THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF Issue Dateir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/bitstream/20.500.12000/31674/1/No...Title 『林政八書』中の「就杣山惣計條々」 : その和訳・英訳

Title 『林政八書』中の「就杣山惣計條々」 : その和訳・英訳と内容分析

Author(s) 仲間, 勇栄; Purves, John Michael; Chen, Bixia

Citation琉球大学農学部学術報告 = THE SCIENCE BULLETIN OFTHE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OFTHE RYUKYUS(61): 23-28

Issue Date 2014-12-27

URL http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000/31674

Rights

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~*f'.:J§ZJ\~~9=l0) IJJX1unli~~t{~k J: .:CO)fo~ -~~C:I*l?G71-t1T Modem Japanese & English Translations and Content Analysis of 'Provisions Related to Forest Planning [Somayama nitsuki Souhakarai no Joujou]' from the 'Eight Volumes on

Forest Administration.'

Nakama Yuei (1$F"'~~#:)* 1, John Michael Purves (:,/3 / • ?-{ -7Jv • /~-r:fx:A.) 2,

Bixia Chen (fllR'WO:, 7-x/•l::''"S/-y)3

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Nakama Yuei 1, John Michael Purves 2 and Bixia Chen 3

* 1 [email protected], Emeritus Professor, University of the Ryukyus 2 Part time lecturer in Ryukyu-Okinawan History and Culture at the Faculty of Tourism Sciences and Industrial

Management, University of the Ryukyus. 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Subtropical Agriculture, the Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus

Abstract By studying this collection of provisions we can understand three new points. The initial point is that this is the first time forest planning for individual regions within the Ryukyu Kingdom has been mentioned. For

example, because there are no areas of somayama (government-administered forest) in Agunijima, Tonakijima and Iejima the timber requirements of these regions has to be covered using forest resources from the Kunigami and Nakagami districts of Okinawa Island. In contrast, because Iheyajima, Kumejima and Keramajima do have areas of somayama they can be entirely self-sufficient in terms of their timber requirements. In the case ofMiyakojima, somayama will have to be developed there in order that it can eventually be self-sufficient in terms of timber.

The second point is that looking at the case of Miyakojima we can see that there was an extensive system of timber distribution in effect. For example, when a ship was to be built in Miyakojima it was necessary to travel to Yaeyama in order to get the required timber. Additionally, in the case of lumber required for house construction it was necessary for Miyako to purchase timber from Yaeyama or from Okinawa Island. The most expensive lumber was that purchased at high cost from local Ryukyuan maaransen or from Yamatobune out of Kagoshima. If one were to make a conjecture based on the contents of the document it would appear that by this time on Miyakojima there was already in place a system very much like a timber market with lumber transported to the islands by ship from locations within the kingdom and beyond.

The third point relates to the shift in the size of the population of Ryukyu. While in earlier times there were perhaps 70,000-80,000 inhabitants, by the time Sai On had become a sanshikan (member of the Council of Three) in 1728 the population had increased to 200,000. This population increase, along with the need for timber to build palaces at Shuri Castle or to build Chinese-style ships greatly increased the demand for wood. It is thought that this increased demand for timber was a major factor in determining the development of effective conservation and administration policies for the forest resources ofRyukyu.

Key word: *f;j]jl[)\.:j/;: ('Rinsei Hassho'), ;filJJlJlltll!IT (somayama keikaku), ~tliil. (Sai On)

liC:bi)l;: Introduction

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In modem Japanese 'Shuu Somayama Soubakari Joujou' can be rendered as "somayama ni tsuki, soubakarai no joujou." In short,

this is a collection of provisiOns related to government­administered forest planning." It was issued in May 17481 by the Director of the Board of Finance (Omonobugyou) under the name of the Forest Administration Bureau (Yamabugyousho). It was a short collection of provisions numbering eight in total. It was the fifth book to be issued from the so-called 'Eight Volumes on Forest Administration.' The focus of the contents is on government-administered forest planning specific to individual island regions of the Ryukyu Kingdom.

This modem Japanese translation was based primarily on the Doi Ringaku Shinkoukai reprint edition of 'Rinsei Hassho' (1976), with reference made to other versions of 'Rinsei Hassho' including the 'Nihon Sangyou Shiryou Taikei, Daisanken' (1926), 'Sai On Zenshuu' (Sakihama Shuumei 1984), and Tatetsu Shunpou (1937).

1 In this case the month of May is in accordance with the old lunar calendar.

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For the English translation reference was made to the 'Eight Volumes on Ryukyu Forest Administration by Saion [sic]' (1952).

As to the division of responsibilities for this project, the translation of the Japanese souroubun text into modem Japanese was conducted by Nakama Yuei, the translation from modem Japanese into English by John Michael Purves and the organization of the original souroubun text by Bixia Chen.

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Article 1

In earlier times the Ryukyu Kingdom was inhabited by no more than 70,000-80,000 people. This meant that it was possible to procure almost all the wood required for use throughout the country domestically. Since then the population has gradually increased and it has now reached 200,000. Along with this population growth there has naturally also been an increase in demand for wood for house construction, ship building, tools and other things. The construction of buildings at Shuri Castle and the building of tousen, 8 in particular, is completely impossible without timber from large trees. Unfortunately, because there was no technical guidance on the proper care of somayama9 (somayama houshiki)10 in earlier days, forests were either cut down or cleared using the slash-and-bum agricultural method with little consideration, the result being that year after year there was less timber, with timber from large trees now particularly scarce. It should also be noted that it is a cause of great worry that even the somayama are approaching a state of deterioration. Because of this the post of yamabugyou 11 was created in 173 5 and it was ordered that the management of somayama and the specific duties of forest-related workers would be in accordance with official instruction provided in Somayama Houshikichou 12 and

8 Chinese ships are called 'Tousen.' There were two types: 'shinkousen' and 'sekkosen,' Both varieties of government-use ship were used for the round trip from Ryukyu to China to deliver tribute to the emperor during the Ming and Qing eras. The length ofthe ships was about 35.7 meters, with a width of about 9 meters. They were both Chinese junk-type vessels. 9 During the Ryukyu Dynasty Era after 1737 forests were divided into two categories: somayama (strictly government-administered forests) and satoyama (forests that local people could freely use). The status of somayama was as an area of production for timber required predominantly for Royal Government use. Somayama administration was carried out at the village and magiri (county district) level under the jurisdiction of the Yamabugyousho (Bureau of Forest Administration). Satoyama were located in proximity to village communities and were places where primarily green manure and firewood could be harvested. 10 Somayama houshiki refers to the detailed guidance on the proper care of forests found within the officially-issued 'Somayama Houshikichou [Forest Methods] from 1737.' 11 A yamabugyou is the highest rank of forest administrator assigned to a region. According to Article I of 'Yamabugyou Kimochou' the rationale for creating the position was as follows: "In order to strengthen the administration of forests in these areas, therefore, we do hereby assign two yamabugyou and six hissha to the Kunigami region and one yamabugyou and two hissha to the Nakagami region. These individuals are placed under the jurisdiction of the Omonoza so as to make the administration of forests as thorough as possible." Within the Royal Government structure the 'Omonoza' was a department located in the Monobugyousho (Board of Finance) responsible for matters such as finance, transportation, agriculture and forestry, commerce and industry. The Yamabugyousho (Bureau of Forest Administration) was located under the umbrella of the Monobugyousho (Board of Finance) and it was a unified administrative structure for forests that worked in coordination with the forest administrators dispatched to the regions. 12 'Somayama Houshikichou [Forest Methods]' was the first collection of forest-related provisions later published as part of the so-called 'Rinsei Hassho,' or 'Eight Documents on Forest Administration.' It was actually first issued in 1737. Its contents

Yamabugyousho Kimocho. 13 Additionally, a strict ban was placed on the building of kurifune 14 (a type of canoe made by hollowing out large trees).

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Article 2

Food and clothing requirements can be provided for through the annual labor of the people. As such, and even if the population increases by I 00,000 in the future, we will suffer no shortages of food and clothing as long as crops are grown according to the proper field cultivation practices and as long as people toil away to secure their livelihoods. In the case of trees, however, the situation is entirely different from agricultural crops. Without several decades of growth timber will not be fit for use. In terms of timber from large trees, in particular, if 70-80 years or even I 00 years is not allowed for proper growth the wood will not be fit for use as gouyouboku. 15 This being the case, it is ordered that somayama management be regarded as of great importance to the realm.

included mainly technical details such as methods of selecting sites for the planting of government-administered forests, how to grow, care for and manage forests and how to understand different forest types from afar. Somayama Houshikichou was issued under the joint signatures of the four highest decision-makers of the Royal Government, three individuals of ueekata rank (called sanshikan) and one Royal Prince (called sessei). This indicates the high degree of importance the Royal Government placed on the contents of Somayama Houshikichou. 13 'Yamabugyousho Kimocho' (The Scope ofthe Bureau of Forest Administration) was issued in 1737. The Yamabugyousho Kimocho consists of thirty-one articles in total, the majority of these covering areas such as types of wood required for ship construction, the management of government-administered forests, afforestation techniques and punitive provisions. These were regulations for the use of officials with forest administration duties. Yamabugyousho Kimocho was issued under the joint signatures of the four highest decision-makers of the Royal Government, three individuals of ueekata rank (called sanshikan) and one Royal Prince (called sessei). These four individuals together constituted the Hyoujousho (~'!'IEPJT), or Council of State. 14 In this context the type of dugout canoe is called 'kurifune' but they are sometimes referred to as 'marukibune [.fL*:iltJ,' that is a 'dugout canoe' or 'log canoe.' 15 'Goyouboku' was a term to describe lumber required for use by the Royal Government as building materials, firewood or for other special purposes. Each 'magiri [ r"'~ -ljJJ ]' (county district) was

25

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Article 3

It is vital to the national interest of our Ryukyu Kingdom that we can build tousen to travel to China. We cannot build such ships or carry out construction on palace buildings at Shuri Castle without the use of timber from large trees. With the deterioration of the somayama and the lack of large trees, however, we are forced to rely on the Satsuma domain17 in order to acquire such timber. This

obliged to contribute a certain amount of lumber for Royal Government use on a yearly basis as a form of forest tax. Trees designated as for government use were recorded in the Gouyoubokuchou (1inffl *~), or 'Register of Government-Use Trees,' a set of documents that recorded a range of details about the kind of trees required by the Royal Government for public purposes. Details included tree types, locations of specific tree types and tree trunk measurements. Individual sections were drawn up in each of the various magiri while the entire volume of the Goyoubokuchou was administered by the Royal Government's Yamabugyousho (Bureau of Forest Administration). At such time as the Royal Government required large lumber it assessed which tree type was most appropriate by making reference to the Goyoubokuchou and would then place an order with one or more of the magiri. There were 21 different types oftree designated as goyouboku and local people were not allowed to cut down any of these without explicit permission. ' 6 1MmM:JJ c ~· L- J:: t::." ''l 5) : ::Eiff1fl51:~i'f!J:0)~*1'rm0) 1 B'~~~-c, :ii;~t & V±!BJJii:~i±liffl'Jf.:OO;b 0 $~~ifft:rl5T .Oo

17 Located in Kyushu, Japan, Satsuma-han (ili~fi) was one of the most powerful of Japan's Edo-era feudal domains. Ryukyu was conquered by Satsuma forces in 1609 and was thereafter under the control of the Satsuma domain. In 1606, Tokugawa Ieyasu gave Lord Shimazu of Satsuma permission to launch a punitive expedition against the Ryukyu Kingdom. Commanding General Kabayama Hisataka set sail from Yamagawa Port in Kagoshima on 4th March 1609 with a military force of about 3,000 Satsuma troops and at least a 5,000-strong supporting cast of laborers and sailors in I 00 ships. Satsuma forces finally took control of Shuri Castle on 5th April, returning with Ryukyu King Shou Nei to Kagoshima in mid-April. For the context of the conquest of Ryukyu by Satsuma, the military operation itself and its aftermath see: 'tem~, ?iii.el::i's, m~~z, ~~Wfu1'f, Wm*rr, ~%:

26

requires us to pay for the cost of the timber itself and transportation costs, thereby placing a financial burden on the Royal Government's Shotaihou. 18 Should we find ourselves in financial difficulty it will naturally result in us imposing rice or coin payment demands on aristocrats, peasant farmers and others. If that were to happen it would necessarily bring hardship to people at both the upper and lower strata of society in our country. We must plan so that this does not occur and it is ordered that great importance be placed on somayama for the benefit of future generations.

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Article 4

Palace buildings at Shuri Castle have so far been rebuilt once every twenty years using various types of trees. It is a well-known fact that this has become a significant burden on the Okurahou20 as well as on aristocrat and peasant farmer alike. From now on, therefore, lnumaki (Podocarpus macrophyllus) will be planted widely, the plan being to use Inumaki in future not just for buildings at Shuri Castle but for other official government buildings that were constructed using other types of trees. Accordingly, it is ordered that the planting of Inumaki trees in particular be carried out with great care.

~:lirJl:

~~~ - mt1:l:@:~

.IJZ.mBI1, #;f,lt\~0)~51;::~51:: 47. *:R.::U!JIII±lAAt±, 2010, pages 114-138. 18 According to Matsuda Mitsugu, the Shotaihou, or Department of Domestic Affairs, was primarily responsible for agricultural administration and the collection and storage of taxes. Agriculture supervision apparently began in earnest in the post-Satsuma conquest era, specifically in 1669 with the appointment of a takabugyou, or Director of Land Assessment and Grants. The Shotaihou consisted of 13 departments. Mitsugu Matsuda. 200 I. The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609-1872. Gushikawa: Yui Publishing Co., pages 152-161. 19 till~:1J (to< Gli?) : ::E!ff1-TJ&t~H1fiUJ:fi!l~:1J C:v '?fmr~ IJ:~ ~ tcGftv 'il", =.=. -c"IJ:fiJT*l' :1J ( ~~t, ±f!l.:1Jgg!Jo/.J 1±\*RO)MC:J'J!iff~ r~) 0)~~ (::E!ff1fzj10)/±l*lilfJf-) tte:··O)~~~mL--cv '6c.'l\:!.b n6o 20 Studying the structure of the Royal Government of Ryukyu one will find no mention of a department called the 'Okurahou.' It is thought that this term refers to one of the departments that fell under the Shotaihou (Department of Domestic Affairs), possibly the Zenigura, or Storehouse of Taxes in Cash.

- fji"ii~

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Article 5

Agunijima Tonakijima Iejima

Because these islands naturally lack mountain areas appropriate for forest planting we plan to provide for their wood requirements using timber produced in the somayama of the Kunigami and Nakagami districts of Okinawa Island.

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Article 6

Iheyajima Kumejima Keramajima

Because these islands are naturally blessed with mountain areas appropriate for forest planting our plan is to grow lush somayama through careful forest tending practices and thereby secure all their wood requirements.

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Article 7

Miyakojima

No proper assessment of the location and extent of mountain areas appropriate for forest planting in Miyakojima had ever been carried out However, there are substantial expanses of the island covered with Susuki Grass. We have now classified the extent of mountains on Miyakojima and have put great efforts into developing somayama at appropriate locations. If we are able to successfully plant and grow somayama here it will be possible to build ships, construct houses and other buildings on Miyakojima without the need to rely on other places for wood. In terms of shipbuilding, however, vessels are currently made from lumber ordered and acquired from Yaeyamajima. It is also the case that lumber for house construction is purchased from Yaeyamajima, from Okinawa Island or even at high cost from Yamatobune23 or maaransen.24 The result is that spending has greatly increased and this constitutes a considerable financial loss for Miyakojima. In the final analysis this situation exists precisely because Miyakojima has no somayama. For this reason, new regulations have been put in place instructing in detail how to develop somayama.

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21 ::kfoWJ ( ~~~~tl) : ili"tl!:WJI;:J&!JC·~~~O)#iJit;1::1.lE*L­t.:.lflf}MO)=~. J!J'J±I'i!&!JC.O)JmA ~, M'Jimt!&!JC.O)Ail'~ il>-::>tc.. 22 ,'i!§~~~(~-G/v~/v) ;~,rj-:&1:;~~;,..-~JJ'!.O).rf;jj!yJ~, jc~~

l'i 5"-'S&IjJR.~. 23 Ships engaged in transport and trade between Ryukyu and Kagoshima (Japan) during the early-modem era. The ship owners were Kagoshima merchants so the majority of the crew were also from Kagoshima. 24 The Maaransen (~-Giv~/v/"Y-7:,..-~!v) was a Chinese junk-type vessel commonly used around Okinawa for (people and) cargo transport, particularly in the north of Okinawa Island where the road network was very limited. In urban Naha these vessels were also referred to as 'Yanbarusen' ( UJ J.ffi: J!I'J ), presumably because of their popularity in northern Okinawa Island. The Maaransen had sails of 5-8 tan in size. 1 tan (Bt, a measurement for cloth or fabric)= approximately 10.6 meters.

27

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Article 8

Yaeyamajima

The current population of Yaeyama is small and the area of mountain substantial. As such, this amount of mountain can cover local timber requirements and in particular ensure that there will be no timber shortage. Somayama is currently only found in the Kunigami and Nakagami districts of Okinawa Island, but the number of requests for goyouboku are many and the population density there is extremely high. Additionally, because these districts must cover the timber needs of islands such as Agunijima, Tonakijima and Iejima the possibility that somayama of Kunigami and Nakagami may not alone be able to meet these requirements is extremely worrying. Fortunately, given the expansive area of somayama now being developed in Yaeyamajima, in the years ahead this will become an area that can supplement the somayama of Okinawa Island in terms of supplying timber. Accordingly, it is ordered that great effort be put into the specific task of cultivating somayama in Yaeyamajima.

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As outlined above, with regard to the issue of developing somayama, thus far instructions have been issued for specific regions in order but there is not yet a plan for the entire Ryukyu Kingdom. Accordingly, we do decree that since the above provisions now constitute official instructions, their contents should be fully understood and that peasant farmers be encouraged to strive even harder to make the somayama prosperous so that we can forever be self-sufficient in terms of our national timber requirements.

ij!L~+2{f:Dt~3i.FJ 1748{f:Dt~(113Jff)5 .FJ May, 25 1748 (the 13th year of Qianlong)

25 In this case the month of May is in accordance with the old lunar calendar.

28

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(Bureau of Forest Administration)

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±):a:-.f:~T6o 29 Peechin is an aristocratic rank in Ryukyu. At the top of the social hierarchy system in Ryukyu was the royal family and aji, then the Ueekata, then the Peechin and finally the lower aristocracy. 30 i!.JJ (.:B~iJ>t:.) : Fl'l9tmO);i;£UlliiiJif;:f::v 'T6l~Llifl'o 31 'Oyakata' ('Ueekata' in Ryukyuan). An honorific title for the 'soujitou/ii:MlliliJi,' or steward of a magiri. Ueekata class aristocrats without stewardship of a magiri were known as 'wakijitou/Jlbh±l!! Ji}i.' Since there were only a limited number of magiri in Ryukyu there were far more 'wakijitou' than 'soujitou.' 32 1-'-J$1'Tfifi ( ~j;.S:,:~"J:5 l-J:) : ::£JffO)!Io/.J$1'TfiJTO) Jtl.¥::17 ( 1-'-J;j:;!(,

i!Ytf, JtlJ3UJ:c''O):j:fl.~) f;:B-f~L-, 00i:kJO)~t*1'T~:a:-~ti5-t6B'B ~0 33 The Yamabugyousho (Bureau of Forest Administration) was located under the umbrella of the Monobugyousho (Board of Finance).

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1. #*l!l:ksf4*Af!J1'T*~liD. 1983. #*l!l:ksf4*AJ: • "P • T ~ . # *Ill -!! -1 A 7-. f± . Okinawa Daihyakka Jiten Kankou Jimukyokku. (1983). Okinawa Daihyakka Jiten (3 Volumes). Naha: Okinawa Taimusu Sha. 2. Hi% ~~B • ~=f:3i~B. 1904. #*l!ll)f,~;ji(fJH~fi tfllfi. #*lll!lf!<Jl ;ji(7.kf1H'T~51::.m 15 ~ml&. Reizaburou Fuji and Mori Jingorou. (1904). Okinawaken Shinrin Shisatsu Fukumeisho: Okinawa-ken Nourin Suisen Gyouseshi (Dai 15 ken). Tokyo: Nourin Toukei Kyoukai.

3. 1Joil'i.ftr:tJt. 1997. **~J\.=ii~. s *••~~m 57~*~=­!l 1-'-J if:Ht X 11::: m ~. Katou Morihiro (Nih on Nousho Zenshuu [Editors]) (1997). Nijuuban yama onkakitsuke [Nagato - Suou], Rinsei Hassho [Ryuukyuu]). Tokyo: Nousan Gyoson Bunka Kyoukai. 4. :s'z:i$lf::1J. 1937. ;j;;!(~)\.Ji. **~1i1*lt~f±. Tatetsu Shunpou (1937). Rinsei Hassho. Tokyo Tosho Kabushiki Kaisha.

s.tr~E*IDit- • rP"J:J:tJM~. 1926. ~*~JvJ:. s *il11~~~4**m~ ~- i:f=l7~p,ij~*M~f±. Takimoto Seiichi and Mukai Shikamatsu. (1926). Nihon Sangyou Shiryou Taikei, Daisanken: Nouringyou. Chuugai Shougyou Shimposha. 6. ± :!t ;ji( 'if.~ Jli ~ . 1976. ;ji( ~ )\. 1i :jj[ ~IJ !Vi(. Doi Ringaku Shinkoukai (1976). Rinsei Hassho. Doi Ringaku Shinkoukai. 7. 1rJli5lji)jM. 1904. fJ]J~flj!JgHiilJ. 1952 1¥1-=:fi~IJ!Vi(. Nakayoshi Asasuke. (1904). Somayama Seidoron. Reprinted in 1952. 8. m £1±& · :xmHJ::=K. 1994. ltl1f!lnJEJAE:ft;ftt!lo/.J §I~- #*lll'i.!lo/.J 'if.~. Hatsushima Sumihiko & Amano Tetsuo. (1994). Okinawa Kensen Seibutsu Mokuroku Shiriizu. Nishihara: Okinawa Seibutsukai. 9. mH l±l. 1991. Jt: 8'f~ m 1m !Vi(. ::'15-rElfi Ji5. Shinmura Izuru. (1991). Koujien (4th Edition). Iwanami Shoten. I 0. United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR). 1952. Eight Volumes on Ryukyu Forest Administration By Saion. Forestry Bureau Department of Natural Resources Government of the Ryukyu Islands. 11. Mitsugu Matsuda. 2001. The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609-1872. Gushikawa: Yui Publishing Co.