The family, the therapist, and the process in context Our search for the thing in the bushes over the past 40 years Peter Rober UPC KU Leuven, Belgium AFT’s 40 th Anniversary Conference Durham Thursday 16 th April 2015
Dec 26, 2015
The family, the therapist, and the process
in contextOur search for the thing in the bushes
over the past 40 years
Peter Rober UPC KU Leuven, Belgium
AFT’s 40th Anniversary ConferenceDurham
Thursday 16th April 2015
History of Family Therapy
Family Therapy: a practice in search of a theory
First came the practice… Only then theory as a language (not as a model that allows predictions)…
How can we talk about what we do?
In the beginning borrowing concepts from the existing psychotherapy approaches (psychoanalysis, humanistic approaches, …)
Gradually a need grew to have our own concepts that capture something of the complexity with what we are confronted with in practice
Complexity of working with families
• Interactions between family members• Verbal vs non-verbal communication• What is said vs what is not-said• The history of the family• The context of the family• The future perspective (hope, fear, …)• …
The thing in the bushes
Lynn Hoffman Foundations of Family Therapy (1981)
• Written when the second order cybernetics just started to come up.
• Start of family therapy: the advent of the one-way screen (analogous to the discovery of the telescope)… seeing differently…thinking differently…
Seeing differently…
Gregory Bateson Mind and Nature (1979)Binocular vision - Double descriptionWhat we see is a complex synthesis of information from the left eye and the right eye… the difference creates an extra dimension: depth sight
The importance of difference
Gregory Bateson Mind and Nature (1979)Interaction is triggered by difference or changes (=difference over time)
Material world - Pleroma … world of stones and billiard balls… Not interaction but impact/effect is importantdifference does not make a difference… (for example: to a stone it does not make a difference if it rains or shines)
Pleroma: A B causality
• Simple• Predictable • Controllable (no surprises)
• Goal oriented (each step brings you closer to your goal)
• …This kind of causality is useful
in the world of stones and billiard balls,But what about the living world of animals, humans, class rooms,
football teams, traffic, cultures, …
Creatura (the living world)
It is not about impact or effect …
It is about interaction…
What do we call the complex thing in the bushes?
The thing in the bushes
What language should be use?How can we talk about interaction? What language can help us see and notice?
Family therapy history
as a paradigmatic history
Paradigm…
Thomas Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962)
Scientific progress… alternating phases of …
- Normal science - Accumulation of knowledge
- Scientific revolutions – A new language and a new way of seeing
Four main paradigms
1. The cybernetic paradigm
2. The narrative paradigm
3. The no-nonsense paradigm
4. The paradigm-to-come…
This is a crude simplification, of course
The family as a self-regulating system.
Homeostasis and negative feedback (closed system)
Paradoxical interventions (Selvini et. al.)
Grow and positive feedback (open system)
Joining, enactment (Minuchin)
Crisis as possibility to grow (Whitaker, Andolfi, …)
Therapeutic relationship
Therapist was outside the system (neutrality)
- Observing (to find out what is the structure of the system, or how the different subsystems interact)
- Intervening (to find bring change in the system, if possible second order change)
Again, this is a crude simplification, of course
But what about responsibility?
If the family is a system, governed by circular interaction,• How can we talk about abuse, rape, violence,
without blaming the victim?• How can we talk about ethics and
responsibility?• …
Central metaphors
Harlene Anderson & Harold Goolishian Human Systems as Linguistic Systems (Family Process, 1988)
Michael White & David Epston Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends (1990)
– Story (Michael White)
– Conversation (Anderson & Goolishian)– …
New concepts
– Problem saturated story, externalizing, unique outcomes, … (Michael White)
– Not-yet-said, not-knowing, … (Anderson & Goolishian)…
Inspired by social constructionist and post-structuralist ideas, not truth, but ethics became central in decision making.
Therapeutic relationship
The therapeutic relationship as an ethical, egalitarian relationship…
- Co-authoring (Michael White)
- Collaboration – The client as expert (Anderson & Goolishian)
Integration
John Byng-Hall Rewriting Family Scripts (1995)
• Narrative perspective• Cybernetic perspective• Attachment research• Intergenerational family therapy• …
Evidence Based Practice
• Partly based on the scientist-practitioner model, that is promoted by academics complaining about the gap between research and therapeutic practice...
• Picked up by policy makers and administrators as a way to legitimize changes in the organization of the mental health system …
e.g. mandatory outcome management
Managed Care Systems
• Policy makers and administrators re-organized the mental health system
• First concern: money (cuts)
• Legitimation of the changes: evidence based practice, concept of “accountability”, …
The ethics of accountability
Important ethical principle when it is used as part of an ethics of responsibility
But often abused within Foulcauldian power practices, involving… – registration and control by administrators– selective blaming– …
Control & registration
Trying to have control through registration… auditing… manualizing… monitoring…
As if the living world (Creatura) can be reduced to Pleroma: • translating complexity to simple cause-and-effect relationships …• translating quality into what is countable or measurable …• making the average into the norm …
Cfr. effect studies of therapy, …
Commodification of mental health care (Bloom & Farragher, 2011)
Evidence-based protocols are for sale…Sales men/women travel the world to convince policy maker to buy licenses to their product…
This affects the trustworthiness of the scientific enterprise of outcome research (allegiance effect) and of the development of systems of categorization of pathology.
Managed care was a good idea…
At least on paper it promised to be…
• Costumer friendly: demand oriented• Efficient• Transparant• Offering better quality• …
…but it did no live up to its promises(Bloom & Farragher, 2011; Tonkens, 2008; 2015)
• Too expensive… (bureaucracy, high manager salaries, expensive licenses for evidence based protocols, …)
• Quality deteriorates… (long waiting lists, pathologization, …)
• No transparency… (except the illusion of transparency for the policy makers)
• Profound demoralization of the workers (psychiatrists, therapists, administrators, …)
• …
Mental health system is “system under siege”
4. The paradigm-to-come
The paradigm-to-come is an unknown
We don’t know what the future will bring,But we have the responsibility to contribute to building a better future… and there is hope…
Some promising elements that may announce this new paradigm…a. Responsive interactionb. Feedback oriented therapyc. Responsibility and trust as basic context for systems and
organizations
4. a. Responsive interactionStarling murmuration as responsive interaction
Clip Starling Murmuration
Responsive interaction refers to a special kind of causality
Not: A B;
But: a kind of spiral causality that is a process through time and creates something new.
• Complexity • Implicit, bodily knowing (instead of explicit knowing)• Orientation towards each other (instead of intentionality)• Always to some level unpredictable• Impossible to control • Trust as a pre-condition• Impossible to prove (often disbelieve from critical outsiders)• For insiders, meaningful (although you can’t be sure what the meaning is)
4. a. Responsive interactionResponsive interaction and spiral causality
4. a. Responsive interactionResponsive interaction as dialogical in practice
John Shotter – Conversational Realities (1993) and
Getting It – Withness-thinking and the Dialogical in Practice (2011)
About the joint nature of human activity.
About the living world (Creatura).
About responsiveness
b. Feedback oriented therapyAccountability as norm in society
• “Prove that what you do works”
• Registration and control
• Evidence based practice
b. Feedback oriented therapySpecific non-specific factors in MFT
(Sprenkle & Blow, 2004)
• Relational conceptualizing
• Working with the broader system
• Therapeutic alliance with all persons involved
b. Feedback oriented therapyEvidence based practice
• RCT research is important because ift show that psychotherapy in general works– but this kind of research has limitations (e.g. focus on the average patient in stead of on the unique patient, doesn’t teach us what exactly works, bad external validity, …)
• Feedback oriented therapy – the client’s feedback as a guide… is efficient, has beneficial effects, and connects better with the essence of psychotherapy as it focuses on the unique patient
b. Feedback oriented therapyThe creation of a feedback culture
Ongoing project at our university with Karine Van Tricht (B), Rolf Sundet (No), and others
• Not only a question of using scales or feedback instruments!
• How can we make space in the therapy for the feedback of the clients? Especially for the critical voice of the client?
• The biggest challenge: the child’s voice
a specific approach is needed in which a feedback culture is created with the family
b. Feedback oriented therapyInstruments
Specific instruments that fit the specificity of the family therapy setting…
• Worries Questionnaire – Adults• Dialogical Feedback Scale- Adults• Dialogical Feedback Tool- Children• …
The time went by so fast
It was a funny session and we moved up one step but we are not upstairs yet.
Son PeetersThird session
Traditional model outcome management
Therapeutictreatment Evaluation
Outcome
Therapist + Client Administration (manager, director, …)
Therapist Client
process of attunement
Our model
ResponsiveInteraction
EvaluationOutcome
Therapist
ClientProcess
Administration (manager, director, …)
Therapy
b. Feedback oriented therapyWhat we learned this far…
• The specificity of the setting is the real challengeE.g. giving voice to children
• Positive effect of the use of feedback instruments on the therapeutic alliance
• We stopped using traditional outcome instruments (OQ-45, …)• The ongoing focus on outcome isn’t helpful; a focus on the alliance
is.• Measurements can create unwanted expectations and can invite
patients to become passive.• Some patients are concerned about measurements because they
limit their time to talk about their concerns
- Accountability vs responsibility Accountability risk of blame and social control Responsibility assumes freedom and trust
- Response-ability fits a paradigm of therapy as responsive interaction (cfr. Shotter: Knowing how to go on)
- Both ethics are important, but for practicing therapists the ethics of responsibility towards our patients has priority, and (in cases of conflict) overrules the ethics of accountability.
c. The ethics of responsibility
Responsibility and trust
- We should not only focus on the importance of inclusivity, diversity and respect for the other…
- But also: - make room for an ethic of responsibility, we need to
engage in a new kind of political action within our field.- prioritize our responsibility towards our patients,
instead of our accountability towards administrators and policy makers
- find ways to explain to lay persons what our job really is…
c. The ethics of responsibility
Political responsibility
ThCause
Mental model of Therapy-as-problem solving view
Client
Cause
Problem
Normal developmentSolution
TherapyTherapist
as a problem solver
ThCause
Mental model of Therapy-as-treatment view
Client
Cause
Disorder
HealthCure
TherapyTherapist
as a medical doctor
Therapy-as-problem solving view
Problem SolutionIllness Cure
Patient is passive recipient of a service provided by the therapist.What is central is the effect of the treatment on the patient…
Cfr. Causality in pleroma - the world of the stones and the billiard balls (Bateson)
Mental model of Therapy as responsive interaction
Client
Therapist as
dialogical partner
Responsiveinteraction
Society as constitutive
through privileging and
suppressing
Society as constitutive
through privileging and
suppressing
Inner dialogueO
uter dialogue
reflection reflection
Therapy
reflection reflection
Therapy as responsive interaction
Worries/concerns Responsive interaction & reflections
Patient is active agent in the therapy, and the therapist is responsive and uses the patient’s feedback to orient in therapy.
What is central is the joint responsibility of the therapist and the patient…
Cfr. causality in Creature - the world of living beings (Bateson)
The paradigm-to-come as a responsibility
• The paradigm-to-come is a responsibility… the future does not just happen… we make it…
• Re-connecting with our rich past? • My hope is that– We will be proud of what we do – not giving in to
pressure to compromise what we do in favor of our accountability towards society
– We focus on the families we work with and try to be useful for their efforts to live the best life they can…