Demonstrating reindeer wrangling at Yanrakynnot village Alan Burger AT THIS TIME of year I reflect on the wild and remote places that you, our passengers, have experienced aboard our ships. In the Aurora Expeditions’ office we feel numerous pangs of envy, but we never tire of hearing about the remarkable encounters with wildlife, and being immersed in nature at its best. Extraordinary moments seem integral to our style of adventure travel. In this issue, you’ll share our thrill in being one of the first passenger vessels to traverse Russia’s North East Passage. You’ll hear about that other Aurora, the northern lights, and the wonders of an East Greenland voyage. On 2 December, 100 years to the day after polar explorer Douglas Mawson steamed south from Hobart towards the frozen south, I shared the excitement and nervous anticipation as our own Akademik Shokalskiy motored down the Derwent River bound for Antarctica’s Commonwealth Bay. Our Antarctic season is well underway, bringing with it a much-anticipated fly- sail era. Already our 2012–2013 brochures have landed on my desk. They promise the largest-yet range of destinations and options, with two sister ships and double the voyages. In 2012 we offer two trips to Papua New Guinea; we return to Wild Scotland and those fabulous Faroes. Two new voyages have been added to our Russian Coast program. On the home front, we warmly welcome Ludmila to the finance team, and Amanda Till, who we have enticed ashore for some of her time, to a new role as Expeditions Executive. Those aboard our ships in Antarctica will be enjoying a very white Christmas. Whether this finds you at home or abroad, I wish every one of you a safe and joyous holiday season and a happy 2012! LISA BOLTON, CEO, Aurora Expeditions The Expeditioner Aurora Expeditions’ Newsletter • December 2011 ACROSS THE TOP By golly, we did it! Aurora Expeditions is thrilled to be amongst the first to navigate Russia’s North East Passage in an ice-strengthened passenger vessel. Aboard Akademik Shokalskiy, 50 pioneering adventurers, our expedition staff and indefatigable Russian crew pushed back from the port of Murmansk in August, traversing Siberia’s vast north coast and crossing nine time zones to arrive in Anadyr 26 days later. The inaugural voyage, led by Howard Whelan, was one of Aurora Expeditions’ most extreme in scope and duration, visiting a corner of the globe where few have ventured. We took the chance to land at military- restricted Novaya Zemlya, name peaks on mountainous Severnaya Zemlya, and cruise at midnight around the Novosibirskie Islands. Shokalskiy steamed north of Wrangel Island to the edge of the pack ice, where we encountered a dozen polar bears and hundreds of walrus. During the voyage we discovered 10,000-year-old fossils of mammoth tusks and teeth. At dusk, a frenzy of short-tailed shearwaters rose from the water and darkened the skies. We plied the waters alongside beluga whale and white- beaked dolphin, Zodiaced amongst fractious walrus, and those with cameras at the ready snapped the rarest sighting of all: a wolverine. With safety at the forefront, Aurora Expeditions continues to push the boundaries of adventure tourism, creating itineraries to stimulate the senses and open up some of the least-known places on our planet. For those ready to layer up, stride out and explore the North East Passage, call us about our 2012 & 2013 program (we have limited berths still available on our 2012 voyages). Or check our two new 2012 Russian adventures: Arctic Ocean Discoverer – Wrangel Island and Treasures of the Russian Far East at www.auroraexpeditions.com.au/ expeditions/category/russia-cruise A rarely seen wolverine Alan Burger FROM THE HELM
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Transcript
Demonstrating reindeer wrangling
at Yanrakynnot village
King of KingsTim Griffin has won this year’s Aurora
Expeditions’ Antarctic photography competition
with a stunning portrait of king penguins at
South Georgia’s Gold Harbour.
Tim claims it was something of a lucky shot.
‘I was in a state of information overload with this
landing being my first at a king penguin colony.
The sun was setting and the light fading fast. I
found my way to a stream that runs behind the
beach—it was like a mirror and reflected the
sunset perfectly. I had the ISO turned up as high
as I could without the quality of the photo being
impacted, the shutter speed as low as I could
handhold, and the aperture wide open. When I
spotted these two kings posing perfectly, I rattled
off a couple of shots—it all just fell into place.’
The day before visiting Gold Harbour, Tim
had reunited with fellow passengers and his
wife Fiona after completing a gruelling alpine
crossing over South Georgia from King Haakon
Bay to Stromness Whaling Station.
Tim and Fiona have one more reason to
celebrate. In November they welcomed the
birth of a beautiful daughter, fittingly named
Georgia Nieve.
Ala
n B
urg
er
At this time of year i reflect on the wild and remote places that you, our passengers, have
experienced aboard our ships. in the Aurora expeditions’ office we feel numerous pangs of envy, but we never tire of hearing about the remarkable encounters with wildlife, and being immersed in nature at its best. extraordinary moments seem integral to our style of adventure travel.
In this issue, you’ll share our thrill in
being one of the first passenger vessels
to traverse Russia’s North East Passage.
You’ll hear about that other Aurora, the
northern lights, and the wonders of an
East Greenland voyage.
On 2 December, 100 years to the day
after polar explorer Douglas Mawson
steamed south from Hobart towards
the frozen south, I shared the excitement
and nervous anticipation as our own
Akademik Shokalskiy motored down the
Derwent River bound for Antarctica’s
Commonwealth Bay.
Our Antarctic season is well underway,
bringing with it a much-anticipated fly-
sail era. Already our 2012–2013 brochures
have landed on my desk. They promise
the largest-yet range of destinations and
options, with two sister ships and double
the voyages. In 2012 we offer two trips
to Papua New Guinea; we return to Wild
Scotland and those fabulous Faroes. Two
new voyages have been added to our
Russian Coast program.
On the home front, we warmly
welcome Ludmila to the finance team,
and Amanda Till, who we have enticed
ashore for some of her time, to a new
role as Expeditions Executive.
Those aboard our ships in Antarctica
will be enjoying a very white Christmas.
Whether this finds you at home or abroad,
I wish every one of you a safe and joyous
holiday season and a happy 2012!
Lisa BoLton, CEO, Aurora Expeditions
The Expeditioneraurora Expeditions’ newsletter • December 2011
Across the topBy golly, we did it! Aurora Expeditions is thrilled
to be amongst the first to navigate Russia’s
North East Passage in an ice-strengthened
passenger vessel.
Aboard Akademik Shokalskiy, 50 pioneering
adventurers, our expedition staff and
indefatigable Russian crew pushed back from
the port of Murmansk in August, traversing
Siberia’s vast north coast and crossing nine
time zones to arrive in Anadyr 26 days later.
The inaugural voyage, led by Howard Whelan,
was one of Aurora Expeditions’ most extreme
in scope and duration, visiting a corner of the
globe where few have ventured.
We took the chance to land at military-
restricted Novaya Zemlya, name peaks
on mountainous Severnaya Zemlya, and
cruise at midnight around the Novosibirskie
Islands. Shokalskiy steamed north of Wrangel
Island to the edge of the pack ice, where
we encountered a dozen polar bears and
hundreds of walrus. During the voyage
we discovered 10,000-year-old fossils of
mammoth tusks and teeth. At dusk, a frenzy
of short-tailed shearwaters rose from the
water and darkened the skies. We plied the
waters alongside beluga whale and white-
beaked dolphin, Zodiaced amongst fractious
walrus, and those with cameras at the ready
snapped the rarest sighting of all: a wolverine.
With safety at the forefront, Aurora
Expeditions continues to push the boundaries
of adventure tourism, creating itineraries
to stimulate the senses and open up some
of the least-known places on our planet.
For those ready to layer up, stride out and
explore the North East Passage, call us about
our 2012 & 2013 program (we have limited
berths still available on our 2012 voyages). Or
check our two new 2012 Russian adventures:
Arctic Ocean Discoverer – Wrangel Island and
Treasures of the Russian Far East at
www.auroraexpeditions.com.au/
expeditions/category/russia-cruise
2012 – 2013 VoYAge cALenDAr
A rarely seen wolverine
Ala
n B
urg
er
epic VoYAgesFor centuries, daring
explorers have struck
out across unknown
oceans in search of
new lands. In 1521
Ferdinand Magellan
proved the world
was round when his
ship Victoria circumnavigated the globe.
Captain James Cook’s voyages of discovery
led him to the great southern continent
of Australia. More recently, explorers have
been propelled by scientific curiosity or
the urge to attain the near impossible.
Polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton and
his 28 men struck disaster in Antarctica’s
Weddell Sea when their ship Endurance
was crushed by ice, beyond all hope of
help. Thor Heyerdahl’s Kon-Tiki expedition
overcame remarkable odds to show that
a traditional log raft could traverse the
world’s widest ocean. And yachtsman
Francis Chichester became the first to sail
single-handedly around the world.
With fold-out posters, maps, photos,
illustrations and charts, young readers will
be captivated as authors Robyn Mundy
and Nigel Rigby recount the drama and
perils faced by these five courageous
explorers during their epic voyages of
adventure and discovery.
Epic Adventure: Epic Voyages is published
by The Five Mile Press ISBN 978-1-74248-
505-8, and Kingfisher ISBN 0753465744.
DouBLe the cApAcitY, DouBLe the fun!
Antarctica in a shorter length of time by
eliminating one sea crossing.
South Georgia & Weddell Sea – Shackleton’s
Odyssey is a voyage inspired by explorer Sir
Ernest Shackleton, whose survival story is
one of the greatest in Antarctic exploration.
In this new voyage we attempt to explore
deep into the Weddell Sea, while those with
climbing experience will have the option to
lace up their glacier boots for Shackleton’s
Crossing, a rigorous alpine traverse of South
Georgia’s interior.
Prices for the 2012–13 Antarctic season
start from US$6,365 per person based on
a triple cabin for an 8-day cruise. Visit
www.auroraexpeditions.com.au/
expeditions/category/antarctica-cruises
With two sturdy sister ships and 20 premium
voyages designed to make the most of the
Antarctic Peninsula, Weddell Sea, South
Georgia and the Falkland Islands, this season
is shaping up to be our biggest and brightest.
We now offer a choice of comfortable
vessels, Polar Pioneer and Akademik
Shokalskiy, each carrying a maximum
of 54 passengers. The small-group
advantage is part of our winning
formula, while the added capacity allows
a greater diversity of voyages, with more
opportunities for adventure activities such
as kayaking, scuba diving, ice climbing and
camping overnight.
Our new Fly & Sail option on select voyages
allows passengers to experience more of
tim g
riffin
tim
gri
ffin
Mountaineers traverse south georgia
Ep
ic
A
dv
en
tu
re
Epic VoyagesIncludes
poster-sizefold-out
pages
E p i c A d v e n t u r e
E p i c A d v e n t u r e
Discover how adventurous mariners used their skill and resourcefulness to adapt to challenging conditions— unpredictable weather, physical hardship, unforeseen perils.Find out which strategies and survival techniques succeeded and which failed, sometimes with tragic results.
Explore the vast oceans and wild seas navigated by these intrepid sailors on their long, dangerous voyages.
Epic Voyages
EpIc
VO
YAG
ES
MAGELLAN s cOOK s SHAcKLETON s HEYERDAHL s cHIcHESTER
Ü
Equator
A S I A
NORTHAMERICA
SOUTHAMERICA
EUROPE
A F R I C A
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS LINE
MAGELLAN’S FLEETShips Tonnage
TrinidadFlagship 110 tons
San Antonio 120 tons
Concepción 90 tons
Victoria 85 tons
Santiago 75 tons
I N D I A N
O C E A N
ATLANT IC
OCEAN
O C E A N
PA C I F I C
A S I A
A F R I C A
EU RO P E
VeniceAntwerpGenoa
Overland routesSea routes
FERDINANDMagellanSetting Sail MAGELLAN MovES To SpAiN As a young captain, Magellan argued with King Manuel of Portugal and was scorned at his court. Magellan left his homeland in disgust and moved to Spain to serve the new, 17-year-old King Charles.
ANToNio piGAFETTA A young Italian nobleman, Antonio Pigafetta, volunteered to join the expedition. Through the three-year voyage he kept a daily journal of events and observations. He was one of only 18 survivors and, luckily, his journal has survived to tell us much about the journey.
Europeans knew little of the greater world until the 1400s when explorers established sea routes
around the southern tip of Africa to the spice-rich countries of Asia. Then in 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed west from Spain to discover the
Americas the New World. Young King Charles 1 of
Spain welcomed to his court Ferdinand Magellan, an accomplished mariner outcast from Portugal.
Charles admired Magellan and commissioned him to
undertake a voyage of discovery westward in search of el paso, a sea passage through the New World to the Spice Islands of Southeast Asia. Little did Magellan know he was embarking on the first circumnavigation of the globe, or that he would endure treachery, peril, and bitter hardship. In September 1519, a fleet of five ships and 277 crew struck out across the Atlantic Ocean. Only one ship and 18 survivors would complete the voyage.
MASTEr MAriNEr As a young page in Portugal’s royal court, Magellan received an education in navigation, astronomy, and mapmaking—skills that would guide him on his epic voyage around the globe.
Treaty of TordesillasAn imaginary line was drawn north–south through the Atlantic Ocean; Portugal could claim new lands east of the line, Spain could claim lands west of the line. Magellan assured the king that the Spice Islands, if reached by sailing west, could be claimed by Spain.
SAiLiNG FroM SpAiN With the king’s money, Magellan purchased five ships. Because he was Portuguese, several officials resented Magellan and made him hire unsuitable Spanish captains. When the fleet set sail, three captains plotted to kill Magellan and take over command.
The Age of DiscoveryThe wealth of the spice trade prompted seafaring nations to explore fast sea routes to Asia. In1498, Vasco da Gama sailed around the southern tip of Africa to reach India, creating an eastern trading route for Portugal. Magellan was inspired to explore a western route for Spain after rumors of el paso, a possible passage around southern America.
Fragrant TreasuresSpices were highly sought after in Europe, but only the wealthiest households could afford them. Transporting spices from the East involved months of arduous land and sea journeys. Every port demanded taxes from traders, while pirates and thieves posed constant danger. By the time a bale of spices reached Venice, it sold for one hundred times its original purchase price—making spices more costly than gold.
ST ELMo’S FirEAt sea during a thunderstorm the crews of Magellan’s fleet noticed St Elmo’s Fire, a bright glow of fiery light at the tip of the ships’ masts and yards. Unaware that it was caused by electricity in the atmosphere the sailors became fearful; they thought it was caused by a supernatural being.
VICTORIA
Construction of Gipsy Moth IVAt 53 feet (16 m) overall, 39 feet (11.9 m) at the waterline, Gipsy Moth IV was a large yacht for a single-hander at that time. Chichester later admitted that the boat was too big for him. The theoretical maximum speed of a yacht is related to its waterline length—the longer the hull the faster the boat —and Gipsy Moth IV was theoretically capable of sailing 200 sea miles a day. To help the speed, she also had a light, easily driven hull with a cutaway keel. Despite her length, the cabin was cramped and Chichester discovered at sea that the stowage space had been badly designed, with equipment bashing around and making a noise like “a country fair in full swing.” The hull was, however, strongly built from cold-molded Honduran mahogany, although the plywood deck leaked where it joined the hull.
Forestay and foresail.
Forehatch. Sails stored below could be man-handled through the hatch onto
the deck.
Windlass. When Chichester needed to slow the boat in strong winds he trailed warps (long ropes) behind. These were heavy and he used a mechanical windlass (a powerful winch) to let them out and take them in.
The mainmast with mainsail.
He cooked on a Primus stove, a single-ring paraffin cooker.
Steering compass in the cockpit.
Mizzenmast and mizzensail.
An inflatable dinghy was kept in the stern locker.
Self-steering gear. This essential piece of equipment for a single-hander was badly damaged in a storm, but Chichester made temporary repairs, which got him to Sydney.
The large and heavy wooden tiller.
The rudder.
Chichester’s sea berth with navigational instruments above his head.
A heads (toilet) was in a compartment forward of his sea berth.
Navigation table and communications instruments.
Chichester’s gimballed (self-righting) chair.
Lead-filled wooden keel. To improve stability 2,400 lb (1,090 kg) of lead was added.
Main cabin with folding table, one berth and six seats.
Forward heads (toilet) with hand basin.
Forward cabin, which Chichester mainly used to store sails.
Forward watertight bulkhead.
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.)
Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
56
57
29
I N D I A N
O C E A N
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
S O U T H E R N O C E A N
Equator
Cape Horn
Hawaiian Islands(Sandwich Islands)
Plymouth
Plymouth
CapeTown
London
A F R I C A
EUROPE
EUROPEA S I A
N O R T HA M E R I C A
SOUTHAMER ICAAUSTRALIA
A F R I C A
Second voyageThird voyage
northwest passage Cook’s ships made two brave attempts to find the Northwest Passage, but were defeated, and nearly destroyed, by pack ice.The search for the Passage would become almost an obsession for the 19th-century British Navy
easter island Cook’s second voyage in Resolution and Adventure reached Easter Island, the most easterly point reached by early Polynesian settlers. The stone statues there would later help Thor Heyerdahl form his theory of westerly Polynesian migration from America.
Captain James Cook, R.N., by John Webber. Cook was promoted to post-captain before his third and final voyage.
28
After the great success of the first voyage a second was planned to continue the search for the Southern Continent and build
scientific knowledge of the Pacific. This was to be even more ambitious, with two ships and a much larger complement of scientists. Banks withdrew after a disagreement over the accommodation for his party. Cook took Resolution and Adventure beyond the Antarctic Circle, the first ships to sail so far south. Although no continent was found, the scientific rewards were enormous. Cook then retired from service at sea with great honors but could not resist coming out of retirement to command a third Pacific voyage in search of the Northwest Passage of North America. This ended tragically when Cook was killed in Hawaii.
Later Voyages Cook’s achievementsCook set new and exacting standards for maritime exploration. He mapped thousands of miles of coastline previously unknown to Europe, charting 5,000 miles (9,250 km) on his first voyage alone. He accurately fixed the positions of numerous Pacific island groups. He brought back thousands of plant and animal specimens and detailed descriptions and drawings of Pacific peoples. These were to revolutionize European science.
return to tahiti Cook returned to Tahiti on both his second and third voyages, anchoring in the familiar bay. On his second trip he took an islander named Omai back to Britain; the man’s presence caused great interest.
hawaiian islands An Hawaiin warrior wears a ceremonial helmet. Cook landed in Hawaii, most northerly point of Polynesian settlement, on the third voyage when sailing north to the Arctic. He found so much fresh food there that he decided to return the following winter.
fatal enCounter Cook, four marines, and 17 Hawaiians were killed in a brief but bloody incident at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii, on February 14, 1779. Webber, artist on the third voyage, based his painting of the scene on eye-witness accounts.
Charting the PacificCook’s three great voyages replaced myth and speculation with an accurate map of the Pacific. As many later explorers commented, he left them little to do except fill in some gaps.
Large fold-out posters and gatefolds show the maps and the story of the route in a graphic style.
Ü
•Five great stories of adventure
•Into the unknown, sailing by the stars, life at sea
•Sailing craft from great square-riggers to a small raft
•photographs, illustrations and fascinating diagrams
•Detailed maps show the amazing distances travelled, and what happened along the way
How did you become so involved in the indigenous community?
I arrived in Broome as a teenager and
back then it was very much more
multicultural than it is today. I quickly
made many Aboriginal friends and later,
when I owned my own tour company,
pioneered partnerships between Indigenous
communities and tour operators.
I had an experience that resulted in the rare
honour of being given the ‘skin’ name Jalanga
and being adopted into an Aboriginal family.
I was caught in a bushfire whilst camping but
luckily escaped the flames by driving through
thick scrub breaking through to the coast.
Suddenly, an Aboriginal man appeared who
had heard my vehicle. He asked for help. We
ran together to his property, back-burning
along the way, and saved the majority of the
community buildings. We became friends and
over the years I helped by bringing in supplies
before the wet when roads into town could
be cut for months. Many years later the
community ‘adopted’ me in the traditional
Aboriginal way and I now have a large
extended Aboriginal family who treat me
as a brother, cousin and son.
you say that Papua new Guinea is a “must see”. why?
It was only 80 years ago that the outside
world discovered over one million people living
in the fertile Papua New Guinea highland
valleys, with farming techniques that may
have originated before Europeans began
cultivating crops. Papua New Guinea is an
island of mysteries and a last chance to see
an ancient world still relatively untouched by
modern man.
This is a country with incredibly diverse
cultures, pristine fringing coral reefs and atolls,
world famous bird species and tropical old-
growth forests where mammal species still
thrive that only exist as fossils in Australia.
Visit www.auroraexpeditions.com.au
or call us on +612 9252 1033 to enquire about
our Kimberley and Papua New Guinea cruises.
why did you become a naturalist?I feel very lucky to have spent long periods
of time in pristine wilderness areas such as
the Kimberley and Papua New Guinea. I get a
deep satisfaction from viewing and surveying
wildlife, researching the food or medicinal
value of plants, interpreting rock art sites or
being involved with historical expeditions.
tell us what you find special about the Kimberley region.
The red pindan soil of the Kimberley
just gets into your blood and you become
hooked on the wide open expanses of Boab trees are emblematic of the Kimberley
Thanks to the support of Papua New
Guinea’s Government matching the
Australian Government’s $100,000 donation
to the Rabaul & Montevideo Maru Society,
a memorial can now go ahead to honour
the soldiers and civilians who lost their lives
in the sinking of Montevideo Maru. Aurora
Expeditions is proud to support this great
cause by donating a percentage of profits to
the Society from our forthcoming 2012 Lost
in Paradise Papua New Guinea voyage. This
thirteen-day voyage will feature the historic
sites of WWII and close with a special ANZAC
Day service in Rabaul, marking the 70th
anniversary of the Battle of Rabaul and the
sinking of Montevideo Maru. To donate to
the Society visit www.memorial.org.au
Our Mawson
Centenary voyage
replicates the
legendary route
taken by Sir Douglas
Mawson to Commonwealth Bay, Antarctica, via
Macquarie Island. We may be travelling in the
comfort of a modern ice-strengthened vessel
equipped with GPS, radar and navigational
charts, but as our ship forges south across the
Southern Ocean, you can be certain that our
hardy passengers, expedition staff and Russian
crew carry the same adventuring spirit.
Akademik Shokalskiy departs hobart, 2 December 2011
Am
an
da till
Douglas Mawson
Field Leader and Heritage Carpenter Peter
McCabe is all too familiar with the physical
and mental challenges of working in
Antarctica, especially at a site recorded as
the windiest place on earth at sea level.
Peter was a team member of the successful
2010–2011 Mawson’s Huts Foundation
Expedition, where he carried out conservation
work on Mawson’s Huts at Cape Denison,
Commonwealth Bay.
Recently, Peter spoke to teenage boys
at Knox Grammar School, Sydney who
participated in the Duke of Edinburgh Award
1 February 2012 PAPUA NEW GUINEA 2 February 2012 EUROPEAN ARCTIC7 February 2012 RUSSIAN COAST (SYDNEY)
8 February 2012 RUSSIAN COAST (BRISBANE)9 February 2012 RUSSIAN COAST (MELBOURNE) 15 February 2012 KIMBERLEY COAST
Demonstrating reindeer wrangling
at Yanrakynnot village
King of KingsTim Griffin has won this year’s Aurora
Expeditions’ Antarctic photography competition
with a stunning portrait of king penguins at
South Georgia’s Gold Harbour.
Tim claims it was something of a lucky shot.
‘I was in a state of information overload with this
landing being my first at a king penguin colony.
The sun was setting and the light fading fast. I
found my way to a stream that runs behind the
beach—it was like a mirror and reflected the
sunset perfectly. I had the ISO turned up as high
as I could without the quality of the photo being
impacted, the shutter speed as low as I could
handhold, and the aperture wide open. When I
spotted these two kings posing perfectly, I rattled
off a couple of shots—it all just fell into place.’
The day before visiting Gold Harbour, Tim
had reunited with fellow passengers and his
wife Fiona after completing a gruelling alpine
crossing over South Georgia from King Haakon
Bay to Stromness Whaling Station.
Tim and Fiona have one more reason to
celebrate. In November they welcomed the
birth of a beautiful daughter, fittingly named
Georgia Nieve.
Ala
n B
urg
er
At this time of year i reflect on the wild and remote places that you, our passengers, have
experienced aboard our ships. in the Aurora expeditions’ office we feel numerous pangs of envy, but we never tire of hearing about the remarkable encounters with wildlife, and being immersed in nature at its best. extraordinary moments seem integral to our style of adventure travel.
In this issue, you’ll share our thrill in
being one of the first passenger vessels
to traverse Russia’s North East Passage.
You’ll hear about that other Aurora, the
northern lights, and the wonders of an
East Greenland voyage.
On 2 December, 100 years to the day
after polar explorer Douglas Mawson
steamed south from Hobart towards
the frozen south, I shared the excitement
and nervous anticipation as our own
Akademik Shokalskiy motored down the
Derwent River bound for Antarctica’s
Commonwealth Bay.
Our Antarctic season is well underway,
bringing with it a much-anticipated fly-
sail era. Already our 2012–2013 brochures
have landed on my desk. They promise
the largest-yet range of destinations and
options, with two sister ships and double
the voyages. In 2012 we offer two trips
to Papua New Guinea; we return to Wild
Scotland and those fabulous Faroes. Two
new voyages have been added to our
Russian Coast program.
On the home front, we warmly
welcome Ludmila to the finance team,
and Amanda Till, who we have enticed
ashore for some of her time, to a new
role as Expeditions Executive.
Those aboard our ships in Antarctica
will be enjoying a very white Christmas.
Whether this finds you at home or abroad,
I wish every one of you a safe and joyous
holiday season and a happy 2012!
Lisa BoLton, CEO, Aurora Expeditions
The Expeditioneraurora Expeditions’ newsletter • December 2011
Across the topBy golly, we did it! Aurora Expeditions is thrilled
to be amongst the first to navigate Russia’s
North East Passage in an ice-strengthened
passenger vessel.
Aboard Akademik Shokalskiy, 50 pioneering
adventurers, our expedition staff and
indefatigable Russian crew pushed back from
the port of Murmansk in August, traversing
Siberia’s vast north coast and crossing nine
time zones to arrive in Anadyr 26 days later.
The inaugural voyage, led by Howard Whelan,
was one of Aurora Expeditions’ most extreme
in scope and duration, visiting a corner of the
globe where few have ventured.
We took the chance to land at military-
restricted Novaya Zemlya, name peaks
on mountainous Severnaya Zemlya, and
cruise at midnight around the Novosibirskie
Islands. Shokalskiy steamed north of Wrangel
Island to the edge of the pack ice, where
we encountered a dozen polar bears and
hundreds of walrus. During the voyage
we discovered 10,000-year-old fossils of
mammoth tusks and teeth. At dusk, a frenzy
of short-tailed shearwaters rose from the
water and darkened the skies. We plied the
waters alongside beluga whale and white-
beaked dolphin, Zodiaced amongst fractious
walrus, and those with cameras at the ready
snapped the rarest sighting of all: a wolverine.
With safety at the forefront, Aurora
Expeditions continues to push the boundaries
of adventure tourism, creating itineraries
to stimulate the senses and open up some
of the least-known places on our planet.
For those ready to layer up, stride out and
explore the North East Passage, call us about
our 2012 & 2013 program (we have limited
berths still available on our 2012 voyages). Or
check our two new 2012 Russian adventures:
Arctic Ocean Discoverer – Wrangel Island and
Treasures of the Russian Far East at
www.auroraexpeditions.com.au/
expeditions/category/russia-cruise
2012 – 2013 VoYAge cALenDAr
A rarely seen wolverine
Ala
n B
urg
er
epic VoYAgesFor centuries, daring
explorers have struck
out across unknown
oceans in search of
new lands. In 1521
Ferdinand Magellan
proved the world
was round when his
ship Victoria circumnavigated the globe.
Captain James Cook’s voyages of discovery
led him to the great southern continent
of Australia. More recently, explorers have
been propelled by scientific curiosity or
the urge to attain the near impossible.
Polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton and
his 28 men struck disaster in Antarctica’s
Weddell Sea when their ship Endurance
was crushed by ice, beyond all hope of
help. Thor Heyerdahl’s Kon-Tiki expedition
overcame remarkable odds to show that
a traditional log raft could traverse the
world’s widest ocean. And yachtsman
Francis Chichester became the first to sail
single-handedly around the world.
With fold-out posters, maps, photos,
illustrations and charts, young readers will
be captivated as authors Robyn Mundy
and Nigel Rigby recount the drama and
perils faced by these five courageous
explorers during their epic voyages of
adventure and discovery.
Epic Adventure: Epic Voyages is published
by The Five Mile Press ISBN 978-1-74248-
505-8, and Kingfisher ISBN 0753465744.
DouBLe the cApAcitY, DouBLe the fun!
Antarctica in a shorter length of time by
eliminating one sea crossing.
South Georgia & Weddell Sea – Shackleton’s
Odyssey is a voyage inspired by explorer Sir
Ernest Shackleton, whose survival story is
one of the greatest in Antarctic exploration.
In this new voyage we attempt to explore
deep into the Weddell Sea, while those with
climbing experience will have the option to
lace up their glacier boots for Shackleton’s
Crossing, a rigorous alpine traverse of South
Georgia’s interior.
Prices for the 2012–13 Antarctic season
start from US$6,365 per person based on
a triple cabin for an 8-day cruise. Visit
www.auroraexpeditions.com.au/
expeditions/category/antarctica-cruises
With two sturdy sister ships and 20 premium
voyages designed to make the most of the
Antarctic Peninsula, Weddell Sea, South
Georgia and the Falkland Islands, this season
is shaping up to be our biggest and brightest.
We now offer a choice of comfortable
vessels, Polar Pioneer and Akademik
Shokalskiy, each carrying a maximum
of 54 passengers. The small-group
advantage is part of our winning
formula, while the added capacity allows
a greater diversity of voyages, with more
opportunities for adventure activities such
as kayaking, scuba diving, ice climbing and
camping overnight.
Our new Fly & Sail option on select voyages
allows passengers to experience more of
tim g
riffin
tim
gri
ffin
Mountaineers traverse south georgia
Ep
ic
A
dv
en
tu
re
Epic VoyagesIncludes
poster-sizefold-out
pages
E p i c A d v e n t u r e
E p i c A d v e n t u r e
Discover how adventurous mariners used their skill and resourcefulness to adapt to challenging conditions— unpredictable weather, physical hardship, unforeseen perils.Find out which strategies and survival techniques succeeded and which failed, sometimes with tragic results.
Explore the vast oceans and wild seas navigated by these intrepid sailors on their long, dangerous voyages.
Epic Voyages
EpIc
VO
YAG
ES
MAGELLAN s cOOK s SHAcKLETON s HEYERDAHL s cHIcHESTER
Ü
Equator
A S I A
NORTHAMERICA
SOUTHAMERICA
EUROPE
A F R I C A
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS LINE
MAGELLAN’S FLEETShips Tonnage
TrinidadFlagship 110 tons
San Antonio 120 tons
Concepción 90 tons
Victoria 85 tons
Santiago 75 tons
I N D I A N
O C E A N
ATLANT IC
OCEAN
O C E A N
P A C I F I C
A S I A
A F R I C A
EU RO P E
VeniceAntwerpGenoa
Overland routesSea routes
FERDINANDMagellanSetting Sail MAGELLAN MovES To SpAiN As a young captain, Magellan argued with King Manuel of Portugal and was scorned at his court. Magellan left his homeland in disgust and moved to Spain to serve the new, 17-year-old King Charles.
ANToNio piGAFETTA A young Italian nobleman, Antonio Pigafetta, volunteered to join the expedition. Through the three-year voyage he kept a daily journal of events and observations. He was one of only 18 survivors and, luckily, his journal has survived to tell us much about the journey.
Europeans knew little of the greater world until the 1400s when explorers established sea routes
around the southern tip of Africa to the spice-rich countries of Asia. Then in 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed west from Spain to discover the
Americas the New World. Young King Charles 1 of
Spain welcomed to his court Ferdinand Magellan, an accomplished mariner outcast from Portugal.
Charles admired Magellan and commissioned him to
undertake a voyage of discovery westward in search of el paso, a sea passage through the New World to the Spice Islands of Southeast Asia. Little did Magellan know he was embarking on the first circumnavigation of the globe, or that he would endure treachery, peril, and bitter hardship. In September 1519, a fleet of five ships and 277 crew struck out across the Atlantic Ocean. Only one ship and 18 survivors would complete the voyage.
MASTEr MAriNEr As a young page in Portugal’s royal court, Magellan received an education in navigation, astronomy, and mapmaking—skills that would guide him on his epic voyage around the globe.
Treaty of TordesillasAn imaginary line was drawn north–south through the Atlantic Ocean; Portugal could claim new lands east of the line, Spain could claim lands west of the line. Magellan assured the king that the Spice Islands, if reached by sailing west, could be claimed by Spain.
SAiLiNG FroM SpAiN With the king’s money, Magellan purchased five ships. Because he was Portuguese, several officials resented Magellan and made him hire unsuitable Spanish captains. When the fleet set sail, three captains plotted to kill Magellan and take over command.
The Age of DiscoveryThe wealth of the spice trade prompted seafaring nations to explore fast sea routes to Asia. In1498, Vasco da Gama sailed around the southern tip of Africa to reach India, creating an eastern trading route for Portugal. Magellan was inspired to explore a western route for Spain after rumors of el paso, a possible passage around southern America.
Fragrant TreasuresSpices were highly sought after in Europe, but only the wealthiest households could afford them. Transporting spices from the East involved months of arduous land and sea journeys. Every port demanded taxes from traders, while pirates and thieves posed constant danger. By the time a bale of spices reached Venice, it sold for one hundred times its original purchase price—making spices more costly than gold.
ST ELMo’S FirEAt sea during a thunderstorm the crews of Magellan’s fleet noticed St Elmo’s Fire, a bright glow of fiery light at the tip of the ships’ masts and yards. Unaware that it was caused by electricity in the atmosphere the sailors became fearful; they thought it was caused by a supernatural being.
VICTORIA
Construction of Gipsy Moth IVAt 53 feet (16 m) overall, 39 feet (11.9 m) at the waterline, Gipsy Moth IV was a large yacht for a single-hander at that time. Chichester later admitted that the boat was too big for him. The theoretical maximum speed of a yacht is related to its waterline length—the longer the hull the faster the boat —and Gipsy Moth IV was theoretically capable of sailing 200 sea miles a day. To help the speed, she also had a light, easily driven hull with a cutaway keel. Despite her length, the cabin was cramped and Chichester discovered at sea that the stowage space had been badly designed, with equipment bashing around and making a noise like “a country fair in full swing.” The hull was, however, strongly built from cold-molded Honduran mahogany, although the plywood deck leaked where it joined the hull.
Forestay and foresail.
Forehatch. Sails stored below could be man-handled through the hatch onto
the deck.
Windlass. When Chichester needed to slow the boat in strong winds he trailed warps (long ropes) behind. These were heavy and he used a mechanical windlass (a powerful winch) to let them out and take them in.
The mainmast with mainsail.
He cooked on a Primus stove, a single-ring paraffin cooker.
Steering compass in the cockpit.
Mizzenmast and mizzensail.
An inflatable dinghy was kept in the stern locker.
Self-steering gear. This essential piece of equipment for a single-hander was badly damaged in a storm, but Chichester made temporary repairs, which got him to Sydney.
The large and heavy wooden tiller.
The rudder.
Chichester’s sea berth with navigational instruments above his head.
A heads (toilet) was in a compartment forward of his sea berth.
Navigation table and communications instruments.
Chichester’s gimballed (self-righting) chair.
Lead-filled wooden keel. To improve stability 2,400 lb (1,090 kg) of lead was added.
Main cabin with folding table, one berth and six seats.
Forward heads (toilet) with hand basin.
Forward cabin, which Chichester mainly used to store sails.
Forward watertight bulkhead.
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.)
Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
56
57
29
I N D I A N
O C E A N
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
S O U T H E R N O C E A N
Equator
Cape Horn
Hawaiian Islands(Sandwich Islands)
Plymouth
Plymouth
CapeTown
London
A F R I C A
EUROPE
EUROPEA S I A
N O R T HA M E R I C A
SOUTHAMER ICAAUSTRALIA
A F R I C A
Second voyageThird voyage
northwest passage Cook’s ships made two brave attempts to find the Northwest Passage, but were defeated, and nearly destroyed, by pack ice.The search for the Passage would become almost an obsession for the 19th-century British Navy
easter island Cook’s second voyage in Resolution and Adventure reached Easter Island, the most easterly point reached by early Polynesian settlers. The stone statues there would later help Thor Heyerdahl form his theory of westerly Polynesian migration from America.
Captain James Cook, R.N., by John Webber. Cook was promoted to post-captain before his third and final voyage.
28
A fter the great success of the first voyage a second was planned to continue the search for the Southern Continent and build
scientific knowledge of the Pacific. This was to be even more ambitious, with two ships and a much larger complement of scientists. Banks withdrew after a disagreement over the accommodation for his party. Cook took Resolution and Adventure beyond the Antarctic Circle, the first ships to sail so far south. Although no continent was found, the scientific rewards were enormous. Cook then retired from service at sea with great honors but could not resist coming out of retirement to command a third Pacific voyage in search of the Northwest Passage of North America. This ended tragically when Cook was killed in Hawaii.
Later Voyages Cook’s achievementsCook set new and exacting standards for maritime exploration. He mapped thousands of miles of coastline previously unknown to Europe, charting 5,000 miles (9,250 km) on his first voyage alone. He accurately fixed the positions of numerous Pacific island groups. He brought back thousands of plant and animal specimens and detailed descriptions and drawings of Pacific peoples. These were to revolutionize European science.
return to tahiti Cook returned to Tahiti on both his second and third voyages, anchoring in the familiar bay. On his second trip he took an islander named Omai back to Britain; the man’s presence caused great interest.
hawaiian islands An Hawaiin warrior wears a ceremonial helmet. Cook landed in Hawaii, most northerly point of Polynesian settlement, on the third voyage when sailing north to the Arctic. He found so much fresh food there that he decided to return the following winter.
fatal enCounter Cook, four marines, and 17 Hawaiians were killed in a brief but bloody incident at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii, on February 14, 1779. Webber, artist on the third voyage, based his painting of the scene on eye-witness accounts.
Charting the PacificCook’s three great voyages replaced myth and speculation with an accurate map of the Pacific. As many later explorers commented, he left them little to do except fill in some gaps.
Large fold-out posters and gatefolds show the maps and the story of the route in a graphic style.
Ü
•Five great stories of adventure
•Into the unknown, sailing by the stars, life at sea
•Sailing craft from great square-riggers to a small raft
•photographs, illustrations and fascinating diagrams
•Detailed maps show the amazing distances travelled, and what happened along the way
King of KingsTim Griffin has won this year’s Aurora
Expeditions’ Antarctic photography competition
with a stunning portrait of king penguins at
South Georgia’s Gold Harbour.
Tim claims it was something of a lucky shot.
‘I was in a state of information overload with this
landing being my first at a king penguin colony.
The sun was setting and the light fading fast. I
found my way to a stream that runs behind the
beach—it was like a mirror and reflected the
sunset perfectly. I had the ISO turned up as high
as I could without the quality of the photo being
impacted, the shutter speed as low as I could
handhold, and the aperture wide open. When I
spotted these two kings posing perfectly, I rattled
off a couple of shots—it all just fell into place.’
The day before visiting Gold Harbour, Tim
had reunited with fellow passengers and his
wife Fiona after completing a gruelling alpine
crossing over South Georgia from King Haakon
Bay to Stromness Whaling Station.
Tim and Fiona have one more reason to
celebrate. In November they welcomed the
birth of a beautiful daughter, fittingly named
Georgia Nieve.
Ala
n B
urg
er
At this time of year i reflect on the wild and remote places that you, our passengers, have
experienced aboard our ships. in the Aurora expeditions’ office we feel numerous pangs of envy, but we never tire of hearing about the remarkable encounters with wildlife, and being immersed in nature at its best. extraordinary moments seem integral to our style of adventure travel.
In this issue, you’ll share our thrill in
being one of the first passenger vessels
to traverse Russia’s North East Passage.
You’ll hear about that other Aurora, the
northern lights, and the wonders of an
East Greenland voyage.
On 2 December, 100 years to the day
after polar explorer Douglas Mawson
steamed south from Hobart towards
the frozen south, I shared the excitement
and nervous anticipation as our own
Akademik Shokalskiy motored down the
Derwent River bound for Antarctica’s
Commonwealth Bay.
Our Antarctic season is well underway,
bringing with it a much-anticipated fly-
sail era. Already our 2012–2013 brochures
have landed on my desk. They promise
the largest-yet range of destinations and
options, with two sister ships and double
the voyages. In 2012 we offer two trips
to Papua New Guinea; we return to Wild
Scotland and those fabulous Faroes. Two
new voyages have been added to our
Russian Coast program.
On the home front, we warmly
welcome Ludmila to the finance team,
and Amanda Till, who we have enticed
ashore for some of her time, to a new
role as Expeditions Executive.
Those aboard our ships in Antarctica
will be enjoying a very white Christmas.
Whether this finds you at home or abroad,
I wish every one of you a safe and joyous
holiday season and a happy 2012!
Lisa BoLton, CEO, Aurora Expeditions
The Expeditioneraurora Expeditions’ newsletter • December 2011
Across the topBy golly, we did it! Aurora Expeditions is thrilled
to be amongst the first to navigate Russia’s
North East Passage in an ice-strengthened
passenger vessel.
Aboard Akademik Shokalskiy, 50 pioneering
adventurers, our expedition staff and
indefatigable Russian crew pushed back from
the port of Murmansk in August, traversing
Siberia’s vast north coast and crossing nine
time zones to arrive in Anadyr 26 days later.
The inaugural voyage, led by Howard Whelan,
was one of Aurora Expeditions’ most extreme
in scope and duration, visiting a corner of the
globe where few have ventured.
We took the chance to land at military-
restricted Novaya Zemlya, name peaks
on mountainous Severnaya Zemlya, and
cruise at midnight around the Novosibirskie
Islands. Shokalskiy steamed north of Wrangel
Island to the edge of the pack ice, where
we encountered a dozen polar bears and
hundreds of walrus. During the voyage
we discovered 10,000-year-old fossils of
mammoth tusks and teeth. At dusk, a frenzy
of short-tailed shearwaters rose from the
water and darkened the skies. We plied the
waters alongside beluga whale and white-
beaked dolphin, Zodiaced amongst fractious
walrus, and those with cameras at the ready
snapped the rarest sighting of all: a wolverine.
With safety at the forefront, Aurora
Expeditions continues to push the boundaries
of adventure tourism, creating itineraries
to stimulate the senses and open up some
of the least-known places on our planet.
For those ready to layer up, stride out and
explore the North East Passage, call us about
our 2012 & 2013 program (we have limited
berths still available on our 2012 voyages). Or
check our two new 2012 Russian adventures:
Arctic Ocean Discoverer – Wrangel Island and
Treasures of the Russian Far East at
www.auroraexpeditions.com.au/
expeditions/category/russia-cruise
2012 – 2013 VoYAge cALenDAr
A rarely seen wolverine
Ala
n B
urg
er
epic VoYAgesFor centuries, daring
explorers have struck
out across unknown
oceans in search of
new lands. In 1521
Ferdinand Magellan
proved the world
was round when his
ship Victoria circumnavigated the globe.
Captain James Cook’s voyages of discovery
led him to the great southern continent
of Australia. More recently, explorers have
been propelled by scientific curiosity or
the urge to attain the near impossible.
Polar explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton and
his 28 men struck disaster in Antarctica’s
Weddell Sea when their ship Endurance
was crushed by ice, beyond all hope of
help. Thor Heyerdahl’s Kon-Tiki expedition
overcame remarkable odds to show that
a traditional log raft could traverse the
world’s widest ocean. And yachtsman
Francis Chichester became the first to sail
single-handedly around the world.
With fold-out posters, maps, photos,
illustrations and charts, young readers will
be captivated as authors Robyn Mundy
and Nigel Rigby recount the drama and
perils faced by these five courageous
explorers during their epic voyages of
adventure and discovery.
Epic Adventure: Epic Voyages is published
by The Five Mile Press ISBN 978-1-74248-
505-8, and Kingfisher ISBN 0753465744.
DouBLe the cApAcitY, DouBLe the fun!
Antarctica in a shorter length of time by
eliminating one sea crossing.
South Georgia & Weddell Sea – Shackleton’s
Odyssey is a voyage inspired by explorer Sir
Ernest Shackleton, whose survival story is
one of the greatest in Antarctic exploration.
In this new voyage we attempt to explore
deep into the Weddell Sea, while those with
climbing experience will have the option to
lace up their glacier boots for Shackleton’s
Crossing, a rigorous alpine traverse of South
Georgia’s interior.
Prices for the 2012–13 Antarctic season
start from US$6,365 per person based on
a triple cabin for an 8-day cruise. Visit
www.auroraexpeditions.com.au/
expeditions/category/antarctica-cruises
With two sturdy sister ships and 20 premium
voyages designed to make the most of the
Antarctic Peninsula, Weddell Sea, South
Georgia and the Falkland Islands, this season
is shaping up to be our biggest and brightest.
We now offer a choice of comfortable
vessels, Polar Pioneer and Akademik
Shokalskiy, each carrying a maximum
of 54 passengers. The small-group
advantage is part of our winning
formula, while the added capacity allows
a greater diversity of voyages, with more
opportunities for adventure activities such
as kayaking, scuba diving, ice climbing and
camping overnight.
Our new Fly & Sail option on select voyages
allows passengers to experience more of
tim g
riffin
tim
gri
ffin
Mountaineers traverse south georgia
Ep
ic
A
dv
en
tu
re
Epic VoyagesIncludes
poster-sizefold-out
pages
E p i c A d v e n t u r e
E p i c A d v e n t u r e
Discover how adventurous mariners used their skill and resourcefulness to adapt to challenging conditions— unpredictable weather, physical hardship, unforeseen perils.Find out which strategies and survival techniques succeeded and which failed, sometimes with tragic results.
Explore the vast oceans and wild seas navigated by these intrepid sailors on their long, dangerous voyages.
Epic Voyages
EpIc
VO
YAG
ES
MAGELLAN s cOOK s SHAcKLETON s HEYERDAHL s cHIcHESTER
Ü
Equator
A S I A
NORTHAMERICA
SOUTHAMERICA
EUROPE
A F R I C A
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS LINE
MAGELLAN’S FLEETShips Tonnage
TrinidadFlagship 110 tons
San Antonio 120 tons
Concepción 90 tons
Victoria 85 tons
Santiago 75 tons
I N D I A N
O C E A N
ATLANT IC
OCEAN
O C E A N
P A C I F I C
A S I A
A F R I C A
EU RO P E
VeniceAntwerpGenoa
Overland routesSea routes
FERDINANDMagellanSetting Sail MAGELLAN MovES To SpAiN As a young captain, Magellan argued with King Manuel of Portugal and was scorned at his court. Magellan left his homeland in disgust and moved to Spain to serve the new, 17-year-old King Charles.
ANToNio piGAFETTA A young Italian nobleman, Antonio Pigafetta, volunteered to join the expedition. Through the three-year voyage he kept a daily journal of events and observations. He was one of only 18 survivors and, luckily, his journal has survived to tell us much about the journey.
Europeans knew little of the greater world until the 1400s when explorers established sea routes
around the southern tip of Africa to the spice-rich countries of Asia. Then in 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed west from Spain to discover the
Americas the New World. Young King Charles 1 of
Spain welcomed to his court Ferdinand Magellan, an accomplished mariner outcast from Portugal.
Charles admired Magellan and commissioned him to
undertake a voyage of discovery westward in search of el paso, a sea passage through the New World to the Spice Islands of Southeast Asia. Little did Magellan know he was embarking on the first circumnavigation of the globe, or that he would endure treachery, peril, and bitter hardship. In September 1519, a fleet of five ships and 277 crew struck out across the Atlantic Ocean. Only one ship and 18 survivors would complete the voyage.
MASTEr MAriNEr As a young page in Portugal’s royal court, Magellan received an education in navigation, astronomy, and mapmaking—skills that would guide him on his epic voyage around the globe.
Treaty of TordesillasAn imaginary line was drawn north–south through the Atlantic Ocean; Portugal could claim new lands east of the line, Spain could claim lands west of the line. Magellan assured the king that the Spice Islands, if reached by sailing west, could be claimed by Spain.
SAiLiNG FroM SpAiN With the king’s money, Magellan purchased five ships. Because he was Portuguese, several officials resented Magellan and made him hire unsuitable Spanish captains. When the fleet set sail, three captains plotted to kill Magellan and take over command.
The Age of DiscoveryThe wealth of the spice trade prompted seafaring nations to explore fast sea routes to Asia. In1498, Vasco da Gama sailed around the southern tip of Africa to reach India, creating an eastern trading route for Portugal. Magellan was inspired to explore a western route for Spain after rumors of el paso, a possible passage around southern America.
Fragrant TreasuresSpices were highly sought after in Europe, but only the wealthiest households could afford them. Transporting spices from the East involved months of arduous land and sea journeys. Every port demanded taxes from traders, while pirates and thieves posed constant danger. By the time a bale of spices reached Venice, it sold for one hundred times its original purchase price—making spices more costly than gold.
ST ELMo’S FirEAt sea during a thunderstorm the crews of Magellan’s fleet noticed St Elmo’s Fire, a bright glow of fiery light at the tip of the ships’ masts and yards. Unaware that it was caused by electricity in the atmosphere the sailors became fearful; they thought it was caused by a supernatural being.
VICTORIA
Construction of Gipsy Moth IVAt 53 feet (16 m) overall, 39 feet (11.9 m) at the waterline, Gipsy Moth IV was a large yacht for a single-hander at that time. Chichester later admitted that the boat was too big for him. The theoretical maximum speed of a yacht is related to its waterline length—the longer the hull the faster the boat —and Gipsy Moth IV was theoretically capable of sailing 200 sea miles a day. To help the speed, she also had a light, easily driven hull with a cutaway keel. Despite her length, the cabin was cramped and Chichester discovered at sea that the stowage space had been badly designed, with equipment bashing around and making a noise like “a country fair in full swing.” The hull was, however, strongly built from cold-molded Honduran mahogany, although the plywood deck leaked where it joined the hull.
Forestay and foresail.
Forehatch. Sails stored below could be man-handled through the hatch onto
the deck.
Windlass. When Chichester needed to slow the boat in strong winds he trailed warps (long ropes) behind. These were heavy and he used a mechanical windlass (a powerful winch) to let them out and take them in.
The mainmast with mainsail.
He cooked on a Primus stove, a single-ring paraffin cooker.
Steering compass in the cockpit.
Mizzenmast and mizzensail.
An inflatable dinghy was kept in the stern locker.
Self-steering gear. This essential piece of equipment for a single-hander was badly damaged in a storm, but Chichester made temporary repairs, which got him to Sydney.
The large and heavy wooden tiller.
The rudder.
Chichester’s sea berth with navigational instruments above his head.
A heads (toilet) was in a compartment forward of his sea berth.
Navigation table and communications instruments.
Chichester’s gimballed (self-righting) chair.
Lead-filled wooden keel. To improve stability 2,400 lb (1,090 kg) of lead was added.
Main cabin with folding table, one berth and six seats.
Forward heads (toilet) with hand basin.
Forward cabin, which Chichester mainly used to store sails.
Forward watertight bulkhead.
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.)
Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
56
57
29
I N D I A N
O C E A N
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
S O U T H E R N O C E A N
Equator
Cape Horn
Hawaiian Islands(Sandwich Islands)
Plymouth
Plymouth
CapeTown
London
A F R I C A
EUROPE
EUROPEA S I A
N O R T HA M E R I C A
SOUTHAMER ICAAUSTRALIA
A F R I C A
Second voyageThird voyage
northwest passage Cook’s ships made two brave attempts to find the Northwest Passage, but were defeated, and nearly destroyed, by pack ice.The search for the Passage would become almost an obsession for the 19th-century British Navy
easter island Cook’s second voyage in Resolution and Adventure reached Easter Island, the most easterly point reached by early Polynesian settlers. The stone statues there would later help Thor Heyerdahl form his theory of westerly Polynesian migration from America.
Captain James Cook, R.N., by John Webber. Cook was promoted to post-captain before his third and final voyage.
28
After the great success of the first voyage a second was planned to continue the search for the Southern Continent and build
scientific knowledge of the Pacific. This was to be even more ambitious, with two ships and a much larger complement of scientists. Banks withdrew after a disagreement over the accommodation for his party. Cook took Resolution and Adventure beyond the Antarctic Circle, the first ships to sail so far south. Although no continent was found, the scientific rewards were enormous. Cook then retired from service at sea with great honors but could not resist coming out of retirement to command a third Pacific voyage in search of the Northwest Passage of North America. This ended tragically when Cook was killed in Hawaii.
Later Voyages Cook’s achievementsCook set new and exacting standards for maritime exploration. He mapped thousands of miles of coastline previously unknown to Europe, charting 5,000 miles (9,250 km) on his first voyage alone. He accurately fixed the positions of numerous Pacific island groups. He brought back thousands of plant and animal specimens and detailed descriptions and drawings of Pacific peoples. These were to revolutionize European science.
return to tahiti Cook returned to Tahiti on both his second and third voyages, anchoring in the familiar bay. On his second trip he took an islander named Omai back to Britain; the man’s presence caused great interest.
hawaiian islands An Hawaiin warrior wears a ceremonial helmet. Cook landed in Hawaii, most northerly point of Polynesian settlement, on the third voyage when sailing north to the Arctic. He found so much fresh food there that he decided to return the following winter.
fatal enCounter Cook, four marines, and 17 Hawaiians were killed in a brief but bloody incident at Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii, on February 14, 1779. Webber, artist on the third voyage, based his painting of the scene on eye-witness accounts.
Charting the PacificCook’s three great voyages replaced myth and speculation with an accurate map of the Pacific. As many later explorers commented, he left them little to do except fill in some gaps.
Large fold-out posters and gatefolds show the maps and the story of the route in a graphic style.
Ü
•Five great stories of adventure
•Into the unknown, sailing by the stars, life at sea
•Sailing craft from great square-riggers to a small raft
•photographs, illustrations and fascinating diagrams
•Detailed maps show the amazing distances travelled, and what happened along the way