ;>?.

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lexae`# wbafb av iez`h a` Ktavxexcj k`h wkv zxaca}jh dq Lkale`ahjv?

k`h Vx.Kcdjtx. Xbj lexae` av z`hjtvxeeh a` xbj wahj Ktavxexjcak` vj`vj ei tjhzfxae`

ei ~exj`fq xe kfx27 k`h Vx. Xbelkv# ieccewa`o Ktavxexcj# ktozjv xbkx –k xba`o

fk``ex dj tjhzfjh itel ~exj`fq xe kfx jrfj~x dq veljxba`o wbafb av kctjkhqa` kfx“1. Xbj vjfe`h ~teei av xbj ktozlj`x itel fkzvkcaxq wbjtj Vx. Xbelkv

ojxv xbj ahjk vzoojvxjh dq xbj vjfe`h deeg ei Ktavxexcj‑v  Ljxk~bqvafv. Ax

vxkxjv xbkx –`exba`o fk` dj xbj fkzvj ei axvjci# iet a` ethjt xe he xbav# ax wezchbkyj xe jravx djietj axvjci“

;>. Xbj xbath ~teei# xbj ktozlj`x itel fe`xa`oj`fq#

wbafb Lkale`ahjv xeeg eyjt itel Kyafj``k k`h hjyjce~jh# vxktxv itel xbjikfx xbkx xbjtj ktj velj dja`ov xbkx fklj a`xe jravxj`fj k`h ~jtavb# wbjtja`

xbjtj wezch dj k `jfjvvktq dja`o xe jravx a` ethjt iet xbj ~jtavba`o dja`ov xejravx

;;. Xbj ieztxb ~teei av xbj ktozlj`x itel xbj hjotjjv ei ~jtijfxae`. Xbav

~teei av letj eixj` vzoojvxjh dq velj edvjtykxae`v a` Ktavxexcj‑v Ljxk~bqvafv 

k`h av iez`h vzdvxk`xakccq a` Vx. Kzozvxa`j k`h Vx. K`vjcl. Xbav e`cq al~cajvxbkx xbjtj av k ~jtijfxae` a` jyjtqxba`o wbjtj xbjtj jravxv k djvx# levx xtzj

dja`o wbafb wj fk` fkcc xbj vz~tjlj dja`o# xbj lkralj j`v;4. Xbj iaixb wkq av

xbj ktozlj`x itel ia`kcaxq# k xjcjeceoafkc ~teei# wbjtj ax av vxkxjh xbkx xbjtj

lzvx dj velje`j wbe wacc hatjfx kcc xba`ov a`xe xbjat oekcv;6

. Xbav a`hafkxjvxbkx –xbjq he xj`h xewkthv k oekc# `ex ljtjcq vzffjjha`o dq kffahj`x“

;8#

velje`j lzvx hatjfx xbjl# wbe av Oeh.Kixjt ckqa`o hew` xbj ~teeiv ei Vx. Xbelkv e` xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh#

xbav ~k~jt kcve ckah hew` xbj edmjfxae`v k`h tj~cajv e` xbj vkah ktozlj`x. Xbj

edmjfxae`v e` xbj ktozlj`x wjtj ckah hew` waxb k` kxbjavxaf yajw. Xbj iatvx

? TJQ@KCHE ^KHACCK# ^b.H.# ^baceve~bq Lkhj Jkvq Lk`hkczqe`o Faxq# Deegv Kxd~.

^zdcavba`o Fet~.# 4>>2# 1:. Leavjv Lkale`ahjv ";;6:,;4>8! wkv det` a` Fethedk k`h

kcve wkv levx a`iczj`xakc a` xbj Fkxbecaf wetch iet bav a`vaobxv a`xe xbj ~baceve~bq ei 

Ktavxexcj. Xbelkv K{za`kv tjyjtjh Lkale`ahjv k`h Xbelkv‑ hjle`vxtkxae`v ei Oeh‑v

jravxj`fj wjtj fcjktcq a`iczj`fjh dq xbevj ei Lkale`ahjv. A` ikfx# Lkale`ahjv‑ iatvx deeg#

 K Xtjkxavj e` Ceoaf# av k fel~j`hazl ei xbj fkxjoetajv ei Kavxexcj‑v ceoaf k`h k` k`kcqvav

ei xbjl. Ax wkv wtaxxj` a` Ktkdaf wbj` Lkale`ahjv wkv varxjj` qjktv ech.2 Fi. ITJHJTAFG FE^^CJVXE@# V.M.# KB^# 9>.1 Fi. ITJHJTAFG FE^^CJVXE@# V.M.# KB^# 9>.;> ITJHJTAFG FE^^CJVXE@# V.M.# KB^# 9>.;; Fi. ITJHJTAFG FE^^CJVXE@# V.M.# KB^# 9>.;4 Fi. ITJHJTAFG FE^^CJVXE@# V.M.# KB^# 94.;6 Fi. ITJHJTAFG FE^^CJVXE@# V.M.# KB^# 96.;8 LKTQ X. FCKTG# KKT# ;;9.

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edmjfxae` av xbj ~tedcjl ei xbj jravxj`fj ei jyac a` xbj wetch# k`h xbj vjfe`hedmjfxae` av xbkx kcc xba`ov fk` dj tjhzfjh xe e`j ~ta`fa~cj# bzlk` tjkve` et

wacc;:

. Xbjvj edmjfxae`v wjtj vcaobxcq vz~~etxjh dq velj kxbjavx ~baceve~bjtv

et ai `ex# oe koka`vx xbj oeeh`jvv ei Oeh# waxb k haiijtj`x yajw. Xbj tj~cajv e`Vx. Xbelkv‑ ktozlj`x wjtj kcve vxkxjh# vz~~etxjh dq k xbjavxaf yajw. Xbj iatvxtj~cq xe xbj edmjfxae`v wkv xbj a`ia`axj oeeh`jvv ei Oeh k`h xbj exbjt av xbkx

kcc fk` dj xtkfjh dkfg xe k` alleykdcj# wbafb av Oeh;9

.Lzfb wacc dj vkah e` xbj iztxbjt havfzvvae`v e` xbj –Iayj _kqv“ ei 

Vka`x Xbelkv# xbj ~baceve~bjt wbe# a` bav bzlacaxq# bkyj cjx xbj ikaxbizc xez`hjtvxk`h a` k yjtq val~cj wkq xbj ~teeiv e` xbj jravxj`fj ei xbj Oeh wbel

xbjq djcajyjh a`# xbtezob xbj jiijfxv ei Bav hjjhv.

;: Fi. XBELKV K[ZA@KV# Vzllk Xbjeceoafk# J`ocavb Jhaxae`# Yeczlj A# @jw Qetg 

Faxq# Dj`}a`ojt Dtev.# ;182.# ;6.;9 Fi. XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # ;8.

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FBK^XJT A

Vka`x Xbelkv K{za`kv‑ –Iayj _kqv 

;. Xbj Iayj _kqv

;.;.   Ktozlj`x itel Lexae`

Xbj iatvx ktozlj`x av xbj ktozlj`x itel lexae` a` wbafb k xba`o avleyjh dq k`exbjt xbkx av kcve leyjh dq veljxba`o et velje`j. Ax fk` dj vkah

xbkx k xba`o xbkx leyjh k xba`o fk` kcve dj leyjh dq k`exbjt# –xbjtjietj#wbkxjyjt av a` lexae` lzvx dj ~zx a` lexae` dq k`exbjt“

;?# xbjtj fk` dj lk`q

leyjtv bkyj leyjh e`j k`exbjt xbkx ax vjjlv ax av a`ia`axj dzx ax fk``ex oe

e`xe a`ia`axq. K xba`o xbkx av a` lexae` tjhzfjv itel ~exj`xakcaxq xe kfxzkcaxq#dzx `exba`o fk` dj tjhzfjh itel ~exj`xakcaxq jrfj~x iet xbj e`j wbe avvz~tjljcq a` k vxkxj ei kfxzkcaxq. Xbj jrkl~cj xbkx Vx. Xbelkv okyj wkv xbj

iatj k`h xbj weeh. Itel xbj weeh wbafb av ~exj`xakccq bex djfklj kfxzkccq bexdjfkzvj ei xbj iatj. Xbj iatj lkhj xbj weeh bex. Kv ax av oea`o e`# xbj weehfk``ex dj xbj vklj xalj ~exj`xakccq k`h kfxzkccq bex# et a` k djxxjt

z`hjtvxk`ha`o# xbj weeh av `ex bex itel xbj djoa``a`o ei axv jravxj`fj tkxbjt axav kfxzkccq `ex bex a` ethjt iet ax xe djfelj bex. Xbjtjietj# k xba`o vbezch dj

leyjh dq k`exbjt a` ethjt iet ax xe oe xe kfxzkcaxq# k`h k`exbjt vbezch bkyjleyjh xbj leyjt kv ax oejv e`# dzx kv wbkx bkv djj` vxkxjh jktcajt# ax fk``ex

oe e` xe a`ia`axq. Xbjtj fk` dj `e a`ia`axq djfkzvj xbjtj lzvx dj k ~talktq etiatvx leyjt wbe leyjh xbj vzdvj{zj`x leyjtv. Xbjtj lzvx dj velje`j# k

leyjt# wbe av k ~ztj kfx a` wbafb ax fk` leyj kcc xba`ov. Kttaya`o xe k iatvx

;? XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # [. 4# Ktx. 6# a` _bjxbjt Oeh Jravxv5# A` xbj Iatvx _kq ei 

Oeh‑v jravxj`fj# ;6.

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leyjt wbafb wkv `ex leyjh dq k`exbjt# Vx. Xbelkv k`vwjtjh xbav xe dj Oeh ‖   xbj ^talktq Leyjt# –xbj vjci jravxj`x# z`leyjh Oeh. Xbj Iatvx Leyjt 

fk``ex dj leyjh# iet ax av Iatvx. Ax av ~ztjcq kfxzkc "  Kfxzv ^ztzv!# waxbezx

fbk`oj et vbkhew ei kcxjtkxae`“.

;2

;.4.   Ktozlj`x itel Fkzvkcaxq

Xbj ktozlj`x e` xbj `kxztj ei xbj jiiafaj`x fkzvj wezch dj yjtq

z`hjtvxk`hkdcj xe kcc xbkx xbjtj lzvx dj k` etaoa`kc ftjkxet ei kcc ‖ xbj jiiafaj`xfkzvj xbkx lkhj kcc xbj xba`ov# itel wbafb kcc xba`ov fklj itel. Xbjtj av

kcwkqv k` ethjt ei jyjtqxba`o a` wbafb k xba`o wkv lkhj ezx ei veljxba`oxbkx wkv itel k`exbjt xba`o jx fjxjtk7 wbafb fk``ex oe e`xe a ia`axq. Xbjtj av

k` etaoa`kc iatvx fkzvj ei jyjtqxba`o dzx `ex axvjci djfkzvj `exba`o fk` jravx

~taet xe axv jravxj`fj xe ftjkxj axvjci. K xba`o wkv lkhj dq et itel k`exbjtxba`o djfkzvj `exba`o fk` dj lkhj dq axvjci. Xbjtj fezch dj lk`q

a`xjtljhakxj fkzvjv ~taet xe xbj zcxalkxj fkzvj dzx a` xtkfa`o dkfg itel xbjveztfjv ei kcc a`xjtljhakxj fkzvjv xbjtj wezch dj e`cq e`j jiiafaj`x fkzvj xbkx

av xbj iatvx fkzvj. Ai xbjtj av `e iatvx fkzvj xbjtj fezch dj `e jiijfx# `e zcxalkxjfkzvj wacc dj lkhj. –Bj`fj# xbjtj av ei `jfjvvaxq k Iatvx Fkzvj. K`h va`fj xbav

Fkzvj av Iatvx  ax av `ex k` jiijfx7 ax av `ex fkzvjh7 iet `exba`o fk` dj ~taet xewbkx av  iatvx . Xbjtj av# xbjtjietj k Iatvx Fkzvj# Axvjci Z`fkzvjh“.

;1Xbjtjietj#

kv bew Vx. Xbelkv j`hjh xbav ktozlj`x a` bkya`o e`j ftjkxet et fkzvj ei kcc#

–ax av `jfjvvktq xe khlax k iatvx jiiafaj`x fkzvj# xe wbafb jyjtqe`j oayjv xbj`klj ei Oeh“.4>

;.6.   Ktozlj`x itel Fe`xa`oj`fq

Xbj xbath ktozlj`x av itel xbj ktozlj`x ei ~evvadacaxq k`h `jfjvvaxq.

Jyjtqxba`o a` xbav wetch xbkx jravxv bkv xbj ~evvadacaxq xe dj k`h `ex xe dj# xeoj`jtkxj k`h xe fettz~x. Xbj ~evvadacaxq ei jyjtqxba`o xe jravx et `ex xe jravx kx

k fjtxka` xalj ei xbjat jravxj`fj fk` kcc bk~~j`. Xbjq fk` k`h fk``ex jravx kx k

;2 ^KZC OCJ@@#  A`xtehzfxae` xe ^baceve~bq# @jw Qetg Faxq# D. BJTHJT DEEG FE.#

;188# a` xbj Xbjeceoafkc [zjvxae`v e` xbj Jravxj`fj ei Oeh# ^teei itel Lexae`# 669,66?.;1 ^KZC OCJ@@#  A^# a` xbj Xbjeceoafkc [zjvxae`v e` xbj Jravxj`fj ei Oeh# ^teei itel

Fe,etha`kxjh Jiiafaj`x Fkzvjv# 66?.4> XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # [. 4# Ktx. 6# a` _bjxbjt Oeh Jravxv5# A` xbj Vjfe`h _kq ei 

Oeh‑v jravxj`fj# ;6.  

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fjtxka` ~ea`x wbjtj xbjtj av `exba`o a` jravxj`fj. Ai ax bk~~j`jh xbkx ax av ~evvadcj xe bkyj k –`ex, dj“# ax ljk`v xbkx ax av kcve al~evvadcj xe jravx k`qxba`o

`ew# djfkzvj `exba`o fk` jravx xbtezob xbj kah et bjc~ ei k`exbjt jravxa`o

dja`o. Ai xbjtj av `exba`o xe jravx djietj# ax av xbj` xbkx `exba`o lzvx jravx z`xac`ew wbafb av yjtq ikcvj. Xbj ~evvadacaxq ei kcc dja`ov xe jravx# jv~jfakccq xbj`ex,dj av yjtq al~evvadcj xe bk~~j`# djfkzvj xbjtj wezch dj k `jjh ei k`

jravxa`o dja`o xe lkgj ~evvadcj xbj jravxj`fj ei exbjt dja`ov. Xbjtj lzvx djveljxba`o `jfjvvktq xe jravx iatvx# k `jfjvvktq dja`o# wbafb fk``ex dj jravxjh

itel k`exbjt `jfjvvktq dja`o. Xbav dja`o lzvx dj xbj teex ei kcc itel wbafbxbj vjfe`h ktozlj`x av xjcca`o xbkx k iatvx jiiafaj`x fkzvj av `jjhjh. Kffetha`o

xe ^kzc Ocj``=

Xbj wetch kdezx zv av k fel~cjxjcq fe`xa`oj`x xba`o. Xbzv# va`fj

fe`xa`oj`fq hjlk`hv `jfjvvaxq kv axv jr~ck`kxae`7 va`fj fe`xa`oj`xxba`ov he `ex tj`hjt k` kffez`x ei xbjlvjcyjv dzx ktj kffez`xjh iet

e`cq dq xbj fkzvjv e` wbafb xbjq hj~j`h7 va`fj# a` k weth# fe`xa`oj`x

xba`ov hjlk`h xbj jravxj`fj ei k @jfjvvktq Dja`o# wj kvvjtx xbj

jravxj`fj ei vzfb k Dja`o. Xbav Dja`o av Iatvx7 ax av Zcxalkxj. Ax bkv

xbjtjietj `e fe`xa`oj fq e` k ~taet xba`o.4;

Letjeyjt# wj fk``ex hj`q xbj ~evvadacaxq ei k `jfjvvktq dja`o xbkx av jravxa`o

bkya`o axvjci axv ew` `jfjvvaxq# waxbezx tjfjaya`o ax itel k`exbjt wbafb av~taet xe xbkx `jfjvvktq dja`o. Xbav `jfjvvktq dja`o# wbafb Vx. Xbelkv vkah

xbkx –wj fk``ex dzx ~evxzckxj xbj jravxj`fj ei velj dja`o bkya`o ei axvjci axvew` `jfjvvaxq# k`h `ex tjfjaya`o ax itel k`exbjt# dzx tkxbjt fkzva`o a` exbjtvxbjat `jfjvvaxq. Xbav kcc lj` v~jkg ei kv Oeh“.

44 

;.8.   Ktozlj`x itel Hjotjjv ei ^jtijfxae`

Xbj ieztxb ktozlj`x av xbj otkhkxae` xe dj iez`h a` xba`ov. Otkhkxae`

itel wbafb wj fk` fckvvaiq jyjtqxba`o kv letj –oeeh“ et cjvv –oeeh“# xbjqfk` dj vjj` kffetha`o xe xbjat ~jtijfxae`. Xbjtj lzvx dj k otkhkxae` ei xbjl

itel wbafb k oeeh dja`o av baobjt xbk` xbj cjvv –oeeh“ dja`o k`h itel xbkx

4; ^KZC OCJ@@#  A^# a` xbj Xbjeceoafkc [zjvxae`v e` xbj Jravxj`fj ei Oeh# ^teei itel

xbj Fe`xa`oj`fq ei Jktxbcq Xba`ov# 662.44 XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # [. 4# Ktx. 6# a` _bjxbjt Oeh Jravxv5# A` xbj Xbath _kq ei 

Oeh‑v jravxj`fj# ;6.  

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oeeh dja`o felj ~taet xe ax k letj –oeeh“ k`h ve e` k`h ve ietxb. Kv letj–oeeh“ kv ax fklj xe dj xbj letj ax djfklj fcevjt xe e`j wbafb av ~jtijfxcq

oeeh. Xbj –letj et cjvv“ ~jtijfxae` xbkx wj ktj vkqa`o lzvx dj xtkfjh dkfg xe

xbj veztfj ei axv ~jtijfxae`. Xbj veztfj ei wbkx xbjq ktj wbafb xbjq fk``ex oedjqe`h ax# kv bew oeeh k xba`o av# av xbj xba`o xbkx fkzvjh xbj oeeh`jvv ei kcc–oeeh“ xba ov. ^kzc Ocj`` khhjh e` xbj hjotjj ei ~jtijfxae`=

Xbav av xbj `etl et tzcj k`h ljkvztj ei ~jtijfxae`7 a` xbj

k~~cafkxae` ei xbav tzcj wj havfjt` xbj tjkc otkhjv et hjotjjv ei 

~jtijfxae` a` xba`ov. Dzx xbkx wbafb k~~tekfbjv "letj et cjvv `jktcq# et

letj et cjvv tjlexjcq! xe xbj   izcc`jvv ei ~jtijfxae` et xbj kdveczxj  ~cj`xaxzhj ei dja`o# lzvx k~~tekfb xe wbkx av xbjtj. Tjkc otkhjv et

hjotjjv ei ~jtijfxae` wezch dj acczvetq k`h ljk`a`ocjvv z`cjvv xbjq

bkh tjijtj`fj xe k` Kdveczxj jtijfx Tjkcaxq kfxzkccq jravxa`o.

46

Ai xbj veztfj ei ~jtijfxae` itel wbafb kcc ftjkxae` wjtj tkhakxjh xe dj kv vzfb

av xbj otjkxjvx kle`o kcc exbjt xba`ov wbjtj Vx. Xbelkv vkah xbkx –xbjlkralzl a` k`q oj`zv av xbj fkzvj ei kcc a` xbkx oj`zv“.

48Ai xbkx av ve# xbjtj

lzvx dj k dja`o wbafb av xbj fkzvj ei xbj oeeh`jvv ei kcc dja`o# k –vz~tjljcqoeeh“ dja`o wbafb fkzvjh jyjtq oeeh`jvv# vbezch jravx. Xbav ~jtijfxae` ei 

oeeh`jvv av xbj e`j wj fkcc Oeh.

;.:.   Ktozlj`x itel Ia`kcaxq

Xbj iaixb ktozlj`x av xbj oeyjt`k`fj ei xbj wetch. Dja`ov xbkx he `ex

bkyj j`ezob g`ewcjhoj fk``ex oe xe k` j`h. Xbj xbjlj ei xbj iaixb ktozlj`xvxkxjv xbkx xbjtj lzvx dj k dja`o wbafb hejv `ex ckfg a` g`ewcjhoj. Dja`o ckfg 

ei g`ewcjhoj wezch e`cq ljk` xe jravx waxbezx bkya`o xbj tjkc jvvj`fj ei jravxj`fj. Ax av e`cq xe jravx waxbezx bkya`o k` ahjk bew xe oe xe k` j`h et bew

xe ia`avb vzfb kfxayaxq. Ax e`cq ljk`v xbkx jyjtqxba`o xbkx ckfgv g`ewcjhoj fk`he `exba`o xe oe xe k` j`h k`h xbjtj wezch dj xbj `jjh iet xbj e`j wbe av

bkya o vzfb g`ewcjhoj k`h a xjccaoj fj xe ozahj xbjl. ^kzc Ocj`` vxkxjh xbkx=

46 ^KZC OCJ@@#  A^# a` xbj Xbjeceoafkc [zjvxae`v e` xbj Jravxj`fj ei Oeh# ^teei itel

xbj Hjotjjv ei ^jtijfxae` a` Xba`ov# 661.48 XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # [. 4# Ktx. 6# a` _bjxbjt Oeh Jravxv5# A` xbj Ieztxb _kq ei 

Oeh‑v jravxj`fj# ;6,;8.

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Ai xbj wetch k`h xba`ov a` xbj wetch ktj lk`aijvxcq hjvao`jh iet

k` j`h# xbj` xbj wetch k`h xba`ov a` xbj wetch bkyj k hjvao`jt# k`h

zcxalkxjcq k Iatvx Hjvao`jt. @ew# xbj wetch k`h xbj xba`ov a` xbj

wetch ktj lk`aijvxcq hjvao`jh iet k` j`h. Xbjtjietj xbj wetch k`h

xba`ov a` xbj wetch bkyj k hjvao`jt# k`h zcxalkxjcq k Iatvx Hjvao`jt.4: 

Cagj xbj k`kceoq ei Vx. Xbelkv# xbkx k` kttew fk``ex oe xe axv xktojx

waxbezx xbj bjc~ ei xbj ktfbjt wbe hatjfxjh ax xe axv j`h. Xbjtjietj# k `jfjvvaxqei veljxba`o a`xjccaoj`x# xbkx g`ewv jyjtqxba`o xe ozahj jyjtq dja`o# lzvxjravx xe ozahj kcc `kxztkc xba`ov k`h dj hatjfxjh xe xbjat j`h. Xbav dja`o# wbe av

xbj fe`xteccjt# a` k lk``jt xbkx hatjfxv jyjtqxba`o a` ethjt iet xbjl xe tjkfbxbjat j`h# av xbj –dja`o jravxv dq wbel kcc `kxztkc xba`ov ktj hatjfxjh xe xbjat 

j`h7 k`h xbkx dja`o wj fkcc Oeh“.49

4: ^KZC OCJ@@#  A^# a` xbj Xbjeceoafkc [zjvxae`v e` xbj Jravxj`fj ei Oeh# ^teei itel

xbj Ia`kcaxq ei @kxztkc Xba`ov# 68>.49 XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # [. 4# Ktx. 6# a` _bjxbjt Oeh Jravxv5# A` xbj Iaixb _kq ei 

Oeh‑v jravxj`fj# ;8.  

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FBK^XJT AA

Edmjfxae`v xe Vx. Xbelkv‑ Ktozlj`xv 

4.  Kxbjavxaf Yajwv

4.;.  Xbjtj av Jyac a` xbj _etch 

Xbj iatvx edmjfxae` e` Vx. Xbelkv‑ ktozlj`xv e` xbj jravxj`fj ei Oehcajv e` xbj jravxj`fj ei jyac. Ax av vkah xbkx xbj weth –Oeh“ ljk`v a`ia`axj

oeeh`jvv dzx djfkzvj xbjtj av jyac a` xbj wetch# xbjtjietj Oeh hejv `ex jravx.

Xbj iatvx edmjfxae` vxktxjh xbj `jokxae` ei xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh dq vxkxa`o xbkx–ai e`j ei xwe fe`xtktajv dj a`ia`axj# xbj exbjt wezch dj kcxeojxbjt hjvxteqjh“.

4?Ai Oeh av xbj a`ia`axj oeeh`jvv wbq Bj xbj` kccew jyac xe jravx5

Jyac av iez`h a` xwe tkhafkccq haiijtj`x ietlv kffetha`o xe KyjtqHzccjv# VM e` bav deeg   A`xtehzfxetq Ljxk~bqvaf# jkfb ei wbafb ~tjvj`xv khaiijtj`x vjx ei ~tedcjlv=

^bqvafkc jyac“ av –xbj kdvj`fj ei velj kfxzkcaxq wbafb wezch

~jtijfx xbj ~evvjvvet a` axv dja`o et ~ewjt iet kfxae`# ^bqvafkc jyac

lkq dj jaxbjt lkxjtakc "j.o.# dca`h`jvv# dkch`jvv# havjkvj! et v~ataxzkc

"j.o.# ao`etk`fj!“42

7 –Letkc jyac“ av –xbj ckfg ei hzj ethjt a` xbj itjj

4? XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # [. 4# Ktx. 6# a` _bjxbjt Oeh Jravxv5. Edmjfxae` ;# ;6.42 KYJTQ HZCCJV# V.M.# jx kc#   A@XTEHZFXETQ LJXK^BQVAFV# @jw Qetg Faxq#

Vbjjh k`h _kth# ;1::# [zjvxae` 41= Xbj ^tedcjl ei Jyac# Xewkth xbj Xtzj ^tedcjl7 Xbj

@kxztj k`h Jravxj`fj ei Jyac# 418.

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kfxayaxq ei k` koj`x j`hewjh waxb itjj,fbeafj. Xbj hzj ethjt ei vzfb

kfxae`v# kv wacc dj vjj` a` Jxbafv# fe`vavxv a` xbjat fe`ietlaxq waxb xbj

letkc ckw. Z`hjt axv xbjeceoafkc kv~jfxv letkc jyac av fkccjh –va`“.41 

Jyac tjkccq jravx a` xbj wetch djfkzvj ai wj wacc vkq xbkx Oeh lkhj xbj

wetch# wbafb v~jkgv ei Bav el`a~exj`fj# kcc oeeh`jvv k`h bk~~a`jvv wacc kccfelj itel Bal k`h `exba`o wacc jravx waxbezx Bav wacc et ~jtlavvae`. Ai ax av

xbj` jyac jravxv# wbjxbjt a` xbj ietl ei ^bqvafkc jyac et Letkc jyac# ax e`cqvbewv xbkx Oeh av `ex dj`jyecj`x. Ai Bj av xtzj dj`jyecj`x Bj wezch `ex kccew

jyac xe jravx a` xbj wetch.Hkyah Bzlj vxkxjh velj {zjvxae`v ei J~afztzv xbkx wjtj `ex vxacc

k`vwjtjh. Ai Oeh tjkccq wk`xjh oeeh`jvv Bj wacc `ex kccew k`q ietl ei jyac xe

jravx# {zexa`o J~afztzv‑ ech {zjvxae`v6>

7 –Av Bj wacca`o xe ~tjyj`x jyac7 dzx `ex

kdcj5 Xbj` Bj av al~exj`x. Av Bj kdcj k`h `ex wacca`o5 Xbj` Bj av lkcjyecj`x.Av Bj dexb wacca`o k`h kdcj5 _bj`fj# xbj` av jyac5“

6;Meb` Vxzktx Lacc bkv kcve

xbj vklj vxk`h xbkx Oeh av lkcjyecj`x. Bj ktozjv xbkx –wj val~cq bkyj `e

dkvav a` `kxztkc xbjeceoq iet kvvzla`o xbkx Oeh av fel~cjxjcq mzvx et xbkxwavbjv xbj bk~~a`jvv ei ftjkxztjv“

64djfkzvj ei xbj jravxj`fj ei xbj ~bqvafkc

jyac xbkx ba`hjtv xbj ~je~cj xe kfbajyj xtzj bk~~a`jvv# bk~~a`jvv xbkx feljvitel Bav ~jtijfxae` a` wbafb wj vbktj. Ai xbj` xbkx Oeh tjkccq jravxv# wbq xbj`

xbkx bj cjxv zv dj `ex kcwkqv bk~~q# djfkzvj ei bav oeeh`jvv. Xbj ~tedcjl ei jyac et tkxbjt xbj jravxj`fj ei jyac wezch dj jkvajt xe z`hjtvxk`h xbkx velj

Oehv wjtj dj`jyecj`x k`h velj wjtj lkcjyecj`x# kv bew Otjjgv ~jtfjayjax66# wbafb cjx xbj jyac a` xbj wetch xe jravx.

4.4.   Kcc fk` dj tjhzfjh xe e`j ^ta`fa~cj= Bzlk` Tjkve` et _acc

41 KYJTQ HZCCJV# V.M.# jx kc#  AL # [zjvxae` 41= Xbj ^tedcjl ei Jyac# Xewkth xbj Xtzj

^tedcjl7 Xbj @kxztj k`h Jravxj`fj ei Jyac# 418.6> Fi. KYJTQ HZCCJV# V.M.# jx k c#  AL # [zjvxae` 41= Xbj ^tedcjl ei Jyac# Xbj @zd e i xbj

^tedcjl# 41:6; KYJTQ HZCCJV# V.M.# jx kc#  AL # [zjvxae` 41= Xbj ^tedcjl ei Jyac# Xbj @zd ei xbj

^tedcjl# 41:.64 HKYAH VXJ_KTX# Jr~ceta`o xbj ^BACEVE^BQ ei TJCAOAE@ # @jw Mjtvjq# ^tj`xafj,

Bkcc A`f.# ;112# Hj`akc ei Oeh‑v Dj`jyecj`fj# 4;:.  66 Fi. HKYAH VXJ_KTX# J^T# Hj`akc ei Oeh‑v Dj`jyecj`fj# 4;:.  

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Xbj vjfe`h edmjfxae` xe Vx. Xbelkv‑ ktozlj`xv cajv e` xbj bzlk`tjkve` et wacc vxkxa`o xbkx jyjtqxba`o fk` dj tjhzfjh et fklj itel bzlk`

tjkve` et wacc# jyjtqxba`o fk` dj jr~cka`jh dq `kxztj. Jyjtqxba`o fk` dj

jr~cka`jh djfkzvj# vz~~eva`o xbkx xbjtj av `e Oeh wj fk` vkq xbkx jyjtqxba`ofk` dj tjhzfjh xe e`j ~ta`fa~cj wbafb av `kxztj. Xbj vjfe`h edmjfxae` vxkxjhxbkx=

Ax av vz~jticzezv xe vz~~evj xbkx wbkx fk` dj kffez`xjh iet dq k

ijw ~ta`fa~cjv bkv djj` ~tehzfjh dq lk`q. Dzx ax vjjlv xbkx

jyjtqxba`o wj vjj a` xbj wetch fk` dj kffez`xjh iet dq exbjt

~ta fa~cjv# vz~~eva`o xbkx Oeh hah `ex jravx.68

Jyjtqxba`o a` xbav wetch fk` dj jr~cka`jh jyj` waxbezx xbj ahjk ei Oeh

djfkzvj –iet kcc `kxztkc xba`ov fk` dj tjhzfjh xe e`j ~ta`fa~cj# wbafb av`kxztj7 k`h kcc yecz`xktq xba`ov fk` dj tjhzfjh xe e`j ~ta`fa~cj# wbafb avbzlk` tjkve`# et wacc“

6:# a` vkqa`o xbjvj wethv xbjtj wezch dj `e `jjh xe

vz~~evj xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh# iet ai wj fk` vkq xbkx wj fk` dj waxbezx xbjbjc~ ei k `jfjvvktq dja`o# wj fk` xtk`vfj`h eztvjcyjv a`xe xba`ov xbkx wj kal

djfkzvj ei ezt itjjhel.Xbj wacc ei bzlk` fk` dj kx xbj vklj xalj xbj itjjhel ei lk`7 ax av a`

xbjat wacc xbkx xbjq fk` he jyjtqxba`o. Itajhtafb @ajx}fbj vkah xbkx lk` vbezchxtk`vfj`h balvjci 

69# iet bj djcajyjh xbkx xbjtj av `e Oeh wbe bechv xbj

itjjhel ei ~jtve`# xbj wacc xbkx fk` lkgj bal oe djqe`h. Lk` lzvx xtk`vfj`hkffetha`o xe bal. Bj –lzvx oe djqe`h balvjci k`h djfelj veljxba`ovz~jtaet xe lk`# mzvx kv lk` av vz~jtaet xe xbj le`gjq“

6?7 xbav av xbj xbjetq ei 

xbj vz~jtlk`# xbj Ódjtlj`vfb. Lk` vbezch xtk`vfj`h xe veljxba`o#veljxba`o djqe`h bal. Lk` bkv xbj wacc xe ~ewjt # xbkx jyjtq v~jfaiaf dehq

vxtayjv xe djfelj lkvxjt eyjt kcc v~kfj k`h xe jrxj`h axv ietfj k`h xe xbtzvxdkfg kcc xbkx tjvavxv axv jrxj`vae`. Xbj –vz~jtlk`“ et xbj –Ódjtlj`vfb“

68 XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # Edmjfxae` 4# a` _bjxbjt Oeh Jravxv5# Edmjfxa`o xbkx Oeh

hejv`‑x jravx djfkzvj jyjtqxba`o fk` dj tjhzfjh xe e`j ~ta`fa~cj wbafb av bzlk` tjkve` et 

wacc# ;6.6: XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # Edmjfxae` 4# a` _bjxbjt Oeh Jravxv5# Edmjfxa`o xbkx Oeh

hejv`‑x jravx djfkzvj jyjtqxba`o fk` dj tjhzfjh xe e`j ~ta`fa~cj wbafb av bzlk` tjkve` et 

wacc# ;6.69 Fi . TJQ@KCHE ^KHACCK# ^b.H.# ^LJ # Itajhtafb @ajx}fbj# 6. Xbj Vz~jtlk`# ;1>.6? TJQ@KCHE ^KHACCK# ^b.H.# ^LJ # Itajhtafb @ajx}fbj# 6. Xbj Vz~jtlk`# ;1>.

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;:

–val~cq tj~tjvj`xv @ajx}fbj‑v ahjkc# et calaxa`o fe`fj~xae`# ei xbj otjkxjvx~evvadcj izcc`jvv ei bzlk` caij“

62. K`exbjt ~baceve~bjt# Mjk`,^kzc Vktxtj# k`

kxbjavx jravxj`xakcavx# kcve vkah xbkx xbjtj av `e `jjh iet k Oeh# djfkzvj Oeh

wezch e`cq ba`hjt zv xe djfelj itjj# xe dj wbkx wj wk`x xe djfelj. Bj e`fjvkah xbkx –bzlk` itjjhel ~tjfjhjv jvvj`fj a` lk` k`h lkgjv ax ~evvadcj7 xbjjvvj`fj ei xbj bzlk` dja`o av vzv~j`hjh a` bav itjjhel“

61wbafb fk` dj vkah

xbkx lk` av fk~kdcj ei djfela`o et hea`o wbkx bj wk`xv ai xbjtj wacc dj `eba`htk`fj iet ax. Bj fk` xtk`vfj`h xe wbkx bj wk`xv xe djfelj. Ai ax av kcwkqv

e` xbkx lkxxjt# wj fk` vkq xbkx xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh av lzfb letj `ex `jjhjh djfkzvj wj he`‑x `jjh velje`j wbel wj wacc dj hj~j`ha`o e` ai wj fk` he

ax dq eztvjcyjv. Jyjtqxba`o fk` dj tjhzfjh k`h jr~cka`jh dq xbj bzlk` tjkve`k`h fk` dj he`j dq bzlk` wacc# xbj wacc xbkx wacc cjx zv he jyjtqxba`o

`exwaxbvxk`ha`o xbj ikfx xbkx wj ktj calaxjh hzj xe velj fatfzlvxk`fjv xbkx

kffetha`o xe Vktxtj# wj ktj dja`o ba`hjtjh djfkzvj wj kaljh xe dj cagj xbkxdjfkzvj ei axv al~evvadacaxq.

Hkyah Bzlj av kcve tjokthjh a` xbav iajch. Bzlj ktozjh xbkx kccg`ewcjhoj tjvzcxv itel ezt jr~jtaj`fjv k`h av `ex tjfjayjh itel Oeh et

a``kxj xe ezt la`hv. Xbav ga`h ei jl~atafavl cjh xe xehkq‑v –vfaj`xaiafljxbeh“. Bj vxkxjh xbkx kcc xba`ov fk` dj k ~tehzfjh dq ezt ew` wacc# xbtezob

ezt hjjhv k`h `ex xe fellj`x jyjtqxba`o xe xbj xba`ov xbkx av a``kxj e`cq xezv. Xbav ljxbeh bechv xbkx g`ewcjhoj vbezch dj dkvjh e` edvjtykxae`v tkxbjt

xbk` ezt a`xzaxae` et ikaxb. Tkhafkc jl~atafavl wj`x iztxbjt# ktoza`o xbkx ezt

g`ewcjhoj av `exba`o letj xbk` xbj vzl ei ezt jr~jtaj`fjv.

8>

62 KDTKBKL _ECI# Xbj ^baceve~bq ei @ajx}fbj# Dtavxec# J`ock`h# Xbejlljv ^tjvv#

;118# Caij k`h Fe`hzfx# jr~cka`a`o xbj Vz~jtlk` kffetha`o xe @ajx}fbj# 14.61 LK@ZJC HQ# MT.# ^baceve~bq ei Lk` Vjcjfxjh Tjkha`ov# Lkgkxa Faxq# ^baca~~a`jv#

OEEH_ACC XTKHA@O FE.# A@F.# 4>>;# Xbj Fkvj iet Kdveczxj Itjjhel# ax av vxkxjh

bjtj xbj vxk`h ei Vktxtj e` itjjhel wbjtja` xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh wezch e`cq djfelj k

ba`htk`fj xe djfelj kdveczxjcq itjj# ;?4.8> Fi . TJQ@KCHE ^KHACCK# ^b.H.# ^LJ # Hkyah Bzlj# ;84.

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;9

FBK^XJT AAA

Tj~cajv xe Vx. Xbelkv‑ Ktozlj`xv 

 6.  Xbjavxaf Yajwv

6.;.   A`ia`axj Oeeh`jvv ei Oeh  

Vx. Xbelkv‑ tj~cq xe xbj iatvx edmjfxae` vxk`hv e` xbj ~evaxayj vahj ei xbj

effzttj`fj ei jyac a` xbj wetch. Bj ktxafzckxjh xbkx xbj a`ia`axj oeeh`jvv ei Oeh a`fczhjv xbj jravxj`fj ei jyac k`h ezx ei ax ~tehzfj oeeh

8;. Bj {zexjh Vx.

Kzozvxa`j vkqa`o= –Va`fj Oeh av xbj baobjvx oeeh# Bj wezch `ex kccew k`q

jyac xe jravx a` Bav wetgv# z`cjvv Bav el`a~exj`fj k`h oeeh`jvv wjtj vzfb kvxe dta`o oeeh ezx ei jyac“84

. Xe lkgj oeeh xba`ov ezx ei jyac av yjtq ate`afkcdzx ceega`o e` xbj tjkcaxq xbkx ezx ei dkh xba`ov ax av xbj` xbkx wj wacc tjkca}j xe

he letj oeeh. Xe dj a` xbj kfxzkcaxq ei hea`o dkh xba`ov wacc fklj# xbtezobxbj kah ei Oeh# xbj tjkca}kxae` xe ~zx a`xe kfxzkcaxq xbj ~exj`xakcaxq ei hea`ooeeh`jvv.

Vx. Kzozvxa`j djcajyjh xbkx itjjhel av xbj fk~kfaxq xe he wbkx e`jwk`xv# k`h e`j fk` he wbkx e`j wk`xv jyj` ai Oeh "et k`qe`j jcvj! kctjkhq

g`ewv wbkx xbkx ~jtve` wk`xv. Kzozvxa`j ~ea`xjh ezx xbkx Oeh‑vietjg`ewcjhoj ei k hjfavae` hejv `ex fkzvj xbj hjfavae`# k`qletj xbk` lq

ew` kfxv ktj fkzvjh dq lq g`ewcjhoj ei wbkx A kl oea`o xe he. 86 

8; Fi. XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # ;8.84 XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # Tj~cq ;# a` _bjxbjt Oeh Jravxv5# K`vwjta`o xbj iatvx

edmjfxae` vkqa`o xbkx xbjtj av `e Oeh djfkzvj jyac jravxv# ;8.86 Fi . TJQ@KCHE ^KHACCK# ^b.H.# ^LJ # Vka`x Kzozvxa j# 22.

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;?

Bj`tq ei Obj`x vz~~etxjh xbav ktozlj`x ei Vx. Xbelkv a` xbjvz~tjlkfq ei xbj oeeh`jvv ei Oeh# kv Oeh kv xbj baobjvx oeeh# a` bav – wkq ei jla`j`fj“

88. Bj vkah xbkx kcc xbkx jravxv av vxacc vlkcc k`h hjiafaj`x# jyj` bew

otjkx xbjq ktj# k`h vxacc xbjq ktj `ex a` ~jtijfxae`.

8:

Xbjq ktj vxacc ~ktxkga`o xexbj e`j wbe av xbj baobjvx# xbj e`j wbe av ~jtijfx a` kcc xba`ov. Bj vkahkffetha`o xe xbj deeg   Ljhajykc ^baceve~bq= Itel Kzozvxa`j xe @afbeckv ei Fzvk ei ^kzc Jhwkthv xbkx=

_bkx av xbj levx fjtxka` ve xbkx `e`j fk` hezdx ax av xbkx kle`o

vzfb k yktajxq ei xba`ov xbjtj lzvx dj k baobjvx# jrfjjhjh et jrfjccjh

dq `exba`o. Xbav av xbj xtzj j`xaxq k`h oeeh`jvv# kv ax wjtj# itelwbafb kcc jcvj bkv axv oeeh jvv k`h j xaxq“.

89 

Hae`qvazv xbj Ktje~koaxj wtexj xbkx kdeyj k`q exbjt wethv# e`cq–oeeh“ fk` dj kvftadjh xe Oeh iet ax av Bj wbe av oaya`o jyjtqxba`o xe

jyjtqe`j. Oeh# wbe av xbj Oeeh# cjx Balvjci dj jrxj`hjh xe exbjtv# cagj xbjvz` xbkx tkhakxjv axv vz`caobx xe exbjtv xbkx xbjq# xee# lkq bkyj k ~etxae` ei xbj

bjkx xbkx xbj vz` bkv. Hae`qvazv jr~cka`v xbj –jyac“ wbafb av j`xatjcq xkgj`itel ^tefczv# vxkxa`o xbkx –Xbjtj fk` dj# xbj`# `e vzfb xba`ov kv kdveczxj

`e`dja`o k`h al~exj`fj. Jyac# xbj`# fk` dj hjia`jh e`cq a` `jokxayj xjtlv= axav k` kdvj`fj# k hjijfx# k hj~taykxae`“

8?. Hae`qvazv wk`xjh xe vkq xbkx jyac

e`cq jravxv djfkzvj ei xbj ckfg ei oeeh wbafb xbj ~je~cj ktj hea`o. Oehhejv`‑x ftjkxjh k`q jyac dzx djfkzvj ei Bav oeeh`jvv# Bj cjx lk` bkyj xbj

itjjhel xe he k`qxba`o jyj` ai xbav wezch cjkh xe dkh xba`ov# iet Oeh g`ewvxbkx ezx ei xbjat dca`h`jvv xe vjj xbj oeeh xbkx xbjq bkyj xbjq fk` tj,j`ga`hcja` xbjl xbj oeeh`jvv xbkx xbjq a`bjtax itel Oeh. Xbjq fk``ex oe a`xe a`ia`axq

ei hea`o jyac djfkzvj xbjtj av `e kdveczxj jyac7 ax av mzvx xbj ckfg ei tjfeo`axae`ei xbj oeeh`jvv xbkx wj ktj vbkta`o itel Oeh‑v ~jtijfx oeeh`jvv. 

6.4.   Kcc fk` dj Xtkfjh Dkfg xe k` Alleykdcj= Oeh 

88 ^KZC JH_KTHV k`h Tafbkth ^e~ga`#   Ljhajykc ^baceve~bq= Itel Kzozvxa`j xe

 @afbeckv ei Fzvk# @jw Qetg Faxq# Xbj Itjj ^tjvv# ;191# 628.  8: Fi. ^KZC JH_KTHV k`h Tafbkth ^e~ga`# L^# 628.89^KZC JH_KTHV k`h Tafbkth ^e~ga`# L^# 628.8? VJQLEZT LKTXA@ jx kc#  K Bavxetq ei ^baceve~bq# @jw Qetg Faxq# I.V. FTEIXV )

Fe.# ;18;# 49:.

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;2

Vx. Xbelkv tj~cajh koka`vx xbj vjfe`h edmjfxae`# xbj fk~kfaxq ei –e`cq“xbj bzlk` tjkve` et wacc xe dj xbj tjhzfjh ietl ei jyjtqxba`o# vkqa`o xbkx kcc

fk` dj xtkfjh dkfg xe bzlk` wacc. Vx. Xbelkv‑ xbath ~teei av xbj djvx wkq xe

~teyj xbkx kcc fk` dj xtkfjh dkfg xe k` Alleykdcj E`j# wbe av Oeh. Bj vxkxjhxbkx=

Va`fj `kxztj wetgv iet k hjxjtla`kxj j`h z`hjt xbj hatjfxae` ei 

k baobjt koj`x# wbkxjyjt av he`j dq `kxztj lzvx `jjhv dj xtkfjh dkfg 

xe Oeh# kv xe axv iatvx fkzvj. Ve kcve wbkxjyjt av he`j yecz`xktacq lzvx

kcve dj xtkfjh dkfg xe velj baobjt fkzvj exbjt xbk` bzlk` tjkve` etwacc# va`fj xbav fk` fbk`oj k`h ikac7 iet kcc xba`ov xbkx ktj fbk`ojkdcj

k`h fk~kdcj ei hjijfx lzvx dj xtkfjh dkfg xe k` alleykdcj k`h vjci,

`jfjvvktq iatvx ~ta`fa~cj.82

Xbj ~teei itel xbj fe`xa`oj`fq jr~tjvvjv xbkx jyjtqxba`o av fe`xa`oj`x#hjlk`ha`o k` zcxalkxj dja`o# k `jfjvvktq dja`o# iet xbjl xe jravx xbjat ew`

jravxj`fj. Xbkx yjtq `jfjvvktq dja`o# wbjtj kcc xbj fe`xa`oj`x dja`ov hj~j`he` av `e exbjt xbk` Oeh.

Kffetha`o xe Tafbkth Xkqcet e` bav –^ta`fa~cj ei Vziiafaj`x Tjkve`“# bjvkah xbkx xbjtj lzvx dj k tjkve` iet xbj jravxj`fj ei jyjtqxba`o

81. Bj ~ea`xv ezx

xbkx Vx. Xbelkv K{za`kv‑ ktozlj`xv itel fbk`oj k`h fkzvkxae` ktj ljtjcqyktak`xv ei xbj ~ta`fa~cj ei vziiafaj`x tjkve`

:>. Xbjtj av k tjkve` iet jyjtqxba`o

xbkx jravxv djfkzvj bzlk` kv wj ktj7 wj kcwkqv xba`g xbkx xba`ov he `ex jravx

waxbezx k`q tjkve`. Iet Tafbkth Xkqcet# xwe khlavvae`v lzvx dj lkhj= ";! wjfk``ex ~teyj xbkx xbav ~ta`fa~cj ei vziiafaj`x tjkve` av xtzj dzx waxbezx

kvvzla`o xbav ~ta`fa~cj# wj fezch ~teyj `exba`o jcvj=

Xe vkq xbkx xbjtj av `e vziiafaj`x tjkve` av xe vkq xbkx xbjtj av `e

jr~ck`kxae` kx kcc# k`h xbav wj wezch ia`h al~ckzvadcj djfkzvj ax

yaeckxjv k` kvvzl~xae` z`hjtcqa`o kcc tkxae`kc xbezobx.:;

"4! Xbjtj av `exba`o a` xbj ktozlj`x itel fe`xa`oj`fq xe ~teyj xbkx xbj wetchbkh k djoa``a`o a` xalj# dzx vxacc ax av hj~j`hj`x e` veljxba`o wbafb fkzvjv ax#

82 XBELKV K[ZA@KV# VX # Tj~cq ;# a` _bjxbjt Oeh Jravxv5# K`vwjta`o xbj vjfe`h

edmjfxae` vkqa`o xbkx kcc fk` dj xtkfjh dkfg xe k` alleykdcj# wbe av Oeh# ;8.81 Fi. HKYAH VXJ_KTX# J^T# 98.:> Fi. HKYAH VXJ_KTX# J^T# ?2.:; HKYAH VXJ_KTX# J^T# ?;.

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;1

wbafb wj z`hjtvxk`h kv Oeh.:4

Vzfb k dja`o xbkx av alleykdcj fk` djkxxtadzxjh xbj fkzvj ei jyjtqxba`o xbkx av bk~~j`a`o.

Kcc fk` xtzcq dj kxxtadzxjh xe Oeh djfkzvj Bj kce`j av xbj e`j xbkx jravx

djietj kcc dja`ov. Bav dja`o k `jfjvvktq cjx Bal djfelj xbj e`j alleykdcjk`h xbj veztfj ei kcc xbkx jravx k`h xbkx ~jtavbjv.

:4 Fi. HKYAH VXJ_KTX# J^T# ?;.

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4>

FE@FCZVAE@ 

Xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh bkv djfelj k otjkx avvzj a` xbj ljhajykc ~jtaeh

wbjtj kclevx kcc ~baceve~bjtv ei xbav koj bkyj xtajh xe vjj et vjjg xbj ~teeivei Oeh‑v jravxj`fj. Letjeyjt# xbj otjkx`jvv ei xbj ljhajykc jtk bkv j`hjh

wbj` xbj lehjt` ~baceve~bjtv ktezvj waxb xbjat tkxae`kcavxaf ~baceve~bajv# et

cjx zv vkq xbjat kxbjavxaf ~baceve~bajv. Ax bkv djfelj k otjkx fbkccj`oj iet zv xevxacc djcajyj kixjt kcc xbj `jokxae`v xbkx bkv djj` lkhj e` xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh.

Vka`x Xbelkv‑ –Iayj ^teeiv“ djfklj k otjkx bjc~ iet kcc xbj ~je~cj wbetjkccq vjjg xbj ~teeiv ei Oeh‑v jravxj`fj. Xbezob ax wkv k felda`kxae` ei 

~baceve~bq k`h xbjeceoq# bj bkv j`tafbjh ax xe dj k ~baceve~bafkc ~teei. Xbjkhe~xae` ei Ktavxexcj‑v hefxta`j ei xbj iezt fkzvjv ‖  xbj lkxjtakc fkzvj# ietlkc

fkzvj# jiiafaj`x fkzvj# k`h ia`kc fkzvj# bjc~jh bal k cex xe vz~~cq xbj `jjhv e`  ~teya`o Oeh‑v jravxj`fj xbtezob xbj jiijfxv ei Bav wetgv

:6. Vx. Xbelkv‑

~teeiv oayj fjtxka` ~tjijtj`fjv xe xbj iatvx ~teei# xe xbj jrxj`x xbkx ax fk` dj

vkah kv xbj yak lk`aijvxaet # djfkzvj ax bkv djfelj xbj vxj~~a`o vxe`j xe bkyjtjkfbjh k haya`j k`h ~talj leyjt. Bewjyjt# xbj iz`hklj`xkc ~teei cajv e` xbjktozlj`x itel fe`xa`oj`fq# xbj xbath ~teei. Xbj ktozlj`x axvjci dkvjh e` xbj

ikfx xbkx –jyjtqxba`o lzvx bkyj axv vzii afaj`x tjkve`# xbj tjkve` wbq axjravxv“

:8# `exwaxbvxk`ha`o xbj ikfx xbkx xbj exbjt ~teeiv vxacc okyj xbj jkvq

z`hjtvxk`ha o e` Oeh‑v jravxj`fj xbkx av veljbew teexjh e` xbj iatvx ~teei=

Fbk`oj et lexae` lzvx bkyj axv vziiafaj`x tjkve` a` k`

z`leyjh leyjt# xbj vjtajv ei vjfe`hktq fkzvjv k`h jiijfxv a` k`

z fkzvjh fkzvj# calaxjh ~jtijfxae` a` kdveczxj ~jtijfxae`# k h ia`kcaxq

k`h ethjt a` `kxztj a` k` a`xjccaoj`fj et hjvao`jt.::

:6 Fi . TJQ@KCHE ^KHACCK# ^b.H.# ^LJ # Vka`x Xbelkv K{za`kv# ;>4.:8 ITJHJTAFG FE^^CJVXE@# V.M.# KB^# 9:.:: ITJHJTAFG FE^^CJVXE@# V.M.# KB^# 9:.

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4;

Xbjavxaf ~baceve~bjtv bkyj bjc~jh k cex iet xbj ~je~cj xe vxacc tjlka` a`ikaxb a` xbj Oeh# wbel Vx. Xbelkv bkyj hjhafkxjh balvjci xe ckq hew` iet xbj

ikaxbizc ~je~cj xbj ~teeiv ei Bav jravxj`fj. Kxbjavxv wezch bkyj kcwkqv

v~egj` ei xbj `e`,jravxj`fj ei Oeh dzx xbj ljtj ikfx xbkx xbjq bkyj xbj ahjkei Oeh# xbjq fk``ex hj`q xbj ikfx xbkx Oeh bkyj jravxjh. Ax av k` kdvzthaxq kcvexe xba`g xbkx Oeh hejv `ex jravx ai wj tjkccq he`‑x g`ew wbjtj wj fklj itel#

et itel wbel wj ewj ezt cayjv. Xbj ahjk ei Oeh djfklj ikt itel xbjldjfkzvj xbjq bkyj hj~j`hjh e` xbjlvjcyjv kce`j. Xbjq lkq dj otjkx a` xbjat

wetgv dzx xbjq ktj mzvx caya`o e` xbj ahjk ei kdvzthaxq djfkzvj ei xbjat`jokxae` xe xbj e`j wbe okyj xbjl wbkx xbjq bkyj lkhj.

E` xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh# wj fk``ex xjcc wbkx av `ex zvzkc xe zv# et cjx zvvkq wj fk``ex djcajyj e` wbkx wj vjj# kv xbj felle` ~je~cj ei xehkq wezch

xba`g ei. Dzx djfkzvj wj wjtj det` e` k Fbtavxak` iklacq# wj bkyj `e fbeafj

dzx xe djcajyj e` xbj jravxj`fj ei Oeh. _j fk` e`cq vkq xe eztvjcyjv wbjxbjtwj djcajyj et `ex wbj` wj bkyj xbj taobx mzholj`x e` wbkx xe djcajyj. Dckavj

^kvfkc e`fj vkah kdezx Oeh# a` bav –_kojt  ktozlj`x“# wbafb Oeh jaxbjt jravxvet bj hejv `ex. Ai wj djcajyj a` Oeh k`h bj jravxv# wj wacc dj tjwkthjh waxb

jxjt`kc dcavv a` bjkyj`. Ai wj djcajyj a` Oeh k`h bj hejv `ex jravx xbj` kxwetvx kcc wj bkyj ietoe`j ktj k ijw va`izc ~cjkvztjv. Ai wj he `ex djcajyj a`

Oeh k`h bj hejv jravx wj lkq j`meq k ijw va`izc ~cjkvztjv# dzx wj lkq ikfjjxjt`kc hkl`kxae`. Ai wj he `ex djcajyj a` Oeh k`h bj hejv `ex jravx xbj` ezt

va`v wacc `ex dj ~z`avbjh. _ezch k`q tkxae`kc okldcjt xba`g xbkx xbj

jr~jtaj`fj ei k ijw va`izc ~cjkvztjv av wetxb xbj tavg ei jxjt`kc hkl`kxae`5

:9

 Lk`q xba`ov bkyj djj` vkah a` xbav ~k~jt kdezx xbj ~teeiv e` xbjjravxj`fj ei Oeh# dzx ax av vxacc z~e` zv wbjxbjt wj djcajyj et `ex. Xe djcajyj

a` Oeh av ezt fbeafj# wj bkyj xbj itjjhel djfkzvj ei Oeh‑v a`ia`axj ceyj# k`hezt caij wacc kcwkqv hj~j`h e` xbkx fbeafj. Xbjtj ktj lk`q ~teeiv xe dj`jjhjh iet k lk` wbe tjkccq hejv`‑x bkyj k`q ikaxb a` xbj Oeh wbel wj

djcajyj# dzx iet k lk` wbe bkv# jyj` k caxxcj ikaxb# `e ~teei av `jjhjh. K`h A{zexj Itjhjtafg Fe~~cjvxe`# V.M. kv A j`h xbav ~k~jt=

Kv xbjq vxk`h# xbj iayj ~teeiv ei Vka`x Xbelkv lkq dj vkah xe

dj k` jr~cafaxkxae` ei xbj wethv ei xbj Deeg ei _avhel k`h ei Vka`x

:9 Fi. ^KZC JH_KTHV# J`fqfce~jhak ei ^baceve~bq# Yeczlj 9# Lkflacck` ^zdcavba`o

Fe.# Xbj Itjj ^tjvv# @jw Qetg# ;19?# Dckavj ^kvfkc e` Tjcaoae`# :8.

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44

^kzc a` Telk`v xbkx Oeh fk` dj g`ew` itel Bav wetgv# kv

xtk`vfj`ha`o Bav wetgv.:?

:? ITJHJTAFG FE^^CJVXE@# V.M.# KB^# 9:.

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46

KDDTJYAKXAE@V

 KKT K` K{za`kv Tjkhjt KB^ K Bavxetq ei ^baceve~bq dq Fe~~cjvxe`

FFK Fkldtahoj Fel~k`ae` xe K{za`kvFi. Fe`ijt

J^ J`fqfce~jhak ei ^baceve~bqJ^T Jr~ceta`o xbj ^baceve~bq ei Tjcaoae`

 B^ K Bavxetq ei ^baceve~bq dq Lktxa` AL  A`xtehzfxetq Ljxk~bqvafv

 A^ A`xtehzfxae` xe ^baceve~bq

 L^ Ljhajykc ^baceve~bq Itel Kzozvxa`j xe @afbeckv ei Fzvk^LVT ^baceve~bq ei Lk` Vjcjfxjh Tjkha`ovVX  Vzllk Xbjeceoafk

X^@  Xbj ^baceve~bq ei @ajx}fbj

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DADCAEOTK^BQ

;. _etg ei Vka`x Xbelkv K{za`kv

K[ZA@KV# XBELKV# Vzllk Xbjeceoafk# J`ocavb Jhaxae`# Yeczlj A# @jw

Qetg Faxq# Dj`}a`ojt Dtev.# ;182.

4. Vjfe`hktq Veztfjv 

FCKTG# LKTQ X.# K` K{za`kv Tjkhjt # @jw Qetg Faxq# Alkoj Deegv# 4>>>.FE^^CJVXE@# ITJHJTAFG V.M.#  K Bavxetq ei ^baceve~bq# Yeczlj 4# ^ktx

AA# @jw Qetg Faxq# Alkoj Deegv# ;194.HZCCJV# KYJTQ V.M.# jx kc#  A@XTEHZFXETQ LJXK^BQVAFV# @jw Qetg 

Faxq# Vbjjh k`h _kth# ;1::.HQ# LK@ZJC# MT.# ^baceve~bq ei Lk` Vjcjfxjh Tjkha`ov# Lkgkxa Faxq#

^baca~~a`jv# OEEH_ACC XTKHA@O FE.# A@F.# 4>>;.

JH_KTHV# ^KZC k`h Tafbkth ^e~ga`#   Ljhajykc ^baceve~bq= Itel Kzozvxa`j xe @afbeckv ei Fzvk# @jw Qetg Faxq# Xbj Itjj ^tjvv# ;191. 

OCJ@@# ^KZC M.# ^b.H.# V.X.H.# A`xtehzfxae` xe ^baceve~bq# @jw Qetg Faxq#D. BJTHJT DEEG FE.# ;188.

GTJX]LK@@# @ETLK@ k`h Jcje`etj Vxzl~# Fkldtahoj Fel~k`ae` xe K[ZA@KV# Fkldtahoj# Fkldtahoj Z`ayjtvaxq ^tjvv# ;116. 

LKTXA@# VJQLEZT jx kc# K Bavxetq ei ^baceve~bq# @jw Qetg Faxq# I.V.FTEIXV ) Fe.# ;18;.

^KHACCK# TJQ@KCHE# ^b.H.# ^baceve~bq Lkhj Jkvq# Lk`hkczqe`o Faxq#Deegv Kxd~. ^zdcavba`o Fet~.# 4>>2.

VXJ_KTX# HKYAH# Jr~ceta`o xbj ^BACEVE^BQ ei TJCAOAE@ # @jwMjtvjq# ^tj`xafj,Bkcc A`f.# ;112.

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_ECI# KDTKBKL# Xbj ^baceve~bq ei @ajx}fbj# Dtavxec# J`ock`h#Xbejlljv ^tjvv# ;118.

6. Oj`jtkc Veztfj 

Xbj J`fqfce~jhak ei ^baceve~bq# Yeczlj 9# @jw Qetg# Lkflacck` ^zdcavba`o

Fe.# ;19?.

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XKDCJ EI FE@XJ@XV

A@XTEHZFXAE@…………………………………………………………. 6

FBK^XJT A. Vka`x Xbelkv K{za`kv‑ –Iayj _kqv“……………... ?

;. Xbj Iayj _kqv……………………………………………………… ?;.;. Ktozlj`x Itel Lexae`………………………………….. ?

;.4. Ktozlj`x Itel Fkzvkcaxq……………………………….. 2;.6. Ktozlj`x Itel Fe`xa`oj`fq…………………………..... 2

;.8. Ktozlj`x Itel Hjotjjv ei ^jtijfxae`…………………... 1;.:. Ktozlj`x Itel Ia`kcaxq…………………………………. ;>

FBK^XJT AA. Edmjfxae`v xe Vka`x Xbelkv‑ Ktozlj`xv……………….. ;44. Kxbjavxaf Yajwv…………………………………………………….. ;44.;. Xbjtj av Jyac a` xbj _etch……………………………….. ;4

4.4. Kcc fk` dj tjhzfjh xe e`j ta f a~cj=Bzlk` Tjkve` et _acc……………………………...... ;6

FBK^XJT AAA.  Tj~cajv xe Vka`x Xbelkv‑ Ktozlj`xv………………….. ;96. Xbjavxaf Yajwv……………………………………………………... ;9

6.;. A`ia`axj Oeeh`jvv ei Oeh……………………………….. ;96.4. Kcc fk` dj xtkfjh dkfg xe k` Alleykdcj=

Oeh…………………………………………………… ;?

FE@FCZVAE@…………………………………………………………… 4>KDDTJYAKXAE@V………………………………………………………. 46

DADCAEOTK^BQ………………………………………………………… 48XKDCJ EI FE@XJ@XV…………………………………………………. 49

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HJHAFKXAE@

A hjhafkxj xbav tjvjktfb iet kcc xbj ~je~cj ei Oeh wbe vxacc djcajyj a`

Bal hjv~axj ei xbj haiiafzcxajv k`h xbj lzcxaxzhj ei ~je~cjv wbe he `ex djcajyja` xbj Oeh wbel xbj Fkxbecafv djcajyjh a`7 k`h xe xbevj ~je~cj ei oeeh wacc

wbe ktj vxacc vjjga`o iet xbj caobx ei xtzxb iet k xtzj Oeh wbel xbjq wacc

djcajyjh a`.