The feature of EU policy towards Central Asia － Mainly focusing on economic relations － SUZUI Kiyomi 鈴井 清巳 Prof. of Kyoto Sangyo University 京都産業大学.

The feature of EU policy towards Central Asia

－ Mainly focusing on economic relations －

SUZUI Kiyomi 　鈴井　清巳

Prof. of Kyoto Sangyo University京都産業大学

１． Purposes of the presentation

To make clear ：

１． the aims of EU Policy towards Central Asia

２． the feature of economic relation between EU and Central Asia

　　２． Reference 　①(1) Council of the European Union, General Secretariat　　（ 2007 ） , European Union and Central Asia ： Strategy　　 for a New Partnership （ New EU Central Asia Strategy ） .(2) European Community （ 2007 ） , Regional Strategy 　　 Paper for Assistance to Central Asia for the period 2007-2013.(3) European Commission, External Relations （ 2008 ） , Joint Progress Report by the Council and the European Commission to the European Council on the implementation of the EU Central Asia Strategy .

　　２． Reference 　②(4) Council of the European Union, General Secretariat （ 2010 ） , Joint Progress Report by the Council and the European Commission to the European Council on the implementation of the EU Strategy for Central Asia, 11402/10, Brussels.(5) Michael Emerson, Jos Boonstra, Nafisa Hasanova, Marlene Laruelle and Sébastien Peyrouse （ 2010 ） , Into Eurasia: Monitoring the EU’s Central Asia Strategy, Report of the EUCAM Project, Center for European Policy Studies （ CEPS ） ,Brussels and Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior （ FRIDE ） , Madrid.

　　２． Reference 　③(6) European Commission, External Relations Directorate General, Directorate Eastern Europe, Southern Caucasus, Central Asia Republics （ 2010 ） , Central Asia DCI Indicative Programme 2011-2013(7) Sébastien Peyrouse （ 2009 ） , Business and Trade Relationships between the EU and Central Asia, EUCAM, Working Paper 01.(8) Laure Delcour （ 2011 ） , Shaping the Post-Soviet Space ？ 　 EU Policies and Approaches to Region-Building （ Ashgate ） .(9) http://eurodialogue.org/eu-central-asia-strategy/10(10)http://ec.europa.eu/trade/(11) UNCTAD(2010), World Investment Report 2011

３． The EU central Asia strategy①

• The growing importance of Central Asia for the EU has been reflected in the New EU Central Asia Strategy adopted by the European Council （ 22 June 2007 ） .

• The Strategy aims at enhancing the EU's relations with the region as a whole and each of its particular countries.

３． The EU central Asia strategy②

• It sets priorities for cooperation in six main areas:

① 　 democracy and human rights　 ②　 education　 ③　 trade and investment ④ energy and transport ⑤ the environment ⑥ combating common threats and challenges

４． Geostrategic importance

• Central Asia is of fundamental geostrategic importance to the EU.

• The region represents for the EU a bridge to China as well as to Afghanistan and the Middle East.

５． Source of significant energy 　

• EU’s Import Dependency 2007 （ % ）

＊ For the EU, Central Asian countries are 　 sources of significant energy imports　 instead of Russia and Middle East.

ALL FUELS Solid Fuels Oil Gas

EU-27 53.1 41.2 82.6 60.3EU-25 53.6 41.4 82.9 61.0

Crude Oil and Gas Imports （ 2007 ）

Crude Oil Gas Country ％Russia 34.0

Norway 15.5

Libya 10.2

Saudi Arabia 7.2

Other Middle East 6.3

Iran 6.2

Kazahkhstan 3.4

Nigeria 2.8

Other Origin 14.3

Country ％Russia 40.8

Norway 26.7

Algeria 16.9

Nigeria 5.1

Libya 3.3

Qatar 2.4

Egypt 1.9

Trinidad and Tobago 0.9

Other Origin 1.9

６． Economic Aim of Strategy

① 　 In the area of trade and investment 　 the Strategy focuses on the accession　 of the entire Central Asian region to 　 the World Trade Organisation . 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

② 　 It also aims to help Central Asian countries take greater advantage of the EU's GSP (Generalised System of Preferences).

WTO membership・ Kyrgyzstan acceded to the WTO in 1998.・ Turkmenistan has’t applied for WTO membership. ・ Tajikistan and Uzbekistan applied in 2001 and 1994 respectively, but their accession negotiations are still at the initial stages. ・ Kazakhstan's accession process is significantly more advanced and the EU and Kazakhstan are making efforts to conclude a bilateral agreement on accession in the near future.

Bilateral Agreement ：Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA)

• The EU's bilateral trade relations with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are provided for by PCA with each country.• The PCA with Tajikistan and Turkmenistan have not

been ratified. • In the area of trade the PCAs are non-preferential agreements, the parties grant each other most- favoured nation (MFN) treatment with respect to tariffs and quantitative restrictions are prohibited in bilateral trade.

７ . Basic facts about Central Asian Countries and their trade relation

with European Union

Table.1 ～ 6 Extracted from (5) pp. 18 － 26Table.7 Extracted from (7) p.5, (10)Table.8 ～ Extracted from (11) pp.63 － 68, p.79, p.80, p.81

【 Table.1 】Central Asian GDP growth rates,

2000-2009

【 Table.2 】 Central Asian economic structures in 2008

【 Table.3 】Percentage of exports to the GDP

and exported production

【 Table.4 】 Exports of the Central Asian Countries 2007

【 Table.5 】 Imports of the Central Asian Countries 2007

【 Table.6 】 Share of Russia, China and EU in Central Asian countries’ Imports, exports

and total trade (2008) and their rank

【 Table.7 】 Imbalances in Trade Relations (2007,2010)

Position of country as EU trading partner (imports, exports):

Position of the EU as trading partner (imports, exports):

Kazakhstan 2007 29th (22th, 36th) 1st (2nd, 1st)2010 30th (20th, 38th) 1st (3rd, 1st)

Uzbekistan 2007 79th (69th, 93rd) 2nd (2nd, 1st)2010 83rd (92nd, 72nd) 4th (2nd, 5th)

Turkmenistan 2007 120th (106th, 122nd) 3rd (1st, 3rd)2010 96th (95th, 94th) 3rd (3rd, 2nd)

Tajikistan 2007 142th (116th, 151st) 3rd (6th, 1st)2010 148th (144th, 143rd) 5th (4th, 6th)

Kyrgyzstan 2007 147th (163rd, 133rd) 4th (3rd, 8th)2010 129th (116rd, 131st) 5th (4th, 9th)

Imbalances in Trade Relations

• The EU is now the main trading partner of Central Asia, accounting for almost a third of its overall external trade (29.1% in 2007).

• Nevertheless, total turnover of the EU's trade with Central Asia remains low and the five countries are insignificant trade partners for the EU.

• Even Kazakhstan, the EU's largest trade partner in Central Asia by far, -accounting for almost 85% of the EU's overall trade with the region - represents only 0.7% of the EU's overall trade with the world.

Vertical Division of Labour

• Central Asian exports to the EU remain concentrated in a few commodities, especially crude oil, gas, metals and cotton fibre.

• EU exports are dominated by machinery and transport equipment. Such products accounted for more than half of EU exports in the region in 2007.

【 Table.8 】 The 10 largest greenfield projects in LLDCs, 2010

【 Table.9 】 Selected FDI projects in manufacturing in Uzbekistan

８． Conclusion

１． Aim of EU’s Central Asia Policy ⇒ Geostrategy and Energy （ at least in short and middle term ）２． Feature of economic relation between EU and Central Asia　⇒ Imbalanced, asymmetry, vertical