The First World War-WWI “The war to end all Wars” “The war to make the world safe for Democracy” “The Great War” Boys and Girls! War Savings Stamps Poster by James Montgomery Flagg 1917-18
Jan 15, 2016
The First World War-WWI
“The war to end all Wars”
“The war to make the world safe for Democracy”
“The Great War”
Boys and Girls! War Savings Stamps Poster by James Montgomery Flagg 1917-18
2
5-W’s of WWIWhat:
When:
Who:
Where:
Why:
3
The First World War:
•War involving nearly all the nations of the world
•1914-1918
What?
When?
4
The First World War:
Who?
GermanyAustria-HungaryOttoman EmpireBulgaria
Russia (out-1917)FranceGreat BritainItalyJapanUnited States (in-1917)
Central Powers: Allies:
5
The First World War:
Where?
6
The First World War:
Why?
Long term -
1. Militarism
2. Alliance system
3. Imperialism
4. Nationalism
Short term - Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro-Hungarian EmpireFranz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and
his Wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths, June 28, 1914
7
1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance SystemTriple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente::
Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::
8
Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
9
The Major Players: 1914-17
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
10
Europe in 1914Europe in 1914
11
2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany 73%
12
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries
13
4. Aggressive Nationalism
4. Aggressive Nationalism
The
“Spark”
The
“Spark”
15
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
The“Powder
Keg”of Europe
16
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
17
The Assassination: Sarajevo
The Assassination: Sarajevo
18
The Assassin: The Assassin:
GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
19
Steps to War-AlliancesAustria-Hungary Ultimatum to Serbia
July 28th declares war on Serbia
Russia mobilizes army Austrian/German Border
August 1 Germany declares war on Russia
Aug 3- Germany declares war on France
Aug 4- Germany invades Belgium to get to France-Great Britain declares war on Germany
20
The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan
21
Battle of the Marne
•Early September 1914
•Left Schlieffen plan in ruins= 2 front war for Germany- Key event
•Turned Western Front into a stalemate
•Trench Warfare- Horrific conditions
•“No man’s land”= land between trenches
22
Trench WarfareTrench Warfare
23
Trench WarfareAll Quiet on the Western Front
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEaHnD0DIgc
24
War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
25
Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War
26
Americans in the Trenches
Americans in the Trenches
27
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917
28
A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
29
The Western FrontThe Western Front
30
The Battle on the Eastern Front
•German & Russian Border
•More mobile than Western Front
•Russia struggled- not as industrialized, supplies blocked
•One strength was numbers of soliders
•War spreads to Africa, Southwest and southeast Asia
Total War
•All resources and people in a country are impacted- involved in some capacity
•Women-take jobs formerly held by men
•Resources are allocated to fighting the war
•Rationing takes place- people limit what they use
31
French Women Factory Workers
French Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Russian Women Soldiers
Russian Women Soldiers
The War of theIndustrial Revolution:NewTechnology
The War of theIndustrial Revolution:NewTechnology
French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank
U-BoatsU-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The AirplaneThe Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
“Squadron Over the Brenta”
Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin
FlameThrowers
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchersGrenade
Launchers
Poison Gas
Poison Gas
Machine Gun
Machine Gun
43
Section 3- War Affects the World
•Gallipoli Campaign- attempt to control the Dardanells Strait- open supply lines to Russia-ends up a long deadly struggle.•Both Eastern & Western fronts- brutal, lots of causalities•Russia –Communist Revolution Nov 1917- Vladimir Lenin- Bolsheviks (communists) take over Czar Nicholas II and family is executed•Treaty of Brest-Litovsk-end war between Germany & Russia•Now a 1 Front War-Western Front
Gallipoli Campaign
44
UNITED STATES ENTERS THE WAR
APRIL 191745
46
Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war?
•America was isolationist
•“Why should I get involved in someone else’s problems”
47
Which side should the US pick?
•11 million German-Americans •Irish-Americans hated Great Britain
•Close cultural ties •Shared transatlantic cables (so censored stories)•Big business loaned much $ to allies
Central Powers: Allies:
Nations 1914 1915 1916 Britain $594,271,863 $911,794,954 $1,526,685,102 France $159,818,924 $364,397,170 $628,851,988 Germany $344,794,276 $28,863,354 $288,899
US Exports to both sides:
48
What did it take to get the US involved?
1. Blockades
•Britain blockaded (stopped) all German ships going to America
•Germany announced a submarine war around Britain
Y-53 German Submarine 1916
49
What did it take to get the US involved?
1. Blockades
•In May, 1915 Germany told Americans to stay off of British ships
•They could/would sink them
50
What did it take to get the US involved?
1. Blockades
•Lusitania torpedoed, sinking with 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans)•Was eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunitionGerman Propaganda Justifying Lusitania
sinking
51
What did it take to get the US involved?
1. Blockades
•The US sharply criticized Germany for their action
•Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning in the futureNote in Bottle After Lusitania Disaster
52
What did it take to get the US involved?
2. Unlimited Submarine Warfare
•1917 Germany announced “unlimited submarine warfare” in the war zone
Why? Otherwise their blockade would not be successful
53
What did it take to get the US involved?
3. Zimmerman Note
•US intercepted a note from Germany to Mexico, •It promised Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back in return for an alliance
54
What did it take to get the US involved?
4. Propaganda
information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc
Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters
Australian PosterAustralian Poster
American PosterAmerican Poster
Financing the WarFinancing the War
German PosterGerman Poster
Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children!
60
61
What did it take to get the US involved?
•JP Morgan, Bethlehem Steel- Loans, materiel (arms, ammunition, and equipment in general)
•Britain/France owed US corporations millions of $
•The thought of the Allies losing would result in financial ruin for American Banks
5. American Financial Interests
62
What did it take to get the US involved?
•Zimmerman Note + the sinking of 4 unarmed American ships led to a declaration of war, propaganda, financial concerns
63
How was the war looking for the allies?
•Russia left the war after its communist revolution in 1917
•Made it a one front war for Germany - all its troops could concentrate on France
Not Good...
64
Convincing the American PeoplePosters - Gee!!
•How do you think this poster helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea?
65
Convincing the American People
1. War to End All Wars
Idealism: 2 Goals For War:
2. Making the World Safe for Democracy
66
Convincing the American People
Idealism: Fourteen Points
What? President Wilson’s Plan for after the war
•Fourteen promises, including freedom of the seas & a League of Nations to work for peace
President Woodrow Wilson
67
What did the US do to help?
•US provided the food, money, and fresh toops needed to win the war
American Troops March Through London
Supplies:
68
How did the War Affect the US?
Women
•Women filled factory jobs
•May have led 19th Ammendment after the war (Gave women the right to vote)
•Black soldiers still served in Segregated Units
African Americans
•“Great Migration” - thousands of African Americans moved North to work in factories
69
How did the War Affect the US?
Enforcing Loyalty
•Hatred of all things German
•Ex. “Liberty Cabbage”; Liberty Measles; Liberty Sandwiches, Liberty puppies
•Red Scare-Fear of communism
•Espionage Act 1917 & Sedition Act of 1918 punished those against the war (many labor leaders)
70
End of World War I•New troops from US arrive (2 Million)AEF-American Expeditionary Force- General “Black-Jack” Pershing- “Doughboys”
•July 1918- 2nd Battle of Marne- Allies advance on Germany
•Other Central Powers surrender (A-H, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire)
•November 9, 1918- Kaiser Wilhlem II forced to resign
71
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
“A Flawed Peace” The Treaty of Versailles
The Big FourDavid L. George-Great BritainVittorio Orlando-ItalyGeorges' Clemenceau-FranceWoodrow WilsonUSA
73
Treaty of VersaillesWilson’s Plan- The Fourteen Points:•1ST Five-End to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, reduced national armies, free trade, adjustment of colonial claims
•6-13- Specific suggestions-new nations & boundaries-”Self-Determination” (nationalism)
•14th Point- League of Nations
74
Not so fast Woody!!
75
France wanted to punish Germany
Treaty signed June 28, 1919-Paris Peace conferenceTreaty of Versailles:•Germany to accept blame-Article 231- Guilt clause•Germany loses territory•Restricts military•Pay reparations (war debts)-$33 Billion ($7 trillion 2004 $)
New Nations & BoundariesEurope before WWI Europe after WWI
76
Other impact of Versailles Treaty
•Mandate System”: Former Ottoman Empire, Pacific territories, and in Africa. European nations controlled areas until “ready for independence
•Left legacy of bitterness- German resentment- led to rise of Facism
•European domination of colonial possessions through Mandate System
77
Legacy of World War I
•Huge costs: 30+ million soldiers killed or wounded
•Destroyed industries, farms, cities
•Millions of civilians died, starved
•Staggering economic costs- $340 billion
•Caused disillusionment with world condition
78
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
20 Million died20 Million died20 Million died20 Million died