53 The First Japanese Textbook cum Grammar Written in German: Philipp Noack’s (1886) Lehrbuch der Japanischen Sprache Stefan Kaiser 1. Introduction Philipp Noack’s (1886) Lehrbuch der Japanischen Sprache was the first attempt at a textbook/grammar of Japanese written in the German language. Ironically, the first German man to write a grammar of Japanese was J. J. Hoffmann, who, however, published his magnum opus concurrently in Dutch and English in 1868. In 1877 this was translated into German, but is not listed among Noack’s list of references, even though it precedes his work by several years. In terms of structure, the work consists of an introduction, where Noack gives a brief account of the history of Japanese and its styles and dialects, followed by a chapter on writing and pronunciation, then nine chapters containing a detailed account of his nine parts of speech (see section 3. below). After that there are 62 “miscellaneous examples”, which consist of everyday sentences (e.g. 6. Watakussi mo imada jokohama ni wori massu, I too still reside in Yokohama) or sayings (e.g. 29. Ihanu ha ihu ni massaru, silence is better than talking) [re. Noack’s system of romanization, see section 2. below]. Thereafter, we find 10 “exercises with translation and explanation” in romanized Japanese, with German
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53
The First Japanese Textbook cum Grammar
Written in German: Philipp Noack’s (1886)
Lehrbuch der Japanischen Sprache
Stefan Kaiser
1. IntroductionPhilipp Noack’s (1886) Lehrbuch der Japanischen Sprache was
the first attempt at a textbook/grammar of Japanese written in the
German language. Ironically, the first German man to write a
grammar of Japanese was J. J. Hoffmann, who, however, published
his magnum opus concurrently in Dutch and English in 1868. In
1877 this was translated into German, but is not listed among
Noack’s list of references, even though it precedes his work by
several years.
In terms of structure, the work consists of an introduction,
where Noack gives a brief account of the history of Japanese and
its styles and dialects, followed by a chapter on writing and
pronunciation, then nine chapters containing a detailed account of
his nine parts of speech (see section 3. below). After that there are
62 “miscellaneous examples”, which consist of everyday sentences
(e.g. 6. Watakussi mo imada jokohama ni wori massu, I too still
reside in Yokohama) or sayings (e.g. 29. Ihanu ha ihu ni massaru,
silence is better than talking) [re. Noack’s system of romanization,
see section 2. below]. Thereafter, we find 10 “exercises with
translation and explanation” in romanized Japanese, with German
translation, glossary and grammatical explanations. The main
part of the work is rounded off by an historical table (names of
emperors and year periods), an extensive index of words with
page references, and “additions” containing further explanations
as well as the actual pronunciations (incl. accent) [see again
section 2. for romanization, which is not based on pronunciation
but Japanese spelling] of some of the exercises. The work thus far
is entirely in romanization, but the appendix gives tables of
Japanese writing, including the hiragana and katakana Iroha
(Japanese alphabet), several pages of commonly used Chinese
characters, and a sample of a Japanese translation of the Gospel
According to John.
In terms of organization, this work is similar to a number of other
Bakumatsu-Meiji Western works on the Japanese language, in that
the main part consists of a “grammar” section (usually just the main
body of the work, but by some called “theoretical part, or grammar”
(Chamberlain 1888) and a sentences or text part (called variously
“practical part, or reader” (Chamberlain 1888), “chrestomathy”
(Aston 1888), or “extracts” (Aston 1872). S. R. Brown (1863), who
is referred to by Noack in the text, and E. Satow (1873), who appears
to have been unknown to Noack (see also 4. below) were perhaps
the most consistent in their arrangement in that their example
sentences have numbers, which are referred to in the grammar
section. Noack’s arrangement, however, is not so neat. He has some
example sentences as part of his text (grammatical explanations),
but the sentences and text examples are not systematically referred
to. Regarding the particle ga, for instance, which is listed in his
index of words (:308), lists three uses; if we look at the 2nd of these,
which is explained as “frequent marker of the nominative as a
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The first Japanese textbook cum grammar written in German
55
subject, when it is not particularly emphasized or stressed (häufige
Bezeichnung des Nominativs als Subjektes, wenn es nicht besonders
hervorgehoben oder betont werden soll)”. This is then simply
followed by a list of page numbers. Two of these refer to part of
the explanation and examples of ga (:30f) as a nominative particle,
and another two to a passing reference to ga along with other
particles, but the remaining four are references to the examples
section of various other parts of speech. Only in one instance (:54)
is the reference unambiguous in that there is only one example
sentence involving ga on the page, whereas the other three pages
(:39, :120 and :132) contain two or more sentences with ga,
consisting of a mixture of nominative and genitive uses without
any indication as to which is which, which is not exactly a user-
friendly way of organizing the book.
Like Hoffmann, Noack appears never to have visited Japan, and
therefore had to rely on other sources, European and Japanese. As
far the grammar of the language is concerned, his sources (listed
after the table of contents) were Hoffmann’s (1868) Grammar and
Astons’s A short Grammar of the Japanese spoken language (3rd
ed., 1873), as well as the kotoba no maki part of a source quoted as
E-iri chie no wa (1872) written in Japanese. In the text, he also
refers to S. R. Brown (:107) and Aston’s Grammar of the Japanese
Written Language (:108).
His short list of aids also gives Liggins’ One thousand familiar
phrases in English and Romanized Japanese (3rd ed. 1870), Hepburn’s
Dictionary (2nd ed. of 1872, and “Wörterbuch der japanischen und
deutschen Sprache, bearbeitet von mehreren Japanern. Tokyo
1877, Verlag von K. Hibiya und S. Kato.” As pointed out in Kaiser
(1995:78), this seems to be the following work, which was modelled
『国際日本研究』創刊号 Stefan Kaiser
after Hepburn’s Dictionary, but arranged in Iroha order:
Wörterbuch der Japanischen und Deutschen Sprache, durchgesehen
von Herrn R. Lehmann, Lehrer an der deutschen Schule in Kioto,
erster Theil, Japanisch-Deutsch, Tokio, 1877. Verlag von K. Hibiya
und S. Kato.
This dictionary was used by Noack as a check (Japanese spelling
and meaning) for his substantial word list (Wörterverzeichnis),
which amounts to over 100 pages (pp. 301–405).
According to the author, Hoffmann, Aston and Liggins were
also used for Japanese examples, although the bulk was “mostly
collected but in principle not generated by the author (grösstenteils
jedoch von dem Verfasser selbst gesammelt, aber grundsätzlich
nicht von ihm selbst gebildet)” (:VI), presumably from Japanese
informants and/or written Japanese sources such as the Japanese
translation of the Gospel According to John of 1873, also mentioned
in his sources.
In the following, I will examine Noack’s work from a number of
angles, including his system of romanization, parts of speech and
their order, and some of his grammatical explanations against the
background of his main sources, Hoffmann and Aston,
2. System of romanizing JapaneseNoack does not explain the rationale for and details of his choice
of romanization, except for stating in the preface his reasons for
not adopting the system used in English books(1) on the subject:
The author has been unable to make up his mind regarding
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The first Japanese textbook cum grammar written in German
57
the advice given from others concerning the transliteration of
Japanese syllable and sound letters according to the system
used in books written in English. English authors might well
find it appropriate in their works to write the vowels according
to German-Latin, and the consonants according to English
pronunciation, but a book written in German and for Germans
must be based on German pronunciation; apart from having the
advantage of a unified pronunciation, this is also required by the
national identity.(2) (:VI)
In order to analyze Noack’s system, we therefore need to gather
information from his “Chapter I., Alphabet and Pronunciation”.
Chapter I. § 1. deals with “The Alphabet or Irowa”, and gives a
table of sounds (:21), the contents of which show that he transliterates
the Japanese kana quite literally (i.e. regardless of their actual
pronunciation), as in for instance the sequences <ta ti tu te to>
(cf. Hepburn: <ta, chi, tsu, te, to>), and <ha hi hu he ho> (cf.