THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND INFORMATION GAPS (IMF)

8/2/2019 THE FINANCIAL CRISIS AND INFORMATION GAPS (IMF)

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]ho Ei`j`lijk Lti|i| j`m I`eatfj}ia` Bj~|


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4

La`}o`}| ^jbo

Jlta`yf| .................................................................................................................................. @j}ia`jk Ju}hati}io| .................................................:2III. If~kofo`}j}ia` \lhomuko...................................................................................................:2IU. Lhjkko`bo| j`m I`|}i}u}ia`jk Jttj`bofo`}| .......................................................................4:

J. To|autlo| ................................................................................................................4:D. ^tiati}io| j`m I`}otki`cjbo|......................................................................................4


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>8 \@J \y|}of ae @j}ia`jk Jllau`}| 4>>8JD\ J||o} Djlcom \oluti}io|

DLD\ Dj|ok Laffi}}oo a` Dj`ci`b \u~oti|ia`

DI\ Dj`c eat I`}ot`j}ia`jk \o}}kofo`}|

DA^LAF IFE Laffi}}oo a` Djkj`lo ae ^jyfo`}| \}j}i|}il|

D^F5 Djkj`lo ae ^jyfo`}| j`m I`}ot`j}ia`jk Iò|}fo`} a|i}ia`

Fjùjk+ |ix}h omi}ia`

D\J Djkj`lo&|hoo} j~~tajlh

LM\ Ltomi} Moejuk} \rj~|LBE\ Laffi}}oo a` }ho Bkadjk Ei`j`lijk \y|}of

LÎ\ Laatmi`j}om ât}eakia Iò|}fo`} \utoy

MEIM _C Mo~jt}fo`} eat I`}ot`j}ia`jk Mooka~fo`}

OLD Outa~oj` Lo`}tjk Dj`c

E\D Ei`j`lijk \}jdiki}y Dajtm

E\I| Ei`j`lijk \au`mò|| I`milj}at|

B&4> ]ho Btau~ ae ]ro`}y

BE\ Baot`fo`} Ei`j`lo \}j}i|}il|

BE\F 4>>: Baot`fo`} Ei`j`lo \}j}i|}il| Fjùjk+ 4>>:

B&\IEI| Bkadjk \y|}ofiljkky If~at}j`} Ei`j`lijk I`|}i}u}ia`|

H\\ DI\&OLD&IFE Hj`mdaac a` \oluti}io| \}j}i|}il|

IJB I`}otjbo`ly Btau~ a` Olaàfil j`m Ei`j`lijk \}j}i|}il|

ID\ I`}ot`j}ia`jk Dj`ci`b \}j}i|}il|

IE\ I`}ot`j}ia`jk Ei`j`lijk \}j}i|}il|


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=

OXOL_]IUO \_FFJTY

]hi| to~at} u~mj}o| a` ~tabto|| dy }ho Ei`j`lijk \}jdiki}y Dajtm (E\D) \olto}jtij} j`mI`}ot`j}ia`jk Faò}jty Eu`m (IFE) |}jee i` if~kofo`}i`b }ho 4> tolaffo`mj}ia`| i` }ho

to~at} ]ho Ei`j`lijk Lti|i| j`m Ièatfj}ia` Bj~| o`mat|om dy }ho Btau~ ae ]ro`}y (B&4>)

Ei`j`lo Fiì|}ot| j`m Lo`}tjk Dj`c Baotàt| i` @aofdot 4>>9. \i`lo }ho kj|} ~tabto||

to~at} j yojt jba+ la`|uk}j}ia`| ri}h `j}ia`jk ju}hati}io| toojkom dtajm jbtoofo`} ri}h+ j`m

j ~a|i}io ior ae+ }ho B&4> Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io+ ri}h do}}ot imo`}ieilj}ia` ae }ho duikm&u~ ae

ti|c| i` }ho ei`j`lijk |ol}at j`m ei`j`lijk i`}otla`òl}omò|| (mafo|}il j`m lta||&datmot)

doi`b jfa`b }ho hibho|} ~tiati}io|.

Ratc i` }ho ~tiati}y jtoj| i| ~tabto||i`b rokk7

J mtje} to~at}i`b }of~kj}o eat }ho bkadjk |y|}ofiljkky if~at}j`} ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`|hj| doo` mooka~om eat dj`c|+ ri}h }ho E\D ^ko`jty jbtooi`b }a ~tabto|| }hi| ratc.

Jbtoofo`}| hjo doo` tojlhom }a o`hj`lo }ho Dj`c eat I`}ot`j}ia`jk \o}}kofo`}|(DI\) i`}ot`j}ia`jk dj`ci`b |}j}i|}il| (ID\) mj}j }a ~taimo fato btjùkjt ièatfj}iaà` j `j}ia`jki}y dj|i|3 }a i`ltoj|o }ho etozuo`ly etaf j`ùjk }a |ofi j`ùjk ae

lta||&datmot |oluti}y hakmi`b| mj}j i` }ho IFE| Laatmi`j}om ât}eakia Iò|}fo`}

\utoy (LÎ\)3 j`m }a i`}tamulo j to~at}i`b }of~kj}o }a ~taimo j do}}ot

u`mot|}j`mi`b ae mafo|}il ukòtjdiki}io| dy olaàfil |ol}at. ]ho lhjkko`bo aot }ho


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?

Du} if~at}j`} lhjkko`bo| tofji`7

Oeeat}| }a eut}hot |}to`b}ho` }ho jjikjdiki}y ae la`|i|}o`} j`m laf~jtjdko olaàfilj`m ei`j`lijk mj}j tofji` if~at}j`}+ i`lkumi`b7

\u|}jiì`b oeeat}| }a lka|o bj~| i` oxi|}i`b mj}j lakkol}ia`| eat B&4>olaàfio| j`m+ i` |afo i`|}j`lo|+ eat |ibìeilj`} ei`j`lijk lo`}ot|.

If~tai`b }ho mj}j jjikjdiki}y a` }ho jl}ii}io| ae à`dj`c ei`j`lijki`|}i}u}ia`|.

Hjtfaìwi`b mj}j lakkol}ia`| etaf B&4> olaàfio| dy i`}ot`j}ia`jk jbo`lio|jlta|| fjltaolaàfil |}j}i|}il|j hibh ~tiati}y aot }ho lafi`b yojt.

O`|uti`b jmozuj}o to|autli`b ae |}j}i|}iljk ratc3 j`m kifi}i`b }ho to~at}i`b dutmo` a`}ho ~tij}o |ol}at+ `j}ia`jk+ j`m i`}ot`j}ia`jk ju}hati}io|.

O`|uti`b j~~ta~tij}o jllo|| }a mj}j j| fjlta~tumo`}ijk j`jky|i| òom| fato btjùkjtmj}j }hj` hj| doo` tozuitom eat fjltaolaàfil j`jky|i|. Kobjk etjforatc| eat mj}j

|hjti`b j`m eat mj}j lakkol}ia` fjy òom }a do toiorom i` |afo i`|}j`lo|.

]ho to~at} |ooc| o`mat|ofo`} dy }ho B&4> Ei`j`lo Fiì|}ot| j`m Lo`}tjk Dj`c Baotàt| ae

}ho jl}ia` ~kj`| j`m }ifo}jdko| |uffjtiwom i` ]jdko : dokar


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]jdko :.\uffjty ]jdko7 ^tabto|| To~at}+ Jl}ia` ^kj`|+ j`m ]ifo}jdko|

Tolaffo`mj}ia` ^tabto|| }a Mj}o Jl}ia` ^kj`| j`m ]ifo}jdko|

:. \}jee ae }ho E\D j`m }ho IFE to~at} djlc }a B&4>

Ei`j`lo Fiì|}ot| j`m Lo`}tjk Dj`c Baotàt| dyGuò 4>:> a` ~tabto||+ ri}h j la`lto}o ~kj` ae

jl}ia`+ i`lkumi`b j }ifo}jdko+ }a jmmto|| ojlh ae

}ho au}|}j`mi`b tolaffo`mj}ia`|. ]hotoje}ot+ |}jee

ae }ho E\D j`m IFE }a ~taimo u~mj}o| a`

~tabto|| a`lo j yojt. Ei`j`lijk |}jdiki}y ox~ot}|+

|}j}i|}ilij`|+ j`m |u~oti|at| |haukm ratc }abo}hot

}a o`|uto }hj} }ho ~tabtjf i| |ullo||eukky

if~kofo`}om.

J| tozuo|}om i` Guò 4>:>+ }ho ~to|o`} to~at}+

~to~jtom dy }ho E\D \olto}jtij} j`m IFE |}jee+ i|~taimom }a }ho B&4> Ei`j`lo Fiì|}ot| j`m

Lo`}tjk Dj`c Baotàt| dy Guò 4>::.

]ho E\D \olto}jtij} j`m IFE |}jee }a ~taimo }ho òx}

~tabto|| to~at} dy \o~}ofdot 4>:4. IFE |}jee i`}o`m| }au`mot}jco tobia`jk i|i}| }a mi|lu|| eut}hot ~tabto|| }arjt

if~kofo`}j}ia` ae }ho tolaffo`mj}ia`|. ]ho IFE }a

la`|imot |o}}i`b u~ ~talomuto| }a faì}at ~tabto||+

i`lkumi`b j|ci`b B&4> olaàfio| }a u`mot}jco |oke

j||o||fo`}| }a u~mj}o }ho mo}jikom ièatfj}ia` etaf }ho B

4> dikj}otjk la`|uk}j}ia`|.

Faì}ati`b Ti|c i` }ho Ei`j`lijk \ol}at

4. ]ho IFE }a ratc a` i`ltoj|i`b }ho ùfdot aelau`}tio| mi||ofi`j}i`b Ei`j`lijk \au`mò||

I`milj}at| (E\I|)+ i`lkumi`b ox~j`mi`b lau`}ty

laotjbo }a o`laf~j|| jkk B&4> fofdot|+ j`m a`

a}hot if~taofo`}| }a }ho E\I rod|i}o+ i`lkumi`b

~toeotjdky zujt}otky to~at}i`b. E\I ki|} }a do

toiorom.

Aot }ho ~j|} yojt+ }ho ùfdot ae B&4>olaàfio| to~at}i`b E\I| hj| i`ltoj|om dy }htoo

}a :8 olaàfio| (}ho outa jtoj j| j lutto`ly

uìa` i| à} tozuo|}om }a to~at})3 ae rhilh :>

~taimo mj}j a` j zujt}otky at fato etozuo`}

dj|i|. ]ho |oo` E\I| i` }ho IFE \~olijk Mj}j

Mi||ofi`j}ia` \}j`mjtm (\MM\)+ |udfi}}om a` j`

o`lautjbom dj|i|+ jto jjikjdko ij }ho IFE|

Mi||ofi`j}ia` \}j`mjtm| Dukko}i` Dajtm eat

|oo` ae }ho B&4> olaàfio| }hj} jto \MM\

|ud|ltidot|. ]ho E\I mj}j to~at}om tobukjtky }a

}ho IFE hjo doo` i`}obtj}om i`}a }ho IFE

Bkadjk Ei`j`lijk \}jdiki}y To~at}|}jt}i`b i`J~tik 4>::.

I` @aofdot 4>::+ }ho IFE i| }a atbjìwo j foo}i`b ae }hE\I| Toeoto`lo Btau~ ae Ox~ot}| }a mi|lu|| ~a||idko

lhj`bo| i` }ho ki|} ae E\I| j`m }ho fo}hamakaby eat

laf~iki`b }hof. ]ho ratc ~tabtjf eat }hoOibh}h Toior

ae }ho IFE Mj}j \}j`mjtm| Iì}ij}io|+ |lhomukom eat }ho

eit|} hjke ae 4>:4+ i`lkumo| }ho ~a||idiki}y ae |}to`b}hoì`b

}ho Mj}j \}j`mjtm|+ i`lkumi`b tobjtmi`b E\I|+ }htaubh }ho

~a||idko o|}jdki|hfo`} ae j hibhot }iot (\MM\&^ku|).

::.


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=. Eut}hot iò|}ibj}ia` ae }ho foj|uto| ae |y|}of&rimo

fjlta~tumo`}ijk ti|c }a do u`mot}jco` dy }ho

i`}ot`j}ia`jk laffuì}y. J| j eit|} |}o~+ }ho DI\ j`m

}ho IFE |haukm laf~ko}o }hoit ratc a` mooka~i`b

foj|uto| ae jbbtobj}o kootjbo j`m fj}uti}y

fi|fj}lho| i` }ho ei`j`lijk |y|}of+ mtjri`b a`

i`~u}| etaf }ho Laffi}}oo a` }ho Bkadjk Ei`j`lijk

\y|}of (LBE\) j`m }ho Dj|ok Laffi}}oo a`Dj`ci`b \u~oti|ia` (DLD\).

]ho IFE j`m }ho DI\ hjo molimom }hj} }ho DI\

rikk ealu| i}| iò|}ibj}ia` a` }ho dj`c| j`m }ho

IFE a` }ho |hjmar dj`c|. Mtjri`b a` }ho DI\

ID\ mj}j+ }ho DI\ hj| laf~ko}om i}| la`lo~}ujk

ratc a` moeiì`b foj|uto| ae fj}uti}y

fi|fj}lho| (eu`mi`b bj~|) a` dj`c|

i`}ot`j}ia`jk djkj`lo |hoo}|. ]ho IFE i|

laf~ko}i`b i}| la`lo~}ujk ratc a` fj}uti}yfi|fj}lh j`m kootjbo mj}j i` laa~otj}ia` ri}h

}ho E\D }j|c eatlo a` |hjmar dj`ci`b. ]hi|

E\D }j|c eatlo rj| o|}jdki|hom eakkari`b }ho

tozuo|} }a }ho E\D dy }ho B&4> Kojmot| i`

@aofdot 4>:> }a mooka~ tolaffo`mj}ia`| }a

|}to`b}ho` }ho aot|ibh} j`m tobukj}ia` ae }ho

|hjmar dj`ci`b |y|}of.

IFE |}jee i`}o`m| }a laf~ko}o }hoit ratc |aa` je}ot

Guò 4>::. ]ho ratc ae }ho DI\ a` dj`c| lj` do eut}hot

o`hj`lom ie }ho LBE\ j~~tao| }ho o`hj`lofo`}| }a }ho

ID\ mj}j (|oo tolaffo`mj}ia`| :> j`m ::).

?. ]ho LBE\ j`m }ho DI\ }a u`mot}jco eut}hot ratc i`

lka|o laa~otj}ia` ri}h lo`}tjk dj`c| j`m tobukj}at|

a` }ho laotjbo ae |}j}i|}il| a` }ho ltomi} moejuk}

|rj~| (LM\) fjtco}| eat }ho ~ut~a|o ae if~tai`bu`mot|}j`mi`b ae ti|c }tj`|eot| ri}hi` }hi| fjtco}.

]ho LBE\ molimom }a ox~j`m }ho LM\ |}j}i|}il|

i` \o~}ofdot 4>>9. To~at}i`b lo`}tjk dj`c|

hjo ~taimom fato mo}jikom mj}j a` }ho }y~o ae

lau`}ot~jt}io| etaf Guò 4>:>+ j`m rikk ~taimofato mo}jik a` }ho boabtj~hy ae lau`}ot~jt}io|

j`m u`motkyi`b i`|}tufo`}| etaf Guò 4>::. I`

}a}jk+ ::olaàfio| to~at} |ofi&j`ùjk LM\

mj}j ae rhilh |oo` jto B&4> olaàfio|. ]ho

to~at}i`b ~a~ukj}ia` i| ox~ol}om }a ox~j`m dy

}ra olaàfio| j} o`m&4>::+ ae rhilh aò i| j

B&4> olaàfy. ]ho DI\ lutto`}ky hj| à ~kj`|

}a j|c }ho tofjiì`b B&4> olaàfio| }a to~at}

|ofi&j`ùjk LM\ mj}j bio` }ho kifi}om |iwo ae

}hoit fjtco}| i` LM\ la`}tjl}|.

A`lo mj}j jto to~at}om eat o`m&Guò 4>:: }hi|

tolaffo`mj}ia` rikk do la`|imotom laf~ko}om.

5. \oluti}io| fjtco} tobukj}at| ratci`b }htaubh IA\LA}a eut}hot iò|}ibj}o }ho mi|lka|uto tozuitofo`}| eat

laf~kox |}tul}utom ~tamul}|+ i`lkumi`b ~udkil

mi|lka|uto tozuitofo`}| eat ei`j`lijk to~at}i`b

~ut~a|o|+j`m fjco tolaffo`mj}ia`| eat jmmi}ia`jk

if~taofo`}| ie òlo||jty+ }jci`b jllau`} ae ratc

dy |u~oti|at| j`m a}hot tokoj`} damio|.

I` J~tik 4>:>+ IA\LA ~udki|hom j to~at} a`J||o} Djlcom \oluti}io| (JD\) Mi|lka|uto

^ti`li~ko| ~taimi`b buimj`lo }a |oluti}io|

tobukj}at| rha jto mooka~i`b at toiori`b }hoit

tobukj}aty mi|lka|uto tobifo| eat ~udkil

aeeoti`b| j`m ki|}i`b| ae JD\

(h}}~7!!rrr.ia|la.atb!òr|). I` J~tik 4>::+

IA\LA hokm }ho eit|} foo}i`b ae j òr \}j`mi`b

Laffi}}oo a` Ti|c j`m To|ojtlh ri}h }ho

]hi| tolaffo`mj}ia` i| laf~ko}om.
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2. Lo`}tjk dj`c| j`m+ rhoto tokoj`}+ |}j}i|}iljk aeeilo|+

~jt}ilukjtky }ha|o ae }ho B&4> olaàfio|+ }a

~jt}ili~j}o i` }ho DI\ mj}j lakkol}ia` a` |oluti}io|

j`m la`}tidu}o }a }ho eut}hot mooka~fo`} ae }ho DI\&

OLD&IFEHj`mdaaca` \oluti}io| \}j}i|}il| (H\\).

]ho Ratci`b Btau~ a` \oluti}io| Mj}jdj|o| }a

mooka~ j`m if~kofo`} j laffuìlj}ia`| |}tj}oby

eat }hoH\\.

^jt} 4 (mod} |oluti}io| hakmi`b|) ae }ho

DI\&OLD&IFEH\\ rj| ~udki|hom i` Jubu|}

4>:>. ]hi| eakkarom ~udkilj}ia` ae jt} : (mod}

|oluti}io| i||uo|) i` 4>>9. Ratc hj| |}jt}om a`

^jt} < (i||uo| j`m hakmi`b| ae ozui}y |oluti}io|).

]ho DI\ i| lakkol}i`b jjikjdko mj}j a` |oluti}io|

etaf fofdot lo`}tjk dj`c|+ i`lkumi`b etaf :5

B&4> olaàfio|.

^jt} < ae }hoH\\ i| ox~ol}om }a do ei`jkiwom jtau`m }ho o`

ae ljko`mjt 4>::. ]ho DI\ i`}o`m| }a ox~j`m i}| laotjbo

zujt}otky |oluti}io| i||uj`lo mj}j u|i`b }ho laffa`

}of~kj}o }a jkk B&4> olaàfio| muti`b }ho tofji`mot ae

4>::. ]ra eut}hot laffa` }of~kj}o|+ }a do jbtoom j} }ho

i`}ot`j}ia`jk kook+ jto doi`b mooka~om i` laatmi`j}ia`

ri}h }ho ratc a` |ol}atjk jllau`}|+ j`m la`|i|}o`} ri}h

`j}ia`jk jllau`}| dj|om mj}j7 }ho i`}o`}ia` i| eat olaàfi}a |u~~ky }a }ho DI\ jmmi}ia`jk mo}jik a` |oluti}io| i||uj`l

dy |ud|ol}at+ fj}uti}y+ j`m i`}oto|} tj}o3 j`m a` |oluti}io|

hakmi`b| dy |ol}at. A`lo }ho|o }j|c| jto ei`jkiwom+ }hi|

tolaffo`mj}ia` rikk do la`|imotom laf~ko}om.

I`}ot`j}ia`jk @o}ratc La`òl}ia`|

8. ]ho E\D }a iò|}ibj}o }ho ~a||idiki}y ae if~taom

lakkol}ia` j`m |hjti`b ae ièatfj}ia` a` ki`cjbo|

do}roo` i`miimujk ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`|+ i`lkumi`b

}htaubh |u~oti|aty lakkobo jttj`bofo`}| j`m }ho

ièatfj}ia` oxlhj`bo doi`b la`|imotom eat lti|i|fj`jbofo`} ~kj`ì`b. ]hi| ratc fu|} }jco muo

jllau`} ae }ho if~at}j`} laèimo`}ijki}y j`m kobjk

i||uo| }hj} jto tji|om+ j`m oxi|}i`b ièatfj}ia`

|hjti`b jttj`bofo`}| jfa`b |u~oti|at|.

]ho E\D Ratci`b Btau~ a` Mj}j Bj~| j`m

\y|}ofil Ki`cjbo| rj| |o} u~ }a }jco eatrjtm

}ho ratc a` tolaffo`mj}ia`| 8 j`m 9. I}

laf~ko}om i}| ratc+ i`lkumi`b mooka~i`b j

laffa` mtje} }of~kj}o+ j`m to~at}om }a }ho E\D^ko`jty i` J~tik 4>::. ]ho kj}}ot j~~taom }ho

~ta~a|jk| }a ~tabto|| ratc a` j laffa`

}of~kj}o }a i}| ei`jk eatf eat if~tai`b }ho

lakkol}ia`+ j`m |hjti`b jfa`b tokoj`}

ju}hati}io|+ ae mj}j a` bkadjk |y|}ofiljkky

if~at}j`} ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`| (B&\IEI|). J

la`|uk}j}ia` ~talo|| i| }a do u`mot}jco` }a

~taimo jmmi}ia`jk ièatfj}ia` a` }ho la|}| j`m

doòei}| ae jk}ot`j}io a~}ia`|+ j| rokk j| a` }ho

kobjk j|~ol}|. ]hi| rikk buimo }ho moli|ia` a` }ho

ei`jk eatf j`m ~hj|om if~kofo`}j}ia` ae }ho

laffa` }of~kj}o. ^to~jtj}aty ratc i| jk|alaffo`li`b a` |}to`b}hoì`b mj}j&|hjti`b

jttj`bofo`}| j`m ~ta}alak| ri}hi` }ho aeeilijk

|ol}at+ i`lkumi`b j toior ae }ho kobjk j|~ol}|. I}

hj| doo` jbtoom }a laffo`lo ~to~jtj}aty ratc

a` }ho o|}jdki|hfo`} ae j lo`}tjk mj}j hud j} }ho

DI\ }a |}ato }ho mj}j to~at}om dy `j}ia`jk

ju}hati}io|.

]ho eakkar&u~ ratc }a }jco eatrjtm }ho au}lafo ae }ho

E\D ^ko`jty hj| laffo`lom. J ~hj|om j~~tajlh i|

oì|jbom. Coy moli|ia`| jto ox~ol}om }a do }jco` dy }ho

E\D ^ko`jty i` kj}o 4>:: a` }ho ei`jk eatf ae }ho laffa`

}of~kj}o j`m }ho mj}j&|hjti`b jttj`bofo`}| jfa`b|u~oti|aty ju}hati}io| j`m ri}h }ho lo`}tjk mj}j hud3 j`m

kj}o 4>:4 a` dtajmot mj}j |hjti`b jfa`b }ho aeeilijk |ol}a

]ho lakkol}ia` ae mj}j i| ox~ol}om }a |}jt} i` 4>:4 j`m+

}htaubh j |otio| ae i`ltofo`}jk |}o~|+ do eukky a~otj}ia`jk

dy o`m&4>:=. @or jbtoofo`}| fjy òom }a do tojlhom }a

ejliki}j}o }ho |hjti`b ae mj}j toloiom dy }ho mj}j hud. ]ho

iì}ijk ealu| ae }ho ratc a` j laffa` }of~kj}o eat B&\IE

hj| doo` dj`c|+ du} ratc }a i`lkumo à`dj`c ei`j`lijk

i`|}i}u}ia`| i| |lhomukom }a |}jt} i` }ho lafi`b yojt.

9. ]ho E\D+ i` lka|o la`|uk}j}ia` ri}h }ho IFE+}a

laòò tokoj`} lo`}tjk dj`c|+ `j}ia`jk |u~oti|at|+

j`m a}hot i`}ot`j}ia`jk ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`|+ }a

mooka~ dy o`m&4>:> j laffa` mtje} }of~kj}o eat

|y|}ofiljkky if~at}j`} bkadjk ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`|

eat }ho ~ut~a|o ae do}}ot u`mot|}j`mi`b }ho ox~a|uto|ae }ho|o i`|}i}u}ia`| }a mieeoto`} ei`j`lijk |ol}at| j`m

`j}ia`jk fjtco}|. ]hi| ratc |haukm do u`mot}jco` i`

la`lot} ri}h tokj}om ratc a` }ho |y|}ofil

if~at}j`lo ae ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`|. Rimo|~tojm

la`|uk}j}ia` raukm do òomom+ j`m muo jllau`} }jco`

ae laèimo`}ijki}y tuko|+ doeato j`y to~at}i`b

etjforatc lj` do if~kofo`}om.


9/40

:>. Jkk B&4> olaàfio| jto o`lautjbom }a ~jt}ili~j}o i`

}ho IFE| Laatmi`j}om at}eakia Iò|}fo`} \utoy

(LÎ\) j`m i` }ho DI\| i`}ot`j}ia`jk dj`ci`b

|}j}i|}il| (ID\). ]ho IFE j`m }ho DI\ jto o`lautjbom

}a la`}iùo }hoit ratc }a if~tao }ho laotjbo ae

|ibìeilj`} ei`j`lijk lo`}ot| i` }ho LÎ\ j`m ID\+

to|~ol}ioky.

Laotjbo ae |ibìeilj`} ei`j`lijk lo`}ot| j`m ae

a}hot olaàfio|+ i`lkumi`b B&4> olaàfio| i`

}ho DI\ ID\ j`m }ho IFE LÎ\ hj| la`}iùom }a

do baam jk}haubh eut}hot if~taofo`} i|

òomom. Eat }ho DI\ ID\+ }hoto jto eio B&4>

olaàfio| }hj} ma à} to~at} mj}j a` oi}hot j

kalj}ia`jk at la`|akimj}om dj|i|3 j`m }hoto i| aò

kjtbo aee|hato lo`}to fi||i`b i` }ho to~at}i`b ae}ho kalj}ia`jk mj}j. Eat }ho LÎ\+ }hoto jto }ra

B&4> olaàfio| }hj} ma à} to~at} mj}j3 j`m

}hoto jto j |ibìeilj`} ùfdot ae aee|hato

lo`}ot| }hj} ma à} to~at}+ }ho |jfo j| kj|} yojt.Eat }ho LÎ\+ }ho IFE Laffi}}oo a` Djkj`lo ae

^jyfo`}| \}j}i|}il| (DA^LAF) jbtoom }a

i`ltoj|o }ho etozuo`ly (etaf j`ùjk }a |ofi

j`ùjk) j`m }ifokiò|| (j mi||ofi`j}ia` kjb ae

ko|| }hj` ìò fa`}h|) ae }ho mj}j+ j`m }a lakkol}

mj}j a` }ho i`|}i}u}ia`jk |ol}at ae }ho eatoib`

mod}at a` j` o`lautjbom dj|i|. ]ho eit|} |o} ae

o`hj`lofo`}| }a }ho DI\ ID\ hj| doo` j~~taom

dy }ho LBE\.

Da}h }ho DI\ j`m }ho IFE }a la`}iùo ratci`b }a i`ltoj|o

lau`}ty ~jt}ili~j}ia` i` }hoit |utoy|+ i`lkumi`b dy B&4>

olaàfio|. ]ho LBE\ jm&hal btau~ eat |}j}i|}il| i|

ratci`b a` j |ola`m |o} ae o`hj`lofo`}| }a ~to|o`} }a }ho

LBE\ eat j~~tajk muti`b 4>::. If~taofo`}| i` }ho

etozuo`ly+ }ifokiò||+ j`m |la~o ae }ho LÎ\ |utoy fjy

if~kofo`}om i` }ifo eat }ho to~at}i`b ae 4>:< mj}j.

::. ]ho DI\ j`m }ho LBE\ }a la`|imot+ jfa`b a}hot

if~taofo`}|+ }ho |o~jtj}o imo`}ieilj}ia` ae a`dj`c

ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`| i` }ho la`|akimj}om dj`ci`b

mj}j+ j| rokk j| ièatfj}ia` tozuitom }a }tjlc eu`mi`b

~j}}ot`| i` }ho i`}ot`j}ia`jk ei`j`lijk |y|}of. ]ho

IFE+ i` la`|uk}j}ia` ri}h }ho IFE| DA^LAF+ }a

|}tio }a o`hj`lo }ho etozuo`ly j`m }ifokiò|| ae }ho

LÎ\ mj}j+ j`m la`|imot a}hot ~a||idko

o`hj`lofo`}|+ |ulh j| }ho i`|}i}u}ia`jk |ol}at ae }ho

eatoib` mod}at.

:4. ]ho IFE }a la`}iùo }a ratc ri}h lau`}tio| }a

i`ltoj|o }ho ufdot ae I`}ot`j}ia`jk Iò|}fo`}

â|i}ia` (II^) to~at}i`b lau`}tio|+ j| rokk j| }ho

zujt}otky to~at}i`b ae II^ mj}j. ]hoDjkj`lo ae

^jyfo`}| j`m I`}ot`j}ia`jk Iò|}fo`} a|i}ia`

Fjùjk+ |ix}h omi}ia`(D^F5) o`hj`lofo`}| }a }ho

II^ |haukm do jma~}om dy B&4> olaàfio| j| |aa` j|

eoj|idko.

I` Fjtlh 4>:>+ }ho IFE Oxolu}io Dajtm

molimom }a ~to|ltido eat |ud|ltidot| }a }ho IFE

\MM\+ je}ot j eaut&yojt }tj`|i}ia` ~otiam+

zujt}otky to~at}i`b (etaf j`ùjk) ae }ho II^ mj}j+

ri}h j fjxifuf kjb ae aò zujt}ot (zujt}otky

}ifokiò||). Jfa`b }ho B&4> olaàfio|+ :>

olaàfio| mi||ofi`j}o zujt}otky II^ mj}j+

i`ltoj|i`b etaf oibh} j yojt jba. \ix olaàfio|

hjo ~kj`| }a i`}tamulo zujt}otky to~at}i`b. ]a

j||i|} if~kofo`}j}ia`+ i` Fjtlh 4>:: }ho IFE

~tamulom j ~jf~hko} }a jmi|o laf~ikot| a`zujt}otky II^ laf~ikj}ia`.

IFE |}jee i| ratci`b ri}h olaàfio| }a if~kofo`} }ho

Oxolu}io Dajtm moli|ia` a` }ho \MM\ dy \o~}ofdot 4>:

IFE |}jee rikk o`lautjbo to~at}i`b dy }ho B&4> olaàfy

}hj} mao| à} mi||ofi`j}o II^ j| yo}+ j`m rikk i`}tamulo i`

4>:4 }ho òr |~olieil tozuitofo`}| eat to~at}i`b mj}j

la`|i|}o`} ri}hD^F5|}j`mjtm| i` la`|uk}j}ia` ri}h }ho

DA^LAF.

::: }a mi|lu||

}ho coy i||uo| j`m }ho rjy eatrjtm J| j eit|}

Eakkari`b }ho Gjùjty 4>:: Ratc|ha~+ }ho IJB ratci`b

btau~ i| }a mooka~ j toeoto`lo malufo`}+ la`|uk}i`b ri}hfjgat |}jcohakmot| j`m mtjri`b a` }ho fj}otijk ~to|o`}om

}a }ho Ratc|ha~. ]ho eit|} ~jt} ae }ho malufo`} rikk ealu|

a` oaki`b u|ot tozuitofo`}|+ j`m laukm ~a||idky do tojm

i` 4>:4


10/40

:=. ]ho IJB+ la`|uk}i`b ri}h }ho E\D+ }a toi|i} }ho

tolaffo`mj}ia` ae }ho B&4> }a oxjfiò }ho

eoj|idiki}y ae mooka~i`b j |}j`mjtmiwom }of~kj}o

laoti`b }ho i`}ot`j}ia`jk ox~a|uto| ae kjtbo

à`dj`c ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`|+ mtjri`b a` }ho

ox~otio`lo ri}h }ho DI\| ID\ mj}j+ a}hot oxi|}i`b

j`m ~ta|~ol}io mj}j |autlo|+ j`m la`|uk}i`b ri}h

tokoj`} |}jcohakmot|.

a` }ho i`}ot`j}ia`jk ox~a|uto| ae kjtbo à`dj`c

ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`| j` iò`}aty ae mj}j a`

lta||&datmot ~a|i}ia`| hj| doo` mooka~om. ]ho

iò`}aty rikk do fjmo jjikjdko }htaubh }ho

^BI rod|i}o dy fim&4>::.

\ol}atjk j`m A}hot Ei`j`lijk j`m Olaàfil Mj}j|o}|

:?. ]ho IJB+ rhilh i`lkumo| jkk jbo`lio| to~to|o`}om i`

}ho I`}ot&\olto}jtij} Ratci`b Btau~ a` @j}ia`jk

Jllau`}|+ }a mooka~ j |}tj}oby }a ~tafa}o }ho

laf~ikj}ia` j`m mi||ofi`j}ia` ae }ho djkj`lo&|hoo}

j~~tajlh (D\J)+ ekar&ae&eu`m|+ j`m |ol}atjk mj}j

fato boòtjkky+ |}jt}i`b ri}h }ho

B&4> olaàfio|. Mj}j a` a`dj`c ei`j`lijk

i`|}i}u}ia`| |haukm do j ~jt}ilukjt ~tiati}y. ]hoox~otio`lo ae }ho OLD j`m Outa|}j} ri}hi` Outa~o

j`m }ho AOLM |haukm do mtjr` u~a`. I` }ho

fomiuf }otf+ i`lkumi`b fato |ol}atjk djkj`lo |hoo}

mj}j i` }ho mj}j lj}obatio| ae }ho \MM\ laukm do

la`|imotom.

J ratci`b btau~ hj| doo` ltoj}om u`mot }ho

ju|~ilo| ae }ho IJB j`m kom dy }ho IFE. J`

IFE!AOLM Laèoto`lo ae \ol}atjk Jllau`}|

Ox~ot}| rj| la`mul}om a` Eodtujty 48Fjtlh

4+ 4>:: i` Rj|hi`b}a` M.L.+ rhilh jbtoom a`

}ho dj|il au}kiò ae j to~at}i`b }of~kj}o+ j`m }ho

}ifoetjfo j`m ~tiati}io| eat if~kofo`}j}ia`.

]ho IJB ratci`b btau~ rikk }jco eatrjtm }ho au}lafo| a

}ho laèoto`lo+ i`lkumi`b }ho mtje} to~at}i`b }of~kj}o+ j`m

mooka~ j` if~kofo`}j}ia` ~kj` ri}h }ho i`}o`}ia` ae

|}jt}i`b mj}j lakkol}ia` muti`b }ho lafi`b yojt. J| ejt j|

~a||idko }ho ratc rikk do i`}obtj}om ri}h }ho

if~kofo`}j}ia` ae }ho \y|}of ae @j}ia`jk Jllau`}|4>>8

(4>>8 \@J) allutti`b i` fj`y olaàfio| j} }ho |jfo }if

]ho to~at}i`b }of~kj}o rikk do ei`jkiwom j`m la`|uk}j}ia`|ri}h }ho `j}ia`jk ox~ot}| rikk do u`mot}jco`+ i`lkumi`b

}htaubh tokoj`} AOLM ratci`b ~jt}io|. ]ho to~at}i`b

etjforatc| eat tolaffo`mj}ia`| 2+ :4+ j`m :2 rikk do

la`|i|}o`} ri}h }ho |ol}atjk jllau`}| etjforatc. ]ho IJB

i| kaaci`b }a hy~otki`c jjikjdko |ol}atjk jllau`}| mj}j a`

}ho ^BI rod|i}o. ]ho ratc ~tabtjf eat }hoOibh}h Toior

ae }ho IFE Mj}j \}j`mjtm| Iì}ij}io|+ |lhomukom eat }ho

eit|} hjke ae 4>:4+ i`lkumo| }ho ~a||idiki}y ae |}to`b}hoì`b

}ho Mj}j \}j`mjtm|+ i`lkumi`b i`}obtj}om |ol}atjk

djkj`lo&|hoo} ièatfj}ia`+ }htaubh }ho ~a||idko

o|}jdki|hfo`} ae j hibhot }iot (\MM\&^ku|).

:5. J| }ho tolaffo`mom if~taofo`}| }a mj}j |autlo|

j`m lj}obatio| jto if~kofo`}om+ |}j}i|}iljk ox~ot}|

}a |ooc }a laf~iko mi|}tidu}ia`jk ièatfj}ia` (|ulh

j| tj`bo| j`m zujt}iko ièatfj}ia`) jka`b|imo

jbbtobj}o eibuto|+ rhotoot }hi| i| tokoj`}. ]ho

IJB i| o`lautjbom }a ~tafa}o ~tamul}ia` j`m

mi||ofi`j}ia` ae }ho|o mj}j i` j etozuo`} j`m }ifoky

fj`òt. ]ho AOLM i| o`lautjbom }a la`}iùo i` i}|

]ho AOLM j`m Outa|}j} |o} u~ }ra ox~ot}

btau~| i` ojtky 4>:: ri}h fofdot lau`}ty

~jt}ili~j}ia`. Aò btau~ i| }a iò|}ibj}o }ho

foj|utofo`} ae mi|~jti}io| i` j `j}ia`jk

jllau`}| etjforatc (filta&fjlta)3 j`m }ho

a}hot btau~ rikk iò|}ibj}o }ho gai`} mi|}tidu}ia`

ae i`lafo+ la`|uf~}ia`+ j`m rojk}h (filta).

Ratc hj| |}jt}om j`m i| ~tabto||i`b rokk.

]ho filta&fjlta btau~ i| }a moeiò j laffa`

fo}hamakaby j`m }a if~kofo`} ~ika} |}umio| ri}h to|uk}|

ox~ol}om dy }ho o`m ae 4>:4. ]ho filta btau~ rikk

u`mot}jco fo}hamakabiljk ratc a` }ho gai`} mi|}tidu}ia` a

i`lafo+ la`|uf~}ia`+ j`m rojk}h ri}h to|uk}| ox~ol}om jk

dy }ho o`m ae 4>:4.


11/40


12/40

rod|i}o laukm do jllo||om rj| i`ltoj|om ri}h

òr I^haò j`m I^jm j~~kilj}ia`|+ j`m }ho

tokoj|o ae j \}j}i|}iljk Mj}j j`m Fo}jmj}j

oXlhj`bo (\MFX) rod |otilo }a ejliki}j}o

laf~u}ot&}a&laf~u}ot jllo||. Muti`b Fjy

4>::+ }ho ^BI rod|i}o rj| jllo||om dy i|i}at|

etaf aot : guti|mil}ia`|.

jto a`bai`b. Rjy| ae if~tai`b }ho oeeilio`lio| i` mj}j

|u~~ky rikk la`}iùo }a do iò|}ibj}om+ i`lkumi`b }ho

la`}iùom ~tafa}ia` ae }ho \MFX |}j`mjtm| eat }ho

mi||ofi`j}ia` ae aeeilijk |}j}i|}il|. Jk|a+ IFE |}jee i`}o`m|

}a iò|}ibj}o i`}obtj}i`b }ho B&4> mj}j|o}| mi||ofi`j}om a

}ho ^BI rod|i}o ri}h }ho hi|}atiljk mj}j |otio| u`mot~i`ì

}ho B&4> Fu}ujk J||o||fo`} ^talo|| (FJ^) oxotli|o.Mj}j&|hjti`b jttj`bofo`}| }a do toiorom eat }ho òx}

to~at} etaf da}h j |u~~kiot j`m j u|ot ~ot|~ol}io.


13/40

:>9+ }ho Ei`j`lijk \}jdiki}y Dajtm (E\D) \olto}jtij} j`m I`}ot`j}ia`jkFaò}jty Eu`m (IFE) |}jee ~to|o`}om }ho to~at} ]ho Ei`j`lijk Lti|i| j`m Ièatfj}ia` Bj~|

}a }ho B&4> Ei`j`lo Fiì|}ot| j`m Lo`}tjk Dj`c Baotàt|.]ho to~at}+ rhilh la`}jiòm

4> tolaffo`mj}ia`| eat lka|i`b ièatfj}ia` bj~| (}ho |a&ljkkom B&4> Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io)+

rj| o`mat|om j} }ho foo}i`b. I` Guò 4>:>+ E\D \olto}jtij} j`m IFE |}jee to~at}om djlc a`

~tabto||+ ri}h j la`lto}o ~kj` ae jl}ia`+ i`lkumi`b j }ifo}jdko+ }a jmmto|| ojlh ae }ho

au}|}j`mi`b tolaffo`mj}ia`|.: ]ho ratc a` }ho B&4> Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io rj| jk|a

o`mat|om dy }ho IFE I`}ot`j}ia`jk Faò}jty j`m Ei`j`lijk Laffi}}oo (IFEL) j} i}|

foo}i`b| i` 4>>9+ 4>:>+ j`m+ fato tolo`}ky+ i` J~tik 4>::. ]ho B&4> Ei`j`lo Fiì|}ot| j`m

Lo`}tjk Dj`c Baotàt| tozuo|}om j` u~mj}o dy Guò 4>::.

4. ]ho ~to|o`} to~at} to|~a`m| }a }hi| tozuo|}. I} mo|ltido| }ho ~tabto|| }a mj}o+ }ho

~ta~a|om if~kofo`}j}ia` |lhomuko+ j`m }ho lhjkko`bo| jhojm. Fatoaot+ j |uffjty to~at}

a` }ho IFE |}jee dikj}otjk la`|uk}j}ia`| ri}h B&4> `j}ia`jk ju}hati}io| i| ~to|o`}om i`

J`òx :.

::+ ha|}om dy }ho IFE. Mo}jikom ièatfj}ia` a` }hi| Laèoto`lo+ i`lkumi`b j |uffjty ae


14/40

:=

dohjiat ae `j}ia`jk o`}i}io|. ]ho ratc hj| jk|a imo`}ieiom ki`cjbo| jlta|| }ho }hofo|. Eat

oxjf~ko+ }ho |}to`b}hoì`b ae mj}j a` lta||&datmot jl}ii}io| ae dj`c| i| ox~ol}om }a |u~~at}

}ho j`jky|i| ae fj}uti}y fi|fj}lho| j`m kootjbo3 j`m ratc a` if~tai`b |oluti}io| mj}jraukm hok~ i` }ho mooka~fo`} ae |ol}atjk jllau`}|.

5. Fa|} à}jdky+ }htaubh }ho u|o ae i`}ot`j}ia`jkky&jbtoom |}j}i|}iljk |}j`mjtm|+ mj}j a`

lta||&datmot ei`j`lijk ox~a|uto| lj` do ki`com ri}h }ho mafo|}il |ol}atjk jllau`}| mj}j }a

duikm u~ j ~aroteuk ~il}uto ae ei`j`lijk i`}otla`òl}ia`| mafo|}iljkky j`m jlta|| datmot|+

ri}h j ki`c djlc }a }ho tojk olaàfy }htaubh }ho |ol}atjk jllau`}|. @aò}hoko||+ jlhioi`b

|ulh j i|ia` rikk }jco }ifo.

]jdko 4. \}ykiwom Aotior ae }ho 4> Tolaffo`mj}ia`|

La`lo~}ujk!|}j}i|}iljk etjforatc

òom| mooka~fo`}

La`lo~}ujk!|}j}i|}iljk

etjforatc| oxi|} j`m a`bai`b

lakkol}ia` òom| o`hj`lofo`}

Duikm u~ ae ti|c

i` }ho ei`j`lijk

|ol}at

, < (]jik ti|c i` }ho ei`j`lijk |y|}of

j`m jtij}ia`| i` mi|}tidu}ia`| ae+

j`m la`lo`}tj}ia`| i`+ jl}ii}y)

, = (Jbbtobj}o Kootjbo j`m

Fj}uti}y Fi|fj}lho|)

, 5 (\}tul}utom ^tamul}|)

, 4 (Ei`j`lijk \au`mò|| I`milj}at|

(E\I|))

, ? (Ltomi} Moejuk} \rj~|)

, 2 (\oluti}io| Mj}j)


15/40

:?

II. ^TABTO\\ ]A MJ]O

J. ^tabto|| a` }ho B&4> Tolaffo`mj}ia`|

2. La`|imotjdko ~tabto|| hj| doo` fjmo a` if~kofo`}i`b }ho 4> tolaffo`mj}ia`|. ]hi|

~tabto|| toekol}| }ho if~o}u| bio` }a }ho B&4> Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io }htaubh }ho to~oj}om

o`mat|ofo`}| dy }ho B&4> Ei`j`lo Fiì|}ot| j`m Lo`}tjk Dj`c Baotàt| j`m }ho IFEL+ j`m

}ho rikki`bò|| ae `j}ia`jk ju}hati}io| }a ~a|i}ioky ofdtjlo i}+ lafdiòm ri}h }ho baam

i`|}i}u}ia`jk jttj`bofo`}| j} }ho i`}ot`j}ia`jk kook (da}h òr j`m o|}jdki|hom).

8. ]ho ~tabto|| dy tolaffo`mj}ia` i| mo|ltidom i` }ho |uffjty }jdko jdao (]jdko :).Eitf ~tabto|| hj| doo` fjmo a` j ùfdot ae eta`}|.

]ho|o i`lkumo7

Eat E\I| (tolaffo`mj}ia` 4)+ eakkari`b }ho IFE Oxolu}io Dajtm| moli|ia` }ai`lkumo |oo` E\I| i` }ho \MM\ a` j` o`lautjbom dj|i| olaàfio| eat }ho|o i`milj}at| jto àr jjikjdko ij }ho IFE|

Mi||ofi`j}ia` \}j`mjtm| Dukko}i` Dajtm.

]ho DI\ hj| laf~ko}om i}| iì}ijk la`lo~}ujk ratc a` moeiì`b foj|uto| ae fj}uti}yfi|fj}lho| (eu`mi`b bj~|) a` dj`c| i`}ot`j}ia`jk djkj`lo |hoo}| u|i`b }ho ID\

(tolaffo`mj}ia` =).


16/40

:5

\oluti}io| \}j}i|}il| (H\\). ^jt} 4 ae }hoH\\ (mod} |oluti}io| hakmi`b|) hj| doo`

~udki|hom+ j`m ratc hj| |}jt}om eat ^jt} < (ozui}y |oluti}io| i||uo| j`m hakmi`b|).

A` tolaffo`mj}ia`| 8 j`m 9+ }ho E\D Ratci`b Btau~ a` Mj}j Bj~| j`m \y|}ofilKi`cjbo| fjmo la`|imotjdko ~tabto|| i` j laf~kox j`m |o`|i}io eiokm+ ~tamuli`b i}|

ei`jk to~at}. ]ho Ratci`b Btau~ mooka~om j laffa` mtje} to~at}i`b }of~kj}o }a

lj~}uto }ho jl}ii}io| ae B&\IEI| j`m fjmo ~ta~a|jk| ri}h tobjtm }a mj}j jllo||. I`

J~tik 4>::+ }ho E\D ^ko`jty jbtoom }a ~tabto|| }ho ratc a` }ho|o i||uo| }htaubh }ra

ratc |}tojf|. ]ho IFE Oxolu}io Dajtm hj| jk|a mi|lu||om ~tabto|| a` }ho|o }ra

tolaffo`mj}ia`|.

A` tolaffo`mj}ia`| :> j`m ::+ }ho IFE DA^LAF hj| jbtoom }a i`ltoj|o }hoetozuo`ly (etaf j`ùjk }a |ofi j`ùjk) j`m }ifokiò|| (j mi||ofi`j}ia` kjb ae ko||

}hj` ìò fa`}h|) ae }ho LÎ\. Jk|a+ }ho LBE\ Ratci`b Btau~| eit|} |o} ae

o`hj`lofo`}| }a }ho DI\ ID\ hj| doo` j~~taom dy }ho LBE\.

Eat }ho II^ (tolaffo`mj}ia` :4)+ }ho ùfdot ae olaàfio| to~at}i`b zujt}otky II^mj}j i`ltoj|om }a 5= (j` i`ltoj|o ae :5 olaàfio| etaf j yojt jba)+ i`lkumi`b :>

B&4> olaàfio| (j` i`ltoj|o ae }ra olaàfio| etaf j yojt jba). ]hi| mooka~fo`}

rj| bio` if~o}u| dy }ho IFE Oxolu}io Dajtm| moli|ia` }a ~to|ltido zujt}otky II^

mj}j to~at}i`b u`mot }ho \MM\ (etaf j`ùjk) mj}j+ ri}h j fjxifuf kjb ae aò

zujt}ot (zujt}otky }ifokiò||)+ je}ot j eaut&yojt }tj`|i}ia` ~otiam+ o`mi`b i` 4>:=.


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laf~jtjdko baot`fo`} ei`j`lo mj}j roto jmmom (|oo

rrr.~ti`li~jkbkadjki`milj}at|.atb ).

9. Eat }ha|o tolaffo`mj}ia`| rhoto }ho la`lo~}ujk!|}j}i|}iljk etjforatc òom|

mooka~fo`} (tolaffo`mj}ia`| . IFE |}jee j~~tajlhom jkk B&4> olaàfio| eat dikj}otjk la`|uk}j}ia`|+ rhilh roto

u`mot}jco` do}roo` \o~}ofdot 4>:> j`m Fjtlh 4>::. ]ho fji` }hofo| jti|i`b etaf }ha|o

la`|uk}j}ia`| jto i`lkumom i` J`òx :.

::. Aotjkk+ j ~a|i}io ior ae }ho B&4> Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io rj| to~at}om+ ri}h mj}j }a

imo`}iey }ho duikm u~ ae ti|c| i` }ho ei`j`lijk |ol}at j`m u`mot|}j`m ei`j`lijk

i`}otla`òl}omò|| |oo` j| }ho hibho|} ~tiati}io| i` fj`y olaàfio|. ]hoto roto jk|ala`|i|}o`} fo||jbo| }hj} to|autlo la`|}tji`}| oxi|}+ }hj} }ho |~oom ae if~kofo`}j}ia` fjy

jty jlta|| olaàfio|+ }hj} }hoto òom| }a do la`|imotj}ia` ae }ho to~at}i`b dutmo` a` }ho

~tij}o |ol}at j`m }ho `j}ia`jk ju}hati}io|+ j`m }hj} }ho i`}ot`j}ia`jk jbo`lio| fu|} laa~otj}o

lka|oky.
http://www.principalglobalindicators.org/http://www.principalglobalindicators.org/http://www.principalglobalindicators.org/


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jl}ii}io| jto la`|imotom }a do jfa`b }ho fa|} if~at}j`} ae }ho B&4> Mj}j Bj~|

Iì}ij}io.

]ho E\I| Ox~ot} Toeoto`lo Btau~ foo}i`b i` @aofdot 4>:: j} rhilh }ho E\I ki|}rikk do toiorom j`m }ho ratc a` }jik ti|c| j`m kootjbo i` }ho ei`j`lijk |ol}at

mi|lu||om.

]ho foo}i`b ae }ho IFE| Oxolu}io Dajtm i` }ho eit|} hjke ae 4>:4+ j} rhilho`hj`lofo`}| }a }ho IFE Mj}j \}j`mjtm| Iì}ij}io|+ i`lkumi`b }ho ~a||idiki}y ae

if~kofo`}i`b j hibhot }iot (\MM\&^ku|)+ rikk do mi|lu||om. J ùfdot ae }ho mj}j|o}|

}hj} jto ~a}o`}ijk lj`mimj}o| eat i`lku|ia` i` |ulh j hibhot }iot jto mtjr` etaf }ho

B&4> Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io+ |u~~at}i`b ~udkil mi|lka|uto ae ei`j`lijk |ol}at mj}j.

]ho mooka~fo`} j`m if~kofo`}j}ia` dy i`}ot`j}ia`jk jbo`lio| ae laffa` }of~kj}o|}a lakkol} mj}j|o}| eat rhilh |}j}i|}iljk etjforatc| jktojmy oxi|} j`m rha|o |}j}i|}il|

jto i`}otki`com3 }ho|o i`lkumo }of~kj}o| eat |oluti}io|+ |ol}atjk jllau`}|+ j`m

baot`fo`} ei`j`lo |}j}i|}il|. Jk|a+ ratc }a if~kofo`} laffa` to~at}i`b }of~kj}o|

eat djkj`lo ae ~jyfo`}| j`m }ho II^ rikk }jco ~kjlo ri}h }ho laòt|ia` ae }ho|o mj}j

}a }ho òr i`}ot`j}ia`jk buimj`lo+ }hoD^F5. Aot }ho tofji`mot ae 4>::+ i} i|

ox~ol}om }hj} jbtoofo`} rikk do tojlhom a` }ho|o laffa` }of~kj}o| jfa`b }ho

i`}ot`j}ia`jk jbo`lio| i` la`|uk}j}ia` ri}h fofdot lau`}tio|.

52


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:9

Moli|ia` }a kju`lh ratc a` mooka~i`b j Laffotlijk Tojk O|}j}o ^tilo|

Hj`mdaac (tolaffo`mj}ia` :9).

Outa|}j}

Kj}ot i` 4>::E\I| Toeoto`lo Ox~ot} Btau~ foo}i`b (tolaffo`mj}ia`| 4+ olaàfio|3 jbtoofo`} a` }ho

o`hj`lom |oluti}io| }of~kj}o| (tolaffo`mj}ia` 2).

E\D ^ko`jty moli|ia` a` }ho laffa` }of~kj}o j`m iì}ijk mj}j&|hjti`b

jttj`bofo`}| eat B&\IEI| (tolaffo`mj}ia`| 8 j`m 9).

LBE\ ratci`b btau~ j`m }ho |ola`m |o} ae o`hj`lofo`}| }a }ho DI\ ID\

(tolaffo`mj}ia`| :> j`m ::).

Jbtoofo`} a` }ho òr II^ j`m djkj`lo ae ~jyfo`}| to~at} eatf| }a if~kofo`}

D^F5(tolaffo`mj}ia` :4).

Jbtoofo`} a` }ho |ol}atjk jllau`}| }of~kj}o|3 hy~otki`c jjikjdko |ol}atjk

jllau`}| mj}j }a }ho ^BI (tolaffo`mj}ia` :?).

Jbtoofo`} a` }ho baot`fo`} ei`j`lo |}j}i|}il| laffa` to~at}i`b }of~kj}o eat u|o

dy i`}ot`j}ia`jk jbo`lio| (tolaffo`mj}ia` :2). A`lo }hi| }of~kj}o i| if~kofo`}om

j`m lau`}tio| |}jt} to~at}i`b+ }hi| tolaffo`mj}ia` rikk do la`|imotom laf~ko}om.

Hj`mdaac a` To|imo`}ijk Tojk O|}j}o ^tilo| }a do ei`jkiwom (tolaffo`mj}ia` :9).

IFE

DI\+ OLD+ IFE

E\D

DI\

IFE

IFE+ AOLM

IFE

Outa|}j}


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4>

Ratci`b Btau~| jto kiji|i`b lka|oky }a o`|uto }hj} }ho i`mu|}ty la`|uk}j}ia` i| j| |faa}h j|

toj|a`jdky ~a||idko. ]ho la`|uk}j}ia` a` }ho DI\ ID\ mj}j|o}| |}jt}om i` ojtky Guò 4>::.

Eut}hotfato+ }ho ratc a` fj}uti}y fi|fj}lho| j`m kootjbo eat dj`c| jk|a tokio| a` }ho DI\ID\ mj}j j`m |a eut}hot ~tabto|| a` tolaffo`mj}ia` = fjy do ox~ol}om rho` }ho òr

o`hj`lom ID\ mj}j dolafo jjikjdko.

:2. ]ho la`lo~}| dohi`m }ho ID\ la`|akimj}om mj}j laukm jk|a ~taimo }ho fo}hamakaby

eat }ho la`|akimj}om mj}j eat à`dj`c ei`j`lijk lat~atj}ia`| j`m àèi`j`lijk lat~atj}ia`|

(tolaffo`mj}ia` :::

ratc|ha~ a` }hi| i||uo.8 ]ho ratc a` }ho la`|akimj}ia` la`lo~}| eat }ho B&\IEI| mj}j

}of~kj}o| laukm hjo if~kilj}ia`| eat }ho fo}hamakabiljk ratc a` tolaffo`mj}ia` :< j`m

eat }ho ratc a` E\I| (tolaffo`mj}ia` 4).

:8. Eat }ho `j}ia`jk jllau`}|&dj|om mj}j|o}|+ }ho lo`}ot~iolo ae }ho ratc i| }ho

mooka~fo`} ae }ho |ol}atjk jllau`}|. J ùfdot ae }ho a}hot tolaffo`mj}ia`| jto tokj}om }a

tolaffo`mj}ia` :?7 }ho|o i`lkumo }ho tolaffo`mj}ia`| tokj}i`b }a }ho II^

(tolaffo`mj}ia` :4)+ baot`fo`} ei`j`lo |}j}i|}il| (tolaffo`mj}ia` :2)+ j`m |oluti}io|

|}j}i|}il| (tolaffo`mj}ia` 2). Jkk ae }ho|o a}hot tolaffo`mj}ia`| rikk hok~ }a o`hj`lo }ho

|ol}atjk jllau`}| mj}j.

:9. I` jmmi}ia` }a tolaffo`mj}ia` :?+ }ho ratc a` |oluti}io| mj}j lj` |u~~at} }ho ratc

a` }ho tolaffo`mj}ia`| a` }ho LÎ\ (tolaffo`mj}ia`| :> j`m ::)+ }ho II^+ baot`fo`}


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4:. Ei`jkky+ }ho tolo`} lti|i| hj| |oo` ~to||uto a` |afo |}j}i|}iljk jbo`lio| }a i`ltoj|o }ho

}ifokiò|| ae }ho mj}j ~taimom }a ~akilyfjcot| j`m }ho ~udkil. ]ho òom eat }ifoky

ièatfj}ia` i| tolabìwom+ rhiko ~to|oti`b mj}j zujki}y.

IU. LHJKKO@BO\ J@M I@\]I]_]IA@JK JTTJ@BOFO@]\

44. Muti`b }ho dikj}otjk la`|uk}j}ia`| ri}h B&4> `j}ia`jk ju}hati}io|+ i`lkumi`b j} }ho

\oìat Aeeilijk| laèoto`lo+ j ùfdot ae lhjkko`bo| roto imo`}ieiom i` if~kofo`}i`b }ho

B&4> Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io. \afo ae }ho|o lhjkko`bo| hjm doo` imo`}ieiom i` }ho Fjy 4>:>

^tabto|| To~at}+ du} j| }ho tolaffo`mj}ia`| dobi` }a do }utòm i`}a la`lto}o j`m ~tjl}iljk

jl}ia`|+ }ho lhjkko`bo| hjo dolafo lkojtot. ]hi| |ol}ia` |o}| au} }ho fji` lhjkko`bo|

imo`}ieiom j`m toior| }ho i`|}i}u}ia`jk jttj`bofo`}| eat }ho ratc jhojm.

J. To|autlo|

4 Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io jto iòi}jdky j` i||uo. Aotjkk+ }ho iì}ij}io mao|

jmm fji`ky }a }ho ratc kajm ae laf~ikot|. @aò}hoko||+ i} rj| tolabìwom j} }ho \oìatAeeilijk| laèoto`lo }hj} }ho tolo`} oo`}| hjm mofa`|}tj}om }ho òom }a |}to`b}ho` }ho mj}j

iètj|}tul}uto j| }ho la|} ae à} hji`b }ho tokoj`} ièatfj}ia` ~taom }a do hibh.

4=. To|autlo jkkalj}ia` moli|ia`| jto }ho to|~a`|idiki}y ae }ho `j}ia`jk ju}hati}io| j`m

`j}ia`jk ~tiati}io| jty Jk|a mieeoto`} olaàfio| ejlo mieeoti`b litluf|}j`lo| j`m }hi| rikk


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B&4> Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io |haukm do laatmi`j}om ri}h a}hot B&4> iì}ij}io| }hj} iàko }ho

~tai|ia` ae mj}j. I` }hi| tobjtm+ fj`y `j}ia`jk ju}hati}io| o`lautjbom i`}ot`j}ia`jk jbo`lio|

}a o`|uto }hj}+ }a }ho ox}o`} ~a||idko+ mj}j tozuo|}| jto la`|i|}o`} ri}h i`}ot`j}ia`jk |}j`mjtm|.]hi| i| ~jt}ilukjtky tokoj`} eat oxotli|o| kico }ho B&4> FJ^ }hj} laf~jto| mj}j jlta|| B&4>

olaàfio|.

42. Jk|a+ |afo `j}ia`jk ju}hati}io| of~hj|iwom }ho òom }a i`}obtj}o }ho B&4> Mj}j Bj~|

Iì}ij}io }a }ho ox}o`} ~a||idko ri}h }ho if~kofo`}j}ia` |lhomuko ae }ho òr i`}ot`j}ia`jk

|}j}i|}iljk fjùjk|+ ~jt}ilukjtky }ho 4>>8 \@J j`m }hoD^F5. Eat }hi| toj|a` }ho

if~kofo`}j}ia` ae }ho |ol}atjk jllau`}| i| la`lutto`} ri}h }ho }ifo}jdko eat }ho lau`}tio|

if~kofo`}j}ia` ae }ho 4>>8 \@J3 j`m }ho if~kofo`}j}ia` ae LÎ\ i| |lhomukom eat 4>: Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io }a

duikm i` ekoxidiki}y i` }ho }ifo}jdko| eat if~kofo`}j}ia` }a toekol} mieeoti`b `j}ia`jk

litluf|}j`lo| j`m ~tiati}io|. J| j dtajm |}j}ofo`}+ ofotbi`b olaàfio| jto kicoky }a òom j

ka`bot kojm }ifo eat |afo ae }ho tolaffo`mj}ia`| }hj` jmj`lom olaàfio|. Jk|a+ jkktolaffo`mj}ia`| jto à} òlo||jtiky tokoj`} eat jkk olaàfio|eat i`|}j`lo }ho

tolaffo`mj}ia` a` LM\ i| tokoj`} eat }ha|o olaàfio| ri}h |ibìeilj`} fjtco}| i` }ho|o

i`|}tufo`}|.


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4. J ltulijk zuo|}ia` tokj}o| }a ~a}o`}ijk jllo|| }a mj}j. ]a u`mot}jco fjlta~tumo`}ijk

j`jky|i|+ i`lkumi`b mooka~i`b ò}ratc famok| }a u`mot|}j`m }ho }tj`|fi||ia` lhj`òk|+ }jik

ti|c| j`m ofotbi`b ukòtjdiki}io| i` }ho |y|}of+ jllo|| }a fato btjùkjt mj}j i| o||o`}ijk.

Ei`j`lijk mj}j mi|jbbtobj}om dy lau`}ty+ |ol}at+ i`|}tufo`}+ fj}uti}y+ j`m lutto`lymoàfi`j}ia` raukm ejliki}j}o }ho imo`}ieilj}ia` ae i`}oto|} tj}o j`m oxlhj`bo&tj}o ti|c|+

fj}uti}y fi|fj}lho| at eu`mi`b bj~|+ j`m }ho ~a}o`}ijk eat |~ikkaot| jlta|| |ol}at| j`m

jlta|| datmot|. ]ho B&4> tolaffo`mj}ia`| tobjtmi`b }ho DI\ ID\ j`m IFE LÎ\ mj}j|o}|

j`m }ho ofotbi`b B&\IEI| }of~kj}o }a jtyi`b mobtoo| i`lkumo |ulh dtojcmar`|. I`moom+ }ho


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ju}hati}io| fjy }jco eut}hot jl}ia`| }a |u~~at} o`hj`lom ~udkil mi|lka|uto| dy ei`j`lijk

eitf|+ i`lkumi`b i` }ho la`}ox} ae }ho Dj|ok Jllatm|.::

= olaàfio| j`m

IJB fofdot|.

M. I`}ot`j}ia`jk Laatmi`j}ia`

==. ]ho i`|}i}u}ia`jk |}tul}uto }hj} rj| mooka~om }a }jco eatrjtm }ho B&4> Mj}j Bj~|Iì}ij}io hj| ~taom oeeol}io i` laatmi`j}i`b }ho ratc j} }ho i`}ot`j}ia`jk kook+ à} koj|} }a

kootjbo to|autlo| j`m fiìfiwo la|}|.

=?. Kojm jbo`lio| hjo doo` j~~ai`}om }a }jco to|~a`|idiki}y eat i`miimujk

tolaffo`mj}ia`|. \}jee etaf }ho IFE j`m }ho E\D \olto}jtij} hjo laa~otj}om lka|oky i`

aot|ooi`b }ho rhako ~tabtjf+ j`m ~taimom j`ùjk u~mj}o| a` ~tabto|| }a }ho B&4> Ei`j`lo

Fiì|}ot| j`m Lo`}tjk Dj`c Baotàt|.

=5. Fa|} ae }ho laatmi`j}ia` ratc hj| doo` u`mot}jco` }htaubh }ho IJB+ ri}h }ho

oxi|}i`b tokoj`} damio|+ |ulh j| }ho DA^LAF+ }ho E\D+ j`m }ho LBE\ }jci`b }ho moli|ia`|

eat }ho mj}j|o}| u`mot }hoit to|~a`|idiki}y. ]ho foo}i`b| ae |oìat aeeilijk| hjo jk|a ~taom

oeeol}io i` dti`bi`b }ho dib ~il}uto imoj| i||uo| j`m ~tiati}io| i` jmj`lo ae }ho to~at}| }a


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U. RJY EATRJTM

?>. ]jdko :+ eakkari`b }ho Oxolu}io \uffjty+ to~at}| a` ~tabto|| j`m }ho ~ta~a|om

ratc ~tabtjf bai`b eatrjtm eat if~kofo`}i`b }ho B&4> Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io.

?:. ]hi| to~at} j|c| eat }ho o`mat|ofo`} dy }ho B&4> Ei`j`lo Fiì|}ot| j`m Lo`}tjk

Dj`c Baotàt| ae }ho|o ~ta~a|om jl}ia` ~kj`| j`m }ifo}jdko|.


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J`òx :. \uffjty ae Fji` ]hofo| etaf }ho La`|uk}j}ia`| ri}h B&4> Olaàfio|

]ho Ei`j`lijk Lti|i| j`m Ièatfj}ia` Bj~|7 ^tabto|| To~at}+ Jl}ia` ^kj`|+ j`m ]ifo}jdko|

(Fjy 4>:>)+ rj| ~to|o`}om }a j`m o`mat|om dy }ho B&4> Ei`j`lo Fiì|}ot| j`m Lo`}tjk Dj`c

Baotàt| i` Guò 4>:>. I} oì|jbom }hj} IFE |}jee raukm la`|uk} ri}h }ho ju}hati}io| a` }ho

lhjkko`bo|+ to|autlo if~kilj}ia`|+ j`m to~at}i`b iàkom i` if~kofo`}i`b }ho jl}ia` ~kj`|

|o} au} i` }ho à}om ~tabto|| to~at}. IFE |}jee u`mot}aac dikj}otjk la`|uk}j}ia`| ri}h B&4>

olaàfio| muti`b }ho ~otiam \o~}ofdot 4>:> }a Fjtlh 4>::+ i`lkumi`b j} j \oìat Aeeilijk|

laèoto`lo a` Fjtlh :: j} IFE Hojmzujt}ot|.

]ho mi|lu||ia`| ealu|om a` }ra j|~ol}|7 }ho fji` mj}j bj~| imo`}ieiom dy }ho `j}ia`jkju}hati}io|3 j`m j mi|lu||ia` ae }ho |~olieil tolaffo`mj}ia`|+ mi|}i`bui|hi`b do}roo`7

]ha|o tolaffo`mj}ia`| eat rhilh }ho la`lo~}ujk!|}j}i|}iljk etjforatc òom|mooka~fo`}+ j`m

]ha|o tolaffo`mj}ia`| eat rhilh la`lo~}ujk!|}j}i|}iljk etjforatc| oxi|} j`ma`bai`b lakkol}ia` òom| o`hj`lofo`}.

IFE |}jee mo|ltidom }ho a`bai`b ~tabto|| doi`b fjmo dy }ho i`}ot`j}ia`jk laffuì}y a` }ho

eit|} |o} ae tolaffo`mj}ia`| j`m+ i` jmj`lo ae }ho la`|uk}j}ia`|+ imo`}ieiom eat }ho |ola`m

|o} }ho lutto`} to~at}i`b ~tjl}ilo| ae ojlh olaàfy la`|uk}om.


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lau`}tio|. ]hi| toekol}| mieeoto`lo| i` }ho if~jl} j`m `j}uto ae }ho bkadjk lti|i| j`m i` zujki}y

mifo`|ia`| (i`lkumi`b laotjbo+ |la~o+ }ifokiò||+ etozuo`ly+ jllo||idiki}y+ j`m

laffuìlj}ia`) ae oxi|}i`b mj}j|o}|. J| j to|uk}+ `j}ia`jk ju}hati}io| la`|imotom }hj} jl}ia`~kj`| j`m }ifoetjfo| }a jmmto|| mj}j bj~| òom }a do ekoxidko j`m ~tjbfj}il+ tolabìwi`b7

]ho la`mi}ia`| j`m lj~jli}io| i` mieeoto`} lau`}tio|3 j`m La|}!doòei} }tjmo&aee|.Tolabìwi`b }ho i`}otki`cjbo| jlta|| }ho B&4> tolaffo`mj}ia`|+ la`|uk}om ju}hati}io|

u`mot|latom }ho òom }a fjco ~jtjkkok ~tabto|| i` }ho if~kofo`}j}ia` ae }ho tolo`}ky u~mj}om|}j}i|}iljk fo}hamakabio|+ `jfoky7 }ho 4>>8 \@J+ }ho D^F5+ j`m }ho BE\F 4>>:.

Fatoaot+ i} rj| la`|imotom if~at}j`} }a if~tao }ho j`jky|i| ae oxi|}i`b mj}j j`m tolabìwo

}hj} fato mj}j fjy à} jkrjy| do }ho do|} j`|rot.

D. Ofotbi`b Laffa` ^tiati}io|

]hoto rj| j kjtbo mobtoo ae la`|o`|u| aot }ho fji` mj}j bj~|7 }ha|o tokj}om }a ei`j`lijk

i`}otla`òl}omò|| (mafo|}il j`m lta||&datmot)+ j`m }ho duikm u~ ae ti|c i` }ho ei`j`lijk

|ol}at fato boòtjkky+ i`lkumi`b |hjmar dj`ci`b.

Lta||&datmot ei`j`lijk i`}otla`òl}omò||


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49

Eut}hot+ eat |afo olaàfio|+ if~tai`b ièatfj}ia` a` lta||&datmot ox~a|uto| do}roo`

aee|hato ei`j`lijk o`}i}io| j`m mafo|}il àèi`j`lijk lat~atj}ia`| i| jk|a if~at}j`}.

Mafo|}il ei`j`lijk i`}otla`òl}omò||

Fj`y B&4> olaàfio| la`|uk}om bjo j hibh ~tiati}y }a if~tai`b |ol}atjk jllau`}|+

~jt}ilukjtky |ol}atjk djkj`lo&|hoo} mj}j. \ulh mj}j hok~| do}}ot u`mot|}j`m ei`j`lijk

la`òl}ia`| ri}hi` }ho olaàfy+ tojk j`m ei`j`lijk ki`cjbo|+ j`m }ho tako ~kjyom dy à`dj`c

ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`| i` }ho ei`j`lijk |ol}at. Jk|a+ j| aò lau`}ty ju}hati}y mo|ltidom+ rhiko

ekar| ~taimo j |`j~|ha} ae mooka~fo`}| i` }ho ~j|}+ djkj`lo&|hoo} mj}j ~taimo j do}}ot

buimo }a eu}uto mooka~fo`}|+ j| |}alc mj}j to~to|o`} lufukj}io mooka~fo`}|.

Ei`j`lijk |ol}at

]ho if~at}j`lo ae if~tai`b }ho mj}j jjikjdko a` à`dj`c ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`|rj|

tolabìwom }a do}}ot u`mot|}j`m }hoit tako i` }ho ei`j`lijk |y|}of. I` j ùfdot ae lau`}tio|+

}ho|o i`|}i}u}ia`| jto btari`b i` if~at}j`lo+ j`m }ho djkj`lo ae |y|}ofil tokoj`lo do}roo`

dj`c j`m à`dj`c ei`j`lijk i`|}i}u}ia`| lj` |hie} aot }ifo. Eat i`|}j`lo+ òr at|}to`b}hoòm tobukj}ia`| a` }ho eatfjk dj`ci`b |y|}of laukm ~u|h fato ei`j`lijk

i`}otfomij}ia` jl}ii}y i`}a }ho |hjmar dj`ci`b |y|}of+ jd|o`} eut}hot ~akily jl}ia` }a aee|o}

}hi|.


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Baot`fo`} ei`j`lo |}j}i|}il|

]ho òom }a u~btjmo ei|ljk mj}j rj| tolabìwom i` j ùfdot ae olaàfio|. ]hi| i`lkumo| }homooka~fo`} ae jlltujk&dj|om mj}j }a bo} j do}}ot hj`mko a` to|autlo| ekar|+ laotjbo }a

i`lkumo |}j}o j`m kaljk baot`fo`}+ j`m }ifokiò|| j`m etozuo`ly. Haroot+ }hi| ratc

iàko| j |ibìeilj`} laffi}fo`} dy }ho ju}hati}io| dolju|o ae }ho òom }a lhj`bo I]

|y|}of| j`m }ho rimo tj`bo ae baot`fo`} o`}i}io| }hj} oxi|} i` |afo olaàfio|. I` |afo

olaàfio| }ho|o o`hj`lofo`}| jto ki`com }a j dtajmot ~udkil ~akily ae if~tai`b

}tj`|~jto`ly.

L. A}hot Tokj}om I||uo|

Mj}j laffuìlj}ia`!}tj`|~jto`ly

]ifoky+ laf~toho`|io+ j`m laf~jtjdko mj}j ri}h u|ot&etio`mky fo}jmj}j jto i`|}tufo`}jk }a

}ho |ullo|| ae }ho B&4> Mj}j Bj~| Iì}ij}io. I` }hi| la`òl}ia`+ }ho ^BI rod|i}o rj|

roklafom j`m la`|imotom j` oxlokko`} oxjf~ko ae laa~otj}ia` jfa`b i`}ot`j}ia`jk

i`|}i}u}ia`| iàkom i` |}j}i|}iljk ratc. Ka`bot j`m fato hafaboòau| (lta||&lau`}tylaf~jtjdko) }ifo |otio| jto mo|itjdko+ j`m laukm do ki`com ri}h }ho hi|}atiljk mj}j u`motkyi`b

}ho B&4> FJ^ oxotli|o.

\afo olaàfio| |jr j òom }a if~tao }hoit laffuìlj}ia` ri}h mj}j u|ot|.


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>9. ]ho

la`|uk}j}ia`| toojkom }hj} olaàfio| jto la`}iùi`b i` }hoit oeeat}| }a if~tao }ho

jjikjdiki}y ae E\I mj}j. Aò B&4> olaàfy mao| à} ~taimo E\I mj}j eat tomi||ofi`j}ia` dy

}ho IFE.

I`ltoj|i`bky fa|} ae }ho lato E\I| jto laf~ikom j`m mi||ofi`j}om+ jk}haubh j ùfdot ae

olaàfio| ma à} mi||ofi`j}o mj}j a` }ho ò} a~o` eatoib` oxlhj`bo ~a|i}ia`. Jfa`b }ho

o`lautjbom E\I|+ }ho do|} laotjbo i| eat mo~a|i} }jcot|. Bj~| i` à`dj`c ei`j`lijk

i`|}i}u}ia`| laotjbo roto à}om dy |afo. ]ho etozuo`ly ae }ho to~at}om E\I mj}j jtio| etaf

olaàfy }a olaàfy j`m dy }y~o ae i`|}i}u}ia`| laotom. Mj}j eat mo~a|i} }jcot| jto

i`jtijdky }ho fa|} etozuo`}+ j`m mj}j fjy do jjikjdko a` j fa`}hky+ zujt}otky+ |ofi&j`ùjk+

j`m j`ùjk dj|i| ]hoto i| j }to`m }arjtm| i`ltoj|i`b etozuo`ly |ulh j| fai`b }a zujt}otky


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lau`}tio|

}a to~at} |oluti}io| mj}j.

Rhiko j eor B&4> olaàfio| hjo baam laotjbo+ }hoto i| |afo rjy }a ba i` fj`y B&4>

lau`}tio|+ j`m }hoto jto j ùfdot ae lhjkko`bo|. ]ho|o lhjkko`bo| i`lkumo mooka~i`b

|y|}of| }a lakkol} j`m laf~iko }ho u`motkyi`b mj}j+ ri}h |afo la`|imoti`b fai`b }a j

|oluti}y&dy&|oluti}y |y|}of }a |u~~at} }hi| ratc3 laatmi`j}ia` jfa`b mieeoto`} jbo`lio|+

|ulh j| }ho lo`}tjk dj`c j`m }ho |oluti}io| tobukj}at3 if~tai`b }ho laotjbo j`m mo}jik ae

mj}j |ulh j| rimoì`b etaf }ho baot`fo`} |oluti}io| }a }ho dtajmot ~tij}o |ol}at j`m etaf

mafo|}il lutto`ly }a eatoib` lutto`ly3 j`m i`ltoj|i`b etozuo`ly+ ri}h |afo B&4> olaàfio|

~taimi`b j`ùjk mj}j du} kaaci`b i`}a }ho ~a||idiki}y ae to~at}i`b zujt}otky mj}j.

Rhiko }hoto i| boòtjk tolabì}ia` ae }ho if~at}j`lo ae |oluti}io| mj}j+ à} koj|} dolju|o }ho

mj}j lj` do u|om i` j rimo tj`bo ae mj}j|o}|+ }ho ~tiati}y bio` }a }hi| ratc jtio| jlta||

B&4> olaàfio|.

Tolaffo`mj}ia`| :> j`m ::7 I`}ot`j}ia`jk Dj`ci`b \}j}i|}il| (ID\)

Fa|} B&4> olaàfio| ~taimo ID\ mj}j }a }ho DI\. ]ha|o B&4> olaàfio| }hj} ma à} to~at}+

jto la`|imoti`b to~at}i`b+ j`m jto i` mi|lu||ia`| ri}h }ho DI\. Rhiko à moli|ia`| hjo doo`

fjmo+ }ho if~to||ia` bjiòm i` }ho dikj}otjk la`|uk}j}ia`| rj| }hj} }hoto i| i`}oto|} i` kaaci`b

i`}a }ho ~a||idiki}y ae gaiì`b }ho DI\ |utoy.


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36/40

olaàfio|

}a if~tao }ho jjikjdiki}y j`m zujki}y ae tojk o|}j}o ~tilo| dolju|o ae }ho tokoj`lo ae }ho|o

mj}j eat fjlta~tumo`}ijk ~akily j`jky|i|. I` ~jt}ilukjt+ lau`}tio| roto i`}oto|}om i`

u`mot|}j`mi`b hau|i`b rojk}h }to`m| |a j| }a j||o|| }ho duikm u~ ae ti|c| j`m ukòtjdiki}io|

i` }hi| |ol}at+ ri}h ~a}o`}ijk rimot olaàfil j`m ei`j`lijk if~kilj}ia`|.

\u~~at} rj| |har` dy lau`}tio| eat }ho mooka~fo`} ae laf~jtjdko mj}j a` tojk o|}j}o ~tilo

i`milo|. Jtoj| ae i`}oto|} i`lkumo }ho jkuj}ia` ae to|imo`}ijk kj`m j`m mrokki`b|+ j`m }ho

jkuo ae laffotlijk tojk o|}j}o. ]ho mi|lu||ia`| jk|a tji|om }ho if~at}j`lo ae lakkol}i`b~tilo mj}j a` oxi|}i`b j`m òr tojk o|}j}o+ j`m }ho jdiki}y }a mieeoto`}ij}o do}roo` hau|o| j`m

j~jt}fo`}|. J ùfdot ae lau`}tio| jk|a à}om i`}oto|} i` j`jkywi`b lj~i}jk li}y j`m tobia`jk

~tilo }to`m|.

Rhiko }ho lutto`} laf~ikj}ia` ~tjl}ilo| jty jlta|| lau`}tio|+ }hoto rj| dtajm la`|o`|u| }hj}

}ho ratc }a ei`jkiwo }hoHj`mdaac a` To|imo`}ijk ^ta~ot}y ^tilo I`milo| i` kj}o 4>:: raukm

do ae j||i|}j`lo. ]hoto rj| jk|a |u~~at} eat mi|lu||ia`| }a do hokm ri}h ~tij}o |ol}ato`mat| |a j| }a o`|uto }hj} zujki}y ae to~at}i`b i| jlhioom.

Tolaffo`mj}ia` 4>7 ^ti`li~jk Bkadjk I`milj}at|(^BI)

Muti`b }ho dikj}otjk la`|uk}j}ia`| ri}h }ho B 4> olaàfio| }ho `j}ia`jk ju}hati}io|


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38/40

>8 \@J ~taimo| }ho lato etjforatc eat }ho tolatmi`b ae to|imo`lo&dj|om |}j}i|}il|. I}|

fji` eoj}uto| toeot }a }ho moeiì}ia` ae i`|}i}u}ia`jk uì}| j`m |ol}at|+ }ho mi|}i`l}ia` do}roo`

~a|i}ia`|+ }tj`|jl}ia`| j`m a}hot ekar|+ }ho boòtjk la`lo~} ae fjtco} jkuj}ia`+ j`m }ho

zujmtu~ko o`}ty ~ti`li~ko.

]hi| j`òx ~to|o`}| i` j |yà~}il fj}tix }ho i`}otki`cjbo| do}roo` }ho B&4> Mj}j Bj~|

Iì}ij}io tolaffo`mj}ia`| }hj} mtjr a` }ho la`lo~}ujk etjforatc ae }ho 4>>8 \@J.]ho|o

jto |oluti}y |}j}i|}il| (Tolaffo`mj}ia` 2)+ }ho II^ (Tolaffo`mj}ia` :4)+ |ol}atjk jllau`}|

(Tolaffo`mj}ia` :?)+ j`m baot`fo`} ei`j`lo |}j}i|}il| (Tolaffo`mj}ia` :2). ]ho fj}tixu|o| }ho ei`j`lijk jllau`}!ei`j`lijk djkj`lo |hoo} ae }ho \@J i`}obtj}om |ol}at jllau`}| j| }ho

atbjìwi`b etjforatc.

J| ikku|}tj}om i` }ho fj}tix+ }ho \@J ~taimo| j uìeyi`b etjforatc eat }ho a}hot |}j`mjtm|

ekari`b etaf i} (}ho faò}jty j`m ei`j`lijk |}j}i|}il|+ |oluti}io| |}j}i|}il|+ }ho II^+ j`m

baot`fo`} ei`j`lo |}j}i|}il|). ]ho fj}tix lj` do ~a~ukj}om mtjri`b etaf oxi|}i`b tokj}om

mj}j|o}| i` j laho|io j`m |}tul}utom ej|hia` }a |u~~at} j rimo jtio}y ae j`jky}iljk ~ut~a|o|.

]ho mooka~fo`} ae hjtfaìwom j`m la`|i|}o`} to~at}i`b ae |ol}atjk jllau`}|+ baot`fo`}

ei`j`lo |}j}i|}il|+ |oluti}io| j`m ox}ot`jk mj}j+ j| mo|ltidom i` ~jtjbtj~h 4>+ i| }a do dj|om a`

}ho etjforatc ~to|o`}om i` }ho fj}tix.

]jdko =7 I`}otki`cjbo| Do}roo` Tol ,:? j`m Tol| ,2+ ,:4+ j `m ,:2 j| Toekol}om i` }ho Ei`j`lijk Jl lau`}!Ei`j`lijk Djkj`lo \hoo} ae }ho \@J I`}obtj}om \ol}at Jllau`}|

^jt} ae j |y|}of ae i`|}i}u}ia`jk |ol}at jllau`}| (ei`j`lijk jllau`} j`m ei`j`lijk djkj`lo |hoo})


39/40

y

To|imo`}| @a`to|imo`}| Jkk ltomi

@aèi`j`lijk lat~atj}ia`|Ei`j`lijk lat~atj}ia`| j`m

|ud|ol}at|Boòtjk baot`fo`}

Hau|ohakm| j`m à`~taei}i`|}i}u}ia`| |oti`b hau|ohakm|

Ltomi}at dy to|imo`ly j`m to|imo`} |ol}at

Mod}at dy to|imo`ly j`m to|imo`} |ol}atj`m dy ei`j`lijk i`|}tufo`}

\@J BE\ H\\ II^ FE\ \@J BE\ H \\ II^ FE\ \@J BE\:!

H\\ II^ FE\ \@J BE\ H\\ II^ FE\ \@J BE\ H\\ II^ FE\ \@J BE\ H\\

To|imo`}|

@aèi`j`lijklat~atj}ia`|

Faò}jty bakm j`m \MT|

Lutto`ly j`m mo~a|i}|' Mod} |oluti}io|

Kaj`|

Ozui}y j`m iò|}fo`} eu`m |hjto| at uì}|

I`|utj`lo+ ~o`|ia`+ j`m |}j`mjtmiwom bujtj`}oo|lhofo|

Ei`j`lijk motij}io| j`m of~kayoo |}alc a~}ia`|

A}hot jllau`}| toloijdko! ~jyjdko

Ei`j`lijklat~atj}ia`|

j`m |ud&|ol}at|


Lutto`ly j`m mo~a|i}|

Mod} |oluti}io|

Kaj`|




A}hot jllau`}| toloijdko!~jyjdko

Boòtjkbaot`fo`}



Mod} |oluti}io|

Kaj`|





Hau|ohakm|j`m a`~taei}

i`|}i}u}ia`||oti`bhau|ohakm|


Lutto`ly j`m mo~a|i}|'

Mod} |oluti}io|

Kaj`|





]jdko = (la`}iùom)7 I`}otki`cjbo| Do}roo` Tol ,:? j`m Tol| ,2+ ,:4+ j`m ,:2 j| Toekol}om i` }ho Ei`j`lijk Jllau`}!Ei`j`lijk Djkj `lo \hoo} ae }ho \@J I`}obtj}om \ol}at Jllau`}|


40/40

^jt} ae j |y|}of ae i`|}i}u}ia`jk |ol}at jllau`}| (ei`j`lijk jllau`} j`m ei`j`lijk djkj`lo |hoo})

To|imo`}| @a`to|imo`}| Jkk ltomi}at|

@aèi`j`lijk lat~atj}ia`|Ei`j`lijk lat~atj}ia`| j`m

|ud|ol}at|Boòtjk baot`fo`}

Hau|ohakm| j`m à`~taei}i`|}i}u}ia`| |oti`b hau|ohakm|

Ltomi}at dy to|imo`ly j`m to|imo`} |ol}at

Mod}at dy to|imo`ly j`m to|imo`} |ol}atj`m dy ei`j`lijk i`|}tufo`}

\@J BE\ H\\ II^ FE\ \@J BE\ H\\ II^ FE\ \@J BE\ H\\ II^ FE\ \@J BE\ H\\ II^ FE\ \@J BE\ H\\ II FE\ \@J BE\ H\\ II^

@a`to|imo`}|



Mod} |oluti}io|

Kaj`|





Jkk mod}at|



Mod} |oluti}io|

Kaj`|


I`|utj`lo+ ~o`|ia` j`m |}j`mjtmiwom bujtj`}oo

|lhofo|



@a}o|7

6 @a} j~~kiljdko

6 @a} tokoj`} etaf j `j}ia`jk atio`}j}ia`

' 6 La`lo~}ujkky ~a||idko du} ~tjl}iljkky i`|ibìeilj`} at aòxi|}o`}.

FE\ 6 Faò}jty j`m Ei`j`lijk \}j}i|}il|

H\\ 6Hj`mdaac a` \oluti}io| \}j}i|}il| (Tolaffo`mj}ia` ,2)

II^ 6 I`}ot`j}ia`jk Iò|}fo`} a|i}ia` (Tolaffo`mj}ia` ,:4)

BE\ 6 Baot`fo`} Ei`j`lo \}j}i|}il| (Tolaffo`mj}ia` ,:2)

\@J 6 \y|}of ae @j}ia`jk Jllau`}| (Tolaffo`mj}ia` ,:?) |}j`mjtm| eat |ol}at| a}hot }hj` Ei`j`lijk lat~atj}ia`|+ Boòtjk Baot`fo`}+ j`m }ho To|} ae }ho Ratkm.

Jkk a}hot |}j`mjtm| a}omFE\+ H\\+ BE\+ j`m II ekar etaf }ho \@J |ol}at |}j`mjtm| eat Ei`j`lijk lat~atj}ia`|+ Boòtjk Baot`fo`}+ j`m }ho To|} ae }ho Ratkm.:!

BE\ mj}j jto ~to|o`}om a` j la`|akimj}om dj|i| |a ~to|o`}i`b }ho boòtjk baot`fo`} |ol}at j| ie a`ky j |i`bko uì} oxi|}om.

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