The experience of China in the control of foodstuffs and ... Documents/Radiation Protection/TM on... · （Chinese Center for Medical Response to Radiation Emergency) •History and

Technical Meeting on Harmonization of Reference Levels for Foodstuffs and Drinking Water

Contaminated Following a Nuclear Accident. 8-12 September 2014, IAEA, Vienna Austria

National Institute for Radiological Protection, China CDC

中国疾病预防控制中心辐射防护与核安全医学所 (NIRP)

The experience of China in the control of foodstuffs and drinking water in the

aftermath of a nuclear accident

Yanqin JI

National Institute for Radiological Protection, China CDC

（Chinese Center for Medical Response to Radiation Emergency)

• History and background of monitoring systemin, NIRP

• Monitoring result of radionuclides in food and water after

Chernobyl NPP accidents in China, 1986

• Food and water monitoring for the health response in China

following Fukushima Nuclear Accident, 2011

• Current food safety risk monitoring and national standard

Structure of the presentation

History & Background

Technology supports: National Health and Family Planning Commission of China

Establish the monitoring scheme

Provide the monitoring protocols and quality assurance procedures

Collect all the data, analysis and assessment

• Founded: 1965 the former Laboratory of Industrial Hygiene, Ministry of Health Organized and guided the national environmental radioactivity monitoring network

• 45 monitoring stations (1965-1990)

• 33 monitoring stations (1991- 2011 ) ( about half in normal operation mode)

• Nationwide (after Fukushima Nuclear Accident 11 Mar 2011)

Monitoring result of radionuclides in food and water after Chernobyl NPP accidents in China, 1986

Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection Vol 7 (supplement). 1987, 1-130.

Monitoring started nationwide in 1 May 1986

Emergency

Monitoring Duration May 1st to July 28th, 1986

Report frequency Everyday

Samples Fallout, airplane swipes, surface water,

rain water, growing leafy vegetable, fresh

milk, sheep thyroid, etc.

Radionuclides 131I,132Te, 132I, 134Cs, 137Cs, 103Ru, 141Ce.

Monitoring stations 36 stations

131I Max contaminated in vegetables is 112.5 Bq/L,

in fresh milk is 68.5 Bq/L

Radioactivity contaminated in North area is higher than in South

…

Monitoring results

Changshou Zhu, etal. Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection Vol 7 (supple.). 1987, 1-7.

Zuoyuan Wang, etal. Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection Vol 7 (supple.). 1987, 8-11.

Radionuclide

Radish Leaves

asparagus lettuce leaves

Oilseed rape Measured

value Before wash

Before wash

After wash Before wash

After wash

131I 3.52 4.18X101 2.26X101 4.07X101 1.52X101 1.3X102

132I 3.18X101 1.6X104

137Cs 3.29 3.15 4.07 4.6X102

134Cs 2.07 3.1X102

132Te 2.92X101 4.44 3.29 1.1X103

Radioactive content measured in the vegetables in Beijing(Bq/kg)

app:ds:asparagus lettuce

Food and water monitoring for the health response in China following Fukushima Nuclear Accident

Yanqin JI, etal, Chinese Journal of Radiological Medicine and Protection, 2012, 32(2): 125-128.

Response in NIRP, China CDC after Fukushima Accident, prompt response since 11 March 2011

Information collection & analysis (WHO, IAEA, Japan Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, Tokyo Electric Power Company, …)

Preparing for international rescue (training, personal protective equipment preparation, …)

Public Communication (press release by TV, radio, and internet, published the books and brochure on the nuclear accident Q & A …)

Personnel surface radioactive contamination monitoring (draft, data collection, report…)

Food and drinking water radioactivity monitoring in China

(member of the REMPAN of WHO)

• 28 March 2011, China CDC started 14 provinces carried out firstly monitoring on

radioactive contamination of food and drinking water

•16 Mar 2011, training on the monitoring strategy Air, vegetable, water

sampling and analysis

• 24 March 2011 started the data report

Start up（14+8）provinces

Monitoring program the kinds of radionuclides

Iodine-131, Caesium-137

methods used by

spectrum measurement

Low background HPGe gamma spectrometry in NIRP

• GB14883.9-2004, Examination of radioactive materials for foods- determination of iodine-131

• GB14883.10-2004, Examination of radioactive materials for foods- determination of cesium-137

• GB16140-1995 Gamma spectrometry method for analysis of radionuclides in water

• GBGB5750.13-2006 Measurement of gross alpha and gross beta activity in drinking water

METHODS---National Standard:

Fresh samples

Samples, from 28 Mar to 17 Nov 2011

1323 samples,

471 drinking water

431 vegetable

276 milk

77 seafood

Monitoring results

Drinking water: no contamination found

Foodstuff: Trace levels of 131I was detected in (2 April-19 May)

64 vegetable samples

0 seafood samples (8 provinces, kelp, shrimp, fishes, …)

0 milk samples (20 provinces)

After 20 May 2011, all samples did not found the artificial radionuclide

Province or

Municipalities

The date of 131I

first detected

The date of 131I

last detected The kinds of vegetables

Beijing April 2, 2011 May 2, 2011 Spinach, Wild caraway, Shepherd's purse

and Lettuce leaves

Tianjin April 4, 2011 April 8, 2011 Spinach

Henan April 4, 2011 April 5, 2011 Spinach

Hainan April 4, 2011 April 7, 2011 Cabbage

Jiangsu April 6, 2011 April 13, 2011 Spinach, Lettuce leaves and Qingcai

Hunan April 6, 2011 April 6, 2011 Spinach

Zhejiang April 6, 2011 April 20, 2011 Spinach, Lettuce

Mustard

Shandong April 6, 2011 April 18, 2011 Spinach

Guangdong April 7, 2011 April 11, 2011 Spinach, Kwan Tat dishes, Lettuce,

Cabbage

Shanghai April 10, 2011 April 11, 2011 Spinach, Qingcai and Lettuce leaves

Guangxi April 10, 2011 April 10, 2011 Cabbage

Hebei April 12, 2011 April 12, 2011 Spinach

Kinds of the vegetables contaminated in China

The activity of 131I detected in vegetables in China

(uncompleted)

Samples Sampling areas Sampling time The maximum activity of 131I

(Bq/kg Fresh weight)

Spinach Beijing April 4, 2011 2.70

Zhengzhou April 5, 2011 0.50

Nanjing April 6, 2011 0.76

Changsha April 6, 2011 0.67

Qingdao April 7, 2011 0.77

Shanghai April 7, 2011 0.17

Weihai April 8, 2011 0.41

Tianjin April 8, 2011 1.58

Hangzhou April 9, 2011 0.68

Guangzhou April 11, 2011 0.28

Shijiazhuang April 12, 2011 1.30

Jinan April 15, 2011 3.10

The activity of 131I detected in vegetables in China (continued)

Samples Sampling areas Sampling time The maximum activity of 131I

(Bq/kg Fresh weight)

Lettuce leaves Shanghai April 4, 2011 0.65

Beijing April 5, 2011 1.27



Caraway Beijing April 11, 2011 2.30

Cabbage Wenchang April 5, 2011 0.19


Qingcai Shanghai April 11, 2011 0.40


Kwan Tat dishes Guangzhou April 7, 2011 0.19

Lettuce Guangzhou April 7, 2011 0.53

Hangzhou April 18, 2011 0.15

Chinese cabbage Hepu April 10, 2011 0.68

Shepherd's purse Beijing April 3, 2011 2.28

Mustard Hangzhou April 6, 2011 0.49

The maximum activity of 131I detected in food in other countries after

Fukushima Nuclear Accident

Country Sample The date of 131I

first detected

The date of 131I

last detected

The data of the

maximum activity

of 131I detected

The maximum

activity of 131I

France[1] Spinach March 28, 2011 April 19, 2011 April 4, 2011 1.2Bq/kg

Lettuce

leaves March 29, 2011 April 19, 2011 April 4, 2011 1.2Bq/kg

milk March 30, 2011 April 20, 2011 April 6, 2011 0.66Bq/L

Goat's

milk March 29, 2011 May 3, 2011 April 1, 2011 2.12Bq/L

Romania[2] Goat's

milk April 5, 2011 April 19, 2011 April 5, 2011 9.22Bq/L

egg April 4, 2011 April 9, 2011 — Mean: 0.36Bq/6 eggs

Greece[3] Goat's

milk April 7, 2011 May 7, 2011 April 7, 2011 2.2Bq/L

Italy[4] Goat's

milk April 6, 2011 May 5, 2011 April 6, 2011 4.9Bq/L

Shellfish March 28, 2011 — — 0.18(molluscan, wet

weight) Bq/kg

Germany[5] milk April 14, 2011 — — 0.08Bq/kg

References:

[1] Parache V, Pourcelot L, Roussel-Debet S., et al. Transfer of 131I from Fukushima to the

vegetation and milk in France. Environ Sci Technol 2011, 45: 9998-10003.

[2] Cosma C, Iurian AR, Nita DC, et al. Consideration about the presence of Fukushima

radionuclides in the NW part of Romania. Rom Journ Phys, 2011, 9-10(56): 1199-1207.

[3] Potriadis C, Kolovou M, Clouvas A, et al. Environmental radioactivity measurements in

Greece following the Fukushima Daichi nuclear accident. Radiation Protection Dosimetry.

2011, 1-7. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncr423.

[4] Barsanti M, Conte F, Delbono I, et al. Environmental radioactivix ty analyses in Italy

following the Fukushima Dai-chi nuclear accident. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity.

2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.12.020.

[5] Pittauerova D, Hettwig B, Fischer HW. Fukushima fallout in Northwest German

environmental media. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2011, 102: 877-880.

The levels of radiation reported are equivalent to

around 1/10,000 of the dose received from natural

radiation and pose no threat to public health

Radionuclides be detected in minute quantities, they

will be significantly below any level that could cause

harm to public health

• Offered timely accurate information for the government and the public

• The response is a competitive exercise under real condition, experiences for response to nuclear accident under widely development of NPP in this region.

Results

• Strengthen the food and water radioactivity monitoring as baseline

• Standardized the emergency monitoring method.

• Exchange information on monitoring methodology and results

• Communication and Cooperation!

Prospective

Current food safety risk monitoring and national standard

Routine monitoring

Samples Grain, Vegetables, fruits, Meat, Fresh milk,

Seafood, Drinking water

Radionuclide Food for radionuclides (artifical and

natural), drinking water for gross , gross

(further, radionuclide)

Monitoring stations From provinces of NPPs vicinity to

Nationwide

Lab equipments

Reference materials

Guidelines on Intervention and medical management in the nuclear and radiological accident

2006

Basic standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources

2002 (China BSS)

Generic Action Levels for foodstuffs Radionuclides Foods for general

consumption (kBq/kg) Milk, infant foods and drinking

water (kBq/kg)

134Cs, 137Cs, 103Ru,106Ru,89Sr 1 1

131I 1 0.1

90Sr 0.1 0.1

241Am, 238Pu, 239Pu 0.01 0.001

Active Standard

Total 106 indices (limit)

Including in radioactivity (guidelines, not limit):

Gross 0.5 Bq/L

Gross 1 Bq/L

Standards for drinking water quality

2006 GB 8537-1995 Drinking natural mineral water

GB17324-2003 Hygienic standard of bottled purified water for drinking

Gross ﹤1.5 Bq/L 226Ra ﹤1.1 Bq/L

Gross ≤ 0.1 Bq/L

Gross ≤ 1 Bq/L

Active Standard

Category 3H 89Sr 90Sr 131I 137Cs 147Pm 239Pu

Grain 2.1X105 1.2X103 9.6X101 1.9X102 2.6X102 1.0X104 3.4

Tubers 7.2X104 5.4X102 3.3X101 8.9X101 9.0X101 3.7X103 1.2

Vegetables

and fruits 1.7X105 9.7X102 7.7X101 1.6X102 2.1X102 8.2X103 2.7

Meat 6.5X105 2.9X103 2.9X102 4.7X102 8.0X102 2.4X104 10.0

Fresh milk 8.8X104 2.4X102 4.0X101 3.3X101 3.3X102 2.2X103 2.6

Category 210Po 226Ra 223Ra Natural Th Natural U

Grain 6.4 1.4X101 6.9 1.2 1.9

Tubers 2.8 4.7 2.4 4.0X10-1 6.4X10-1

Vegetables

and fruits 5.3 1.1X101 5.6 9.6X10-1 1.5

Meat 1.5X101 3.8X101 2.1X101 3.6 5.4

Fresh milk 1.3 3.7 2.8 7.5X10-1 5.2X10-1

GB 14882-1994 Limited concentration of radioactive materials in foods

Active Standard

Unit: Bq/kg (L)

NOTE: mg were used for the natural Th and natural U

GB 14882-1994 Limited concentration of radioactive materials in foods

Radionuclide Annual limit on intake, Bq

Adult Children Infant 3H 6.2X107 5.3X107 2.4X107

89Sr 4.6X105 1.9X105 6.7X104

90Sr 2.8X104 2.3X104 1.1X104

131I 7.7X104 3.1X104 9.1X103

137Cs 7.7X104 1.0X105 9.1X104

147Pm 3.2X106 1.6X105 5.9X105

210Po 2.2X103 1.0X103 3.3X102

226Ra 4.0X103 2.5X103 1.0X103

223Ra 2.0X103 2.1X103 7.7X102

Natural Th 347 297 206

Natural U 551 358 142

239Pu 1.0X103 1.0X103 7.1X102

Active Standard

GB 14882-201X

National food safety standard: Limited concentration of radionuclides in foods

From: GB 14882-1994 Limited concentration of radioactive

materials in foods

Artificial & natural radionuclides

Investigation level & limited level

Infant foods and other foods

…

National Standard

Revised Draft

Started in 2011

GB/T XXXXX-201X

Guidance levels for radionuclides in drinking water

Cited: WHO, Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality,

Chapter 9 “Radiological aspects”, Fourth Edition, 2011.

191 Radionuclides

Uranium (30 μg/L)

Radon in drinking water

…

National Standard

new DRAFT

Started in 2011

Thank you for your attention!