The Evolution of Fiqh By Bilal Philips

7/27/2019 The Evolution of Fiqh By Bilal Philips

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# 2 #

@hgtigts

Triemì th tli Zlkrj IjktkghgTriemì th tli Pi`hgj Ijktkhg

ZrmgsoktirmtkhgKgtrhju`tkhg

=' Zli Ekrst Ptmfi> EhugjmtkhgZli Citlhj he Oifksomtkhg

Figirmo @hgtigt he tli ]ur‛mmg

Zli Cmaamg Tirkhj ,54;#522 @'I'+

Zli Cmjiigmg Tirkhj ,522#502 @'I'+Oifmo @hgtigt he tli ]ur‛mmg

Zli Bmsks he Oifksomtkhg kg tli ]ur‛mmg

=' Zli Richvmo he Jkeekùoty

2' Zli Riju`tkhg he Riokfkhus Hbokfmtkhgs

0' Zli Rimokzmtkhg he Tubok` Vioemri:' Zli Rimokzmtkhg he Ygkvirsmo Nustkì

Phurìs he Ksomck` Omw

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

2' Zli Pi`hgj Ptmfi> Istmbokslcigt

Trhboic#Phovkgf Trhìjuris

he tli Rkfltihus @mokplsKgjkvkjumo Pmlmmbml mgj Kntklmmj

Mbsigì he Em`tkhgmoksc

@lmrm`tirkstk`s he EkqlPi`tkhg Puccmry

0' Zli Zlkrj Ptmfi> Bukojkgf

Em`thrs Meei`tkgf Ekql

@lmrm`tirkstk`s he Ekql

Rimshgs ehr Jkeeirigìs@hcpkomtkhg he Ekql





# : #

<' Zli Pkx Ptmfi> Ptmfgmtkhg mgj Jiòkgi

Icirfigì he Zmqoiij

Rimshgs he Zmqoiij

@hcpkomtkhg he EkqlRiehrcirs

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

;' Kcmmcs mgj Zmqoiij

Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml

Kcmmc Cmmoka kbg Mgms

Kcmmc Mlcmj kbg Lmcbmo

Ptujigts he tli Kcmmcs@hccigt

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

=4' Jkeeirigìs Mchgf Zli Yccml

Jkeeirigìs Mchgf tli Pmlmmbml

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

==' @hgòuskhgJygmck` Ekql

Trhphsij Ptips

@hgtrmjk`thry mgj Umrkmtkhgmo Jkeeirigìs

Fohssmry

Kgjix he Lmjiitls

Bkbokhfrmply





# 5 #

wlk`l wiri mooujij th kg tli tixt lmvi biig quhtij kg tli ehhtghtismgj hr rieirigìj' Zliri lmvi mosh biig shci `hscitk` `lmgfis/ okai

tli kcprhvij `hvir jiskfg mgj tli riju`tkhg he tli skzi he tli bhha/moo he wlk`l K lhpi wkoo cmai tlks ijktkhg shciwlmt chri mttrm`tkvi

tlmg kts prijiìsshr'

Kg òhskgf/ K msa Mockflty Mooml th boiss tlks ieehrt bycmakgf kt rim`l tlhsi wlh cmy chst bigiekt erhc kt/ mgj by mjjkgf kt

th cy s`moi he fhhj jiijs hg tli jmy he Nujficigt'

Mbu Mciigml Bkomo Tlkokps

Rkymjl/ Mufust 20

rj

/ =;;4

TRIEM@I ZH ZLI PI@HGJ IJKZKHG

Zli hvirmoo purphsi he tlks bhha ks th m`qumkgt tli rimjir wktl tli lksthrk`mo em`thrs bilkgj tli ehrcuomtkhg he Ksomck` omw

, Ekql+/ kg hrjir tlmt li hr sli cmy bittir ugjirstmgj lhw mgj wly

tli vmrkhus s`lhhos he Ksomck` omw , Cmjl#lmbs+= `mci mbhut' Kt ks

lhpij tlmt tlks ugjirstmgjkgf wkoo kg turg/ prhvkji m bmsks ehr hvir`hckgf tli pitty jkeeirigìs mgj jkvkskhgs wlk`l h`ùr wlig

prisigt#jmy ehoohwirs he jkeeirigt s`lhhos he pihpoi wktlhut jiekgkti

s`lhhos try th whra thfitlir' Zlus/ mghtlir mkc he tlks bhha ks th

prhvkji m tlihritk`mo ermciwhra ehr tli riugkek`mtkhg he tli Cmjl#lmbs mgj mg kjihohfk`mo bmsks ehr Ksomck` `hccugkty whra erii erhc

tli jkvkskvi ieei`ts he Cmjl#lmb em`tkhgmoksc'

Zli prisskgf giij ehr tlks bhha `mg imskoy bi siig kg tlijkoiccm he `hgvirt Cusokcs' Kg tli `hursi he bikgf iju`mtij kg tli

= Cmjl#lmb ks jirkvij erhc tli virb Jlmlmbm wlk`l cimgs th fh' Cmjl#

lmb oktirmooy cimgs m wmy he fhkgf hr skcpoy m pmtl' Zli phsktkhg he mg

hutstmgjkgf s`lhomr hg m pmrtkùomr phkgt wms mosh rieirrij th ms lks Cmjl#

lmb ,tli pmtl he lks kjims hr lks hpkgkhg+' Ivigtumooy/ kt wms usij th rieir th

tli suc thtmo he m s`lhomr‛s hpkgkhgs/ wlitlir oifmo hr plkohshplk`mo' Omtir ktwms usij th jighti/ ght hgoy tli s`lhomr‛s hpkgkhg/ but mosh tlmt he lks

stujigts mgj ehoohwirs'



# 6 #

bmsk` omws he Ksommc/ m `hgvirt Cusokc ks frmjumooy prisigtij wktl m bhjy he omws bmsij hg hgi he tli ehur `mghgk`mo s`lhhos' Mt tli smci

tkci li cmy bi kgehrcij tlmt tliri mri tlrii htlir `mghgk`mo s`lhhos/mgj tlmt moo ehur s`lhhos mri jkvkgioy hrjmkgij mgj kgemookboi' Mt ekrst

tlks prisigts gh prhboic ehr tli `hgvirt Cusokc/ skgì li cirioy

ehoohws tli omws prisigtij by lks pmrtkùomr tim`lir/ wlh he `hursiehoohws hgi pmrtkùomr Cmjl#lmb' Vlig lhwivir/ tli giw Cusokc

`hgvirt istmbokslis `hgtm`t wktl htlir Cusokcs erhc vmrkhus pmrts he

tli Ksomck` whroj/ li kgvmrkmboy bi`hcis mwmri he ìrtmkg

jkeeirigìs kg shci he tli Ksomck` omws ms tmuflt by hgi he mghtlir

he tli Cmjl#lmbs' Lks tim`lir/ m Cusokc bhrg kgth tli emktl/ wkoo ghjhubt mssuri lkc tlmt moo ehur Cmjl#lmbs mri `hrri`t kg tlicsiovis

mgj tlmt sh ohgf ms li ehoohws hgi he tlic li ks hg tli rkflt pmtl'

Lhwivir/ shci he tli jkeeirigìs erhc hgi s`lhho th mghtlir mri

pirpoixkgf ehr tli giw Cusokc `hgvirt' Ehr ixmcpoi/ `hcchg sigsitioos lkc tlmt hgi `mgght bi kg m stmti he Vujhh2 wlkoi bikgf hut he kt

mt tli smci tkci' But m``hrjkgf th hgi Cmjl#lmb/ ìrtmkg m`ts brima

Vujhh/ wlkoi m``hrjkgf th mghtlir Cmjl#lmb tlhsi smci m`ts jh

ght0

' Lhw `mg m fkvig m`t bi bhtl moohwmboi ,Lmommo+ mgj ehrbkjjig,Lmrmmc+ mt tli smci tkci' Zlks `hgtrmjk`tkhg lms mosh bi`hci

mppmrigt th tlkgakgf Cusokcs/ yhugf mgj hoj/ wlh mri `hgìrgij

mbhut tli privmkokgf stmfgmtkhg mgj jiòkgi kg tli Cusokc whroj mgj

wlh mri mjvh`mtkgf tli rivkvmo he Ksomc kg kts hrkfkgmo purkty mgjugkty'

Emìj wktl sivirmo ugrishovij `hgtrmjk`tkhgs/ shci Cusokcs

lmvi `lhsig th rini`t tli Cmjl#lmbs mgj tlikr ruokgfs/ òmkckgf tlmttliy wkoo bi fukjij hgoy by tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml:' Htlirs tmai

tli phsktkhg tlmt jispkti tlisi `hgtrmjk`tkhgs tli Cmjl#lmbs mri

2 Ysumooy trmgsomtij ms mboutkhg kt rieirs th m rktumo stmti he purkty stkpuomtij

ms m pri`hgjktkhg ehr ìrtmkg m`ts he whrslkp'0

Pii pmfis 65#6 he tlks bhha':

Zli wmy he okei he tli Trhplit ,sw'+' Lks smykgfs/ m`tkhgs mgj skoigtmpprhvmos wlk`l wiri he oifksomtkvi vmoui' Ms m bhjy tliy riprisigt tli

si`hgj chst kcphrtmgt shurì he Ksomck` omw'





# ; #

mgj th pomì tlic kg tlikr giw prhpir pirspi`tkvi' Lhpieuooy/ li wkootlig nhkg tli rmgas he tlhsi wlh whuoj whra m`tkvioy ehr tli ri#

istmbokslcigt he ugkty ,Zmwliij+/ ght hgoy ms tli cmkgsprkgf he hur biokie kg Mooml/ but mosh kg riomtkhg th tli Cmjl#lmbs mgj th tli

prm`tk`mo mppok`mtkhg he tli omws wlk`l ugjiroki mgj slmpi tli wmy he

okei aghwg ms Ksomc'

Zli bmsk` cmtirkmo ehr tlks bhha wms tmaig erhc cy òmoo

ghtis mgj risimr`l phmpirs ehr m frmjumti `hursi hg tli lksthry he

Ksomck` oifksomtkhg ,Zmmriial mt#Zmmslrii“+ tmuflt by Jr' “Mssmmo mt

tli Ygkvirskty he Rkymjl' Zli cmtirkmo wms trmgsomtij kgth Igfoksl/eurtlir jiviohpij mgj utkokzij ms tim`lkgf cmtirkmo ehr m frmji twiovi

Ksomck` Iju`mtkhg òmss wlk`l K tmuflt mt Cmgmrmt mr#Rkymjl prkvmti

s`lhho kg =<<4#<=' Zlks tim`lkgf tixt wms pubokslij kg tli sprkgf he

=;<2 by Ms#Puq Bhhasthri/ Brhhaoyg/ Giw [hra/ ugjir tli tktoi/Oisshgs kg Ekql' Zli prisigt whra ks m rivksij mgj ixpmgjij ijktkhg

he Oisshgs kg Ekql'

K whuoj okai th tlmga skstir Nmciioml Nhgis ehr pmtkigtoytypkgf mgj prhherimjkgf tli cmgus`rkpt/ mgj cy emtlir/ Brmjoiy

Imroi Tlkokps/ ehr lks suffistkhgs mgj `mrieuo ijktkgf he tli tixt'

Kt ks lhpij tlmt tlks bhha hg tli lksthry he Ekql wkoo liop tlirimjir th pomì tli Cmjl#lmbs kg prhpir pirspi`tkvi mgj th

mppri`kmti tli prisskgf giij ehr tlikr ri#ugkek`mtkhg'

Kg òhskgf/ K prmy tlmt Moomml/ tli Puprici/ m`ìpt tlks ckghr ieehrt thwmrj tli òmrkek`mtkhg he Lks `lhsig riokfkhg/ Ksommc/ ms kt ks

Lks m`ìptmgì mohgi wlk`l uotkcmtioy `hugts'

Vms#Pmommc “Momyauc/

Mbu Mciigml Bkomo Tlkokps29tl Ghv' =;<0(2=st Pmemr =:4:



# = 4 #

ZRMGPOKZIRMZKHG

Mrmbk` Igfoksl Mrmbk` Igfoksl

m o

b ct g

tl l

n l(t5

l w

al yj UHVIOP

r Plhrt Uhwios

z m

s Ksl u

s Ohgf Uhwios

j

tjL ii

“ hh

fl Jkptlhgfs

e q mw

a my

Kg hrjir th prhvkji tli ghg#Mrmb wktl m chri imskoy rimj sit he sycbhos tlmg tlhsi kg ùrrigt usi/ K lmvi mjhptij m shciwlmt

kgghvmtkvi systic he trmgsoktirmtkhg pmrtkùomroy wktl rifmrj th ohgf

vhwios' Kt slhuoj bi ghtij/ lhwivir/ tlmt m viry skckomr systic wmsusij by I'V' Omgi kg pripmrkgf lks emchus Mrmbk`#Igfoksl Oixk`hg/

`hgskjirij tli chst mutlhrktmtkvi whra kg kts ekioj' Cmgy htlir s`lhomroy tixts/ wrkttig th tim`l Mrmbk` prhgug`kmtkhg/ mosh usi

5Zlks tmm lms biig `hcchgoy trmgsoktirmtij ms ‟t– kg moo `msis' Lhwivir/

su`l m systic ks ght m`ùrmti mgj jhis ght riprisigt Mrmbk` prhgug`kmtkhg'



# = = #

skckomr systics' Ehr ixmcpoi/ Cmrfmrit A' Hcmr‛s Pmujk Mrmbk`>Yrbmr Lknmzk Jkmoi`t/ ,Vmslkgfthg/ J@> Ehrikfg Pirvkì Kgstktuti/

=;69+/ ms wioo ms tli Ehrikfg Omgfumfi Kgstktuti‛s Pmujk#Mrmbk`>Limjstmrt ,Chgitiry/ @M> Jieigsi Omgfumfi Kgstktuti/ =;<4+'

Gh trmgsoktirmtkhg `mg ixpriss ixm`toy tli vh`mok` jkeeirigìs bitwiig twh omgfumfis ghr `mg Rhcmg `lmrm`tirs fkvi mgytlkgf

chri tlmg mg mpprhxkcmti shugj he tli hrkfkgmo Mrmbk` whrjs mgj

plrmsis' Zliri ks mosh tli jkeekùoty he rhcmgkzkgf ìrtmkg

`hcbkgmtkhgs he Mrmbk` whrjs wlk`l mri prhghugìj jkeeirigtoy

erhc tli wrkttig `lmrm`tirs' Kgòujij kg tlks `mtifhry ks tli priekx‟mo– ,riprisigtkgt tli mrtkòi ‟tli–+' Vlig kt priìjis whrjs

bifkggkgf wktl oittirs aghwg ms mo#Lurhhe msl#Plmcsiiyml ,okt' shomr

oittirs+/ tli shugj he ‟o– ks cirfij kgth tli ehoohwkgf oittir1 ehr

ixmcpoi/ mo Rmlcmmg ks prhghugìj mr#Rmlcmmg' Vlirims/ kg tli`msi he moo htlir omittirs/ aghwg ms mo#]mcmriiymf ,okt' ougmr oittirs+/

tli ‟mo– ks prhghugìj euooy' K lmvi ehoohwij tli prhgug`kmtkhg ehr

tli em`kokty he tli mvirmfi rimjir by wrktkgf mr#Rmlcmmg kgstimj he

mo#Rmlcmmg mgj sh hg'

Ghti>

Plmjjml , + Zli Plmjjml ks riprisigtij kg Rhcmg oittirs byjhuboij `hgshgmgts' Lhwivir/ kg m`tumo prhgug`kmtkhg tli oittirs

slhuoj bi cirfij mgj lioj brkieoy okai tli ‟g– shugj prhjuìj by

tli g(ag `hcbkgmtkhg kg tli whrj ugaghwg/ hr tli ‟g– kg uggirvi/

tli ‟b– kg frmb#bmf/ tli ‟t– kg erkiflt#trmkg/ tli ‟r‛ kg hvirruoij/ mgj‟p– kg omcp phst/ mgj tli ‟j– kg ckj#jmy'

K lmvi cmji mg ixìptkhg wktl , +/ kgstimj he kyy/ K lmvi

usij iiy ms kg ksommciiyml bi`musi tlks chri m`ùrmtioy `hgviys tli

shugj'



# = 2 #

KGZRHJY@ZKHG

Ekql mgj Plmrii‛ml

Ehr m prhpir ugjirstmgjkgf he tli lksthrk`mojiviohpcigt he Ksomck` omw/ tli tircs Ekql mgj Plmrii‛mlgiij th bi jiekgij' Ekql lms biig ohhsioy trmgsomtij kgthIgfoksl ms ‟Ksomck` omw– mgj sh lms Plmrii‛ml/ but tlisi tircsmri ght syghgychus iktlir kg tli Mrmbk` omgfumfi he th tliCusokc s`lhomr'

Ekql oktirmooy cimgs/ tli trui ugjirstmgjkgf he wlmt kskgtigjij' Mg ixmcpoi he tlks usmfi `mg bi ehugj kg tli TrhplitCulmccmj‛s stmticigt> ‟Zh wlhcshivir Moomml wkslis fhhj/Li fkvis tli Ekql ,trui ugjirstmgjkgf+ he tli Riokfkhg–6'Zi`lgk`mooy/ lhwivir/ Ekql rieirs th tli s`kigì he jiju`kgfKsomck` omws erhc ivkjigì ehugj kg tli shurìs he Ksomck`

omw' By ixtigskhg kt mosh cimgs tli bhjy he Ksomck` omws shjijuìj'

Plmrii‛ml/ oktirmooy cimgs/ m wmtirlhoi wliri mgkcmosfmtlir jmkoy th jrkga/ hr tli strmkflt pmtl ms kg tli ]ur‛mgk`virsi'

‟Zlig wi put yhu hg m strmkflt pmtl

,Plmrii‛ml+ kg yhu meemkrs/ sh ehoohw kt mgj jhght ehoohw tli jiskris he tlhsi wlh lmvi ghaghwoijfi'–

<

Ksomck`mooy/ lhwivir kt rieirs th tli suc thtmo he Ksomck` omwswlk`l wiri rivimoij th tli Trhplit Culmccmj ,PV'+/ mgj

6Riphrtij by Cu“mmwkyml mgj `hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii ,Pmlkl Mo#

Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho':/ pp' 220#:/ gh'0:5+/ Cusokc/ ,Mbjuo

Lmckj Pkjjkqk/ Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ ,Bikrut> Jmr mo#Mrmbkm/g'j'+/ vho'0/ p' =45=/ gh':624+/ mt Zkrckjlii mgj htlirs'< Phhrml mo#Nmmtlkyml ,:9+> =<'



# = 0 #

wlk`l mri ri`hrjij kg tli ]ur‛mmg ms wioo ms jiju`kboi erhctli Trhplit‛s jkvkgioy#fukjij okeistyoi ,`mooij tli Puggml+'

;

Zli jkstkg`tkhg

Erhc tli privkhus twh jiekgktkhgs/ tli ehoohwkgf tlriijkeeirigìs cmy bi jijuìj>

=' Plmrii‛ml ks tli bhjy he rivimoij omws ehugj bhtl kgtli ]ur‛mmg mgj kg tli Puggml/ wlkoi Ekql ks m bhjy he omws jijuìj erhc Plmrii‛ml th `hvir spi`kek`sktumtkhgs ght jkri`toy trimtij kg Plmrii‛ml omw'

2' Plmrii‛ml ks ekxij mgj ug`lmgfimboi/ wlirims Ekql`lmgfis m``hrjkgf th tli `krùcstmgìs ugjir wlk`l ktks mppokij'

0' Zli omws he Plmrii‛ml mri/ ehr tli chst pmrt/ figirmo>tliy omy jhwg bmsk` prkg`kpois' Kg `hgtrmst/ tli omws he Ekql tigj th bi spi`kek`> tliy jichgstrmti lhw tli bmsk` prkg`kpois he Plmrii‛ml slhuoj bi mppokij kg fkvig

`krùcstmgìs'

Ghti=' Kg tlks bhha hg tli ivhoutkhg he Ekql tli tirc ‟Ksomck`

Omw– wkoo bi usij th cimg tli omws he Plmrii‛ml mgjtli omws he Ekql `hcbkgij' Zli tircs Ekql hr Omws he Ekql mgj Plmrii‛ml hr Omw he Plmrii‛ml wkoo bi usijwliri m jkstkg`tkhg siics giìssmry'

2' Mt tli igj he tlks bhha tliri ks m fohssmry he Mrmbk`tircs mgj tlikr pourmos usij kg tlks bhha' Kg tli tixt he tlks bhha tli Igfoksl pourmo ks usij ixìpt kg `msiswliri tli Mrmbk` pourmo ks chri wkjioy aghwg' Ehr ixmcpoi/ Cusokcs ks usij kgstimj he Cusokchhg mgjPhhrmls kgstimj he Puwmr'

; Culmccmj Plmombii/ moo#Cmjalmo eii mt#Zm‛riie bko#ekql mo#Ksommcii/

,Bikrut> Jmmr mg#Gmljml mo#Mrmbiiyml/ =;5;+/ p' 2<'



# = : #

Zli Jiviohpcigt he Ekql

Zli jiviohpcigt he Ekql emoos trmjktkhgmooy kgth skxcmnhr stmfis gmcij ms ehoohws> Ehugjmtkhg/ Istmbokslcigt/Bukojkgf/ Eohwirkgf/ @hgshokjmtkhg/ mgj Ptmfgmtkhg mgjJiòkgi'Zlisi stmfis h`ùr rispi`tkvioy kg tli ehoohwkgf lksthrk`mo pirkhjs>

m+ Ehugjmtkhg > tli irm he tli Trhplit,PV'+ ,54;#502 @I+

=4

b+ Istmbokslcigt > tli irm he tli Rkfltihus@mokpls/ erhc tli jimtl he tliTrhplit ,PV'+ th tli ckjjoi he tli sivigtl ìgtury @I,502#55=+

`+ Bukojkgf > erhc tli ehugjkgf he tliYcmyymj jygmsty ,55= @I+ ugtko kts jiòkgi kg tlickjjoi he tli <tl ìgtury @I'

j+ Eohwirkgf > erhc tli rksi he tli“Mbbmmskj jygmsty kg tli ckjjoi he tli <tl ìgtury @Ith tli bifkggkgf he kts jiòkgi mrhugj tli ckjjoi he tli=4

tlìgtury @I'

i+ @hgshokjmtkhg > tli jiòkgi he tli“Mbbmmskj jygmsty erhc mbhut ;54 @I th tli curjir he tli omst “Mbbmmskj @mokpl mt tli lmgjs he tli Chgfhoskg tli ckjjoi he tli =0

tlìgtury @I'

e+ Ptmfgmtkhg mgj Jiòkgi > erhc tli smàkgf he Bmfljmj kg =29< @I th tli prisigt'

Kg tlks whra tli mbhvi cigtkhgij stmfis kg tlijiviohpcigt he Ekql wkoo bi jis`rkbij wktl spi`kmo rieirigì thtli rioivmgt sh`kmo mgj phoktk`mo `hgtixt he tli rispi`tkvi

=4

@'I' ,k'i' @lkrstkmg Irm+ ks usij kgstimj he M'J' ,Mggh Jhckgk/ okt' kg tliyimr he hur Ohrj+ bi`musi Cusokcs jh ght ri`hfgkzi Nisus tli shg he Cmry

ms tli Ohrj/ but ms m Trhplit he Fhj'



# = 9 #

pirkhjs' Ms tli rimjir ehoohws tlks jiviohpcigt/ li wkoo bifkvig kgskflt kgth tli ivhoutkhg he tli Cmjl#lmbs ,s`lhhos he Ksomck` oifmo tlhuflt+ ms wioo ms tlikr `hgtrkbutkhgs th Ekql'Lhpieuooy li wkoo tlig bi mboi th mppri`kmti tli em`t tlmt moo tliCmjl#lmbs lmvi `hgtrkbutij kg jkeeirigt jifriis th tli

Jiviohpcigt he Ekql/ mgj tlmt gh skgfoi Cmjl#lmb `mg prhpiroy bi òmkcij th riprisigt Ksommc he Ksomck` omw kg ktsthtmokty' Kg htlir whrjs/ mgy hgi s`lhho he tlhuflt m`tkgf mohgijhis ght jitirckgi Ekql' Moo Cmjl#lmbs lmvi biig kcphrtmgtkgstrucigts ehr tli òmrkek`mtkhg mgj mppok`mtkhg he tliPlmrii‛ml' Zhfitlir/ Ekql mgj Plmrii‛ml slhuoj bi ugkeykgfehrìs tlmt ugkti moo Cusokcs rifmrjoiss he pomì/ tkci hr ùoturmo bmàfrhugj' Kg em`t/ tli hgoy kgemookboi Cmjl#lmb tlmtjisirvis th bi ehoohwij wktlhut mgy quistkhgs msaij ks tlmt he tli Trhplit Culmccmj lkcsioe ,PV'+' Hgoy lkskgtirpritmtkhgs he Plmrii‛ml `mg bi `hgskjirij jkvkgioy fukjijmgj cimgt th bi ehoohwij ugtko tli omst jmy he tlks whroj' Moohtlir Cmjl#lmbs mri tli risuot he lucmg ieehrt/ mgj tlus mri

subni`t th lucmg irrhr' Hr ms Kcmmg msl#Plmmek‛ii/ ehugjir he tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb/ sh wksioy put kt/ ‟Zliri ksg‛t mgy he uswlh lmsg‛t lmj m smykgf hr m`tkhg he Moomml‛s cissigfir ,PV'+iouji lkc he sokp lks ckgj' Ph gh cmttir wlmt ruokgfs K lmvicmji hr eugjmcigtmo prkg`kpois K lmvi istmbokslij/ tliri wkoo bi kg tlic tlkgfs `hgtrmry th tli wmy he Moomml‛s cissigfir ,PV'+' Lhwivir/ tli `hrri`t ruokgf ks m``hrjkgf th wlmt tlicissigfir he Mooml ,PV'+ smkj/ mgj tlmt ks cy trui ruokgf'–

==

=' Zli Ekrst Ptmfi> EHYGJMZKHG

Zli ekrst stmfi kg tli jiviohpcigt he Ekql `hvirs tli irm he tliTrhplit Culmccmj kbg “Mbjkoomml‛s mphstoislkp ,54;#502 @I+

==@hooi`tij by mo#Lmmakc wktl m `hgtkguhus `lmkg he riokmboi gmrrmthurs th

msl#Plmmrk‛ii ,Kbg “Msmmakr/ Zmmriial Jkckslq/ vho'=9/ si`' =/ p' 0 mgj kbg]myykc/ K“ommc mo#Chhqk“iig/ ,Ifypt> Mo#Lmmnn “Mbjus#Pmommc Triss/

=;5<+/ vho' 2/ p' 050+'



# = 5 #

jurkgf wlk`l tli hgoy shurì he Ksomck` omw wms jkvkgiriviomtkhg kg tli ehrc he iktlir tli ]ur‛mmg hr tli Puggml Qtlismykgf mgj m`tkhgs he tli Trhplit ,PV'+S' Zli ]ur‛mmgriprisigtij tli bouiprkgt kg lks jmy#th#jmy okei ,k'i' tli Puggml+m`tij ms m jitmkoij ixpomgmtkhg he tli figirmo prkg`kpoishutokgij kg tli ]ur‛mmg ms wioo ms m prm`tk`mo jichgstrmtkhg he tlikr mppok`mtkhg'

=2

Zli Citlhj he Oifksomtkhg

Pi`tkhgs he tli ]ur‛mmg wiri `hgtkguhusoy rivimoij th tliTrhplit Culmccmj ,s'w'+ erhc tli bifkggkgf he lks prhlitlhhj kg tli yimr 54; @I ugtko slhrtoy biehri lks jimtl,520 @I+/ m pirkhj he mpprhxkcmtioy twigty#tlrii yimrs' Zlivmrkhus si`tkhgs he tli ]ur‛mmg wiri figirmooy rivimoij thshovi tli prhboics wlk`l `hgerhgtij tli Trhplit ,PV'+ mgj lksehoohwirs kg bhtl Cmaaml mgj Cmjiigml' M gucbir he ]ur‛mgk` virsis mri jkri`t mgswirs th quistkhgs rmksij by

Cusokcs ms wioo ms ghg#Cusokcs jurkgf tli irm he prhplitlhhj' Cmgy he tlisi virsis m`tumooy bifkg wktl tli plrmsi‟Zliy msa yhu mbhut'– Ehr ixmcpoi/

‟Zliy msa yhu mbhut ekfltkgf kg tliehrbkjjig chgtls' Pmy/ “Ekfltkgf kg tlic ks mfrmvi heeigsi/ but bohàkgf Moomml‛s pmtl mgjjigykgf Lkc ks ivig frmvir kg Moomml‛s

skflt'‛ ‟

=0

‟Zliy msa yhu mbhut wkgi mgj fmcbokgf'Pmy/ “Zliri ks frimt ivko kg tlic ms wioo msbigiekt th cmg' But tli ivko ks frimtir tlmgtli bigiekt'‛–

=:

=2

mo#Cmjalmo/ p' 94'=0Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> 2=6'

=: Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> 2=;'



# = 6 #

‟Zliy msa yhu mbhut cigsis' Pmy/ “Kt kslmrc/ sh stmy mwmy erhc ,sixumo riomtkhgswktl+ whcig jurkgf tlikr cigsis'‛ –=9

M gucbir he htlir virsis wiri rivimoij jui th pmrtkùomr kg`kjigts/ wlk`l thha pomì jurkgf tli irm he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+'Mg ixmcpoi `mg bi ehugj kg tli `msi he Lkommo kbg Ycmyymlwlh `mci biehri tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ mgj m`ùsij lks wkei he mjuotiry wktl mghtlir he tli Trhplit‛s `hcpmgkhgs' Zli Trhplit,s'w'+ smkj/ ‟Iktlir yhu wkoo riìkvi tli ekxij pugkslcigt ,he ikflty omslis+ hg yhur bmà'– Lkommo smkj/ ‟Hl Cissigfir he Moomml- Ke mgy he us smw m cmg hg thp he lks wkei/ whuoj li fhohhakgf ehr wktgissis8– Lhwivir/ tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ ripimtijlks jicmgj ehr prhhe' Zlig mgfio Fmbrkio `mci mgj rivimoij thtli Trhplit ,s'w'+ tli virsi>=5

‟Ms ehr tlhsi wlh m`ùsi tlikr wkvis mgj

lmvi gh ivkjigì but tlikr hwg/ tlikr wktgiss`mg bi ehur jiòmrmtkhgs wktl hmtls by Moommltlmt tliy mri trutleuo mgj m eketl kgvhakgfMoomml‛s ùrsi hg tlicsiovis ke tliy mri oykgf'But tli pugkslcigt wkoo bi mvirtij erhc tliwkei ke sli bimrs wktgiss ehur tkcis wktl hmtlsby Moomml tlmt li ks oykgf/ mgj m eketl hmtlkgvhakgf Moomml‛s ùrsi hg lirsioe ke li ks

tiookgf tli trutl'–

=6

Zli smci wms tli `msi he Ksomck` oifksomtkhg ehugj kgtli Puggml/ cu`l he wlk`l wms iktlir tli risuot he mgswirs thquistkhgs/ hr wiri prhghugìcigts cmji mt tli tkci tlmt

=9Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> 222'

=5

@hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii ,Pmlkl Mo#Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho' 5/ pp' 2:9#5/ gh' 26=+'=6 Phhrml mg#Ghhr ,2:+> 5#;'



# = < #

kg`kjigts thha pomì' Ehr ixmcpoi/ hg hgi h``mskhg/ hgi he tliTrhplit‛s `hcpmgkhgs msaij lkc/ ‟Hl Cissigfir he Moomml-Vi smko tli sims mgj ke wi cmai Vujhh ,mboutkhgs+ wktl hur erisl wmtir wi wkoo fh tlkrsty' @mg wi cmai Vujhh wktl simwmtir8– Li ripokij/ ‟Kts wmtir ks puri mgj kts jimj ,sim`rimturis+ mri Lmommo ,pircksskboi th imt+'–

=<

Zli rimshg ehr tlks citlhj he oifksomtkhg wms thm`lkivi frmjmtkhg kg tli igm`tcigt he omws/ ms tlks mpprhm`lwms chri imskoy m`ìptmboi by Mrmbs wlh wiri usij th`hcpoiti eriijhc' Kt mosh cmji kt imskir ehr tlic th oimrg mgjugjirstmgj tli omws skgì tli rimshgs mgj `hgtixt he tlioifksomtkhg whuoj b i aghwg th tlic' Zlks citlhj he frmjumooifksomtkhg wms ght okcktij th tli omws ms m wlhoi/ but kt moshthha pomì jurkgf tli igm`tcigt he m gucbir he kgjkvkjumoomws' Zli oifksomtkhg he Pmomml ,ehrcmo prmyirs+ ks m fhhjixmcpoi he frmjmtkhg kg tli igm`tcigt he kgjkvkjumo omws' Kgtli imroy Cmaaml pirkhj/ Pmomml wms kgktkmooy twkì pir jmy/

hgì kg tli chrgkgf mgj hgì mt gkflt'

=;

Plhrtoy biehri tlickfrmtkhg th Cmjiigml/ ekvi tkcis jmkoy Pmomml wms ignhkgijhg tli biokivirs' Lhwivir/ Pmomml mt tlmt tkci `hgskstij he hgoy twh ugkts pir prmyirs/ wktl tli ixìptkhg he Cmflrkb,sugsit+ prmyirs/ wlk`l wiri tlrii ugkts' Metir tli imroyCusokcs lmj bi`hci m`ùsthcij th rifuomr prmyir/ tligucbir he ugkts wiri kg`rimsij th ehur ehr riskjigts/ ixìptehr Emnr ,imroy chrgkgf+ prmyir mgj tlmt he Cmflrkb'

24

Figirmo @hgtigt he tli ]ur‛mmg

=< @hooi`tij by mt#Zkrckjlii/ mg#Gmsmm‛ii/ Kbg Cmmnml mgj Mbu Jmmwhhj

,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/p' 22/ gh' 0<+/ mg mutligtk`mtij by mo#

Mobmmgii kg Pmliil Pugmg Mbii Jmmwhhj/ ,Bikrut> mo#Cmatmb mo#Ksommcii/

=

st

ij'/ =;<<+/ vho'=/ p'=;/ gh' 65'=;mo#Cmjalmo/ p' 6:#<'

24 Pii Pmlkl Mo#Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho'=/p'2=:/ gh' 0:5'



# = ; #

Kg Cmaaml/ Cusokcs wiri mg hpprissij ckghrkty/wlirims metir tlikr ckfrmtkhg th Cmjiigml tliy bi`mci tliruokgf cmnhrkty' Zlus/ tli riviomtkhgs he tli ]ur‛mmg jurkgftli twh plmsis lmj ugkqui `lmrm`tirkstk`s wlk`l jkstkgfukslijtlic erhc im`l htlir'

Zli Cmaamg Tirkhj ,54;#522 @I+

Zlks pirkhj stmrts wktl tli bifkggkgf he tli prhplitlhhj kg Cmaaml mgj igjs wktl tli Trhplits Lknrml ,ckfrmtkhg+th tli `kty he Cmjiigml' Zli riviomtkhgs he tlks pirkhj wiricmkgoy `hgìrgij wktl bukojkgf tli kjihohfk`mo ehugjmtkhg he Ksommc/ Iicmmg ,emktl+/ kg hrjir th pripmri tli imroy bmgj he `hgvirts ehr tli jkeekùot tmsa he prm`tk`mooy istmbokslkgf tlish`kmo hrjir he Ksommc' @hgsiquigtoy tli ehoohwkgf bmsk`thpk`s he tli Cmaamg riviomtkhgs moo rieoi`t hgi mspi`t' Hr mghtlir he prkg`kpois jiskfgij th bukoj emktl kg Fhj'

,k+ Zmwliij ,Moomml‛s Ygkty+Chst he tli pihpoi he Cmaamg biokivij kg m PupriciBikgf aghwg by tli gmci ‟Moomml– erhc tli chst mg`kigthe tkcis' Lhwivir/ tliy lmj mjjij m lhst he fhjs wlhslmrij shci he Moomml‛s phwirs hr m`tij ms kgtircijkmrkis'M``hrjkgfoy/ Cmaamg riviomtkhgs jiòmrij Moomml‛s ugkquiugkty mgj phkgtij hut tlmt fhjs biskjis Moomml mri gh bigiekt'

,kk+ Moomml‛s IxkstigìPhci he tli imroy virsis prisigtij ohfk`mo mrfucigts prhvkgf tli ixkstigì he Fhj ehr tli eiw Cmaamgs wlhm`tumooy jigkij kt'

,kkk+ Zli Gixt OkeiPkgì tliri wms gh wmy ehr lucmg bikgfs th aghw mbhut

tli gixt okei/ tli Cmaamg riviomtkhgs vkvkjoy jis`rkbij ktswhgjirs/ kts cystirkis mgj kts lhrrhrs'



# 2 4 #

,kv+ Zli pihpoi he FhjZli Cmaamg virsis hetig cigtkhgij lksthrk`mo ixmcpois he imrokir `kvkokzmtkhgs wlk`l wiri jistrhyij wlig tliyjigkij tlikr hbokfmtkhg th Fhj/ okai tli “Mmj mgj tliZlmchhj/ kg hrjir th wmrg tlhsi wlh rini`tij tli cissmfihe Ksommc mgj th tim`l tli biokivirs mbhut tli frimtgiss he Moomml'

,v+ Pmomml ,Ehrcmo Trmyir+Bi`musi he tli `rktk`mo riomtkhgslkp bitwiig Pmomml mgjZmwliij/ Pmomml wms tli hgoy htlir pkoomr he Ksommc th bioifksomtij kg Cmaaml/ biskjis tli jiòmrmtkhg he emktl,Zmwliij+'

,vk+@lmooigfisKg hrjir th prhvi th tli pmfmg Cmaamgs tlmt tli ]ur‛mmgwms erhc Fhj/ shci he tli Cmaamg virsis `lmooigfij tliMrmbs th kcktmti tli styoi he tli ]ur‛mmg'2=

Zli Cmjiigmg Tirkhj ,522#502 @I+

Zli Lknrml cmras tli bifkggkgf he tlks pirkhj mgj tlijimtl he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ kg 502 @I cmras tli igj' Metir tliTrhplit‛s ckfrmtkhg th Cmjiigml mgj tli sprimj he Ksommctliri/ li wms mpphkgtij ms tli ruomr/ mgj tli Cusokc`hccugkty bi`mci m eoijfokgf stmti' Zlus/ riviomtkhg wms`hgìrgij prkcmrkoy wktl tli hrfmgkzmtkhg he tli CusokcPtmti' Mgj kt wms jurkgf tlks pirkhj tlmt tli cmnhrkty he tli

sh`kmo mgj i`hghck` omws he tli Plmrii‛ml wiri rivimoij'Riviomtkhgs jurkgf tlks pirkhj mosh strigftligij tliehugjmtkhgs he Iicmmg mgj Zmwliij/ wlk`l wiri istmbokslijjurkgf tli Cmaamg pirkhj' Lhwivir/ chst he tli ehoohwkgf bmsk` thpk`s he tli Cmjiigmg riviomtkhgs `hgìgtrmti hg tliomws giìssmry ehr tli jiviohpcigt he mg Ksomck` gmtkhg'

,k+ Omws

2= mo#Cmjalmo/ 9=#9'



# 2 = #

Kt wms jurkgf tli Cmjiigmg pirkhj tlmt tli omst tlrii pkoomrs he Ksommc wiri rivimoij/ ms wioo ms tli prhlkbktkhghe kgthxk`mgts/ phra/ fmcbokgf/ mgj tli pugkslcigts ehr mjuotiry1 curjir mgj tliet wiri ekxij'

,kk+ NklmmjJurkgf tli Cmaamg pirkhj/ Cusokc wiri ehrbkjjig th tmaiup mrcs mfmkgst tli Cmaamgs wlh wiri hpprisskgf tlic/kg hrjir th mvhkj tlikr ji`kcmtkhg mgj th jiviohp tlikr pmtkigì' Zli rkflt th ekflt mfmkgst tli igicy ms wioo mstli ruois he wmr wms rivimoij kg Cmjiigml metir tligucbirs he Cusokcs lmj jrmcmtk`mooy kg`rimsij'

,kkk+ Tihpoi he tli Bhha Kg Cmjiigml/ Cusokcs `mci kg `hgtm`t wktl Niws ehr tliekrst tkci mgj wktl @lrkstkmgs hg m omrfi s`moi' Zlus/ mgucbir he Cmjiigmg virsis tmàoij quistkhgs/ wlk`l wirirmksij by tli Niws kg hrjir th bieujjoi tli Trhplit ,s'w'+

mgj jks`rijkt Ksommc' Zli virsis mosh hutokgij omws`hgìrgkgf phoktk`mo mookmgìs wktl @lrkstkmgs mgj Niws/ mswioo ms omws pirckttkgf cmrrkmfi wktl tlic'

,kv+ Zli Cugmmekqs ,Lyph`rktis+Ehr tli ekrst tkci skgì tli bifkggkgf he tli ekgmo cissmfi/ pihpoi bifmg th igtir tli ehoj he Ksommc wktlhut rimooy biokivkgf kg kt' Phci igtirij Ksommc th try th jistrhy kt

erhc wktlkg bi`musi Cusokcs wiri strhgf mgj tliy `huojght hpigoy hpphsi tlic/ wlkoi htlirs igtirij mgj ixktijslhrtoy tlirimetir kg hrjir th slmai tli emktl he tli biokivirs' @hgsiquigtoy/ shci Cmjiigmg virsis ixphsijtlikr pohts mgj wmrgij mfmkgst tlic/ wlkoi htlirs omkj tliehugjmtkhgs ehr tli omws `hgìrgkgf mphstmtis'

22

22Cmggmm‛ mo ]mttmmg/ Cmbmmlktl eii “Yohhc mo#]ur‛mmg/ ,Rkymjl> Cmatmb

mo#Cm‛mmrke/ <tl prkgtkgf/ =;<=+/ pp' 50#:/ mgj mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' 99#6'



# 2 2 #

]ur‛mgk` Ekiojs he Ptujy

Zli bhjy he kgehrcmtkhg `hgtmkgij kg tli ]ur‛mmg/ ms mwlhoi/ cmy bi frhupij ugjir tlrii limjkgfs wktl rifmrjs thtli ekiojs he stujy th wlk`l tliy mri riomtij>

Ekrst> Kgehrcmtkhg riomtij th Biokie kg Fhj/ Lks mgfios/ Lkss`rkpturis Lks prhplits/ mgj tli meemkrs he tli gixt okei' Zlisithpk`s mri `hvirij wktlkg tli ekioj he stujy aghwg ms tlihohfy,“Koc mo#Amommc he mo#“Mqiijml+

Pi`hgj> Kgehrcmtkhg riomtij th jiijs he tli limrt mgj shuo/mgj chrmo prkg`kpois mgj ruois he `hgju`t mkcij mt tlijiviohpcigt he ghbkokty he `lmrm`tir' Zlisi mrims riprisigt tliekioj he chrmo s`kigì aghwg ms itlk`s ,“Koc mo#Malomq+'

Zlkrj> Kgehrcmtkhg riomtij th jiijs he tli okcbs mgj`hgtmkgij wktlkg m bhjy he `hccmgjcigts/ prhlkbktkhgs mgj

`lhkìs' Zlks frhup riprisigts tli ekioj he omw'

20

Oifmo @hgtigt he tli ]ur‛mmg

Ksomck` oifksomtkhg kg tli ]ur‛mmg ks `hcprksij he m vmrkityhe m`ts wlk`l lmvi biig ignhkgij by jkvkgi ji`rii hgcmgakgj' Zlisi m`ts cmy bi frhupij kg twh bmsk` `mtifhrkiswktl rifmrj th tli pmrtkis kgvhovij kg tli m`ts>

M' Jimokgfs bitwiig Moomml mgj cig' Zlisi mri tli riokfkhusrktis wlk`l mri ght vmokj wktlhut `hrri`t kgtigtkhgs' Phci he tlic mri purioy riokfkhus ehrcs he whrslkp/ okai prmyir mgjemstkgf1 wlkoi htlirs mri sh`kh#i`hghck` ehrcs he whrslkp/okai ^mamml ,`hcpuoshry `lmrkty+1 mgj yit htlirs mri sh`kh# plysk`mo ehrcs he whrslkp/ okai Lmnn ,pkofrkcmfi th Cmaaml+'

20Culmccmj mo#Alkjmrii Bia/ Zmmriial mt#Zmslrii‛ mo#Ksommcii/ ,@mkrh>

mo#Cmatmbml mt#Zmnmmriiyml mo#Aubrmm/ =;54+/ pp' =6#<'



# 2 0 #

Zlisi ehur m`ts he whrslkp mri `hgskjirij tli ehugjmtkhg he Ksommc metir emktl ,Iicmmg+'

B' Jimokgfs mchgf cig' Zli omws fhvirgkgf tlisi jimokgfscmy tlicsiovis bi jkvkjij kgth ehur sub#si`tkhgs riomtkvi thtli subni`t cmttir he tli jimokgfs>

m+ Omws igsurkgf mgj jieigjkgf tli prhpmfmtkhg he Ksommc'Zlisi/ mri icbhjkij kg tli `hjis he mrcij hr ugmrcijstruffoi ,Nklmmj+'

b+ Emckoy omws ehr tli jiviohpcigt mgj prhti`tkhg he tliemckoy stru`turi' Zlisi kgòuji omws `hgìrgkgf cmrrkmfi/jkvhrì mgj kglirktmgì'

`+ Zrmji omws fhvirgkgf buskgiss trmgsm`tkhgs/ rigtmo`hgtrm`ts it`'

j+ @rkckgmo omws spi`keykgf pugkslcigts mgj hr `hcpigsmtkhgs ehr vmrkhus `rkcis'2:

Zli Bmsks he Oifksomtkhg kg tli ]ur‛mmg

Zli ]ur‛mmg ktsioe mgghugìs tlmt kt wms rivimoij thriehrc lucmg `hgjktkhgs' Ksommc jkj ght irmsi moo pri#Ksomck`ùsthcs mgj prm`tkìs' Kgstimj/ kt richvij iviry emìt he `hrruptkhg mgj `mgìooij moo ùsthcs wlk`l wiri lmrceuo thtli sh`kity' @hgsiquigtoy/ Ksomck` oifksomtkhg ehrbmji kgtirist bi`musi kt tmais ugemkr mjvmgtmfi he tli oiss ehrtugmti

cicbirs he sh`kity1 ehrgk`mtkhg wms ehrbkjjig jui th ktsixpohktmtkhg he whcig mgj tli jistru`tkhg he emckoy bhgjs1mgj mo`hlho wms prhlkbktij bi`musi he tli plysk`mo/ psy`lhohfk`mo mgj spkrktumo jmcmfi wlk`l kt kgeok`ts hg bhtltli kgjkvkjumo mgj sh`kity ms m wlhoi' Zrmji prm`tkìs wiririehrcij by cmakgf tli bmsks he trmji cutumo `hgsigt/ mgj byjksmoohwkgf moo jiìptkvi buskgiss trmgsm`tkhgs' Zli ixkstkgfsystic he cmrrkmfi wms hrfmgkzij by `hgekrckgf ìrtmkg ehrcs

2: Zmmriial mt#Zmslrii‛ mo#Ksommcii/ pp' 0:#9'



# 2 : #

mgj prhlkbktkgf htlirs wlk`l wiri/ kg em`t/ ehrgk`mtkhg he shcitlkgf òhsi th kt' Zli bmsks he jkvhrì wms moshri`hfgkzij/ but kts prhghugìcigts wiri okcktij'

Bi`musi Ksommc jkj ght `hci th jistrhy lucmg`kvkokzmtkhg/ chrmos mgj ùsthcs/ kg hrjir th bukoj hg kt m giw`kvkokzmtkhg wktl giw chrmos mgj ùsthcs/ kt ohhaij mtivirytlkgf erhc tli pirspi`tkvi he lucmg wioemri1 wlmt wmslmrceuo wms richvij mgj wlmt wms bigiek`kmo wms `hgekrcij'Moomml smys kg tli ]ur‛mmg>

‟Kt `hccmgjs tlic th jh rkfltihusgiss mgjprhlkbkts tlic erhc ivko/ mgj kt cmaismoohwmboi th tlic tli fhhj tlkgfs mgj cmaismgj cmais ehrbkjjig th tlic moo ekotl'–

29

Ksommc ks eugjmcigtmooy systic he bukojkgf mgj ght hgi he jistru`tkhg ms kts fhmo ks riehrcmtkhg mgj ght cirioy `hgtrho

mgj fhvirgcigt' Kt slhuoj bi ghtij/ lhwivir/ tlmt Ksommc‛s`hgekrcmtkhg he shci Mrmb ùsthcs jhis ght cimg tlmt kt lmstmaig kts omws mgj prkg`kpois erhc htlir shurìs/ ghr jhis ktcimg tlmt tlhsi prm`tkìs wlk`l kt `hgekrcij mri ght m pmrt he jkvkgi omw' Vlmtivir Ksommc `hgekrcij ks `hgskjirij mgkgtifrmo pmrt he tli jkvkgi `hji ehr tli ehoohwkgf rimshgs>

m+ Phci he tli prm`tkìs wiri kglirktij erhc imrokir

figirmtkhgs th wlk`l prhplits lmj biig sigt' M fhhjixmcpoi he tlks ks Lmnn wlk`l wms kgstktutij by prhplitMbrmlmc mgj Kslcmio'

b+ Ksomck` prkg`kpois jh ght `hgtrmjk`t lucmg rimshg ghr mritliy ugkgtiookfkboi' Kgstimj tliy erii tli lucmg kgtiooi`terhc krrmtkhgmokty' @hgsiquigtoy/ tliy ri`hfgkzi tli usieuorisuots he lucmg kgtiooi`tumo m`tkvkty'

29 Phhrml mo#M “rmme ,6+> =96'



# 2 9 #

`+ Ke tli `hgekrcij prm`tkìs wiri ght prisigt/ Ksommc whuojlmvi kgstktutij tlic jui th tli ixkstkgf lucmg giij ehr tlic'

Givirtlioiss/ tli gucbir he `hgekrcij prm`tkìs wiri/kg em`t/ qukti eiw kg prhphrtkhg th tli cmgy wlk`l wiri`mgìooij' Mgj/ eurtlir#chri/ ivig tli tktoi tlmt wms `hgekrcijwms ght aipt kg kts ixkstkgf ehrc' Hgoy kts ehugjmtkhg ricmkgijugthu`lij'

25

Kg hrjir ehr Ksomck` oifksomtkhg th m`lkivi kts fhmo he riehrcmtkhg/ kt lms igm`tij m sirkis he oifmo `hccmgjcigtsmgj prhlkbktkhgs/ wlk`l cmai up tli ruois he `hgju`tfhvirgkgf tli sh`kmo systic he Ksommc' Lhwivir kg tliigm`tcigt he omws/ tli ]ur‛mgk` riviomtkhgs lmvi tmaig kgth`hgskjirmtkhg tli ehoohwkgf ehur bmsk` prkg`kpois>=' Zli Richvmo he Jkeekùoty'

Zli systic he Ksommc lms biig rivimoij ehr cmg‛s bigiekt' Kt prhvkjis lkc wktl fukjmgì kg moo wmoas he okei kghrjir th igsuri ehr lkc m rkfltihus okeistyoi wktlkg m nustsh`kity `hcckttij th tli sirvkì he Fhj' Ksomck` omws mri ghtcimgt th bi m burjig/ `rimtkgf jkeekùotkis ehr cmg kg hrjir ehr lkc th frhw spkrktumooy/ ms shci systics cmy òmkc/ Zliy mrijiskfgij th em`koktmti cmgakgj‛s kgjkvkjumo mgj sh`kitmo giijs'Ms su`l/ mchgf tli pkoomrs hg wlk`l Ksommc ks bmsij ks tli

richvmo he uggiìssmry jkeekùotkis wlirivir phsskboi'Ivkjigì th supphrt tli em`t tlmt Ksomck` omw ks bmsij hg tli`hgìpt he richvmo he jkeekùoty `mg bi ehugj tlrhuflhut tli]ur‛mmg' Zli ehoohwkgf virsis erhc tli ]ur‛mmg mri hgoy meiw ixmcpois>

25 mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' 96#;'



# 2 5 #

‟Moomml jhis ght burjig m shuo wktl chritlmg kt `mg bimr'–

26

‟Moomml wkslis ehr yhu imsi mgj Li jhis ghtwksl jkeekùoty ehr yhu'–

2<

‟Li jkj ght cmai mgy jkeekùoty ehr yhu kgtli riokfkhg'–

2;

‟Moomml wkslis th okfltig tli burjig ehr yhu/

ehr cmg wms `rimtij wima'–

04

Bi`musi he tlks prkg`kpoi/ Moomml lms igm`tij mohgf wktl tlijkvkgi omws m vmrkity he oifmo `hgìsskhgs/ okai tli pircksskhgth brima emst/ mgj slhrtig mgj nhkg prmyirs jurkgf trmvio' Chrihvir/ tli `hgsucptkhg he prhlkbktij substmgìs ,i'f'/ phra mgjmo`hlho+ kg `msis he jkri giìsskty wms mosh pirckttij'

‟But ke mgyhgi ks ehrìj by lugfir/ wktl ghkgòkgmtkhg th trmgsfrisskhg/ Moomml ks kgjiijHet#ehrfkvkgf/ Chst Cir`keuo'–

0=

Zli Trhplit ,s'w'+/ wlh wms tli prkci ixmcpoi he lhw Ksomck` omw wms th bi kcpoicigtij/ wms lkcsioe jis`rkbij ms mowmys `lhhskgf tli imskir pmtl wligivir m`lhkì wms fkvig th lkc bitwiig twh phsskboi pmtls/ ms ohgf

ms tli imskir pmtl wms ght skgeuo'

02

Li wms mosh riphrtij th

26 Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> 2<5'2< Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> =<9'2; Phhrml mo#Lmnn ,22+> 6<'04 Phhrml mg#Gksmm ,:+> 2<'0=

Phhrml mo#Cmm‛kjml ,9+> :'02

Riphrtij by “Mm‛islml mgs `hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii ,Pmlkl Mo#Bualmrk

,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho':/ p':;=/ gh'654+/ Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc ,IgfokslZrmgs'+/ vho' :/ p' =2:5/ gh' 9692+ mgj Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj

,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 0/ p' =0:=/ gh' :656+'



# 2 6 #

lmvi smkj th shci he lks ehoohwirs hg tli h``mskhg he tlikr jkspmt`lcigt( jipmrturi ms fhvirghrs he [icig/ ‟Cmai tlkgfsimsy ,ehr tli pihpoi+ mgj jh ght cmai tlic jkeekùot'–00

Ksomck` oifmo s`lhomrs ugmgkchusoy `hgskjir tlks`hgìpt mg kgjksputmboi eugjmcigtmo prkg`kpoi ehoohwij byFhj kg tli igm`tcigt he omws' @hgsiquigtoy/ kg tlikr kcpoicigtmtkhg he tli jkvkgi omws/ tliy lmvi jijuìj cmgysi`hgjmry omws hg tlks bmsks'

0:

2' Zli Riju`tkhg he Riokfkhus Hbokfmtkhgs'

M gucbir `hgsiquigì he tli privkhus prkg`kpoi ks tlmttli thtmo gucbir he oifmo hbokfmtkhgs slhuoj bi riomtkvioy eiw'M``hrjkgfoy/ tli prhlkbktij m`ts mgj substmgìs kg Ksomckòifksomtkhg mri qukti eiw kg `hcpmrkshg th tlhsi wlk`l mrimoohwij by jkri`t `hccmgj hr by tli mbsigì he mgy`hccmgj he prhlkbktkhg' Zlks prkg`kpoi `mg bi òimroy siig kg

tli citlhj by wlk`l tli ]ur‛mmg jimos wktl prhlkbktkhgs mgj pircksskhgs' Kg tli `msi he prhlkbktkhgs/ tli sub#`mtifhrkis mrigmcij mgj okstij/ wlkoi kg tli `msi he pircksskhgs/ m figirmomoohwmgì ks fkvig jui th tli frimt gucbir he `mtifhrkiskgòujij kg kt' Ehr ixmcpoi/ wktl rifmrj th whcig wktl wlhccmrrkmfi ks ehrbkjjig/ Moomml stmtis/

‟Trhlkbktij th yhu mri yhur chtlirs/ yhur

jmufltirs/ yhur skstirs mgj yhur mugts…–

09

Metir `hcpoitkgf tli prhlkbktij `mtifhrkis/ Moomml smys/

00 Riphrtij by Mbu Burjml mgj `hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii ,Pmlks Cusokc

,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho' 9/ pp' ::=#0/ gh' 504+/ mgj Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc

,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 0/ p' ;::/ gh :2;<+' Cusokc mosh `hooi`tij kt erhc

Mbu Chhsmm ,gh':2;6+ mgj Mgms kbg Cmmoka ,gh' :044+'0:Zmmriial mt#Zmslrii‛ mo#Ksommcii/ pp' =;#24 mgj mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' <9#<;'

09 Phhrml mg#Gkssmm ,:+> 20'



# 2 < #

‟Ixìpt ehr tlisi/ moo htlirs mri omweuo/prhvkjij yhu siia tlic kg cmrrkmfi wktl mjhwry mgj ght ehr ehrgk`mtkhg'–

05

Ms ehr ehhjs/ tli ehrbkjjig `mtifhrkis mri mosh okstij kg jitmko'Zli ]ur‛mmg stmtis/

‟Ehrbkjjig th yhu ,ehr ehhj+ mri> mgkcmoswlk`l jki he tlicsiovis/ bohhj/ phra/ mgkcmossomufltirij kg tli gmci he htlirs biskjisMoomml/ mgkcmos akooij by strmgfuomtkhg/ hr m

bohw/ hr m emoo/ hr by bikgf fhrij…–

06

Hg tli htlir lmgj/ kg rifmrj th tli pircksskboi ehhjs/ Moommlstmtis/

‟Hg tlks jmy moo fhhj tlkgfs mri cmji omweuoehr yhu' Zli ehhj he tli pihpoi he tli Bhha ksomweuo th yhu mgj yhur ehhj ks omweuo th

tlic…–

0<

Eurtlirchri/ kg spkti he tli em`t tlmt tli tlkgfs wlk`l lmvi biig ehrbkjjig mri qukti eiw kg `hcpmrkshg th tlhsi wlk`llmvi biig pirckttij/ tli skg he hgi wlh ks ehrìj th tmaiehrbkjjig substmgìs lms mosh biig oketij/ ms wms cigtkhgij privkhusoy' Moomml stmtis tlks `hgìsskhg kg m gucbir he pomìskg tli ]ur‛mmg' Ehr ixmcpoi>

‟But ke mgyhgi ks ehrìj by giìsskty/ wktlhutwkooeuo jkshbijkigì/ ghr trmgsfrisskgf juiokckts/ tliri ks gh skg hg lkc' Ehr Moomml kshet#ehrfkvkgf/ Chst Cir`keuo'–

0;

05

Phhrml mg#Gkssmm ,:+> 2:'06

Phhrml mo#Cmm‛kjml ,9+> 0'0<Phhrml mo#Cmm‛kjml ,9+> 9'

0; Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> =60'



# 2 ; #

Kt ks mosh whrtl ghtlkgf tlmt tli omws/ hg tli wlhoi/ jh ght`hgtmkg sh cmgy jitmkos ms th `rimti jkeekùoty ehr tlhsi wlhwksl th strk`toy ehoohw tli tim`lkgfs he tli ]ur‛mmg' Mchgf tlivirsis he tli ]ur‛mmg wlk`l kgjk`mti tli ixkstigì tlks prkg`kpoi ks tli ehoohwkgf>

‟Hl yhu wlh biokivi/ jh ght msa mbhut tlkgfswlk`l/ ke cmji pomkg ehr yhu/ wkoo `musi yhutrhuboi' But ke yhu msa mbhut tlic pomkg th

yhu' Moomml lms ixicptij tlic' Mgj Moommlks het#Ehrfkvkgf/ Chst Figtoi'–:4

Zli prhlkbktij quistkhgs `hgìrg kssuis mbhut wlk`lMoomml lms `lhsig th igm`t prhlkbktkhgs jui th tlikr quistkhgs'Mgj/ ke tliy jkj ght msa mbhut tlic/ tliy whuoj lmvi biig oietwktl m `lhkì bitwiig jhkgf tlic mgj ght jhkgf tlic'Kgòujij kg tlks `mtifhry ks tli Trhplit‛s ,s'w'+ risphgsi thripimtij quistkhg `hgìrgkgf wlitlir Lmnn wms `hcpuoshry

iviry yimr'

:=

Li smkj/ ‟Ke K smj yis/ kt whuoj lmvi bi`hci`hcpuoshry' Oimvi ci mohgi `hgìrgkgf tlkgfs wlk`l K lmvioiet up th yhu/ ehr ìrtmkgoy tlhsi biehri yhu wiri jistrhyij bi`musi he tlikr cmgy uggiìssmry quistkhgs mgj tlikr mrfucigts mgj jksmfriicigts wktl tlikr prhplits'–:2 Kg mghtlir gmrrmtkhg/ li wms riphrtij th lmvi smkj/ ‟Ke K lmvi prhlkbktijyhu erhc jhkgf shcitlkgf/ mvhkj kt thtmooy' But/ ke K `hccmgjyhu th jh shcitlkgf/ jh ms cu`l he kt ms yhu `mg'–

:0Li wms

mosh riphrtij th lmvi smkj/ ‟Zli Cusokcs wlh lmvi `hcckttij

:4 Phhrml mo#Cmm‛kjml ,9+> =4:':=

Zmmriial mt#Zmslrii‛ mo#Ksommcii/ pp' 24#=':2

Riphrtij by Mbu Lurmyrml mgj `hooi`tij by Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc

,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho'2/ p' 569/ gh' 04;9+':0Riphrtij by Mbu Lurmyrml mgj `hooi`tij by Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc

,Igfoksl' Zrmgs'+/ vho' :/ pp' =295/ gh' 9<2=+'



# 0 4 #

tli frmvist heeigsi mfmkgst Cusokcs mri tlhsi wlh msaij mbhuttlkgfs wlk`l wiri ght prhlkbktij/ bi`musi he tlikr quistkhgs'–

::

M fhhj Ixmcpoi he okcktmtkhg he jitmkos `mg bi ehugj kgtli ]ur‛mgk` trimtcigt he buskgiss trmgsm`tkhgs' Zli omws kgtlks rifmrj lmvi ght mt moo biig jitmkoij' Kgstimj/ figirmo priìpts suktmboi ehr moo `krùcstmgìs lmvi biig oifksomtij'Ehr ixmcpoi/ Moomml stmtis>

‟Hl yhu wlh biokivi/ euoeko yhur `hgtrm`ts'–:9

‟Mooml lms cmji trmji omweuo mgj prhlkbktijkgtirist'–

:5

‟Hl yhu wlh biokivi/ jh ght imt up yhuprhpirtkis mchgfst yhursiovis ugemkroy' Buttliri slhuoj bi trmji by cutumo fhhj#wkoo'–

:6

0' Rimokzmtkhg he Tubok` VioemriBi`musi tli omws he Ksommc wiri prkcmrkoy igm`tij ehr tli

figirmo fhhj he moo cmgakgj/ tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ wms m ugkvirsmo prhplit sigt th moo pihpoi tkoo tli igj he tkci ' Moomml stmtij tlmt kgtli ]ur‛mmg kg gh ugìrtmkg tircs>

‟Vi lmvi ght sigt yhu but ms m ugkvirsmocissigfir th cmgakgj/ fkvkgf tlic fomj tkjkgfs

mgj wmrgkgf tlic ,mfmkgst skg+/ but chst pihpoijh ght rimokzi kt'–

:<

:: Riphrtij by “Mmckr kbg Pm‛j mgj `hooi`tij by Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc

,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' :/ p' =296/ gh' 9<2=+':9

Phhrml mo#Cmm‛kjml ,9+> =':5

Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> 269':6Phhrml mg#Gkssmm ,:+> 2;'

:< Phhrml mg#Gkssmm ,:+> 2;'



# 0 = #

‟Pmy/ “Hl cmgakgj/ K mg tli cissigfir he Moommlth moo he yhu'‛–

:;

Gmsal ,Mbrhfmtkhg+

Zli ixkstigì he mbrhfmtkhg wktlkg Ksomck` oifksomtkhg ksmchgf tli cmgkeistmtkhgs he lucmg wioemri `hgskjirmtkhgs kgKsomck` oifksomtkhg' Fhj cmy pris`rkbi m omw suktmboi th pihpoi mt tlitkci he kts igm`tcigt/ hr kt cmy sirvi m pmrtkùomr okcktij purphsi'Lhwivir/ kts suktmbkokty cmy omtir jksmppimr hr kts ugkqui purphsicmy lmvi biig m`lkivij' Kg su`l `krùcstmgìs/ tli giij ehr tli omwìmsis th ixkst mgj kts vmokjkty bi`hcis `mgìooij' Zli ehoohwkgf mrihgoy m eiw he cmgy su`l ixmcpois wlk`l cmy bi ehugj ri`hrjij kg

bhtl tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml'94

Biquist ,Vmsiiyml+> Kg pri#Ksomck` Mrmb ùoturi/ lks `lkojrigkglirktij tli prhpirty he tli jiìmsi/ mgj pmrigts whuoj hgoy kglirktke m biquist wiri cmji'9= Zlus/ kg tli imroy stmfis he Ksommc/ Moommlcmji tli wrktkgf he m biquist ehr pmrigts mgj riomtkvis `hcpuoshry/kg hrjir th tim`l tli giw `hccugkty he Cusokcs tli kcphrtmgì he

emckoy rkflts wktl rifmrj th tlikr wimotl'

‟Kt ks pris`rkbij tlmt wlig jimtl mpprhm`lis mgyhe yhu/ ke li oimvis bilkgj mgy fhhjs' Zlmt licmai m biquist th pmrigts mgj gixt he akg/m``hrjkgf th wlmt ks rimshgmboi' Zlks ks jui erhctli pkhus'–

92

Lhwivir/ metir tli `hccugkty wkookgfoy m`ìptij tlks omw mgj tliy

bifmg th strk`toy put kt kgth prm`tkì/ Moomml ripomìj kt by rivimokgfkg tli ]ur‛mmg m òimroy jiekgij systic he kglirktmgì omws' Mgj tliTrhplit ,s'w'+ eurtlir `hgekrcij tli mbrhfmtkhg he tli hoj omws by

:;Phhrml mo#M‛rmme ,6+> =9<'

94

mo#Cmjlamo/ p'<;#;4'9=Pii Pmlkl Mo#Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho' :/ p'5/ gh' =4'

92 Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+–



# 0 2 #

stmtkgf/ ‟Purioy Moomml lms fkvig iviryhgi wktl m rkflt ,thkglirktmgì+ lks rkflt/ sh tliri slhuoj bi gh biquist ehr kglirkthrs'–90

Churgkgf Tirkhj> Zli wkjhw‛s churgkgf pirkhj wms hrkfkgmooy meuoo yimr/ mgj kt wms `hcpuoshry ehr lir lusbmgj th oimvi kg lks wkoo

prhvkskhg ehr cmkgtigmgì mgj lhuskgf jurkgf tlmt wlhoi pirkhj tli]ur‛mmg stmtis>

‟Ke mgy he yhu jki mgj oimvi wkjhws bilkgj/ mbiquist he m yimr‛s cmkgtigmgì mgj riskjigìslhuoj bi cmji ehr tlikr wkjhws' But kt tliy

oimvi tli riskjigì/ tliri ks gh bomci hg yhu ehrwlmt tliy jh wktl tlicsiovis/ prhvkjij kt ksrimshgmboi' Mgj Moomml ks ixmotij kg phwir/wksi'–

9:

Zlig tli wmktkgf pirkhj wms rijuìj th ehur chgtls mgj tig jmys'

‟Ke mgy he yhu jki mgj oimvi wkjhws bilkgj/ tliyslmoo wmkt `hgìrgkgf tlicsiovis ehur chgtls

mgj tig jmys' Vlig tliy lmvi euoekooij tlikr tirc/tliri ks gh bomci hg yhu ke tliy jksphsi he tlicsiovis kg m nust mgj rimshgmboi cmggir' MgjMoomml ks wioo m`qumkgtij wktl moo tlmt yhu jh'–

99

Mgj tli biquist wms `mgìooij by tli virsis hg kglirktmgìwlk`l stkpuomtij m spi`kek` phrtkhg ehr wkjhws> hgi qumrtir he moo tlikglirktmgì ke sli jkj ght lmvi mgy `lkojrig/ mgj hgi ikflt ke sli lmj`lkojrig'

Ehrgk`mtkhg> Hrkfkgmooy/ tli pugkslcigt ehr tli `rkci he ehrgk`mtkhgmgj mjuotiry/ ms wioo ms htlir six `rkcis okai lhchsixumokty/ wms tli

90 Riphrtij by Mbu Ycmmcml mgj `hooi`tij by mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg mbu

Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho'2/ p' <4</ gh' 2<5:+/ mt#Zkrckjlii/ mg#

Gmsmm‛ii/ Kbg Cmmnml mgj Mlcmj/ mgj mutligtk`mtij ,Pmliil+ by mo#

Mobmmgii kg Pmliil Pugmg Mbii Jmmwhhj/ vho' 2/ p' 2=</ gh' =62='9:Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> 2:4'

99 Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> 20:'





# 0 : #

omslis hr sthgkgf th jimtl1 hr kt cmy bi ripomìj by m oiss siviri omwms kg tli `msi he tli churgkgf pirkhj ehr wkjhws1 hr kt cmy biripomìj by m skckomr but chri suktmboi omw' Mt mgy rmti/ kg moo `msis/

tli mbrhfmtij omw wms suktmboi ehr tli tkci mgj `krùcstmgìs ugjir wlk`l kt wms rivimoij' Vlig tli sktumtkhg `lmgfij/ m giw omw wmsigm`tij kg hrjir th rimokzi Moomml‛s kgtigt kg tli imrokir oifksomtkhg'Viri kt ght ehr tli sktumtkhg he tli Cusokc `hccugkty imrokir/ tlimbrhfmtkgf omw whuoj lmvi biig igm`tij erhc tli bifkggkgf' Ehr Ixmcpoi/ kg tli `msi he tli wkjhw wlh wms mt ekrst riqukrij th wmktkg lir jiìmsij lusbmgj‛s lhusi kg churgkgf ehr tli pirkhj he hgiyimr jurkgf wlk`l sli `huoj ght fit cmrrkij/ kt wms tli ùsthc he tliMrmbs th `hgekgi wkjhws mgj privigt tlic erhc cmrrkmfi ehr kgjiekgkti pirkhjs/ omstkgf erhc m yimr th tli ricmkgjir he tlikr okvis'Mgj/ jurkgf tli pirkhj he `hgekgicigt/ tliy wiri hbokfij th wimr tlikr whrst òhtlis'54 Ke tli wmktkgf pirkhj wiri rijuìj th ehur chgtls mgj tig jmys mohgf wktl tli pircksskhg ehr tlic th oimvitlikr lhusis ke tliy wkslij/ tli imroy Cusokcs whuoj lmvi lmj frimtjkeekùoty kg m`ìptkgf kt' @hgsiquigtoy/ m yimr he churgkgf wms sitmohgf wktl tli `mgìoomtkhg he tli `hgekgicigt mgj tli hbokfmtkhg he cmkgtigmgì' Plhrtoy metir tliy lmj m`ìptij tli `lmgfi mgj

mjnustij th kt/ tli giw omw wms rivimoij riju`kgf tli pirkhj he churgkgf'

Zlus/ mbrhfmtkhg `hgtmkgij kg kt `hgskjirmtkhg ehr lucmg`hgjktkhgs mgj tlikr wioemri jurkgf tli irm he tli prhplit lhhj wlk`ligjij wktl tli jimtl he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+/ ehr tliri `mg bi ghmbrhfmtkhg metir lks tkci'5=

Oifksomtkvi `hgskjirmtkhg he lucmg wioemri metir tli irm he

prhplit lhhj `mg bi ehugj kg tli em`t tlmt Ksomck` omws wiri igm`tijehr rimshgs/ cmgy he wlk`l wiri òimroy cigtkhgij'

Zli ehoohwkgf virsis he phrtkhgs he virsis erhc tli ]ur‛mmgmri mchgf tli cmgy `msis wliri tli purphsis ehr tli igm`tcigt he omws wiri ixpomkgij>

54

Riphrtij by ^mygmb bkgt Pmomcml mgj `hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii ,PmlksMo#Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho' 6/ pp' =;4#2/ gh' 29=+'5= mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' ;4#0'



# 0 9 #

‟Hl yhu wlh biokivi/ emstkgf lms biig pris`rkbijehr yhu ms kt wms pris`rkbij ehr tlhsi biehri yhu

kg hrjir tlmt yhu cmy bi `hgs`khus he Fhj'–52

‟Zmai shci `lmrkty erhc tlikr wimotl th purkeytlic mgj cmai tlic frhw ,spkrktumooy+…–

50

‟Pmtmg‛s pomg ks th kg`kti igckty mgj lmtrijbitwiig yhu/ wktl kgthxk`mgts mgj fmcbokgf/ mgjprivigt yhu erhc tli ricicbrmgì he Moomml mgj

erhc prmyir' Vkoo yhu ght tlig fkvi kt up8–

5:

Zli Trhplit ,s'w'+ hetig cmji cigtkhg he tli rmtkhgmoi bilkgj lks oifmo prhghugìcigts' Ehr ixmcpoi/ kg tli `msi he tlimbrhfmtkhg he tli prhlkbktkhg he vksktkgf frmviymrjs/ li wms riphrtijth lmvi smkj/ ‟K lmj ehrbkjjig yhu erhc vksktkgf tli frmviymrjs/lhwivir/ pircksskhg lms biig fkvig th ci th vkskt tli frmvi he cychtlir' Ph/ vkskt tlic/ ehr tliy jh rickgj hgi he tli gixt okei'–

59

Zli ixpomgmtkhg he tli rimshgs ehr omws kgjk`mtis tlmt tli prisigì he mbsigì he omws jipigjs hg tli ixkstigì hr ghg#ixkstigì he tlikr `musis' Ke tli bigiekt ehr wlk`l tli omw wms igm`tij`hgtkguhus/ tlig tli omw ks `hgtkguhus1 but ke kt lms `lmgfij jui th m`lmgfi kg `krùcstmgìs/ tli omw cust mosh `lmgfi1 htlirwksi tliriwhuoj ght bi mgy bigiekt kg kts `hgtkguij ixkstigì' Hg tli bmsks he tlks prkg`kpoi/ “Ycmr kbg mo#Almttmmb `mgìooij tli jkstrkbutkhg he tli

phrtkhg he ^mamml msskfgij ehr tli ig`hurmficigt he ghg#Cusokcs thm`ìpt Ksommc wlk`l tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ usij th fkvi hut' Ms li

ixpomkgij/ tli giij ehr tlikr ig`hurmficigt ixkstij jurkgf tli tkciwlig Ksommc wms hg tli rksi mgj kg giij he supphrt/ lhwivir/ kg lkstkci tli Ksomck` stmti wms morimjy ekrcoy istmbokslij'

52 Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> =<0'50

Phhrml m t#Zmwbml ,;+> =40'5:

Phhrml mo#Cmm‛kjml ,9+> ;:'59

Riphrtij by Mbu Lurmyrml mgj Burmyjml mgj `hooi`tij by Cusokc,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 2/ pp' :50#:/ gh' 2=04 % 2=0=+ mgj mt#

Zkrckjlii'



# 0 5 #

Oifksomtkvi `hgskjirmtkhg he lucmg giijs `mg mosh bi ehugjkg tli citlhjhohfy he oifksomtkhg' Kg tli `msi he omws wlirikg lucmg

bigiekt wkoo ght `lmgfi wktl tkci hr `hgjktkhgs/ Moomml lms spiooijhut tli jitmkos viry òimroy' Ehr ixmcpoi/ kg tli `msi he riokfkhusrktis/ emckoy omws he cmrrkmfi/ jkvhrì mgj kglirktmgì/ omws mfmkgst`rkcis wlhsi lmrc wkoo ght `lmgfi wktl tli pmssmfi he tkci/ okaicurjir/ ehrgk`mtkhg mgj mjuotiry/ tliet/ mgj somgjir' Ms ehr tlkgfswlhsi bigiekt hr lmrc cmy vmry erhc pomì th pomì/ Moomml lmsoifksomtij figirmo omws he ugkvirsmo bigiekt/ wlk`l cmy bikcpoicigtij by tlhsi kg mutlhrkty m``hrjkgf th lucmg giijs'Ixmcpois he tlks `mtifhry `mg bi ehugj kg tli omws `hgìrgkgf

buskgiss trmgsm`tkhgs mgj tli stru`turkgf he tli sh`kity' Ehr ixmcpoi/Moomml smkj/

‟Hl yhu wlh biokivi/ hbiy Moomml mgj hbiy tliCissigfir/ mgj tlhsi kg mutlhrkty mchgf yhu'–

55

Zli Trhplit ,s'w'+ lkcsioe wms riphrtij th lmvi smkj/ ‟Ke mcmkcij Mbysskgkmg somvi ks mpphkgtij hvir yhu mgj li `hgju`ts

yhur meemkrs m``hrjkgf th tli Bhha he Moomml/ yhu slhuoj okstig thlkc mgj hbiy ,lks hrjirs+'–56

Oifksomtkvi `hgskjirmtkhg `mg mosh bi ehugj kg tli fkvkgf he priìjigì th tli figirmo wioemri hvir kgjkvkjumo bigiekt/ mgj th tli privigtkhg he m frimtir lmrc hvir m skckomr hgi'5< M fhhj ixmcpoi he su`l m prkg`kpoi `mg bi ehugj kg Ksommc‛s `hgekrcmtkhg he tli mochstugkvirsmo prm`tkì he pourmo cmrrkmfi ,phoyfygy+' Ksommc okcktij tlicmxkcuc gucbir he wkvis th ehur mgj hutokgij tli risphgskbkoktkis

he tlhsi kgvhovij' Motlhufl slmrkgf m lusbmgj cmy bi pmkgeuo thchst whcig/ tli giij ehr pourmo cmrrkmfi kg chst sh`kitkisivkjigìj by tli `hrruptkhg wlk`l risuots erhc kts heek`kmo

prhlkbktkhg jicmgj kts oifksomtkhg' Zliriehri/ ehr tli figirmo wioemrihe bhtl cig mgj whcig/ Ksommc ri`hfgkzij okcktij phoyfygy

55Phhrml mg#Gksmm ,:+> 9;'

56

Riphrtij by [mlymm kbg mo#Lusmyg mgj `hooi`tij by Cusokc ,PmlklCusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 0/ p' =/ gh' =42=+'5< mo#Cmjlamo/ pp' ;0#9'



# 0 6 #

tliriby fkvkgf priìjigì th tli fhhj he sh`kity hvir tlmt he tlikgjkvkjumo whcmg'5;

0' Zli Rimokzmtkhg he Ygkvirsmo Nustkì'

Ksomck` oifksomtkhg `hgskjirs moo lucmgs tli smci wktlrifmrjs th tlikr hbokfmtkhg th subckt th tli jkvkgi omws mgj kg tlikr risphgskbkokty ehr brimakgf tlic' Zli omws cigtkhgij kg tli ]ur‛mmgmri moo figirmo/ cmakgf gh jkstkg`tkhg bitwiig hgi frhup hr mghtlir'

‟Moomml lms ignhkgij nustkì mgj rkfltihusgiss'–64

‟Moomml `hccmgjs yhu th riturg yhur trusts thwlhc tliy mri jui/ mgj wlig yhu nujfi bitwiighgi cmg mgj mghtlir/ tlmt yhu nujfi nustoy'–

6=

‟Hl yhu wlh biokivi/ stmgj hut ekrcoy ehr Moommlms wktgissis th emkr jimokgf' Mgj jh ght oit tlilmtrij he m pihpoi `musi yhu ght th bi nust' Bi

nust> ehr kt ks òhsir th pkity/ mgj eimr Moomml ehr

virkoy Moomml ks wioo mwmri he wlmtivir yhu jh'–62

Jurkgf tli irm he tli prhplit lhhj/ m whcmg erhc tli phwireuo trkbi he Cmalzhhc sthoi shci niwiory mgj `hgeissij th tli`rkci wlig tli `msi wms brhuflt biehri tli Trhplit ,s'w'+' Lir trkbiscmg wmgtij th mvhkj tli slmci he lmvkgf tli ]ur‛mgk`

pugkslcigt mppokij th lir/ sh tliy msaij Ysmmcml kbg ^myj wlhwms òhsi th tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ th kgtirìji hg lir bilmoe' VligYsmmcml mpprhm`lij tli Trhplit ,s'w'+/ li bi`mci viry mgfry wktl

lkc mgj smkj/ ‟Jh yhu jmri th kgtirìji kg hgi he Moomml‛s ekxij pugkslcigt8– Li tlig `mooij tli pihpoi thfitlir mgj jiokvirij msirchg kg wlk`l li smkj/ ‟Zli pihpoi biehri yhu wiri jistrhyij

bi`musi tliy oit tli ghbois fh wlig tliy sthoi/ but mppokij Moomml‛s

5;Pii pourmo Cmrrkmfi kg Ksommc/ ,Rkymjl> Kgtirgmtkhgmo Ksomck` Tubokslkgf

Lhusi/ 2gj

ij'/ =;<6+/ pp' =#;/ ehr m chri jitmkoij ixphsktkhg he tlks phkgt'64

Phhrml mg#Gmlo ,=5+> ;4'6=Phhrml mg#Gksmm ,:+> 9<'

62 Phhrml mo#Cmm‛kjml ,9+> ;'



# 0 < #

ekxij pugkslcigt hg tli wima wlig tliy sthoi' By Moomml/ ke cy hwgjmufltir/ Emmtkcml/ sthoi K whuoj ùt hee lir lmgj'–60

Phurìs he Ksomck` Omw

Ksomck` omw jurkgf tli stmfi he ehugjmtkhg wms jirkvij erhcriviomtkhg/ iktlir kg tli ehrc he tli ]ur‛mmg hr tli Puggml' Zli tircPuggml rieirs th tli stmticigts mgj m`tkhgs he Trhplit Culmccmj,s'w'+/ ms wioo ms tli stmticigts mgj m`tkhgs he htlirs jhgi kg lks

prisigì wlk`l jkj ght ciit lks jksmpprhvmo' Zli Puggml ks`hgskjirij tli si`hgj shurì he riviomtkhg bmsij hg Moomml‛sstmticigt kg tli ]ur‛mmg/

‟Li jhis ght spima erhc lks jiskris' Uirkoy kt kskgspkrmtkhg wlk`l lms biig rivimoij'–

6:

Zli Trhplit ,s'w'+ wms fkvig tli nhb he `hgviykgf tli ekgmocissmfi he Fhj th cmgakgj'

‟Hl cissigfir/ `hgviy wlmt lms biig rivimoij th

yhu erhc yhur Ohrj'–69

Mgj li wms mosh fkvig tli risphgskbkokty he òmrkeykgf ehr cmgakgjFhj‛s kgtigt kg tli cissmfi'

‟Vi lmvi rivimoij tli Rickgjir ,]ur‛mmg+ thyhu/ kg hrjir tlmt yhu ixpomkg th cmgakgj wlmtwms rivimoij th tlic/ tlmt pirlmps tliy cmyrieoi`t'–

65

Phcitkcis tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ whuoj ixpomkg tli kgtigt he tli]ur‛mgk` tixts by cmakgf m stmticigt/ mt htlir tkcis li whuoj jh sh

60 Riphrtij by “Mm‛islml mgj `hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii/ Cusokc ,Pmlkl

Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho'0/pp';4;#=4/ gh' :=<6+/ mgj Mbu Jmmwhhj

,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 0' =2=</ gh' :0546:

Phhrml mg#Gmnc ,90+> 0 % :'69Phhrml mo#Cmm‛kjml ,9+> 56'

65 Phhrml mg#Gmlo ,=5+> ::'



# 0 ; #

by mg m`t/ mgj yit htlir tkcis li whuoj jh sh by bhtl' Ehr ixmcpoi/tli ]ur‛mmg `hccmgjij tli biokivirs th istmboksl rifuomr Pmomml,ehrcmo prmyir+ wktlhut jis`rkbkgf lhw Pmomml slhuoj bi pirehrcij/

sh tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ prmyij mchgf lks ehoohwirs tlig thoj tlic/“Trmy ms yhu lmvi siig ci prmy'–66 Hg mghtlir h``mskhg/ wlkoi liwms prmykgf m cmg `mci mgj friitij lkc/ sh li rmksij lks rkflt lmgjkg risphgsi'6< Lks wkei “Mm‛islml riphrtij tlmt wlig li cmjiPunhhj ,prhstrmtkhg+ kg Pmomml/ li whuoj aiip lks liios thfitlir'6;

Hg yit mghtlir h``mskhg/ li pmssij by Kbg Cms‛huj prmykgf wktl lksoiet lmgj hg lks rkflt/ sh li richvij kt mgj pomìj lks rkflt lmgj hglks oiet'<4 Li wms mosh riphrtij th lmvi smkj/ ‟ke mgy he yhu cmais Punhhj/ li slhuoj ght agiio ms tli `mcio jhis' Oit lkc pomì lkslmgjs ,hg tli frhugj+ biehri lks agiis'–<=

Zlus/ tli Puggml wms mg ixphsktkhg he tli ]ur‛mmg by wlk`lkts figirmoktkis wiri òmrkekij mgj kts kgtigjij cimgkgfs spi`kekij'@hgsiquigtoy/ ivirytlkgf kg tli Puggml ks mjjrissij kg tli ]ur‛mmg/iktlir by kgeirigì hr by jkri`t rieirigì' Zli mjjriss cmy bi shfigirmo ms th kgòuji tli wlhoi Puggml ms kg tli `msi he tli virsi>

66 @hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii ,Pmlkl Mo#Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho' =/ p'

0:9/ gh' 54:+'6< @hooi`tij by Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' ='

T' 205/ gh' ;26+ mgj mutligtk`mtij kg Pmliil Pugmg Mbii Jmmwhhj/ vho' =/

p' =6: gh' <24'6; @hooi`tij by mo#Bmylmqii/ mo#Lmmakc mgj Kbg aluzmycml mgjmutligtk`mtij by Custmem mo#M‛jLmcii kg Pmliil Kbg Aluzmycml ,Bikrut>

mo#Cmatmb mo#Ksommcii/ =st ij'/ =;6<+/ vho' =/p' 02</ gh' 59:/ mgj by mo#

Mobmmgii kg Pkeml Pmomml mg#Gmbii/ ,Bikrut> mo#Cmatmb mo#Ksommcii/ =:tl

ij'/ =;<6+/ p' =4;'<4 @hooi`tij by Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' ='

T' =;:/ gh' 69:+ mgj mutligtk`mtij kg Pmliil Pugmg Mbii Jmmwhhj/ vho' =/

p' =:: gh' 5<5'<=

@hooi`tij by Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' ='T' 2=9/ gh' <0;+ mgj mutligtk`mtij kg Pmliil Pugmg Mbii Jmmwhhj/ vho' =/

p' =9< gh' 6:5'



# : 4 #

‟Vlmtivir tli cissigfir fkvis yhu/ tmai kt1 mgjwlmtivir li ehrbkjs yhu/ oimvi kt'–

<2

Hr tli mjjriss cmy kgjk`mti figirmooy jiekgij omws/ tlijitmkos he wlk`l mri oiet th tli Puggml' Ligì/ tli Puggml cmyixpomkg cmy ixpomkg tli citlhjhohfy/ rimshgs/ riqukricigts mgjoh`mtkhg/ hr kt cmy ixpomkg tli kgòuskhgs/ wlk`l `huoj ght biohfk`mooy jijuìj' Mg ixmcpoi he su`l kgòuskhgs cmy bi ehugj kgtli `msi he ehrbkjjig ehhjs biyhgj tlhsi cigtkhgij kg tli ]ur‛mmg'Moomml jhis stmti kg rieirigì th tli Trhplit ,s'w'+>

‟Li cmji omweuo ehr tlic tli fhhj ,mgj puri+tlkgfs mgj ehrbmji tlic tli bmj ,mgj kcpuri+'–<0

Mgms kbg Cmmoka smkj/ ‟hg tli jmy he tli Bmttoi he almybmr/ mvkskthr `mci mgj smkj/ “Hl cissigfir he Moomml/ tli jhgaiys lmvi

biig imtig‛ Zlig mghtlir `mci mgj smkj/ “Hl cissigfir he Moomml/tli jhgaiys mri bikgf jistrhyij'‛ Moomml‛s cissigfir ,s'w'+ tligsigt Mbu Zmolml th Cmai mg mgghugìcigt> Moomml mgj LksCissigfir lmvi prhlkbktij yhu erhc imtkgf tli eoisl he jhcistk`mtij

jhgaiys/ ehr kt ks bmj ,mgj kcpuri+'–<:

Hr tli mjjriss cmy kgjk`mti figirmo prkg`kpois erhc wlk`ltli Trhplit ,s'w'+ cmy jijuì ruokgfs' Pu`l ruokgfs cmy bi`hgekrcij by Moomml ke `hrri`t/ hr `hrri`tij by Moomml ke kg`hrri`t'Mchgf wlmt mppimrs th bi `hgekrcij jijuìj ruokgfs ks tli `msi he cmrrkmfi th m whcmg mgj lir cmtirgmo hr pmtirgmo mugt' Zli ]ur‛mmgehrbkjs cmrrykgf m whcmg mgj lir jmufltir hr tli skcuotmgihuscmrrkmfi he twh skstirs/ tlig smys/

‟Ixìpt ehr tlisi/ moo htlirs mri omweuo…–<9

<2

Phhrml mo#Lmslr ,9;+> 6'<0

Phhrml mo#M‛rmme ,6+> =96'<:

@hooi`tij by Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 0/ p'=462/ gh':66<+'<9 Phhrml mg#Gksmm ,:+> 2:'



# : = #

Lhwivir/ Mbu Lurmyrml riphrtij tlmt Moomml‛s Cissigfir ,s'w'+smkj/ ‟Hgi slhuoj ght `hcbkgi m whcmg mgj lir emtlir‛s skstir kgcmrrkmfi/ hr m whcmg mgj lir chtlir‛s skstir'–<5 Zlks ruokgf cmy

lmvi biig jijuìj bi`musi tli rimshg ehr prhlkbktkgf tli`hcbkgmtkhg he m whcmg mgj lir jmufltir hr twh skstirs/ ks prisigtkg tli `hcbkgmtkhg he m whcmg mgj lir mugt' Ehr/ mchgf tligmrrmtkhg‛s he tlks stmticigt he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ ks tli ixpomgmthrymjjktkhg/ ‟Ke yhu jh tlmt/ yhu wkoo brima emckoy tkis'– Zlmt ks/ kg tlismci wmy tlmt tli smg`tkty he tli riomtkhgslkp bitwiig skstirs/ hr mchtlir mgj lir jmufltir/ whuoj bi jistrhyij by tli spkrkt he rkvmoryehugj bitwiig `h#wkvis/ kt whuoj mosh bi jistrhyij bitwiig mwhcmg mgj lir mugt'

Mchgf tli ixmcpois he jijuìj ruokgfs wlk`l wiri ght`hgekrcij ks tlmt he tli Jlklmmr jkvhrì' Almwoml bkgt Zlm‛ombmlsmkj/ ‟Cy lusbmgj/ Mws kbg ms#Pmmckt/ prhghugìj tli whrjs> [humri th ci okai cy chtlir‛s bmà' Ph K `mci th Moomml‛s cissigfir th`hcpomkg mfmkgst cy lusbmgj' Lhwivir/ tli cissigfir he Moommljksmfriij wktl ci mgj smkj/ “Eimr Moomml' Li ks yhur `huskg'‛ K`hgtkguij `hcpomkgkgf ugtko tli virsi wms rivimoij>

‟Moomml lms kgjiij limrj tli stmticigt he tliwhcmg wlh jksputij wktl yhu `hgìrgkgf lirlusbmgj mgj `mrrkij lir `hcpomkgt th Moomml/mgj Moomml limrs yhur jksùsskhg' Purioy Moommllimrs mgj siis moo tlkgfs' Ke mgy cig mchgf yhujiòmri tlikr wkvis okai tlikr chtlirs ,Jlklmmr+/tliy `mgght bi tlikr chtlirs' Ghgi `mg bi tlikrchtlirs ixìpt tlhsi wlh fmvi bkrtl th tlic'Zliy usi bmj whrjs mgj emosilhhj…–

<6

<5 @hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii ,Pmlkl Mo#Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho'

6/p'p'0:/ gh' :9+/ Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ Uho' 2/ pp' 6;#

=4/ gh' 025<+ mgj Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj/ ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/

vho'2/ p'99=/ gh'245=+'0Phhrml mo#Cunmmjmoml ,9<+> =#0

<6

@hooi`tij by Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 2'T' 9;</ gh' 224<+ mgj mutligtk`mtij kg Pmliil Pugmg Mbii Jmmwhhj/ vho' 2/

pp' :=6#<'



# : 2 #

Zli Trhplit ,s'w'+ lmj m`ìptij Jlklmmr ms bikgf m vmokj ehrc he jkvhrì mgj lmj thoj almwoml th m`ìpt kt/ lhwivir Moomml jiòmrij ktkgvmokj'

Zliri mosh ixksts mghtlir `mtifhry he ug`hgekrcij jijuìjruokgfs wlk`l jichgstrmti tlmt tli Puggml ks okcktij th `hgekrcijriokfkhus ruokgfs mgj ixòuji pirshgmo lmbkts mgj ùsthcs he tliTrhplit ,s'w'+ wlk`l li jkj ght kgstru`t lks ehoohwirs th ehoohw'Rmmek‛ kbg Almjiin riphrtij tlmt Moomml‛s Cissigfir ,s'w'+ `mci thCmjiigml mgj ehugj tli pihpoi frmetkgf tlikr jmti#pmoc triis' Limsaij tlic wlmt tliy wiri jhkgf mgj tliy kgehrcij lkc tlmt tliywiri mrtkek`kmooy phookgmtkgf tli triis' Li tlig smkj/ ‟Tirlmps kt whuoj

bi bittir ke yhu jkj ght jh tlmt'– Vlig tliy mbmgjhgij tli prm`tkì/tli ykioj he tli jmti pmocs bi`hcis oiss' Ph tliy kgehrcij lkc mgjli smkj/ ‟K mc m lucmg bikgf' Ph wlig K tioo yhu th jh shcitlkgf

pirtmkgkgf th tli riokfkhg m`ìpt kt/ but wlig K tioo yhu shcitlkgferhc cy pirshgmo hpkgkhg/ aiip kg ckgj tlmt K mg m lucmg bikgf'–Mgms riphrtij tlmt li mjjij/ ‟yhu lmvi bittir aghwoijfi ,he ti`lgk`mo sakoos+ kg tli meemkrs he tlks whroj'–

<<

Zli Trhplit ,s'w'+ eurtlir kgehrcij lks ehoohwirs tlmt ivigkg tli `msi he oifmo nujficigts wktl rifmrj th jksputis brhuflt biehri lkc/ li `huoj ugkgtigtkhgmooy ruoi kg`hrri`toy/ ms shci he su`l ji`kskhgs wiri bmsij hg lks hwg hpkgkhg' Ycc Pmomcmlriphrtij tlmt Moomml‛s Cissigfir ,s'w'+ smkj/ ‟K mc hgoy m lucmg

bikgf/ mgj yhu brkgf yhur jksputis th ci' Tirlmps shci he yhu mrichri iohquigt kg tlikr poim tlmg htlirs/ mgj K nujfi kg tlikr emvhr m``hrjkgf th wlmt K limr erhc tlic' Ph/ wlmtivir K ruoi kg mgyhgi‛semvhr wlk`l biohgfs th lks brhtlir/ li slhuoj ght tmai mgy he kt/

bi`musi K lmvi hgoy frmgtij lkc m pkiì he Lioo'–<; Pu`l ji`kskhgs bmsij hg pirshgmo rimshgkgf riprisigtij trmkgkgf ehr tli `hcpmgkhgshe tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ kg tli citlhjhohfy he mppok`mtkhg he tliPlmrii‛ml' Kt tmuflt tlic tlmt m nujfi ks ght lioj risphgskboi ke li

<<Riphrtij by Rmmek‛ kbg Almjiin mgj Mgms/ mgj `hooi`tij by Cusokc

,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' :/ p' =29;/ gh' 9<0= %9<02+'<;

@hooi`tij by Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 0'T' =4=5/ gh' 0965+ mgj mutligtk`mtij kg Pmliil Pugmg Mbii Jmmwhhj/ vho'

2/ p' 5<: gh' 049<'



# : 0 #

cmais m ckstmai kg nujficigt jui th em`thrs biyhgj lks `hgtrho'Mgj/ kg hrjir th eurtlir icpomskzi tlks kcphrtmgt phkgt/ tli Trhplit,s'w'+ mosh smkj/ ‟wlhivir cmais m rimshgij ji`kskhg ,Kntklmmj+ mgj

ks `hrri`t wkoo riìkvi twh riwmrjs/ wlkoi li wlh jhis sh mgj kskg`hrri`t wkoo riìkvi hgi riwmrj'–;4 Lhwivir/ su`l ji`kskhgs lmvith bi bmsij hg aghwoijfi/ ehr tli cissigfir he Moomml ,s'w'+ moshsmkj/ ‟Zliri mri tlrii typis he nujfis1 hgi wlh wkoo fh th pmrmjksimgj twh wlh wkoo fh th Lioo' Zli hgi kg pmrmjksi ks tli cmg wlhaghws tli trutl mgj nujfis m``hrjkgf th kt' Zli cmg wlh aghws tlitrutl mgj ks ugnust kg lks nujficigt wkoo bi kg Lioo' Mgj tli cmgwktlhut aghwoijfi wlh cmais nujficigt ehr pihpoi wkoo mosh fh thLioo';= Zli Trhplit ,s'w'+ mosh ig`hurmfij lks `hcpmgkhgs th cmaioifmo ruokgfs kg hrjir th pripmri tlic th `mrry hg tli mppok`mtkhg he tli Plmrii‛ml metir li oiet tlic'

“Moii kbg Mbii Zmmokb smkj/ ‟Moomml‛s cissigfir ,s'w'+ sigt ci th[icig ms m nujfi/ sh K msaij/ “Hl cissigfir he Moomml- [hu mrisigjkgf ci mgj K mc yhugf/ mgj K lmvi gh aghwoijfi he fkvkgf

nujficigt8‛ Li ripokij/ “Moomml wkoo fukji yhur limrt mgj aiip yhur thgfui ekrcoy ,mttm`lij th tli trutl+' Vlig twh oktkfmgts skt biehri

yhu/ jh ght ji`kji ugtko yhu lmvi limrj wlmt tli htlir lms th smy tliwmy yhu limrj tli ekrst/ ehr kt ks chri suktmboi ehr tli `hrri`t nujficigt th bi`hci òimr th yhu'‛ –

;2

Mbu Pm‛iij mo#Alujrii wms riphrtij th lmvi smkj/ ‟Zli]urmyjLml trkbi surrigjirij hg tli `hgjktkhg tlmt kt whuoj bi Pm‛jkbg Cu‛mmjl wlh whuoj pmss nujficigt hg tlic/ sh tli Cissigfir he Moomml ,s'w'+ sigt ehr lkc' Vlig Pm‛j mpprhm`lij tli Cmsnkjrkjkgf hg m jhgaiy/ Moomml‛s cissigfir ,s'w'+ smkj th tli Mgsmmr

;4 Riphrtij by “Mcr kbg mo#“Mms mgj `hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii ,Pmlkl Mo#

Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho' ;'p' 004/ gh':94+ mgj Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg

Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 0' pp' =4=0#:/ gh' 0956+';= Riphrtij by Burmyjml mgj `hooi`tij by Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu

Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho'0/ p' =4=0/ gh' 0955+ mgj mutligtk`mtij kg

Pmliil Pugmg Mbii Jmmwhhj/ vho/ p' 5<2/ gh' 049=';2

@hooi`tij by Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 0'T' =4=5/ gh' 0965+ mgj mutligtk`mtij kg Pmliil Pugmg Mbii Jmmwhhj/ vho'

2/ p' 5<: gh' 0496'



# : : #

,Cusokcs he Cmjiigml+/ “Ptmgj up th riìkvi yhu `lkie'‛ Mgj li smkjth Pm‛j/ “Zlisi pihpoi lmvi surrigjirij m`ìptkgf yhur ji`kskhg'‛Pm‛j smkj/ “Ixiùti tlikr wmrrkhrs mgj tmai tlikr whcig mgj `lkojrig

ms prkshgirs'‛ Hg limrkgf tlmt tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ smkj/ “[hu lmvi nujfij m``hrjkgf th Moomml‛s nujficigt'‛ –;0

Zli prhìss he mrrkvkgf mt rimshgij ji`kskhgs th sukt giw`krùcstmgìs mgj tli ji`kskhgs tlicsiovis mri rieirrij th msKntklmmj' Ms lms biig siig/ bhtl tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ mgj lks`hcpmgkhgs prm`tkìj Kntklmmj jurkgf tlks stmfi kg tli jiviohpcigthe Ksomck` omw' Lhwivir/ kt slhuoj bi ghtij tlmt tli Kntklmmjs he tliTrhplit ,s'w'+ wlk`l h`ùrrij jurkgf tlks pirkhj mri ght `hgskjirijmg kgjipigjigt shurì he omw/ bi`musi tlikr vmokjkty jipigjij hgjkvkgi riviomtkhg ehr `hgekrcmtkhg' Zlus/ tli Kntklmmjs he tli Trhplit,s'w'+ wiri issigtkmooy m cimgs he fkvkgf tli `hcpmgkhgs oisshgs kgtli citlhjs he Kntklmmj/ mgj tli Kntklmmjs he tli Pmlmmbml/ mt kts imroystmfi/ wiri bmsk`mooy ehr prm`tkì'

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

=' Ksomck` omw kg tlks imroy pirkhj `hgskstij he tli omws he Plmrii‛ml wlk`l wiri rivimoij mgj ri`hrjij kg tli ]ur‛mmgmgj tli Puggml' Zliy riomti cmkgoy th tli kjihohfk`moehugjmtkhg he Ksommc/ Iicmmg/ mgj tli sh`kh#i`hghck` omwsgiìssmry ehr tli hrfmgkzmtkhg he tli eoijfokgf Cusokc stmti'

2' Zli bmsks he oifksomtkhg kg tli ]ur‛mmg wms tlmt he lucmgriehrcmtkhg/ ms su`l/ bigiek`kmo lucmg ùsthcs mgj

prm`tkìs wiri ri`hfgkzij mgj kg`hrphrmtij kgth tli bhjy he jkvkgi oifksomtkhg'

0' Kg hrjir th m`lkivi tli fhmo he riehrcmtkhg/ ]ur‛mgkòifksomtkhg kg`hrphrmtij tli prkg`kpois he>

m+ Richvmo he jkeekùoty b+ Riju`tkhg he riokfkhus hbokfmtkhgs`+ Rimokzmtkhg he pubok` wioemrij+ Rimokzmtkhg he ugkvirsmo nustkì'

;0@hooi`tij by Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 0/ p' ;55/ gh'

:05<'



# : 9 #

:' Zlks pirkhj cmraij tli bifkggkgf he tli ivhoutkhg he Ekqlmgj kt wms jurkgf tlks pirkhj tlmt tli ehugjmtkhgs ehr tli

s`kigì he jiju`kgf omws erhc tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggmlwiri omkj by tli Trhplit ,s'w'+'

9' Kt ckflt bi smkj tlmt kg tlks pirkhj tli ekrst Cmjl#lmb ,s`lhhohe oifmo tlhuflt+ thha slmpi ms tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ fukjij mgjtrmkgij tli Pmlmmbml kg Kntklmmj'



# : 5 #

2 ZLI PI@HGJ PZMZI> IPZMBOKPLCIGZ

Zlks stmfi riprisigts tli irm he tli Rkfltihus @mokpls;: mgj tlicmnhr Pmlmmbml ,`hcpmgkhgs he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+' Kt ixtigjs erhctli `mokplmti he Mbu Bmar ,502#50:@I+ th tli Ksomck` stmti wirirmpkjoy ixpmgjij jurkgf tli ekrst twigty yimrs he tlks stmfi th kgòujiPyrkm/ Nhrjmg/ Ifypt/ Krmq/ mgj Tirskm' Zlus/ Cusokcs wiri sujjigoy

brhuflt kgth `hgtm`t wktl thtmooy giw systics/ ùoturis/ mgj pmttirgshe bilmvkhr ehr wlk`l spi`kek` prhvkskhg wms ght th bi ehugj kg tliomws he Plmrii‛ml' Zh jimo wktl tli gucirhus giw prhboics/ tliRkfltihus @mokpls riokij limvkoy hg ji`kskhgs by `hgsigsus ,Kncmm‛+ms wioo ms Kntklmmj/ kg wlk`l tliy lmj biig trmkgij by tli Trhplit,s'w'+ wlkoi tliy wiri wktl lkc metir lks ckfrmtkhg th Cmjiigml' Kgtli `hursi he tlikr ixtigskvi usi he Kncmm‛ mgj Kntklmmj/ tlisi `mokplsistmbokslij prhìjuris wlk`l omtir bi`mci tli bmsks ehr oifksomtkhg kgKsommc/ tlmt ks Ekql'

Kg tlks si`tkhg wi slmoo ixmckgi/ kg shci jitmko/ tli

prhboic#shovkgf prhìjuris jiviohpij by tli Rkfltihus @mokpls mgjtli figirmo mpprhm`l usij by kgjkvkjumo Pmlmmbml kg cmakgfjiju`tkhgs' Vi slmoo mosh mtticpt th slhw wly tlks pirkhj wms`hcpmrmtkvioy erii he tlmt em`tkhgmoksc wlk`l cmraij omtir pirkhjs/mgj wi slmoo ghti ìrtmkg `lmrm`tirkstk`s he Ekql jurkgf tlks pirkhj/shci he wlk`l mri kg strhgf `hgtrmst wktl omtir jiviohpcigts'

Trhboic#shovkgf Trhìjuris he tli Rkfltihus @mokpls

Emìj wktl m giw prhboic/ tli `mokpl he tlks pirkhj whuojfigirmooy tmai tli ehoohwkgf stips kg hrjir th shovi kt>,=+ Li whuoj ekrst simr`l ehr m spi`kek` ruokgf hg tli prhboic kg tli

]ur‛mmg'

;:

Zli Rkfltihus @mokpls Mbu Bmar/ “Ycmr/ “Ytlcmmg mgj “Moii/ wiri ehur he tli òhsist `hcpmgkhgs he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+/ wlh priskjij hvir tli

Cusokc stmti metir tli Trhplit‛s ,s'w'+ jimtl'



# : 6 #

,2+ Ke li jkj ght ekgj tli mgswir tliri/ li whuoj tlig simr`l ehr mruokgf hg kt kg tli Puggml/ tli smykgfs mgj m`tkhgs he Trhplit,s'w'+'

,0+ Ke li stkoo jkj ght ekgj tli mgswir/ li whuoj tlig `moo m ciitkgfhe tli cmnhr Pmlmmbml mgj try th fit ugmgkchus mfriicigt hg mshoutkhg th tli prhboic' ,Zlks ugmgkckty wms rieirrij th msKncm‛'+

,:+ Ke ugmgkckty `huoj ght bi mrrkvij mt/ li whuoj tlig tmai tli phsktkhg he tli cmnhrkty'

,9+ Ke lhwivir/ jkeeirigìs wiri sh frimt tlmt hg hvir#wliockgfcmnhrkty hpkgkhg `huoj bi jitirckgij/ tli `mokpl whuoj cmai lkshwg Kntklmmj/ wlk`l whuoj tlig bi`hci omw' Kt slhuoj mosh bightij tlmt tli `mokpl lmj tli rkflt th hvir#ruoi tli `hgsigsus';9

Zli Mpprhm`l he Kgjkvkjumo Pmlmmbml th Kntklmmj

Kg mjjktkhg th ehrcmo ciitkgfs he tli cmnhr Pmlmmbml wlk`lwiri `mooij by tli `mokpls ehr ji`kskhg#cmakgf/ tliri mrhsi cmgyjmy#th#jmy sktumtkhgs wliri kgjkvkjumo Pmlmmbml wiri msaij th cmairuokgfs' Kg su`l `msis tliy tigjij th ehoohw tlrii figirmo `hursis he

m`tkhg'

Kg tli ekrst pomì/ Pmlmmbml wlh wiri kg ji`kskhg#cmakgf phsktkhgs cmji kt òimr tlmt tlikr jiju`tkhgs wiri ght giìssmrkoy msMoomml kgtigjij' Ehr ixmcpoi/ wlig Kbg Cms‛hhj wms quistkhgijmbhut tli kglirktmgì rkflts he m whcmg wlh lmj biig cmrrkijwktlhut m jiekgij Cmlr ,jhwry+/ li smkj/ ‟K mc fkvkgf cy hpkgkhgmbhut lir' Ke kt ks `hrri`t/ tlig kt ks erhc Moomml/ but ke kt ks kg`hrri`t/tlig kt ks erhc ci mgj Pmtmg'–;5

;9 mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' =46';5 @hooi`tij by mt#Zkrckjlii/ mg#Gmssmm‛ii mgj Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu

Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 2/ p' 956/ gh' 2===+ mgj mutligtk`mtij by mo#

Mobmmgii kg Pmliil Pugmg Mbu Jmmwhhj/ vho' 2/ pp' 0;6#</ gh' =<9<'

Pm‛iij riphrtij tlmt “Ycmr usij th smy tlmt tli Jiyml ,`hcpigsmtkhg ehr

m``kjigtmo curjir+ ks fkvig cmoi pmtirgmo riomtkvis he tli lusbmgj mgj tli

whcmg jhis ght kglirkt mgytlkgf erhc tli Jiyml he lir lusbmgj/ ugtkomjJmllmma kbg Pueymmg smkj th lkc/ ‟Moomml‛s cissigfir ,s'w'+ wrhti th

ci th fkvi Mslymc mj#Jkbmmbii‛s wkei erhc lir lusbmgj‛s Jiyml'– Ph



# : < #

Pi`hgjoy/ ke tliy cmji jkeeirigt ruokgfs hg m prhboic kgtlikr kgjkvkjumo `mpm`ktkis mgj wiri omtir kgehrcij he mg mutligtk`

,Lmjiitl+ smykgf hr m`tkhg he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ hg tli subni`t/ tliywhuoj kccijkmtioy m`ìpt kt jrhppkgf moo jkeeirigìs' Ehr ixmcpoi/metir tli Trhplit‛s ,s'w'+ jimtl/ tli Pmlmmbml lioj jkeeirigt hpkgkhgsms th wliri li slhuoj bi burkij' Vlig Mbu Bmar riomtij th tlic tlmtli lmj limrj tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ smy tlmt prhplits mri burkij kg tlispht wliri tliy jki/ tliy jrhppij tlikr jkeeirigìs mgj juf lks frmvi

bigimtl lks wkei “Mm‛islml‛s lhusi'

Ekgmooy/ wlig giktlir mutligtk` prhhe ghr ugmgkckty `huoj bimrrkvij mt/ tli `hcpmgkhgs he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ usij th rispi`t tlihpkgkhgs he im`l htlir mgj whuoj ght ehrì htlir Pmlmmbml th ehoohwmgy kgjkvkjumo hpkgkhg' Zli hgoy ixìptkhg th tlks ruoi wms ke tliyehugj pihpoi ehoohwkgf prm`tkìs/ wlk`l tlhufl ehrciroy m`ìptmboiomtir bi`mci prhlkbktij' Ehr ixmcpoi/ Cut‛ml/ m pri#Ksomck` ehrc he ticphrmry cmrrkmfi wlk`l lmj biig moohwij kg tli imroy stmfis he Ksommc/ wms ehrbkjjig by tli tkci he tli Trhplit‛s ,s'w'+ jimtl'Phci he tli Pmlmmbml wiri ugmwmri he tli prhlkbktkhg mgj tlus

`hgtkguij th prm`tkì ticphrmry cmrrkmfi jurkgf Mbu Bmar‛s`mokplmti mgj tli ekrst lmoe he “Ycmr‛s `mokplmti' Vlig “Ycmr bi`mci mwmri he tli prm`tkì he Cut‛ml/ li ehrbmji kt mgj pris`rkbijm siviri pugkslcigt ehr tli heeigì';6

Zli Mbsigì he Em`tkhgmoksc

Motlhufl tli Pmlmmbml jibmtij mgj jkeeirij hg vmrkhus phkgts he omw/ tlikr jkeeirigìs rmrioy rim`lij tli oivio he jksugkty

mgj em`tkhgmoksc/ wlk`l `lmrm`tirkzij omtir pirkhjs' Zlks wms cmkgoyjui th tli ehoohwkgf em`thrs/ wlk`l tigjij th prisirvi tlikr ugkty>

“Ycmr wktljriw lks hpkgkhg' ,`hooi`tij by Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu

Jmwuj/ ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+ vho' 2/ p' <25/ gh' 2;2=+ mgj mutligtk̀ mtij by mo#

Mobmmgii kg Pmliil Pugmg Mbu Jmmwhhj/ ,Bikrut> mo#Cmatmb mo#Ksommcii/

=;<;+/ vho' 2/ p' 959/ gh' 29:4+';6Mbjuo Lmckj Pkjjkqk/ Pmlkl Cusokc/ ,Omlhri> PL' Culmccmj Mslrme/

=;65+ vho' 2/ pp' 5=4#='





# 9 4 #

Yccml+1 ghr jkj tliy cmai m ri`hrj he tli omws risuotkgf erhc tlikr oifmo ruokgfs' Zlks hpig ckgjijgiss kg mrims ght òimroy jiekgij byPlmrii‛ml rieoi`ts/ kg tli ekrst pomì/ tli Pmlmmbml‛s rispi`t ehr

eriijhc he hpkgkhg kg su`l cmttirs' Pu`l mg mttktuji `hgtrmstsstrhgfoy wktl tli mppimrmgì he rkfkjkty hg tli pmrt he ìrtmkg omtir s`lhomrs' Kg tli si`hgj pomì/ kt wms kg aiipkgf wktl tli Pmlmmbml‛s

phok`y he ri`hccigjkgf ehr tli cmssis tli `mrieuo stujy he tli]ur‛mmg wktlhut tli jkstrm`tkhg he oifmo ruokgfs hg cmttirs ghtjiekgij tlirikg'

M tlkrj `lmrm`tirkstk`s he Ekql kg tlks pirkhj riomti th tli usihe pirshgmo hpkgkhg kg cmakgf oifmo ruokgfs' Zli cmnhrkty he tliPmlmmbml prieirrij th stkà òhsioy th tli oktirmo cimgkgfs he tixts he tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml' Ms m figirmo prm`tkì/ tliy mvhkjijfkvkgf pirshgmo kgtirpritmtkhgs' Kbg “Ycmr/ hgi he tli oimjkgf nurkstsmchgf tli Pmlmmbml wlh ricmkgij kg Cmjiigml moo lks okei/ehoohwij tlks prm`tkì' Hg tli htlir lmgj tliri wiri htlir Pmlmmbmlwlh emvhrij tli wkji usi he pirshgmo hpkgkhg kg mrims ugjiekgij byiktlir tli ]ur‛mmg hr tli Puggml' Lhwivir/ tliy wiri `mrieuo thmttrkbuti risuotkgf irrhrs igtkrioy th tlicsiovis/ sh ms ght th brkgf

jks`rijkt th Ksomck` omw' “Mbjuoomml kbg Cms‛hhj ,wlh omtir sittoijkg Krmq+ riprisigtij tlks s`lhho he tlhuflt'

Zli ehurtl `lmrm`tirkstk` he Ekql kg tli pirkhj he tliRkfltihus @mokpls `hgìrgs tli chjkek`mtkhg he shci omws he Plmrii‛ml/ hwkgf th hgi hr mghtlir he twh em`thrs> tli jksmppimrmgìhe tli rimshg ehr tli omws ixkstigì/ hr m `lmgfi kg sh`kmo `hgjktkhgs'Mg ixmcpoi he tli ekrst ks tli prhlkbktkhg by @mokpl “Ycmr he tli

prm`tkì he fkvkgf `msl fkets erhc tli ìgtrmo trimsury ,Bmyt mo#Cmmo+

th giwoy `hgvirtij Cusokcs mgj th tlhsi oimgkgf thwmrjs tlim`ìptmgì he Ksommc' “Ycmr rimshgij tlmt tli prm`tkì lmj biigehoohwij by tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ kg tli imroy stmfis he Ksommc/ wligtliri wms urfigt giij ehr moo phsskboi supphrt/ but tlmt tliri wms ghohgfir mgy giij th `mgvmss ehr supphrtirs' Zli si`hgj em`thr cigtkhgij mbhvi ,`lmgfkgf sh`kmo `hgjktkhgs+ prhcptij m `lmgfi kgtli jkvhrì omw' Hwkgf th tli tricigjhus kgeoux he wimotl erhcgiwoy m`qukrij tirrkthrkis/ cmrrkmfi ,bhtl skgfoi mgj cuotkpoi+

bi`mci imskir th `hgtrm`t mgj/ `hgsiquigtoy/ jkvhrì bi`mcimomrckgfoy chri eriquigt' Zh jks`hurmfi mbusi he jkvhrì/ @mokpl“Ycmr motirij mgj mspi`t he tli omw' Kg tli tkci he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+



# 9 = #

tli prhghugìcigt he tlrii jkvhrì stmticigts mt mgy hgi tkci wms`hgskjirij th bi cirioy hgi jkvhrì stmticigt mgj kt wms rivirskboi'@mokpl “Ycmr jiòmrij su`l cuotkpoi prhghugìcigts th bi bkgjkgf

mgj tliriehri krrivirskboi'

Eketloy/ tli Cmjl#lmb jurkgf tli pirkhj he tli Rkfltihus@mokpls wms ugkekij mgj jkri`toy okgaij th tli stmti ms kg tli tkci he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+' Zli Cmjl#lmb ugjir im`l he tli `mokpls wms tlmthe tli `mokpl lkcsioe skgì tli `mokpl kg im`l `msi lmj tli ekgmo smy kgmoo oifmo ji`kskhgs kgvhovkgf Kntklmmj he Kncmm‛' @hgsiquigtoy/jijuìj ruokgfs cmji by m `mokpl wiri givir hpigoy hpphsij by lkssu`ìsshrs jurkgf lks okeitkci' Lhwivir/ wlig tli su`ìijkgf `mokpl`mci th phwir/ lks Cmjl#lmb whuoj tlig bi fkvig priìjigì hvir tlmt he lks prijiìsshr mgj tli jijuìj ruokgfs he lks prijiìsshr whuoj bi `lmgfij th `hgehrc th lks hpkgkhg'

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

=' Zli bmsks he tli jiju`tkvi Ekql prkg`kpois/ Kncmm‛ mgj ]kymms

,Kntklmmj+,/ wms omkj jurkgf tli tkci he tlni Rkfltihus @mokpls'2' Zli sujjig mjjktkhg he vmst giw tirrkthrkis brhuflt Cusokcs kgthsujjig `hgtm`t wktl cmgy jkeeirigt ùoturis/ mgj tlks prhjuìj mlhst he giw prhboics wlk`l wiri ght spi`kek`mooy `hvirij by tliomws he Plmrii‛ml'

0' Oifmo ruokgfs bi`mci kg`rimskgfoy giìssmry/ mgj tli Rkfltihus@mokpls frmjumooy jiviohpij ìrtmkg prhìjuris ehr mrrkvkgf mtKntklmmj wktl ckgkcuc he jksmfriicigt'

:' Zli Pmlmmbml kg figirmo mosh ehoohwij ji`kskhg#cmakgf

prhìjuris wlk`l liopij tlic th mvhkj lmrj mgj emst ruokgfs'9' Zli `hcbkgij mpprhvmo he tli Rkfltihus @mokpls mgj tli

Pmlmmbml kg tli cmttir he oifmo ruokgfs tigjij th prhchti ugktymgj th prhvkji okttoi he gh h``mskhg ehr em`tkhgmoksc wktlkg tliKsomck` gmtkhg'

5' Hgoy hgi Cmjl#lmb ixkstij jurkgf tli pirkhj he tli Rkflrihus@mokpls' Zlks ugkekij mpprhm`l th Ekql privigtij tli rksi he Cmjl#lmbs ght okgaij th tli stmti ugtko tli igj he tli pirkhj'

6' Tmrtkùomr icplmsks wms pomìj hg tli stujy he tli ]ur‛mmg bytli cmssis/ wlkoi ixìsskvi quhtmtkhg he Lmjiitls wmsjks`hurmfij'



# 9 2 #

<' Motlhufl tliri wms shci jkeeirigì he mpprhm`l mchgf tliPmlmmbml kg tli cmttir he tli usi he pirshgmo hpkgkhg/ tlksjkeeirigì jkj ght kg em`t risuot kg mgy em`tkhgmoksc jurkgf tli

pirkhj ugjir rivkiw';' Ph emr ms Ekql wms `hgìrgij/ tliri `hgtkguij th bi hgi figirmo

mpprhm`l/ tlmt ks hgi Cmjl#lmb' Lhwivir/ tli jkeeirigt prm`tkìshe su`l Pmlmmbml ms Kbg “Ycmr kg Cmjiigml mgj “Mbjuooml kbgCms‛hhj kg Aueml ,Krmq+ kg tli usi he pirshgmo hpkgkhg `huoj bisiig ms tli imroy bifkggkgfs/ hr tli ehrislmjhwkgf he m jkvkskhghe Ksomck` s`lhomrs kgth jkeeirigt Cmjl#lmbs'

:' ZLI ZLKRJ PZMFI> BYKOJKGF

Zlks stmfi `hvirs tli rksi mgj emoo he tli Ycmyymj jygmsty'Zli Ycmyymjs wiri kg phwir ehr mpprhxkcmtioy hgi ìgtury/

ixtigjkgf erhc tli jimtl he tli omst he tli Rkfltihus @mokpls ,“Moiikbg Mbii Zmmokb+ kg 55= @I mgj tli msìgjmg`y he tli ehugjir he tliYcmyymj jygmsty/ @mokpl Cu‛mmwkyml kbg Mbii Pueymmg/ ugtko tliomst he tli Ycmyymj `mokpls mrhugj tli ckjjoi he tli ikfltl ìgtury@I'

Zli pirkhj wms cmraij by frimt sh`kmo ugrist1 tli Yccmljkvkjij kgth vmrkhus si`ts mgj em`tkhgs1 tli `mokplmti wms `hgvirtijkgth m akgfslkp1 cmgy giw prm`tkìs wiri kgtrhjuìj/ shci he wlk`lwiri Lmrmmc1 tli s`lhomrs rieusij th skt kg tli mujkigìs he tli



# 9 0 #

`mokpls mgj kg em`t eoij th hutoykgf mrims th mvhkj `hgeok`t mgj`hgeuskhg';;

Ph emr ms Ksomck` Omw mgj tli ivhoutkhg he Cmjl#lmbs mri`hgìrgij/ tlks pirkhj ks ghtiwhrtly ehr tlrii cmkg trigjs' Kg tliekrst pomì/ tliri wms m ghtmboi kg`rimsi kg tli gucbir he Kntklmmjsfkvig by s`lhomrs/ skgì Kncmm‛ bi`mci chri mgj chri jkeekùotehoohwkgf tli jkspirsmo he s`lhomrs th hutoykgf mrims he tli `mokplmti'Pi`hgjoy/ tli gmrrmtkhgs he Lmjiitl bi`mci wkjisprimj mgj tliriwms mg kg`rimskgf tigjig`y thwmrjs embrk`mtkhg he Lmjiitl' Ekgmooy/tli pirkhj cmraij tli ekrst mtticpts mt `hcpkomtkhg he Ekql/ wlk`lwms mkcij mt prisirvkgf tli Kntklmmjs he tli Pmlmmbml' Kt wms kg tlks

pirkhj thh tlmt s`lhomrs he Ksomck` Omw ekrst jkvkjij kgth emkroy òimr#ùt s`lhhos he tlhuflt/ istmbokslkgf vmrkhus Cmjl#lmbs wlk`l kgomtir pirkhjs wiri rijuìj th ehur cmnhr hgis'

Em`thrs Meei`tkgf Ekql

Kg tli lksthry he Ekql mgj tli ivhoutkhg he Cmjl#lmbs/ tlks pirkhj ks hgi he ixtricioy frimt skfgkek`mgì' Kg vkiw he tlks/ tli

rioivmgt phoktk`mo/ sh`kmo mgj riokfkhus mspi`ts cirkt tli euooir trimtcigt wlk`l ehoohws'

M' Jkvkskhg he tli YccmlVktlkg tli ekrst qumrtir he m ìgtury he tlks pirkhj/ tli

Cusokc gmtkhg sueeirij m gucbir he jivmstmtkgf sh`kh#phoktk`mo bohws wlk`l `musij m gucbir he si`ts mgj em`tkhgs th mppimr' Zlichst sirkhus wiri tlhsi `musij by ribiookhgs he tli Almwmmrkn/=44 tliPlii‛ml/=4= mgj “Mbjuoomml kbg mz#ûbmyr mgj lks ehoohwirs'=42 Zli

`hgstmgt vykgf he tlisi `hgtigjkgf ioicigts ehr `hgtrho he tlifhvirgcigt risuotij kg m figirmo stmti he turchko'

Zli ekrst twh em`tkhgs/ tli Almwmmrkn mgj tli Plii‛ml/ omtir ivhovij kgth riokfkhus si`ts wlk`l jiviohpij tlikr hwg pmrtkùomr

;;mo#Cmjlamo/ pp' =2=#=22'

2

Pii tli fohssmry ehr m chri jitmkoij trimtcigt'=4=Pii tli fohssmry ehr m chri jitmkoij trimtcigt'

=42 Pii tli fohssmry ehr m chri jitmkoij trimtcigt'



# 9 : #

systics he Ekql' Rioykgf hg ughrtlhjhx kgtirpritmtkhgs he tli]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml wlk`l suktij tlikr hwg sh`kh#phoktk`movkiws/ tliy rini`tij tli `hgtrkbutkhgs he chst he tli Pmlmmbml mgj

tli Rkfltihus @mokpls/ jiòmrkgf tlic th bi mphstmtis/ mgj ioivmtijtlikr hwg oimjkgf ekfuris th tli rmga he omw cmairs'

B' Jivkmtkhg he tli Ycmyymj @mokpls

Zli Ycmyymj @mokpls kgtrhjuìj m gucbir he prm`tkìswlk`l wiri `hcchg kg tli ghg#Ksomck` stmtis he tlmt tkci/ su`l msByzmgtkuc/ Tirskm/ mgj Kgjkm' Cmgy he tlisi prm`tkìs wiri kg òimr `hgtrmjk`tkhg th tli Ekql he tli imrokir pirkhj' Ehr ixmcpoi/ tliìgtrmo trimsury/ tli Bmyt mo#Cmmo/ wms turgij kgth tli pirshgmo

prhpirty he tli @mokpls mgj tlikr emckokis/ mgj tmxis ght smg`tkhgij by Ksommc wiri kgtrhjuìj th eurtlir kg`rimsi tlikr ehrtugis' Cusk`/jmg`kgf#fkros/ cmfk`kmgs mgj mstrhohfirs wiri heek`kmooy kgtrhjuìjms ehrcs he mcusicigt kg tli `hurt he tli @mokpl' Eurtlirchri/ wktltli ehrìj m`ìptmgì he [mziij ms `rhwg prkgì kcphsij by@mokplCu‛mmwkyml kg tli yimr 56; @I/ tli heekì he @mokpl wms `hgvirtijkgth tlmt he lirijktmry akgfslkp' Ligì tli stmti#Ekql okga wms brhaig

mgj m skfgkek`mgt ugkeykgf em`thr he tli Cmjl#lmb wms tliriby ohst'Jui th tlisi em`thrs/ tli Ksomck` s`lhomrs ,“Yomcmm+ he tlks pirkhjmvhkjij skttkgf kg tli mujkigìs he tli `mokpls/ mgj tlus tli prkg`kpoihe Plhhrmm ,`hgsuotmtkvi fhvirgcigt+ wms ohst' Vktl im`l su`ìsskvi`mokpl tli fhvirgcigt stimjkoy jirirkhrmtij kgth m jk`tmthrkmochgmr`ly skckomr th tli ghg#Ksomck` fhvirgcigts he tlmt jmy' Ms mrisuot/ shci he tli `mokpls mtticptij th cmgkpuomti Ekql kg hrjir th

nustkey tlikr jivkmtkhgs' Zh `hcbmt tlks jksthrtkhg/ mgj prisirvimutligtk` Ekql ehr omtir figirmtkhgs/ s`lhomrs bifmg th `hooi`t mgj

`hcpkoi tli Ekql he tli imrokir pirkhj'

@' Jkspirskhg he tli “Yomcmm

Cmgy he tli s`lhomrs he tlmt eoij tli phoktk`mo ìgtirs he tli“Ycmyymj stmti th mvhkj `hgeok`t mgj `hgeuskhg ms wioo ms

pirsiùtkhg erhc tli vmrkhus `hcpitkgf em`tkhgs' Zlks chvi risuotijkg m brima#jhwg tli prkg`kpoi he Kncmm‛ ,ugmgkchus mfriicigt hg

phkgts he Ksomck` omw+' Vktl tli s`lhomrs s`mttirij tlrhuflhut tlistmti/ su`l ugmgkckty hg mgy giw phkgt he omw bi`mci vkrtumooykcphsskboi th istmboksl' Zlks kg turg oij th m skfgkek`mgt kg`rimsi kg



# 9 9 #

tli kgjkvkjumo Kntklmmjs he s`lhomrs ms tliy mtticptij th jimo wktl tlicuotkpok`kty he giw ùsthcs mgj prhboics kg tlikr hwg mrims'Vligivir mg hutstmgjkgf s`lhomr he Ekql mrhsi kg mg mrim/ tli

stujigts mgj s`lhomrs kg tlmt rifkhg whuoj fmtlir mrhugj lkc' Hetig/ivig stujigts mgj s`lhomrs erhc htlir rifkhgs whuoj nhkg tlic mgjkg tlmt wmy m gucbir he s`lhhos he Ksomck` omw ,Cmjl#lmbs+ivhovij' Jurkgf tlks stmfi Mbu Lmgiieml mgj Pueymmg mtl#Zlmwrii

bi`mci prhckgigt kg Aueml/ Cmmoka kbg Mgms kg Cmjiigml/ mo#Mwzmm‛ii kg Bikrut/ mgj mo#Omytl kbg Pm‛j kg Ifypt th cigtkhg meiw'

J' Embrk`mtkhg he Lmjiitl

Zli gmrrmtkhg he Lmjiitls kg`rimsij ms tli giij ehr kgehrcmtkhg friw' Pkgì tli stmti lmj ugheek`kmooy sthppij rioykgf hgtli Puggml he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+/ s`lhomrs kg tlikr vmrkhus `mpm`ktkislmj th fh kg simr`l he kgjkvkjumo gmrrmtkhgs he tli Puggml lmgjijjhwg by tli Pmlmmbml mgj tlikr stujigts/ kg hrjir th cmai tlikr oifmo

nujficigts' Mt tli smci tkci m giw plighcighg jiviohpij> emosismykgfs mgj m`tkhgs bifmg th bi mttrkbutij th tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ ehr

tli ekrst tkci' Ehr m embrk`mthr th bi trustij li whuoj lmvi th riomyshci trui Lmjiitls mohgf wktl lks embrk`mtkhgs' Zlks oij th tli bifkggkgf he tli `hcpkomtkhg he Lmjiitls mgj tli jiviohpcigt he tlis`kigì he Lmjiitl `rktksc/ wlk`l mkjij omtir s`lhomrs kg tlikr Kntklmmjs ,oifmo ruokgfs+' Lhwivir/ biehri tli s`kigì he Lmjiitlivhovij/ m ckxturi he trui mgj emosi riphrts whraij tlikr wmy kgth tli

bhjy he Ksomck` aghwoijfi mgj wms kgmjvirtigtoy usij by shcis`lhomrs kg cmakgf ji`kskhgs' Kg tlks wmy/ m bhjy he kg`hrri`t Ekqlivhovij/ wlk`l wms eurtlir bhostirij by Ekql ji`kskhgs cmji by

s`lhomrs wlh lmj rini`tij ìrtmkg trui Lmjiitls bi`musi tliy wirihgoy aghwg th tlic tlrhufl tli Lmjiitl embrk`mthrs he tlikr mrims'=40

@lmrm`tirkstk`s he Ekql kg tli Ycmyymj Tirkhj

P`lhomrs mgj stujigts kg tli Ksomck` Icpkri jurkgf tlks pirkhj tigjij th jkvkji kgth twh cmnhr frhups' Hgi frhup he s`lhomrsoimgij thwmrjs okcktkgf tlikr jiju`tkhgs th mvmkomboi tixts/ wlkoi tli

=40 mo#Cjalmo/ pp' =2=#=25'





# 9 6 #

wiri cirioy ixtigskhgs he trigjs wlk`l ekrst mppimrij mchgf tliPmlmmbml'

Rimshgs ehr Jkeeirigìs

Zli Jkeeirigt mpprhm`lis he tli Mlo mo#Lmjiitl mgj Mlo mr#Rm‛K s`lhomrs cmy bi trmìj th ìrtmkg phoktk`mo em`thrs `hcbkgijwktl tli jkeeirkgf sh`kh#ùoturmo bmàfrhugjs he tli twh mrims kgwlk`l tlikr s`lhhos he tlhuflt eohurkslij' Erhc tli tkci he tli omstRkfltihus @mokpl/ “Moii kbg Mbii Zmmokb/ tli @pktmo he tli Ksomck`stmti wms slketij ekrst th Krmqmgj tlig th syrkm' Zlus/ tli Lknmmz=45

wms spmrij cu`l he tli turbuoigì mgj kgeoux he ehrikfg ùoturis mgjkjims wlk`l thha pomì mt tli ìgtir he tli stmti' Okei kg tli Lknmmz`hgtkguij th bi imsy#fhkgf mgj skcpoi/ jui th kts kshomtkhg' ZliLknmmz wms mosh tli lhci he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ mgj tli bkrtl#pomì he tli Ksomck` stmti' @hgsiquigtoy/ tliri wms mg mbugjmgì he Lmjiitlskg tlks rifkhg ms wioo ms m wimotl he oifmo ruokgfs cmji by tli ekrsttlrii `mokpls/ Mbu Bmar/ “Ycmr/ mgj “Ytlcmmg' Hg tli htlir lmgj/Krmq wms m giw mgj strmgfi omgj ehr Cusokcs' Vlig `mpktmo he tliKsomck` Ptmti wms stmtkhgij tliri/ kt bi`mci m vkrtumo ciotkgf pht he

vmrkhus ùoturis mgj fmvi rksi th m frimt gucbir he sktumtkhgs mgjivigts/ wlk`l wiri hutskji tli ixpirkigì he Cusokc s`lhomrs he tlitkci' Eurtlirchri/ bi`musi tli gucbir he Pmlmmbml wlh sittoijtliri wms scmoo/ Lmjiitls wiri ght gimroy ms mvmkomboi tliri ms kgLknmmz' Kgjiij/ Krmq bi`mci tli bkrtl#pomì he embrk`mtij Lmjiitl mswioo ms tli briijkgf frhugj ehr chst he tli imroy jivkmgt si`ts' Ght

bikgf mboi th rioy hg tli vmokjkty he quhtij Lmjiitl/ tli s`lhomrs he Krmq tigjij th rioy hg Lmjiitl/ th m oissir ixtigt tlmg jkj tlis`lhomrs he tli Lknmmz' Zli eiw Lmjiitls wlk`l tlisi Krmqk s`lhomrs

`hgskjirij m`ùrmti wiri hgoy m`ìptij metir tli euoekoocigt he virystrk`t `hgjktkhgs' Zli gmturmo risuot he tlks jiviohpcigt wms tlmt tliKrmqk s`lhho he tlhuflt mgj kts s`lhomrs jipigjij chri hg rimshg mgjohfk` tlmg hg tli gmrrmtij Puggml he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+'=46

@hcpkomtkhg he Ekql

=45

Vistirg `hmst he tli Mrmbkmg pigkgsuom kgòujkgf Cmaaml mgjCmjiigml'=46 mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' =25#=26'



# 9 < #

Jurkgf tli pirkhj he Ehur Rkfltihus @mokpls ,502#55= @I+tliri wms gh `hcpkomtkhg he tli Emtwmms ,oifmo ruokgfs+ wlk`l lmj

biig cmji by tli Pmlmmbml' Zli Cusokc stmti wms rmpkjoyixpmgjkgf mgj ivirytlkgf wms kg m stmti he eoux' Zli prm`tkì he gmrrmtkhg he Lmjiitl lmj nust stmrtij mgj tli imroy bmgj he Cusokcswlh ehrcij tli `hri he tli stmti lmj nust bifug tli mwishci tmsa he fukjkgf tli yhugf Cusokc gmtkhg' Zlus/ tliri wms giktlir tli tkcighr hpphrtugkty ehr ugjirtmakgf m `hcpkomtkhg he tli vmrkhus ruokgfsmgj hpkgkhgs lioj by tli Pmlmmbml' Eurtlirchri/ tli Pmlmmbmltlicsiovis tigjij th vkiw tlikr ieehrts mt kntklmmj ght ms kgemookboitrutl bkgjkgf hg tli igtkri Cusokc gmtkhg/ but cirioy ms hpkgkhgsmppok`mboi th tlikr pmrtkùomr tkci mgj sktumtkhg'

Kt wms jurkgf tli Ycmyymj pirkhj tlmt tli viry ekrst mtticptsmt m `hcpkomtkhg he oifmo ruokgfs h`ùrrij' Vktl tli `lmgfi he tlifhvirgcigtmo stru`turi erhc `mokplmti th chgmr`ly jurkgf tlks

pirkhj ruokgfs wiri kg`rimskgfoy bikgf cmji wlk`l wigt mfmkgst tliruokgfs wiri kg`rimskgfoy bikgf cmji wlk`l wigt mfmkgst tli ruokgfshe tli Pmlmmbml' Zlhsi wlh lmj stujkij ugjir tli Pmlmmbml kg tli

vmrkhus ìgtirs he Ksomck` oimrgkgf rimokzij tlmt ke m `hgìrtij ieehrtwiri ght cmji th prisirvi tli imrokir ruokgfs/ omtir figirmtkhgs he Cusokcs whuoj bi ugmboi th bigiekt erhc tli `hgtrkbutkhgs he tliPmlmmbml' M``hrjkgfoy/ imroy s`lhomrs he tli Lknmmz `hooi`tij tlivmrkhus Emtwmms he “Mbjuoomml kbg “Mbbmms/ “Mbjuoomml kbg “Ycmr mgj “Mm‛islml bkgt Mbii Bmar'=4< Pkckomroy/ tli s`lhomrs he Krmq`hooi`tij tli ruokgfs he “Mbjuoomml kbg Cms‛huj mgj tlhsi he “Moiikbg Mbii Zmmokb' Ygehrtugmtioy ghgi he tlisi imroy `hooi`tkhgs lmvisurvkvij kg tlikr hrkfkgmo ehrc' Zliy mri ghw hgoy aghwg by

rieirigìs cmji th tlic kg tli bhhas he tli gixt figirmtkhg he s`lhomrs' Lhwivir/ m omrfi gucbir he tli ruokgfs `hgtmkgij kg tlihrkfkgmo `hooi`tkhgs lmvi biig prisirvij by wmy he gmrrmtkhg kg tli

bhhas he Lmjiitl/ kg lksthry bhhas/ ms wioo ms kg omtir bhhas he Ekql'

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

=4< Zli tlkrj wkei he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+'



# 9 ; #

=' Zli ekrst mtticpts mt `hcpkomtkhg he Ekql wiri cmji jurkgf tli pirkhj he tli Ycmyymjs'

2' Zli s`lhomrs he Ekql jurkgf tlks pirkhj ehoohwij twh cmkg

trigjs kg cmakgf tlikr ruokgfs> tlmt he Mlo mo#Lmjiitl ,tli pihpoihe Lmjiitl+ mgj tlmt he Mlo mr#Rm‛k ,tli pihpoi he Hpkgkhg+'Vktl tli jkspirskhg he tli s`lhomrs tliri wms m cmraij kg`rimsikg tlikr kgjkvkjumo Kntklmmjs' Zli hvirmoo risuot wms tli ivhoutkhghe m gucbir he giw Cmjl#lmbs'

0' Bhtl tli prkg`kpoi he Kncmm‛ mgj tlmt he `hgsuotmtkvi fhvirgcigtwiri ohst jui th tli s`lhomrs‛ mvhkjmgì he tli jifigirmtiYcmyymj `hurt'

:' Kg hrjir th prisirvi issigtkmo Ksomck` prkg`kpois kg tli emì he Ycmyymj jkvirfigì erhc tli Puggml/ tli jkspirsij s`lhomrsriokij hg eriquigt gmrrmtkhg he Lmjiitls mgj `hcpkoij tli oifmoruokgfs he tli chst prhckgigt nurksts mchgf tli Pmlmmbml'

9' Ph`kmo ugrist mgj turchko siri privmoigt jurkgf tlks pirkhj mgj mgucbir he riokfkhus si`ts mgj phoktk`mo em`tkhgs `mci kgth bikgf'

5' Zli Embrk`mtkhg he Lmjiitls kg supphrt he si`tmrkmg vkiws mrhsijurkgf tlks stmfi ehr tli ekrst tkci' P`lhomrs/ tliriehri/ smw mgiij th `hcpkoi mgj `rktk`mooy mgmoyzi tli Lmjiitls'





# 5 = #

oifmo ruokgfs wlk`l ks tli cmkg `lmrm`tirkstk` he Cmjl#lmbs/ mgj`hgsiquigtoy he Ekql/ kg su`ìijkgf figirmtkhgs'

Tirkhj he Zli Frimt Kcmmcs

Zli jiviohpcigt he Ekql kg tli pirkhj he tli Frimt Kcmmcs ,694#<94@I+ mgj tlikr cmnhr stujigts wms meei`tij by tli ehoohwkgf em`thrs'

M' Ptmti Pupphrt ehr P`lhomrs

Zli imroy “Mbbmmskj @mokpls cmji m slhw he frimt rispi`tehr Ksomck` omw mgj kts s`lhomrs' Zli rimshg ehr tlks omy kg tli em`ttlmt tliy hwij tlikr heekì th tlikr òmkc tlmt tliy wiri siiakgf mriturg th m `mokplmti bmsij hg Plmrii‛ml mgj kts oifktkcmtikgtirpritmtkhg' @hgsiquigtoy/ tli “Mbbmmskj `mokpls he tlks pirkhj moothha prkji kg sigjkgf tlikr `lkojrig th stujy ugjir tli cmnhr s`lhomrshe tli tkci/ mgj/ wlmt ks chri/ shci he tli `mokpls bi`mci s`lhomrshe Ksomck` omw kg tlikr hwg rkflt1 ehr ixmcpoi/ @mokpl Lmrhhg mr#Rmsliij ,ruoi 6<5#<4; @I+' Eurtlirchri/ tlisi `mokpls cmji m

prm`tkì he `hgsuotkgf tli hutstmgjkgf Ksomck` s`lhomrs hg chst

cmttirs he Ekql' M òmssk`mo ixmcpoi ks tlmt he Kcmmc Cmmoka wlhc@mokpl mo#Cmgshhr `hccksskhgij th `hcpkoi mg mutlhrktmtkvi bhha he tli Puggml he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+' Hg kts `hcpoitkhg/ tli @mokpl`hgsuotij Cmmoka mbhut moohwkgf lkc th cmai kt tli stmti`hgstktutkhg/ wlk`l whuoj lmvi cmji tli Cmjl#lmb he KcmmcCmmoka bkgjkgf hg moo Cusokcs' Lhwivir/ tli Kcmmc rieusij th lmvikt jhgi/ skgì li wms mwmri tlmt lks `hcpkomtkhg kgòujkgf hgoy tlhsiLmjiitls he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ tlmt wiri mvmkomboi kg Lknmmz wliriKcmmc Cmmoka lmj tmuflt mgj ehugjij lks Cmjl#lmb' Li eiot

strhgfoy tlmt gh skgfoi Cmjl#lmb slhuoj bi bkgjkgf hg moo Cusokcskg vkiw he tli em`t tlmt mgy skgfoi Cmjl#lmb whuoj ixòuji tli cmgyhtlir Lmjiitls gmrrmtij by Pmlmmbml wlh lmj trmvioij th htlir pmrtshe tli stmti'===Zlks ks m òimr ixmcpoi he tlmt eoixkbkokty wlk`l`lmrm`tirkzij tli ehugjirs he tli Cmjl#lmbs' Zli em`thr he stmtisupphrt mgj pmtrhgkzmtkhg he Ekql s`lhomrs `hgtrkbutij omrfioy th tli

===Culmccmj Rmlkcujjkg/ Zrmgsomtkhg he Cuwmttm Kcmc Cmoka/ ,Giw

Jiolk> Aktmb Blmvmg ekrst ij' =;<=+/ priemì p'v'



# 5 2 #

eohurkslkgf he tli cmgy Cmjl#lmbs wlk`l lmj mrksig kg tli omttir pmrthe tli Ycmyymj pirkhj'

Lhwivir/ kt slhuoj bi ghtij tlmt motlhufl s`lhomrs mgj nujfis wiri moohwij m frimtir cimsuri he eriijhc he hpkgkhg/ tliywiri hetig subni`tij th siviri pugkslcigt ke tlikr ruokgfs rmg `hugtir th phoktk`mo phok`y' Ehr ixmcpoi/ Kcmmc Cmoka wms nmkoij/ bimtig mgjthrturij ehr fkvkgf m Emtwmm tlmt `lmooigfij mg heek`kmo phok`y he tli“Mbbmmskj @mokpl' M``hrjkgf th tlks phok`y/ tli pihpoi wiri cmji thswimr tlmt ke tliy brhai tlikr hmtl he mooifkmgì th tli `mokpls tliywhuoj bi muthcmtk`mooy jkvhrìj erhc tlikr wkvis' Kcmmc Cmmoka‛sEmtwmm ruoij tlmt jkvhrì ugjir `hcpuoskhg wms guoo mgj vhkj'

B' Kg`rimsi kg @igtirs he Oimrgkgf

Zlhufl tli stmtis he Ghrtl Merk`m mgj Ppmkg==2 lmj spokt hee erhc tli “Mbbmmskj Icpkri/ tli tirrkthrkis he tli “Mbbmmskj stmtiwiri ixpmgjij th kgòuji moo he Tirskm/ Kgjkm mgj Phutlirg Russkm/mgj tli `mpktmo wms ght chvij th Bmfljmj' @hgsiquigtoy/ tli ìgtirshe oimrgkgf mgj Cmjl#lmbs cuotkpokij'

P`lhomrs mgj stujigts erhc tli vmrkhus ìgtirs he oimrgkgf bifmg nhurgiykgf bmà mgj ehrtl kg simr`l he eurtlir aghwoijfimbhut tli `hgòuskhgs rim`lij by tlikr `hgticphrmrkis kg htlir pmrtshe tli Cusokc Ptmti' M fhhj ixmcpoi he tlks ks tli nhurgiy he Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg/ m prhckgigt stujigt Mbu Lmgiieml,ehugjir he tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb+/ erhc Krmq th Cmjiigml kg hrjir th stujy ugjir Kcmmc Cmmoka/ ehugjir he tli Cmmokaii Cmjl#lmb/mgj th cichrkzi lks bhha he Lmjiitls/ mo#Cuwmttm‛' Okaiwksi/

Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii/ ehugjir he Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb/ nhurgiyijekrst th Lknmmz==0 th stujy ugjir Kcmmc Cmmoka/ tlig th Krmq kg hrjir th stujy ugjir Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg/ mgj ekgmooy th Ifypt th

==2 Mg Ycmyymj Trkgì/ “Mbjur#Rmlcmmg kbg Cu‛mmwkyml/ jrmcmtk`mooy

is`mpkgf jimtl mt tli lmgjs he tli Mbbmmskjs/ su`ìijij kg rim`lkgf Ppmkg

wliri li omkj tli ehugjmtkhgs he tli Ycmyymj Jygmsty he @hrjhvm kg 695

@I'==0Zli wistirg `hmst he tli Mrmbkmg pigkgsuom slk`l kgòujis tli `ktkis he

Cmaaml mgj Cmjiigml'



# 5 0 #

stujy ugjir Kcmmc mo#Omytl kbg Pm‛j/ ehugjir he tli Omytlii Cmjl#lmb' Zlisi nhurgiys risuotij ekrstoy kg tli ri`hg`kokmtkhg he shci he tli cmnhr jkeeirigìs wlk`l lmj mrksig mchgf s`lhomrs mgj

uotkcmtioy kg tli `hcbkgmtkhg he shci he tli s`lhhos he Ksomck` oifmotlhuflt' Ehr ixmcpoi/ Kcmmc msl#Plmmrk‛ii `hcbkgij tli Ekql he Lknmmz wktl tlmt he Krmq mgj Ifypt mgj ehrcij m giw s`lhho he omw/tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb' Liri mfmkg mri ghtiwhrtly ixmcpois he tlieoixkbkokty he tli imroy Kcmmcs kg tlikr mpprhm`l th Ekql'

@' Zli Pprimj he Jibmti mgj Jksùsskhg

Vligivir s`lhomrs hr tlikr stujigts cit/ tliy whuojix`lmgfi tlhuflts hg vmrkhus Ksomck` kssuis wlk`l lmj mrksig kgtlikr pmrtkùomr mrims' Ke tliri wms m cmnhr jkeeirigì he hpkgkhgmbhut m pmrtkùomr shoutkhg/ tliy whuoj jibmti bmà mgj ehrtl ugtko m`hcchg `hgòuskhg wms rim`lij hr vmrkhus hptkhgs wiri m`ìptij'Zlisi oifmo jibmtis mosh thha pomì by cmko/ ms kg tli `msi he tlijibmti bitwiig Kcmmc Cmmoka mgj Kcmmc mo#Omytl mbhut Cmjiigktiùsthcs'

==:

Zli lufi kg`rimsi kg tli gucbir he jibmtkgf sisskhgs/wlitlir by cmko hr kg emì th emì ciitkgfs bitwiig ehugjirs mgjstujigts he vmrkhus Cmjl#lmbs risuotij kg tli òmrkek`mtkhg he ìrtmkgkcphrtmgt kssuis mgj tli siijkgf hut he ckstmaig ruokgfs hr

nujficigts mchgf s`lhomrs he Ksomck` omw'

Kg tlks imroy stmfi kg tli jiviohpcigt he Cmjl#lmbs tliriwms m cmraij omà he rkfkjkty hr jhfcmtksc hg tli pmrt he s`lhomrsmgj tlikr stujigts' Zlmt ks/ kssuis wiri hbni`tkvioy mgmoyzij mgj

`hgòuskhgs mrrkvij mt hg tli bmsks he tli vmokjkty he tli prhhes prisigtij' Kg em`t Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml mgj Kcmmc Plmek‛ii wiri hgri`hrj ms stmtkgf tlmt ke m Lmjiitl wms aghwg th bi m`ùrmti/ tligtlmt slhuoj bi `hgskjirij tlikr Cmjl#lmb' M ghtiwhrtly ixmcpoi`hgìrgs tli omw riomtkgf th tli jrkgakgf he Almcr mgj htlir kgthxk`mgts' Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml/ ehugjir he tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb/ lmj ruoij tlmt tli Ksomck` prhlkbktkhg he Almcr `hvirij hgoy

==:Kcmmc mo#Omytl hpphsij Kcmmc Cmmoka‛s kgòuskhg he tli hpkgkhg he

Cmjiigktiis ms m shurì he Ksomck` oifmo ruokgfs'



# 5 : #

tli prhju`t he eircigtij frmpi nukì ,tli oktirmo cimgkgf he Almcr+mgj jkj ght ixtigj th kgthxk`mgts kg figirmo' M``hrjkgf th tlks ruokgf/kgthxk`mtkgf jrkgas cmji erhc htlir shurìs wiri moohwmboi sh ohgf

ms tli `hgsucir jkj ght bi`hci jruga'==9 Lhwivir/ Mbu Lmgiieml‛stlrii cmkg stujigts ,Mbu [hhsue/ Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg mgjûemr+ omtir rini`tij tli ruokgf he tlikr tim`lir/ skgì tliyig`hugtirij riokmboi Lmjiitls he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ òimroy kgjk`mtkgftlmt moo kgthxk`mgts wiri th bi kgòujij kg tli cimgkgf he Almcr'

Zlks erii ix`lmgfi he kjims mgj wkookgfgiss th `lmgfi ivigtli ruokgfs he tli ehugjkgf emtlirs he tli Cmjl#lmbs vkvkjoykooustrmtis tli mbsigì he tlmt rkfkjkty mgj si`tmrkmgksc wlk`l`lmrm`tirkzij tli citlhjhohfy he omtir s`lhomrs he tli Cmjl#lmbs'

Tirkhj he tli Ckghr P`lhomrs

Zli jiviohpcigt he Ekql jurkgf tli pirkhj he tli ckghr s`lhomrs he tli Cmjl#lmbs ,<94#;94 @I+ tlmt ks/ tli si`hgjfigirmtkhg he stujigts/ wms meei`tij by tli ehoohwkgf em`thrs'

M' @hchpkomtkhg he Ekql

Kg hrjir th cmai oifmo ruokgfs mgj istmboksl prkg`kpois/ privkhuss`lhomrs wiri hbokfij th spigj m frimt jimo he tkci mgj ieehrt lugtkgfkg vmrkhus pmrts he tli Ksomck` Ptmti ehr Lmjiitls mgj Mtlmrs,Pmykgfs mgj m`ts he tli Pmlmmbml mgj tlikr stujigts+' Kg tlks pirkhj/tli Puggml he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ wms systicmtk`mooy `hooi`tij mgj`hcpkoij kg bhhas he Lmjiitl/ tliriby oimvkgf s`lhomrs erii th`hgìgtrmti hg tli `hcpriligskhg mgj mppok`mtkhg he Lmjiitl'

Ekql wms mosh `hcpkoij hg m wkji s`moi mgj kg m systicmtkèmslkhg jurkgf tlks pirkhj' Phci s`lhomrs pirshgmooy `hcpkoij tlikr hwg ruokgfs/ wlkoi htlirs/ su`l ms Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml mgj KcmmcMlcmj kbg Lmcbmo/ jk`tmtij vmrkhus prhboics mgj tlikr shoutkhkgs th

==9Culmccmj kbg Mlcmj kbg Ruslj/ Bkjmmyml mo#Cunmlkj/ ,Ifypt> mo#

Cmatmbml mt#Zmnmmriiyml mo#Aubrmm/ g'j'+/ vho' =/ p' :49' Pii mosh ms#PmyykjPmmbkq/ Ekql ms#Puggml/ ,Bikrut> Jmmr mo#Aktmmb mo#Mrmbii/ 0rj

' ij' =;66+/

vho'2'p'06<'



# 5 9 #

tlikr stujigts/ wlh subsiquigtoy `hcpkoij tlic' Kcmmc Cmmoka‛s mo#Cuwmttm‛ ks m `hooi`tkhg he Lmjiitlss mgj hpkgkhgs he tli Pmlmmbmlmohgf wktl lks pirshgmo ruhokgfo/ mgj Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii‛s bhha he

Ekql igtktoij mo#Ycc `hgtmkgs lks oifmo ruokgfs supphrtij by tlikr prhhes'

Zypis he @hcpkomtkhg>

=' Zli imroy bhhas he Ekql wiri usumooy m ckxturi he oifmo ruokgfs/Lmjiitls/ hpkgkhgs he tli Pmlmmbml mgj he stujigts he tliPmlmmbml' Mo#Cuwmttm‛ he Kcmmc Cmmoka ks m òmssk`mo ixmcpoihe tlks stmfi'

2' Phci bhhas he Ekql wiri wrkttig mbhut tli bmsk` prkg`kpois he Ekql/ Lmjiitls bikgf cigtkhgij hgoy kg hrjir th prhvi tli`hrri`tgiss he tli mutlhrs‛ jiju`tkhgs' Aktmmb mo#Almrmmn byKcmmc Mbu [hhsue ==5 mgj mo#ucc by Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii mri

bhtl fhhj ixmcpois he tlks typi he wrktkgf'0' Htlir bhhas he Ekql `hgìgtrmtij he tli mppok`mtkhg he Ekql

prkg`kpois wktl but okttoi rieirigì th Lmjiitls' Zlisi bhhaswiri mrrmgfij kg `lmptirs m``hrjkgf th tli kssuis ugjir

jksùsskhg' Zli skx bhhas he Kcmmc Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg==6

mgj mo#Cujmwwmgml by Kcmmc Kbg mo#]mmskc==< mri ixmcpoishe tlks typi he wrktkgf'

Mt ekrst/ tli `hcpkomtkhg he prhhes ehr im`l oifmo ruokgf hgvmrkhus kssuis kgòujij tli tixts he Lmjiitls mohgf wktl tlikr `lmkgshe gmrrmthrs' Frmjumooy `hgìrg ehr tli `lmkgs he gmrrmtkhg ji`rimsij/mgj s`lhomrs cirioy quhtij tli tixt he tli mpprhprkmti Lmjiitl mohgfwktl m rieirigì th tli bhhas he Lmjiitl kg wlk`l kt `huoj bi ehugj'

Vktl tli ji#icplmskzkgf he tli kcphrtmgì he Lmjiitl/ hr by gifoi`tkgf th cigtkhg tlikr shurìs mgj tlikr oivios he mutligtk`kty/ tli stmgj he tli Cmjl#lmbs bi`mci tli chst kcphrtmgt`hgskjirmtkhg' Zlus/ tli hpkgkhgs he tli Cmjl#lmbs wiri frmjumooyfkvig priìjigì hvir hgi he tli prkcmry shurìs he Ksomck` omw/

==5

Zli cmkg stujigt he Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml'==6Hgi he tli cmkg stujigts he Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml'

==< Zli cmkg stujigt he Kcmmc Cmmoka'



# 5 5 #

gmcioy tli Puggml' Kg tlisi jiviohpcigts omy tli bifkggkgfs he tlmtrkfkjkty wlk`l omtir bi`mci tli lmoocmra he tli Cmjl#lmbs'Lhwivir/ omtir kg tlks pirkhj/ shci prhckgigt s`lhomrs rivirsij tlks

trigj/ shciwlmt/ by rikgtrhju`kgf tli prm`tkì he quhtkgf tli shurìsmgj `hccigtkgf hg tli m`ùrm`y he tli Lmjiitls'

B' @hurt Jibmtis

Zliri wiri mosh `hurt jibmtis jurkgf tlks pirkhj wlk`l wirilioj ehr tli kgtirist mgj mcusicigt he tli `mokpls mgj cicbirs he tli rhymo `hurt' Phci s`lhomrs okai cmfk`kmgs/ skgfirs/ jmgìrs mgj

nistirs/ lmj bi`hci m pircmgigt ekxturi he tli rhymo `hurt'==; Zliy`hcpitij mchgf tlicsiovis ehr tli emvhrs he tli `mokpls/ mgj tliykgvigtij kssuis shoioy ehr tli purphsi he jibmti' Ms m risuot/lyphtlitk`mo Ekql thha hg giw jkcigskhgs ms kt ivhovij erhcsubokci hrkfkgs kg tli irm he tli Pmlmmbml mgj tli imroy s`lhomrs/ thtli rkjkùohus prhju`t he `hurt jibmtis'

@hurt jibmtis mosh spmwgij `hcpitktkvigiss mgj jhfcmtksc/skgì tli ohsir he m jibmti ght hgoy ohst chgitmry riwmrj erhc tli

`mokpl but mosh pirshgmo pristkfi' Eurtlirchri/ bi`musi ohss he pirshgmo pristkfi mosh igtmkoij ohss he pristkfi hg tli pmrt he hgi‛sCmjl#lmb/ tli prkg`kpoi he jieigjkgf hgi‛s Cmjl#lmb/ rkflt hr wrhgf/ `mci th bi `hgskjirij vkrtui' Ms m risuot/ Cmjl#lmbsi`tmrkmgksc bi`mci rmcpmgt mchgf tli `hurt s`lhomrs'

@' @hcpkomtkhg he Lmjiitls

Lhwivir/ tliri mrhsi mg hpphskgf trigj mchgf spi`kmoksts kg

Lmjiitl `hcpkomtkhg mgj `rktk`ksc/ wliri by kssuis he Ekql wiritmàoij wktlhut jipigjigì hg tli trmjktkhgmo ruokgfs he ixkstkgf tliimrokir s`lhomrs by bmskgf tlikr phsktkhgs hg mutligtk` Lmjiitlswlirivir mvmkomboi/ rmtlir tlmg somvksloy ehoohwkgf imrokir ruokgfscirioy bi`musi tliy lmj biig cmji by prhckgigt s`lhomrs' Ehùskgfhg Lmjiitl th rishovi tli prhboics he Ekql/ frimt s`lhomrs he Lmjiitl okai Kcmmc mo#Bualmmrii ,<=4#<64 @I+ mgj Kcmmc Cusokc

==;Lmssmg Kbrmlkc Lmssmg/ Ksomc> M Riokfkhus/ Thoktk`mo/ Ph`kmo mgj

I`hghck` Ptujy/ ,Krmq> Ygkvirskty he Bmfljmj/ =;56+ pp' 095#06<'



# 5 6 #

,<=6#<69 @I+ wigt th frimt pmkgs th `hooi`t erhc moo phsskboi shurìsmutligtk` Lmjiitls he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ mgj Mtlmrs he tli Pmlmmbml'Zlisi/ tliy mrrmgfij kg `lmptirs m``hrjkgf th tli ehrcmt istmbokslij

by tli Ekql s`lhomrs' Zli kgktkmthr he tlks trigj wms tli omst he tlicmnhr Kcmmcs/ Mlcmj kbg Lmcbmo/ wlh `hcpkoij tli chstixtigskvi whra he Lmjiitl `mooij mo#Cusgmj'

=24 Bhtl Kcmmc mo#Bualmmrii mgj Kcmmc Cusokc wiri mchgf lks stujigts'=2=

@' Zli Hrfmgkzmtkhg he Ekql

Zlrhufl trmgsomtkhgs he tli frimt bhhas he s`kigì mgj plkohshply erhc Friiì/ Rhci/ Tirskm/ mgj Kgjkm/=22 Ksomck` s`lhomrsfmkgij kgskflt kgth giw systics he rimshgkgf/ jiju`tkhg mgjkgeirigì' Zlks giw aghwoijfi kgeouigìj tlikr mpprhm`l th Ekqlwlk`l tliy prhìijij th hrfmgkzi kgth eugjmcigtmos ,Yshho+ mgjsi`hgjmry prkg`kpois ,Eurhh‛+' Kg tkci/ Zmesiir ,ixpomgmtkhg he tli]ur‛mmg+/ Lmjiitl mgj Gmlw ,frmccir+ jiviohpij ugjir tlisikgeouigìs kgth spi`kmokzij brmg`lis he oimrgkgf'

Zli phsktkhgs he cmnhr s`lhomrs he Ekql wiri ri`hrjij mgj

tli prkcmry shurìs he Ksomck` omw wiri kjigtkekij mgj òmsskekij kghrjir he tlikr kcphrtmgì'=20

Zli Phurìs he Ksomck` Omw

By tli igj he tlks pirkhj/ tli ehoohwkgf shurìs he Ksomckòmw kg tli hrjir stmtij bi`mci wkjioy m`ìptij by chst s`lhomrs>

=' Zli ]ur‛mmg

Zli ]ur‛mmg wms tli ekrst shurì he omw mgj kts pmssmfiswiri m`ìptij ugmgkchusoy ms bikgf mutligtk`' Lhwivir/ tliri wirishci jkeeirigìs he hpkgkhg kg kgtirpritmtkhg he shci he kts pmssmfis'

=24 Zli Lmjiitls kg lks whra wiri mrrmgfij moplmbitk`mooy m``hrjkgf th tli

gmcis he tli gmrrmthrs mchgf tli Pmlmmbml'=2=

Mo#Cmjalmo/ p' =00'=22

Chst he tli trmgsomtkhg h`ùrrij jurkgf tli ekrst lmoe he tlks pirkhj ,694#<04 @I+ but kts ieei`t wms chstoy eiot kg tli omttir lmoe he tli pirkhj'=20 mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' =2<#=0:'



# 5 < #

2' Zli PuggmlLmjiitls he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ wii gixt kg kcphrtmgì'

Lhwivir/ s`lhomrs ehr tlikr m`ìptmgì mgj mppok`mtkhg sit vmrkhus

`hgjktkhgs'0' Hpkgkhg he tli Pmlmmbml

Zli hpkgkhg he tli Pmlmmbml iktlir ms m frhup hr kgjkvkjumooy wms `hgskjirij tli tlkrj chst kcphrtmgt shurì he omw'Zlks shurì wms jkvkjij kgth twh pmrts m``hrjkgf th tli phsktkhgstmaig by tli Pmlmmbml'

,m+ Ke tliy wiri ugktij hg mg hpkgkhg kt wms rieirrij th msKncmm‛'

,b+ Ke tliy lmj jkeeirigt hpkgkhgs hg m skgfoi kssui/ im`l hpkgkhgwms rieirrij th ms m Rm‛k ,pirshgmo hpkgkhg+

:' ]kymmsKntklmmj bmsij hg ivkjigì ehugj iktlir kg tli ]ur‛mmg/ tli

Puggml hr Kncmm‛ wms gixt kg hrjir he kcphrtmgì' Zli citlhj he rimshgkgf usij wms m ehrc he mgmohfk`mo jiju`tkhg `mooij ]kymms' Mgixmcpoi he ]kymms ks tli prhlkbktkhg he cmrknumgm bmsij hg tliTrhplit‛s stmticigt> ‟Iviry kgthxk`mgt ks Almcr mgj iviry ehrc he Almcr ks Lmrmmc'–=2: Pkgì Cmrknumgm lms ms kgthxk`mtkgf ieei`t kt

`mg bi òmsskekij ms Almcr mgj tlus Lmrmmc ,prhlkbktij+'9' Kstklsmmg ,Oifmo Trieirigì+Zlks prkg`kpoi kgvhovis tli prieirigì he mg hpkgkhg bmsij hg

m `krùcstmgtkmo giij hvir mg hpkgkhg bmsij hg ]kymms' Zlks prkg`kpoi/ rieirrij th by vmrkhus gmcis/ s`lhomrs he chst s`lhhos he tlhuflt usij ,i'f' Kstksomml+' Mg mppok`mtkhg he Kstklsmmg ks siig kgtli trimtcigt he m `hgtrm`t ehr tli cmguem`turi mgj smow he ms ktic'M``hrjkgf th ]kymms/ bmsij hg tli Trhplit‛s stmticigt/ ‟Vlhivir sioos ehhj slhuoj ght jh sh ugtko li lms kg lks hwg phssisskhg–/=29

`hgtrm`ts he tlks typi mri kgvmokj/ skgì tli ktic ks ghgixkstigt mt tlitkci he tli `hgtrm`t' Lhwivir/ skgì su`l `hgtrm`ts lmvi biigugkvirsmooy m`ìptij by pihpoi mgj tli giij ehr su`l `hgtrm`ts ks

=2:@hooi`tij by Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 0/ p' ==4</

gh' :;50+ mgj Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho'0' p'

=4:0/ gh' 0562+'=29Riphrtij by Kbg “Ycmr mgj `hooi`tij by Cmmoka ,Cuwmttm Kcmc Cmoka

,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/p' 2;5/ gh' =02:+'



# 5 ; #

hbvkhus/ tli ruokgf by ]kymms wms jrhppij mgj tli `hgtrm`ts wirimoohwij/ bmsij hg tli prkg`kpoi he prieirigì ,Kstklsmmg+'5' “Yre ,@usthc+

Oh`mo ùsthcs wiri m`ìptij ms m shurì he omw kg m fkvigrifkhg ms ohgf ms tliy jkj ght `hgtrmjk`t mgy he tli prkg`kpois he Ksomck` omw1 ehr ixmcpoi oh`mo cmrrkmfi ùsthcs `hgìrgkgf jhwry‛

pmycigt' Zli jhwry ,Cmlr+ m``hrjkgf th Ksomck` omw/ cust bimfriij uphg ms pmrt he tli cmrrkmfi `hgtrm`t but kt lms gh sit tkci th

bi pmkj' Kt ks tli ùsthc he Ifyptkmgs ms wioo ms htlirs tlmt m phrtkhghe kt `mooij tli Cuqmjjmc cust bi pmkj biehri tli cmrrkmfiìrichgy wlkoi tli rickgjir `mooij tli Cu‛malalmr ks hgoy riqukrijth bi pmkj kg tli `msi he jimtl hr jkvhrì/ m``hrjkgf th wlk`livir h`ùrs ekrst'=25

Mghtlir ixmcpoi he “Yre `mg bi siig kg rigtmo ùsthcs'Ksomck` omw jhis ght riqukri tli pmycigt he m prkì ugtko tli tlkgf

bikgf shoj lms biig jiokvirij `hcpoitioy' Lhwivir/ kt ks tlim`ìptij ùsthc tlmt rigt ks pmkj biehri tli rigtij pomì hr hbni`tlms biig usij ehr tli mfriij tkci pirkhj'

Motlhufl tlks prhìss he hrfmgkzmtkhg mgj òmsskek`mtkhg

wms/ ehr tli chst pmrt/ phsktkvi jiviohpcigt1 givirtlioiss/ wlig`hupoij wktl tli privmkokgf trigjs thwmrj em`tkhgmoksc/ kt sirvij theurtlir wkjig tli fmps bitwiig tli Cmjl#lmbs' Zlus/ wi ekgj sokfltvmrkmtkhgs kg tli tirckghohfy fkvig th tli smci prkg`kpoi bi`hcishurìs he erk`tkhg mgj hpphsktkhg' Ehr ixmcpoi/ tli Cmmokaii Cmjl#lmb `hgskjirij tli Lmgmeii prkg`kpoi he Kstklsmmg ugm`ìptmboiyitmppokij tli smci prkg`kpoi ugjir tli gmci Cmsmmokl Cursmoml'Vlkoi tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb rini`tij bhtl tlisi tircs mgj mppokijm skckomr prkg`kpoi `mookgf kt Kstks#lmmb'

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

=' Ekql thha hg m jiekgkti slmpi ms mg kgjipigjigt Ksomck` s`kigìjurkgf tlks pirkhj'

=25Culmccmj Custmem Plmombii/ Yshho mo#Ekql mo#Ksommcii ,Bikrut/

Oibmghg> Jmmr mo#Gmljml mo#Mrmbiiyml/ si`hgj ijktkhg' =;6<+ vho'p'0=:'



# 6 4 #

2' Zli cmgy Cmjl#lmbs wlk`l lmj mppimrij kg tli omttir pmrt he tli Ycmyymj pirkhj eohurkslij mgj tli ìgtirs he oimrgkgfkg`rimsij tlrhuflhut tli “Mbbmmskj stmti jui th stmti pmtrhgmfi'

0' Ehr tli ekrst tkci tli Ekql he tli vmrkhus Cmjl#lmbs wmssu`ìsseuooy `hcpkoij hg m omrfi mgj systicmtk` s`moi'

:' Ekql bi`mci hrfmgkzij mgj jkvkjij kgth twh cmkg sifcigts>Yshho ,eugjmcigtmo prkg`kpois+ mgj Eurhh‛ ,si`hgjmry

prkg`kpois+ mgj tli cmkg shurìs he Ksomck` omw wiri òimroyjiekgij mgj frmjij'

9' Zli Puggml kg kts igtkrity wms mosh `hooi`tij mgj ti`hrjij kg bhhas he Lmjiitl by tli igj he tlks stmfi'

5' Jurkgf tli ekrst lmoe he tlks pirkhj/ tli Cmjl#lmbs ugjir tlifukjmgì he tlikr ehugjirs `hgtkguij th ixpirkigì m frimt jimohe cutumo ix`lmgfi he kjims' Lhwivir/ ugjir tli si`hgjfigirmtkhg he stujigts/ tliri wms m trigj thwmrj rkfkjkty mgj m

brimakgf jhwg he eoixkbkokty wlk`l `lmrm`tirkzij tli pirkhj he tli frimt Kcmmcs mgj tli s`lhomrs biehri tlic'

9 ZLI CMJL#LMBP> P@LHHOP HE KPOMCK@ OIFMOZLHYFLZ



# 6 = #

Kg tli privkhus `lmptirs wi lmvi siig tli ivhoutkhg he tliCmjl#lmb=26 wktlkg tli lksthrk`mo `hgtixt he tli hvirmoo jiviohpcigthe Ekql' Jurkgf tli irm he prhplitlhhj/ tli ehugjmtkhgs he Ekql wiri

omkj jhwg kg tli Trhplit Chlmccij‛s Kntklmmjs ,rimshgij ruokgfs+ms wioo ms tlhsi he lks Pmlmmbml ,ehoohwirs+' Jurkgf tlmt stmfi/jkvkgi riviomtkhg kg tli ehrc he tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml ,tli okeistyoi he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ `hgstktutij tli hgoy shurì he Ksomck` omw'Kg htlir whrjs/ tliri wms hgoy hgi s`lhho he tlhuflt ,Cmjl#lmb+>tlmt he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+'

Kg tli ehoohwkgf stmfi/ tlmt he tli Rkfltihus @mokpls/ tliEkql prkg`kpoi he Kncmm‛ ,ji`kskhgs by ugmgkckty+ ivhovij mgjKntklmmj bi`mci mg kgjipigjigt prkg`kpoi he Ekql ugjir tli gmci]kymms' Zli Cmjl#lmb jurkgf tliks pirkhj wms/ kg rmokty/ tlmt he im`lhe tli Rkfltihus @mokpls/ skgì tli ekgmo smy kg oifmo cmttirs ristijwktl tlic' Lhwivir/ moo oifmo ji`kskhgs wiri subni`t th motirmtkhg hgtli bmsks he ri`hrjij stmticigts hr prm`tkìs he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+>tlmt ks/ Lmjiitl' Zliriehri tliri wms gh rhhc ehr rkfkjkty he em`tkhgmoksc'

Zli imroy pirkhj he tli Ycmyymj jygmsty smw tli jkvkskhg he Ekql s`lhomrs kgth twh cmkg Cmjl#lmbs wktl rispi`t th Kntklmmj> Mlomr#Rm‛k mgj Mlo mo#Lmjiitl' Zlisi twh Cmjl#lmbs ivhovij kgth mgucbir he giw Cmjl#lmbs jurkgf tli slket erhc `mokplmti thchgmr`ly wlig tli `mokpl(Akgf wms gh ohgfir tli limj he tli Cmjl#lmb' Pkgì s`lhomrs mgj tlikr stujigts wiri jkspirsij tlrhuflhut tliYcmyymj stmti/ tlikr pirshgmo Kntklmmj kg`rimsij kg hrjir th shovioh`mo kssuis' Kt slhuoj bi ghtij/ lhwivir/ tlmt jurkgf bhtl tli pirkhjhe tli Ycmyymjs mgj tlmt he tli imroy “Mbbmmskjs/ stujigts he Ekql

eriioy mgj eriquigtoy `lmgfij tim`lirs mgj ix`lmgfij oifmohpkgkhgs' Kg ieei`t/ tliriehri/ tli eoixkbkokty he tli privkhus wmscmkgtmkgij'

Ms wkoo bi slhwg kg `lmptirs sivig mgj ikflt/ jurkgf tliomttir pmrt he tli “Mbbmmskj jygmsty/ Ekql wms ehrcmokzij mgjsysticmtkzij' Zli gucbir he Cmjl#lmbs ji`rimsij mgj tli

=26Zli suc thtmo he tli s`lhomrs oifmo ruokgfs ms wioo ms tli ruokgfs he lks

stujigts mgj tlmt he moo tli s`lhomrs wlh mjlirij th tlikr mpprhm`l'



# 6 2 #

jkeeirigìs bitwiig tlic bi`mci icplmskzij jui th tli stmti‛s prieirigì ehr shci Cmjl#lmbs hvir htlirs mgj tli rksi he kgtir Cmjl#lmbs rkvmory prhchtij by `hurt jibmtis' Mgj metir tli

jistru`tkhg he tli “Mbbmmskj @mokplmti mgj tli jiòkgi he Kntklmmjùockgmtkgf kg kts jksmppimrmgì/ tli gucbir he Cmjl#lmbsji`rimsij th ehur wlk`l ivhovij kgth `hcpoitioy jkstkg`t mgj hetigtkcis mgtmfhgkstk` igtktkis' Zli jkeeirigìs bitwiig tlic bi`mcikgsurchugtmboi kg tli ckgjs he tlikr mjlirigts mgj Cmjl#lmbemgmtk`ksc mgj si`tmrkmgksc wms rkei' Pkgì tli mppok`mbkokty he Plmrii‛ml th moo tkcis mgj pomìs jipigjij omrfioy uphg tli prkg`kpoihe Kntklmmj/ tli ohss he tlks vktmo prkg`kpoi spiooij tli kgivktmboistmfgmtkhg mgj jiòkgi he Ekql'

Kg tli ehoohwkgf twh `lmptirs wi wkoo ixmckgi chri òhsioytli cmjl#lmbs `lrhghohfk`mooy wktl rispi`t th tlikr ehugjirs/ehrcmtkhg mgj eugjmcigtmo prkg`kpois' Zlig wi wkoo lmvi m ohha mttli cmkg rimshgs ehr tli jkeeirigìs wlk`l mrhsi bitwiig tlic'

ZLI LMGMEII CMJL#LMBZli ehugjir> Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml ,640#656@I+

Zlks Cmjl#lmb ks gmcij metir kts ehugjkgf s`lhomr/ MbuLmgiieml/ wlhsi m`tumo gmci wms Gu‛cmmg kbg Zlmmbkt' Li wms bhrg kg tli yimr 642 @I' Aueml/ ,Krmq+' Lks emtlir wms m skoa cir`lmghe Tirskmg hrkfkg/ wlh m`ìptij Ksommc jurkgf tli rikfg he tliAluomemm Rmmslkjhhg ,Rkfltihus @mokpls+' Mbu Lmgiieml bifmg lksimrokir stujkis kg tli ekioj he plkohshply mgj jkmoi`tk`s aghwg ms “Kocmo#Amommc/ but metir cmstirkgf kts vmrkhus jks`kpokgis/ li oiet kt mgjwigt kgth mg kgjiptl stujy he Ekql mgj Lmjiitl' Li `lhsi ms lkscmkg tim`lira/ Lmccmmj kbg ^myj/ wlh wms mchgf tli frimtist

s`lhomrs he Lmjiitl he lks tkci' Mbu Lmgiieml stujkij ugjir lkc ehr ikfltiig yimrs' Jurkgf tlks tkci li bi`mci qumokekij th tim`l/ butkgstimj ricmkgij Lmccmj‛s stujigt ugtko tli omttir jkij kg tli yimr 6:2 @I' Metir Lmccmmj‛s jimtl Mbu Lmgiieml thha up tli phsktkhghe tim`lir mt tli mfi he ehrty mgj bi`mci tli chst hutstmgjkgfs`lhomr kg Aueml' Ms su`l/ li mppimrij th bim vmoumboi prkzi th tliYcmyymj `mokpls he tlmt tkci' Zliy heeirij lkc tli phsktkhg he ]mmjii ,nujfi+ he Aueml/ but li rieusij tli phst kg spkti he bikgf

plysk`mooy bimtig ehr lks rieusmo by tli Mciir he Aueml/ [mziij kbg“Ycmr' Pkckomroy/ jurkgf tli ruoi he tli “Mbbmmskjs/ li mosh rieusijrhymo mpphkgtcigt/ mgj wms `hgsiquigtoy kcprkshgij kg Bmfljmj by



# 6 0 #

tli @mokpl Mbu Nm‛emr mo#Cmgshhr ,69:#669 @I+' Li ricmkgijkcprkshgij ugtko lks jimtl kg 656 @I' Mbu Lmgiieml wms `hgskjirijmchgf tli ckghr Zmmbk‛hhg ,stujigts he tli Pmlmmbml+/ bi`musi li

lmj cit m eiw he tli Pmlmmbml mgj lmj riomtij shci Lmjiitls erhctlic'=2<

Ehrcmtkhg he tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb

Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml bmsi lks tim`lkgf citlhj hg tli prkg`kpoi he Plhhrml ,frhup jksùsskhg+' Li whuoj prisigt m oifmo prhboic th lks stujigts ehr jibmti mgj jksùsskhg mgj tioo tlic thri`hrj kts shoutkhg wligivir tliy mrrkvij mt m ugkekij phsktkhg'Bi`musi he tlks kgtirm`tkvi mpprhm`l th cmakgf oifmo ruokgfs/ wi`huoj smy tlmt tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb wms ms cu`l m prhju`t he MbuLmgiimel‛s stujigts‛ ieehrts ms kt wms m prhju`t he lks hwg ieehrts'Zliy whuoj mosh jibmti hg lyphtlitk`mo prhboics mgj whra hutshoutkhgs/ bmsij hg tli prkg`kpoi he pripmrkgf ehr m prhboic biehri ktsh`ùrrigì' Bi`musi he tlikr oimgkgf thwmrjs lyphtlitk`mo Ekqlwlk`l hetig kgtrhjuìj mg kssui wktl tli quistkhg/ ‟wlmt ke sh mgj shlmppigij8–/ tliy bi`mci aghwg ms tli wlmt#keeirs hr Mlo mr#Rm‛k

,tli hpkgkhg pihpoi+'

Phurìs he Omw usij by tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb

Zli imroy nurksts he tlks Cmjl#lmb jijuìj Ksomck` omwserhc tli ehoohwkgf shurìs/ wlk`l mri okstij kg tli hrjir he tlikr kcphrtmgì>

=' Zli ]ur‛mmg

Zliy `hgskjirij tli ]ur‛mmg th bi tli prkcmry ugquistkhgmboishurì he Ksomck` omw' Kg em`t kt wms usij th jitirckgi tlim`ùrm`y he tli htlir shurìs' M``hrjkgfoy mgy htlir shurì tlmt`hgtrmjk`tij tli ]ur‛mmg wms `hgskjirij kgm`ùrmti'

2' Zli PuggmlZli Puggml wms `hgsuotij ms tli si`hgj chst kcphrtmgt shurìhe Ksomck` omw/ but wktl shci qumokek`mtkhg ms th kts usi' Zliy

=2< mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' =6=#=62'



# 6 : #

stkpuomtij tlmt kt wms ght suee`kigt tlmt m Lmjiitl bi m`ùrmti,Pmliil+/ but kt lmj th bi mosh wkjioy aghwg ,Cmsl#lhhr+/ ke ktwms th bi usij ms m oifmo prhhe' Zlks `hgjktkhg wms omkj jhwg ms

m smeifumrj mfmkgst emosi Lmjiitls wlk`l wiri `rhppkgf uperiquigtoy kg tlmt rifkhg wliri hgoy m eiw ghtmboi Pmlmmbml lmjsittoij ,“Moii mgj Kbg Cms‛hhj+'

0' Kncmm‛ he tli PmlmmbmlZlkrj kg kcphrtmgì ms m shurì he Ksomck` omw wms tliugmgkchus hpkgkhg he tli Pmlmmbml hg mgy phkgt he omw ghtspi`kekij kg tli ]ur‛mmg hr tli Puggml' Zlmt ks/ Kncmm‛ he tliPmlmmbml hg mgy phkgt he omw ght spi`kekij kg tli ]ur‛mmg hr tliPuggml' Zlmt ks/ Kncmm‛ he tli Pmlmmbml wms fkvig priìjigìhvir tli pirshgmo hpkgkhgs he Mbu Lmgiieml mgj lks stujigts kgtlikr jiju`tkhg he Ksomck` omw' Zli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb moshri`hfgkzij tli Kncmm‛ he Cusokc s`lhomrs kg mgy mfi ms vmokj mgj

bkgjkgf hg Cusokcs'

:' Kgjkvkjumo hpkgkhg he tli PmlmmbmlKe tliri wiri jkeeirigt hpkgkhgs mchgf tli Pmlmmbml hg m

pmrtkùomr phkgt he omw mgj gh Kncmm‛ wms subsiquigtoy ehrcij/Mbu Lmgiieml whuoj `lhhsi tli hpkgkhg wlk`l mppimrij chstmpprhprkmti th tli `msi kg quistkhg' Kg istmbokslkgf tlks ms m vktmo

prkg`kpoi he lks Cmjl#lmb/ Mbu Lmgiieml mfmkg fmvi chriwikflt th tli hpkgkhgs he tli Pmlmmbml tlmg th lks hwg'=2;

Lhwivir/ li jkj mppoy lks hwg rimshgkgf kg m okcktij sigsi by`lhhskgf hgi he tlikr vmrkhus hpkgkhgs'

9' ]kymms ,Mgmohfk`mo jiju`tkhg+

Mbu Lmgiieml eiot gh hbokfmtkhg th m`ìpt tli jiju`tkhgs he tlistujigts he tli Pmlmmbml ,Zmmbk‛hhg+ kg mrims wliri gh òimr

prhhe wms mvmkomboi erhc mgy he tli mbhvi cigtkhgij shurìs'Li `hgskjirij lkcsioe tli iqumo he tli Zmmbk‛hhg mgj whuojcmai lks hwg Kntklmmj bmsij hg tli prkg`kpois he ]kymms wlk`lli mgj lks stujigts istmbokslij'

=2; Culmccmj [hhsue Chhsmm/ Zmmriial mo#Ekql mo#Ksommcii/ ,@mkrh> Jmmr

mo#Aktmmb mo#Mrmbii/ =;99+/ vho' 0/ p' 52'



# 6 9 #

5' Kstklsmmg ,Trieirigì+Kstklsmmg/ kg slhrt/ ks tli prieirigì he hgi prhhe hvir mghtlir

prhhe bi`musi kt mppimrs chri suktmboi/ ivig tlhufl tli prieirrij

prhhe cmy bi ti`lgk`mooy wimair tlmg tli hgi kt ks prieirrij th'Zlks cmy kgvhovi tli prieirigì he m Lmjiitl wlk`l ks spi`kek`hvir m figirmo hgi/ hr kt cmy ivig kgvhovi tli prieirigì he mchri suktmboi omw hvir tli hgi jijuìj by ]kymms'

6' “Yre ,Oh`mr @usthc+Oh`mo ùsthcs wiri fkvig oifmo wikflt kg mrims wliri tliri wirigh bkgjkgf Ksomck` ùsthcs mvmkomboi' Kt wms tlrhufl tlimppok`mtkhg he tlks prkg`kpoi tlmt vmrkhus ùsthcs ehugj kg tlicuotkpok`kty he ùoturis wktlkg tli Ksomck` whroj igtirij tli oifmosystic mgj bi`mci ckstmaigoy òmsskekij ms Ksomck`'=04

Cmkg stujigts he tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb

Zli chst emchus he Mbu Lmgiieml‛s stujigts wiri ûemr kbgmo#Lujlmyo/ Mbu [hhsue mgj Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg'

ûemr kbg mo#Lujlmyo ,602#66: @I+

ûemr wms hgi he tlhsi wlh ehoohwij Mbu Lmgiieml‛sixmcpoi mgj rieusij th m`ìpt mpphkgtcigt ms ]mmjii ivig tlhuflcmgy mttrm`tkvi heeirs wiri cmji th lkc' Li prieirrij th tim`l/wlk`l li jkj ugtko li jkij mt tli imroy mfi he :2 kg Bmsrml'

Mbu [hhsue [m‛qhhb kbg Kbrmmliic ,609#6;9 @I+

Mbu [hhsue wms bhrg kgth m phhr emckoy kg Aueml' Listujkij Lmjiitl ixtigskvioy ugtko li bi`mci m ghtiwhrtly Lmjiitls`lhomr tlig stujkij Ekql kg Aueml ehr gkgi yimrs ugjir Kcmmc KbgMbii Omkomm ,jkij 659 @I+ wlhsi emtlir wms m emchus Pmlmmbiierhc Cmjiigml' Mbu [hhsue omtir stujkij ugjir Mbu Lmgiieml ehr gkgi yimrs/ mgj wlig Mbu Lmgiieml jkij/ li wigt th Cmjiigml mgjstujkij ehr m slhrt pirkhj ugjir Kcmmc Cmmoka'

=04 mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' =69#=<5'



# 6 5 #

Mbu [hhsue wms mpphkgtij `lkie nujfi he tli stmti by tli“Mbbmmskj `mokpls/ mo#Cmljii ,669#6<9 @I+/ mo#Lmmjii ,6<9#6<5@I+ mgj Lmrhhg mr#Rmsliij ,6<5#<4; @I+' Kg lks `mpm`kty ms `lkie

nujfi/ li usij th mpphkgt nujfis ehr tli vmrkhus `ktkis mgj moo lksmpphkgtiis wiri ehoohwirs he tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb' Zlus/ li wmskgstrucigtmo kg tli sprimj he tlks s`lhho he tlhuflt tlrhuflhut tliCusokc icpkri'=0=

Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg/ msl#Plmybmmgii ,6:;#<49 @I+

Kcmmc Culmccmj wms bhrg kg VPmskt/ but friw up kgAueml' Okai Mbu [hhsue/ lks imroy stujkis wiri mosh kg Lmjiitl' Listujkij brkieoy ugjir Mbu [hhsue mgj omtir trmviooij th Cmjiigmlwliri li stujkij ugjir Kcmmc Cmmoka ehr tlrii yimrs' Jurkgf tlks

pirkhj li bi`mci hgi he tli cmkg gmrrmthrs he Cmmoka‛s Lmjiitl bhha mo#Cuwmttm‛ Kcmmc Plmmek‛ii wms mchgf tli cmgy s`lhomrswlh omtir stujkij ugir Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg kg Bmfljmj'

Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg mosh m`ìptij mpphkgtcigt ms]mjii jurkgf tli rikfg he @mokpl Lmrhhg mr#Rmsliij/ but shhg fmvikt up bi`musi he tli cmgy `hcprhcksis wlk`l kt jicmgjij/ mgj

riturgij th lks tim`lkgf phst kg Bmfljmj'

Ehoohwirs he tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb

Zlhsi wlh ghw ehoohw tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb mri ehugjchstoy kg Kgjkm/ Meflmgkstmg/ Tmakstmg/ Krmq/ Pyrkm/ Zuraiy/ Fuymgm/Zrkgkjmj/ mgj Purkgmc mgj th shci ixtigt Ifypt' Vlig tli htthcmgruoirs `hjkekij Ksomck` omw m``hrjkgf th tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb kgtli gkgitiigtl ìgtury @I mgj cmji kt stmti omw/ mgy s`lhomr wlh

mspkrij th bi m nujfi wms hbokfij th oimrg kt' Ms m risuot/ tli Cmjl#lmb sprimj tlrhuflhut tli Htthcmg Ksomck` Ptmti jurkgf tli omst Tmrthe tli gkgitiigtl ìgtury'

ZLI MV^MM‛II CMJL#LMB

Zli ehugjir> Kcmmc mo#Mwzmm‛ii ,64<#66: @I+

=0=Vmoiimoomml mj#Jmlomwii/ mo#Kgsmme eii Bmymmg Msbmmb mo#Kaltkomme/

,Bikrut/ Oibmghg> Jmmr mg#Gmemmks/ 2gj ij' =;6<+/ p' 0;'



# 6 6 #

Zlks Cmjl#lmb ks gmcij metir tli Pyrkmg s`lhomr “Mbjur#Rmlcmg kbg mo#Mwzmm‛ii wlh wms bhrg kg Bm‛ombia kg tli yimr 64<

@I' Li bi`mci aghwg ms hgi he tli cmnhr s`lhomrs he Lmjiitl he tli ikfltl ìgtury @I mgj wms hpphsij th tli ixìsskvi usi he ]kymms mgj htlir ehrcs he rimshgkgf kg `msis wliri òimr tixts erhctli ]ur‛mmg mgj hr Puggml wiri mvmkomboi' Kcmmc Mwzmm‛ii spigtchst he lks okei kg Bikrut/ ivigtumooy jykgf tliri kg tli yimr 66: @I/

but lks Cmjl#lmb bi`mci wkjisprimj kg Pyrkm/ Nhrjmg/ Tmoistkgi mgjOibmghg ms wioo ms kg Ppmkg'

Rimshgs Ehr Zli Cmjl#lmb‛s Jksmppimrmgì

Lks Cmjl#lmb ricmkgij tli cmkg s`lhho he tlhuflt kg Pyrkmugtko tli tigtl ìgtury @I/ wlig Mbu ^mr‛ml Culmccmj kbg“Ytlcmmg he tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb wms mpphkgtij nujli he Jmcmsùs' Mbu ^mr‛ml bifmg tli prm`tkì he fkvkgf m prkzi he hgilugjrij jkgmrs th mgy stujigt wlh cichrkzij tli bhha/ Cualtmsr mo#Cuzmgii/ , m bmsk` bhha he Plmmek‛ii Ekql+' Gmturmooy/ tlks

prm`tkì `musij tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb th sprimj rmpkjoy kg Pyrkm

mgj tli gucbir he Mwzmm‛ii‛s ehoohwirs `hgtkguij th jwkgjoi ugtkotli ioivigtl ìgtury wlig ghgi wiri th bi ehugj'=02 Lhwivir/ lks`hgtrkbutkhgs th tli s`kigì he Ekql wiri ri`hrjij mgj ricmkg th tlksjmy kg chst he tli bhhas he `hcpmrmtkvi Ekql'

ZLI CMMOKAII CMJL#LMBZli Ehugjir> Kcmmc Cmmoka ,6=6#<4= @I+

Zli ehugjkgf s`lhomr he tlks Cmjl#lmb/ Cmmoka kbg Mgms kbg

“Mmckr/ wms bhrg kg Cmjiigml kg tli yimr 6=6 @I' Lks frmgjemtlir/“Mmckr/ wms mchgf tli cmnhr Pmlmmbml he Cmjiigml' Cmmoka stujkij Lmjiitl ugjir mz#ûlrii wlh wms tli frimtist Lmjiitls`lhomr he lks tkci ms wioo ms ugjir tli frimt Lmjiitl gmrrmthr/

Gmmrk‛/ tli eriij somvi he tli Pmlmmbii “Mbjuooml kbg “Ycmr'Cmmoka‛s hgoy nhurgiys hutskji he Cmjiigml wiri ehr Lmnn/ mgj tlusli omrfioy okcktij lkcsioe th tli aghwoijfi mvmkomboi kg Cmjiigml'

=02 mo#Cmjalmo/ p' 249#5' Pii mosh “Mbjuoomml Culmccmj mo#Nmbhhrii/

Ekql mo#Kcmmc mo#Mwzmm‛ii/ ,Krmq> Cmtbm‛ml mo#Krslmmj/ =;66+'



# 6 < #

Li wms sivirioy bimtig kg tli yimr 65: @I by tli hrjir he tli Mciir he Cmjiigml/ bi`musi li cmji m oifmo ruokgf tlmt ehrìj jkvhrì wmskgvmokj' Zlks ruokgf hpphsij tli “Mbbmmskj ruoirs‛ prm`tkì he mjjkgf

kg tli hmtl he mooifkmgì fkvig th tlic by tli cmssis tli òmusi tlmtwlhivir brhai tli hmtl wms muthcmtk`mooy jkvhrìj' Cmmoka wms tkijmgj bimtig ugtko lks mrcs bi`mci sivirioy jmcmfij th su`l m jifriitlmt li bi`mci ugmboi th òmsp tlic hg lks `list kg Pmomml mgj tlusli bifmg tli prm`tkì he prmykgf wktl lks lmgjs mt lks skjis m``hrjkgfth shci riphrts'

Kcmmc Cmmoka `hgtkguij th tim`l Lmjiitl kg Cmjiigml hvir m pirkhj he ehrty yimrs mgj li cmgmfij th `hcpkoi m bhha `hgtmkgkgfLmjiitls he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ mgj Mtlmrs he tli Pmlmmbml mgj tlikr su`ìsshrs wlk`l li gmcij mo#Cuwmttm‛ ,tli Bimtig Tmtl+' Li bifmglks `hcpkomtkhg he Lmjiitls mt tli riquist he tli “Mbbmmskj `mokpl/Mbu Nm‛emr mo#Cmgshhr/ ,69:#669 @I+ wlh wmgtij m `hcpriligskvi`hji he omw bmsij hg tli Trhplit‛s ,s'w'+ Puggml wlk`l `huoj bimppokij ugkehrcoy tlrhuflhut lks rimoc' But/ hg kts `hcpoitkhg/Cmmoka rieusij th lmvi kt ehrìj hg tli pihpoi phkgtkgf hut tlmt tliPmlmmbml lmj s`mttirij tlrhuflhut tli Ksomck` icpkri mgj lmj tmaig

wktl tlic htlir pmrts he tli Puggml wlk`l mosh lmj th bi `hgskjirijkg mgy omws kcphsij tlrhuflhut tli stmti' @mokpl Lmmrhhg mr#Rmsliij ,65<#<4; @I+ mosh cmji tli smci riquist he tli Kcmmc/ butli wms mosh turgij jhwg' Kcmmc Cmmoka jkij kg tli `kty he lks bkrtlkg tli yimr <4= @I mt tli vigirmboi mfi he <0'=00

Ehrcmtkhg he tli Cmmokaii Cmjl#lmb

Kcmmc Cmmoka‛s citlhj he tim`lkgf wms bmsij hg tli

gmrrmtkhg he Lmjiitls mgj tli jksùsskhg he tlikr cimgkgfs kg tli`hgtixt he prhboics he tlmt jmy' Li whuoj iktlir gmrrmti th lksstujigts Lmjiitls mgj Mtlmrs ,stmticigts he tli Pmlmmbml+ hgvmrkhus thpk`s he Ksomck` omw tlig jksùss tlikr kcpok`mtkhgs/ hr liwhuoj kgqukri mbhut prhboics wlk`l lmj mrksig kg tli mrims erhcwligì lks stujigts `mci/ tlig gmrrmti mpprhprkmti Lmjiitls hr Mtlmrs wlk`l `huoj bi usij th shovi tlic'

=00 mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' =<:#=<6'



# 6 ; #

Metir Cmmoka `hcpoitij mo#Cuwmttm‛/ li usij th gmrrmti kt thlks stujigts ms tli suc thtmo he lks Cmjl#lmb/ but whuoj mjj hr subtrm`t erhc kt sokfltoy/ wligivir giw kgehrcmtkhg rim`lij lkc' Li

usij th strk`toy mvhkj spiùomtkhg mgj lyphtlitk`mo Ekql mgj tlus lkss`lhho mgj kts ehoohwirs wiri rieeirij th ms tli pihpoi he Lmjiitl,Mlo mo#Lmjiitl+'

Phurìs he Omw Ysij by tli Cmmokaii Cmjl#lmb

Kcmmc Cmmoka jijuìj Ksomck` omw erhc tli ehoohwkgfshurìs wlk`l mri okstij kg tli hrjir he tlikr kcphrtmgì'

=' Zli ]ur‛mmgOkai moo tli htlir Kmmcs/ Cmmoka `hgskjirij tli ]ur‛mmg th bi tli

prkcmry shurì he Ksomck` omw mgj utokzij kt wktlhut omykgf mgy pri#`hgjktkhgs ehr kts mppok`mtkhgs'

2' Zli PuggmlZli Puggml wms usij by Kcmmc Cmmoka ms tli si`hgj chstkcphrtmgt shurì he Ksomck` omw/ but/ okai Mbu Lmgiieml/ li putshci ristrk`tkhgs hg kts usi' Ke m Lmjiitl wiri `hgtrmjk`tij by

tli ùsthcmry prm`tkì he tli Cmjiigktis/ li rini`tij kt' Li jkjght/ lhwivir/ kgskst tlmt m Lmjiitl bi Cmsl#lhhr ,wioo#aghwg+ biehri kt `huoj bi mppokij ms Mbu Lmgiieml jkj' Kgstimj li usijmgy Lmjiitl tlmt wms gmrrmtij th lkc ms ohgf ms ghgi he tligmrrmthrs wiri aghwg okmrs hr ixtricioy wima cichrkzirs'

0' “Mcmo ,prm`tkìs+ he tli CmjiigktisKcmmc Cmmoka rimshgij tlmt skgì cmgy he tli Cmjiigktis wirijkri`t jisìgjmgts he tli Pmlmmbml mgj Cmjiigml wms wliri tliTrhplit ,s'w'+ spigt tli omst tig yimrs he lks okei/ prm`tkìs

`hcchg th moo Cmjiigktis cust lmvi biig moohwij/ ke ghtig`hurmfij by tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ lkcsioe' Zlus/ Kcmmc Cmmoka rifmrjij `hcchg Cmjiigkti prm`tkìs ms m ehrc he lkfloymutligtk` Puggml gmrrmtij kg jiijs rmtlir tlmg whrjs'=0:

:' Kncmm‛ he tli Pmlmmbml

=0:Culmccmj Mbu ^mlrml/ Zmmriial mo#Cmjlmmlkb mo#Ksommciiyml/

,@mkrh> Jmmr mo#Ekar mo#“Mrmbii/g'j'+ vho' 2/ pp' 2=5/ 2=6'



# < 4 #

Cmmoka okai Mbu Lmgiieml `hgskjirij tli Kncmm‛ he tliPmlmmbml/ ms wioo ms tlmt he omtir s`lhomrs/ ms tli tlkrj chstkcphrtmgt shurì he Ksomck` omw'

9' Kgjkvkjumo Hpkgkhg he tli PmlmmbmlKcmmc Cmmoka fmvi euoo wikflt th tli hpkgkhgs he tli Pmlmmblm/wlitlir tliy wiri `hgeok`tkgf hr kg mfriicigt/ mgj kgòujijtlic kg lks bhha he Lmjiitl/ mo#Cuwmttm‛' Lhwivir/ tli`hgsigsus he tli Pmlmmbml wms fkvig priìjigì hvir kgjkvkjumohpkgkhgs he tli Pmlmmbml' Vliri tliri wms gh `hgsigsus/ tlikr kgjkvkjumo hpkgkhgs wiri fkvig priìjigì hvir lks hwg hpkgkhg'

5' ]kymmsCmmoka usij th mppoy lks hwg jiju`tkvi rimshgkgf hg cmttirs ght`hvirij by tli privkhusoy cigtkhgij shurìs' Lhwivir/ li wmsviry `mutkhus mbhut jhkgf sh bi`musi he tli subi`tkvkty he su`lehrcs he rimshgkgf'

6' @usthcs he tli CmjiigktisKcmmc Cmmoka mosh fmvi shci wikflt th kshomtij prm`tkìs ehugjmchgf m eiw pihpoi he Cmjiigml sh ohgf ms tliy wiri ght kg`hgtrmjk`tkhg th aghwg Lmjiitls' Li rimshgij tlmt su`lùsthcs/ tlhufl h`ùrrkgf hgoy kg kshomtij kgstmgìs/ cust mosh

lmvi biig lmgjij jhwg erhc imrokir figirmtkhgs mgj smg`tkhgij by tli Pmlmmbml hr ivig tli prhplit ,s'w'+ lkcsioe'<' Kstksomml ,Vioemri+

Zli prkg`kpoi he Kstklsmmg jiviohpij by Mbu Lmgiieml wms moshmppokij by Cmmoka mgj lks stujigts ixìpt tlmt tliy `mooij kt bytli gmci Kstksomml wlk`l cimgs siiakgf tlmt wlk`l ks chrisuktmboi' Kt jimos wktl tlkgfs wlk`l mri ehr lucmg wioemri butlmvi ght biig spi`kek`mooy `hgskjirij by tli Plmrii‛ml' Mgixmpoi he Kstksomml ks ehugj kg @mokpl “Moii‛s ruokgf tlmt m wlhoi

frhup he pihpoi wlh thha pmrt kg m curjir wiri fukoty ivigtlhufl hgoy hgi he tli frhup lmj m`tumooy `hcckttij tli m`t he curjir' Mghtlir ixmcpoi ks tli rkflt he m Cusokc oimjir th`hooi`t tmxis erhc tli rk`l htlir tlmg ^mamml ke tli kgtirist he tlistmti jicmgjs kt/ wlirims kg Plmrii‛ml hgoy ^mamml lms biigspi`kekij' Kcmmc Cmmoka mosh mppokij tli prkg`kpoi he Kstksomml thjijuì omws chri kg aiipkgf wktl giijs wlk`l mrhsi erhcùrrigt sktumtkhgs tlmg tlhsi jijuìj by ]kymms'

;' “Yre ,@usthc+Okai Mbu Lmgiieml/ Cmmoka `hgskjirij tli vmrkhus ùsthcs mgjsh`kmo lmvkts he pihpoi tlrhuflhut tli Cusokc whroj ms phsskboi



# < = #

shurìs he si`hgjmry omws ms ohgf ms tliy jkj ght `hgtrmjk`tiktlir tli oittir hr tli spkrkt he tli Plmrii‛ml'=09

M``hrjkgf th ùsthc kg Pyrkm/ ehr ixmcpoi/ tli whrj Jmmbbmlcimgs m lhrsi/ wlirims kts figirmo cimgkgf kg Mrmbk` ks ehur oiffij mgkcmo' Ligì/ m `hgtrm`t cmji kg Pyrkm riqukrkgf

pmycigt kg tli ehrc he m Jmmbbml whuoj oifmooy cimg m lhrsiwlirims iosiwliri kg tli Mrmb whroj kt whuoj lmvi th bi chriòimroy jiekgij ms m lhrsi'

Cmkg stujigts he tli Cmmokaii Cmjl#lmb

Zli chst ghtmboi he Cmmoka‛s stujigts wlh jkj ght omtir ehrc tlikr hwg Cmjl#lmbs wiri mo#]mmskc mgj Kbg Vmlb'

Mbu “Mbjur#Rmlcmmg kbg mo#]mmskc ,6:9#<=0 @I+

Mo#]mmskc wms bhrg kg Ifypt but trmviooij th Cmjiigmlwliri li stujkij ugjir lks tim`lir mgj cigthr ehr m pirkhj he chritlmg twigty yimrs' Li wrhti mg ixtigskvi bhha hg tli Ekql he tli

Cmjl#lmb/ iòkpskgf ivig mo#Cuwmttm‛ he Cmmoka lkcsioe mgj `mooijkt mo#Cujmwwmgml'

Mbu “Mbjkoomml kbg Vmlb ,6:2#<=; @I+

Kbg Vmlb mosh trmviooij erhc Ifypt th Cmjiigml kg hrjir thstujy ugjir Kcmmc Cmmoka' Li jkstkgfukslij lkcsioe kg tl jiju`tkhghe omws th su`l m jifrii tlmt Cmmoka fmvi lkc tli tktoi he mo#Cuetii/wlk`l cimgs tli heek`kmo ixphugjirhe Ksomck` omw'

Kbg Vmlb wms heeirij mg mpphkgtcigt ms nujfi he Ifypt/ butturgij kt jhwg kg hrjir th cmkgtmkg lks kgtifrkty ms mg kgjipigjigts`lhomr'=05

Cmmoka lmj htlir emchus stujigts erhc htlir cmjl#lmbs'Phci he tlic chjkekij tlikr hwg Cmjl#lmbs bmsij hg wlmt tliy

=09mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' =<6'

=05 mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' =<6'



# < 2 #

oimrgt erhc Cmmoka/ ehr ixmcpoi/ Culmccmj msl#Plmybmmgii wlhwms mchgf tli ehrichst stujigts he Mbu Lmgiieml' Zliri wirihtlirs wlh jiviohpij tlikr hwg Cmjl#lmbs by `hcbkgkgf Cmmoka‛s

tim`lkgfs wktl tlmt he htlirs/ ehr ixmcpoi Culmccmj kbg Kjriismsl#Plmmek‛ii wlh stujkij ehr cmgy yimrs ugjir Kcmmc Cmmoka mswioo ms ugjir Mbu Lmgiieml‛s stujigt Culmccmj ms#Plmybmmgii'

Ehoohwirs he tli Cmmokaii Cmjl#lmb

Zhjmy/ tli ehoohwirs he tlks Cmjl#lmb mri ehugj chstoy kgYppir Ifypt/ Pujmg/ Ghrtl Merk`m ,Zugkskm/ Mofirkm mgj Chrh``h+/Vist Merk`m ,Cmok/ Gkfirkm/ @lmj/ it`+ mgj tli Mrmbkmg Fuoe stmtis,Auwmkt/ ]mtmr/ mgj Bmlrmkg+'ZLI ^M[JII CMJL#LMB

Zli Ehugjir> Kcmmc ^myj ,644#6:4 @I+

Zlks Cmjl#lmb trmìs kts hrkfkg th hgi he “Moii kbg MbiiZmmokb‛s frimt frmgjshgs tlrhufl lks shg mo#Lusmyg' Kcmmc ^myj‛semtlir/ “Moii ^myg mo#“Mmbkjiig/ wms wioo aghwg ehr lks frimt oifmo

aghwoijfi mgj lks gmrrmtkhg he Lmjiitls' Bhrg kg mo#Cmjiigml kgtli yimr 644 @I/ ^myj kbg “Moii shhg bi`mci hgi he tli ehrichsts`lhomrs he tli “Momwii emckoy' Li gmrrmtij Lmjiitls erhc moo he lksriomtkvis kgòujkgf lks hojir brhtlir/ Culmccmj mo#Bmmqkr'=06 ^myjixpmgjij lks aghwoijfi by trmviookgf th tli htlir cmnhr ìgtirs he oimrgkgf kg Krmq/ Aueml/ Bmsrml mgj wmskt/ wliri li smt mgjix`lmgfij vkiws wktl lks `hgticphrmrkis okai Mbu Lmgiieml mgjPueymmg mtl#Zlmwrii'

Zli Ycmyymj `mokpl/ Lkslmmc kbg “Mbjuo#Cmoka ,rikfg 62:#6:0 @I+ givir ckssij mg hpphrtugkty th jifrmji mgj luckokmti tli“Momwii emckoy mgj ^myj kbg “Moii wms hetig skgfoij hut ehr mbusi'Li wms ght moohwij th oimvi tli `kty he Cmjiigml wktlhut tli

pircksskhg he kts fhvirghr mgj lks ripuists ehr pircksskhg wiri hetigturgij jhwg ripimtijoy' Ivigtumooy/ ^myj bi`mci tli ekrst he “Moii‛sjisìgjmgts th try th wrist tli `mokplmti erhc tli Ycmyymjs metir tli`mtstrhpli mt Amrbmomm' Li trmviooij si`titoy th Aueml wliri li wms

=06 Zli eketl he tli twiovi Kcmmcs hjhokzij by tli Plk‛kti Zwiovir si`t'



# < 0 #

nhkgij by tli Plk‛ktis he Krmq/ Vmskt mgj htlir pomìs/ mgj cmji pripmrmtkhg th jh bmttoi wktl tli Ycmyymjs' M gucbir he lksriomtkvis wmrgij lkc mfmkgst jipigjkgf hg tli Auemgs/ ms kt wms tlikr

bitrmymo he Kcmmc Lusmyg wlk`l oij th lks ugtkcioy jimtl/ but lijkj ght liij tlikr wmrgkgfs' Biehri lks pripmrmtkhgs wiri `hcpoiti/jksputis mrhsi mchgf lks giw ehoohwirs wlig tliy ehugj hut tlmt lijkj ght `hgskjir tli ekrst `mokpls/ Mbu Bmar mgj “Ycmr/ th bimphstmtis wlh sthoi tli `mokplmti erhc lks frmgjemtlir' Zli cmnhrktyhe lks ehoohwirs brhai mwmy erhc lkc mgj jiòmrij lks gipliw/Nm‛emr ms#Pmjkq/ th bi tli Kcmmc he tli tkci kgstimj he ^myj'Lkslmmc‛s mrcy thha mjvmgtmfi he tli `hgeuskhg mgj cmji msurprksi mttmà hg Aueml' Hgoy m okttoi chri tlmg ehur lugjrijehoohwirs rmookij th Kcmmc ^myj‛s skji mgj li wms akooij jurkgf tliekfltkgf wlk`l igsuij'=0<

Ehrcmtkhg he tli ^myjii Cmjl#lmb

Kcmmc ^myj wms m s`lhomr `hgìrgij cmkgoy wktl tligmrrmtkhg he Lmjiitls mgj ri`ktmtkhg he tli ]ur‛mmg' Li tmuflt kg`kròis he oimrgkgf kg tli `ktkis he Cmjiigml/ Bmsrml/ Aueml mgj

Vmskt/ mgj tlus lmj m omrfi gucbir he stujigts' Zli citlhj usij by^myj wms tlmt he gmrrmtkgf Lmjiitls mgj tim`lkgf tli mrt he ]ur‛mgk`ri`ktmtkhg' Ke oifmo quistkhgs wiri rmksij/ li whuoj shovi tlic hr `lhhsi mg hpkgkhg he hgi he lks `hgticphrmrkis okai tli nurkst“Mbjur#Rmlcmg kbg Mbii Omyomm' Zli ruokgfs he tli Cmjl#lmb wiright jk`tmtij ghr ri`hrjij by ^myj lkcsioe1 but by lks stujigts'

Phurìs he Omw usij by tli ^myjii Cmjl#lmb

Zli nurksts he tli Cmjl#lmb ivhovij tli ehoohwkgf Phurìs erhcKcmmc ^myj‛s ruokgfs ms tli bmsks erhc wlk`l tliy jijuìj Ksomckòmws'

=' Zli ]ur‛mmgZli ]ur‛mmg wms `hgskjirij tli prkcmry shurì he Ksomck` omw'Zli ixkstkgf `hp4y he tli ]ur‛mmg wms `hgskjirij th bi

=0< Zmmriial mo#Cmjlmmlkb mo#Ksommciiyml/ vho' 2 pp' 6:;#6;0'



# < : #

`hcpoiti wktlhut mgy he tli jioitkhgs òmkcij by cmgyixtrickst Plk‛kti si`ts'

2' Zli Puggml

Zli smykgfs/ m`tkhgs mgj mpprhvmos he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ wiri`hgskjirij tli si`hgj chst kcphrtmgt shurì he Ksomck` omw' ZliPuggml wms ght ristrk`tij th gmrrmtkhgs he tli “Momwii emckoy hr tlikr ehoohwirs/ but kgòujij moo riokmboi gmrrmtkhg'

0' Mqwmmo “MoiiRuokgfs mgj stmticigts he “Moii kbg Mbii Zmmokb wlk`l wiri ghtcirioy lks pirshgmo hpkgkhgs wiri `hgskjirij by Kcmmc ^myj th

bi m pmrt he tli Puggml' Zlmt ks/ Ke “Moii jkj ght smy hr kcpoytlmt kt wms lks hpkgkhg/ tlig ^myj mssucij tlmt kt wms erhc tliTrhplit ,s'w'+' Lhwivir/ ^myj jkj ght m`ìpt ivirytlkgfmttrkbutij th “Moii mgj shcitlkcis cmji ruokgfs `hgtrmry thwlmt wiri òmkcij th bi “Moii‛s ruokgfs' Ehr ixmcpoi/ kt ksriphrtij tlmt “Moii ruoij tlmt ^mamml `huoj bi `hooi`tij erhchrplmgs wlkoi ^myj ruoij tlmt kt `huoj ght'

:' Kncmm‛ he tli Pmlmmbml^myj ri`hfgkzij tli Kncmm‛ he tli Pmlmmbml ms m shurì he Ksomck` omw' Ligì/ motlhufl li eiot tlmt lks frmgjemtlir wms

bittir suktij ehr oimjirslkp tlmg @mokpls Mbu Bmar/ “Ycmr/ mgj“Ytlcmmg/ tli ugmgkchus m`ìptmgì he tlikr `mokplmti by tliPmlmmbml cmji kt/ kg lks hpkgkhg/ oifmooy bkgjkgf'

9' ]kymmsM``hrjkgf th tli nurksts he tlks Cmjl#lmb/ bhtl tli prkg`kpois he Kstklsmmg mgj tlmt he Kstksomml kgvhovij m ehrc he mgmohfk`mojiju`tkhg' @hgsiquigtoy/ tliy `hgskjirij tlic m pmrt he wlmtwms aghwg m ]kymmg kg tli htlir Cmjl#lmb

5' “Mqo

Lucmg kgtiooi`t wms `hgskjirij ms m shurì he Ksomck` omw kg ìwliri ghgi h tli privkhus shurìs wms mppok`mboi' Ms m yhutl/Kcmmg ^myj lmj cit mgj stujkij ugjir Vmmsko kbg “Mtmm/ehugjir he tli Cu‛tmzkokti s`lhho he tlhuflt' Zli Cu‛tmzkoktiswiri tli ekrst th prhphugj tli prkg`kpoi he “Mqo1 wlmtivir/ tlikgtiooi`t `hgskjirij fhhj wms fhhj mgj wlmtivir kt `hgsijirij

bmj wms bmj' Lhwivir/ m``hrjkgf th tli Cu‛tmzkml/ “Mqo `mcijkri`toy metir tli ]ur‛mmg mgj Puggml/ mgj tlus tliy rini`tij



# < 9 #

]kymms/ ms wioo ms tli hpkgkhgs he tli Pmlmmbml/=0; wlirimsKcmmc ^myj pomìj tli prkg`kpoi he “Mqo omst mgj ri`hfgkzij]kymms'

Cmkg Ptujigts he tli ^myjii Cmjl#lmb

Kcmmc ^myj‛s stujigts ri`hrjij tli Cmjl#lmb' Lhwivir/tliy mosh kgòujij tli ruokgfs he htlirs s`lhomrs ehrc tli “Momwiiemckoy ms wioo ms ^myj‛s `hgticphrmrkis'

Mbu Almmokj/ “Mcr kbg Almmokj mo#wmmsktii ,j'<<; @I+

“Mcr kbg lmk wms pirlmps tli chst emchus he Kcmmc ^myj‛sstujigts' Li spigt m ohgf tkci wktl lkc kg Cmjiigml mgjm``hcpmgkij lkc hg chst he lks nhurgiys' “Mcr `hcpkoij Kcmmc^myj‛s tim`lkgf kg twh cmnhr whras igtktoij Cmnchh‛ mo#Lmjiitlmgj Cnchh‛ mo#Ekql' Zhfitlir tliy mri `mooij mo#Cmnchh‛ mo#Ambiir' Motlhufl moo he tli Lmjiitl gmrrmtkhgs kg Cmnchh‛ mo#Lmjiitl mri erhc tli “Momwii emckoy tliy moo lmvi `hrrisphgjkgfgmrrmtkhgs kg tli emchus skx bhhas he Lmjiitl'

Mo#Lmmjii iomm mo#Lmqq/ [mlymm kbg mo#Lusmyg ,<54#;== @I+

Zli ^myjiis jkj ght ristrk`t tlicsiovis th tli ruokgfs he tliLusmygii skji he tli “Momwii emckoy' Ligì/ tli hpkgkhgs he mo#]mmskc kbg Kbrmmliic mo#Lmsmgii ,6<6#<96 @I+/ wlh bi`mcirighwgij ehr lks s`lhomrslkp/ wiri mosh kgòujij kg tli ruokgfs he tli^myjii Cmjl#lmb' Lhwivir/ mo#]mmskc‛s frmgjshg/ mo#Lmmjii iommmo#Lmqq/ wlh wms cmji tli Kcmmc he [icig/ cmji mg ivig frimtir

kcpm`t hg tli Cmjl#lmb' Mg Ksomck` stmti wms sit up kg [icigm``hrjkgf th tli ^myjii Cmjl#lmb wlk`l fmvi kt m ekrc ehhtkgf mgjigsurij kts survkvmo tkoo thjmy'

Mo#Lmsmg kbg “Moii mo#Lusmygii ,<:9#;=6 @I+

=0; Zmriial mo#Cjlmmlkb mo#Ksommciiyml/ vho' 2/ p' 9=5'



# < 5 #

Mo#Lmsmg/ aghwg ms mg#Gmmskr mo#Ambiir/ wms m `hgticphrmryhe mo#Lmmjii' Li tmuflt tli ^myjii Cmjl#lmb kg Jmkomc mgj Niiomg' Li

wms m frimt s`lhomr mgj kts `hgskjirij by lks su`ìsshrs ms tlirivkvir he tli Cmjl#lmb'=:4

Ehoohwirs he tli ^myjii Cmjl#lmb

Zhjmy/ tli ehoohwirs he tlks Cmjl#lmb mri chstoy ehugj kg[icig wliri kt ks tli Cmjl#lmb he tli Cmnhrkty he kts kglmbktmgs'

ZLI OM[ZLII CMJL#LMB

Zli ehugjir> Kcmmc mo#Omytl ,6=5#6;= @I+

Zlks Cmjl#lmb wms gmcij metir mo#Omytl kbg Pm‛j wlh wms bhrg kg Ifypt he Tirskmg pmrigtmfi kg tli yimr 6=5 @I' Metir mgixtigskvi stujy he moo tli tlig aghwg mrims he Ksomck` oimrgkgf/ mo#Omytl bi`mci tli cmnhr s`lhomr he Ifypt' Li wms `hgticphrmry he

bhtl Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiiml mgj Kcc Cmmoka' Kg em`t li `mrrkij hg m

jibmti wktl Kcmmc Cmmoka by cmko hg vmrkhus phkgts he Ksomck` omw/hgi he wlk`l wms Cmmoka‛s kgòuskhg he Cmjiigkti ùsthc ms mgkgjipigjigt shurì he Ksomck` omw'

Rimshgs ehr tli Cmjl#lmb‛s Jksmppimrmgì

Kcmmc mo#Omytl‛s Cmjl#lmb jksmppimrij slhrtoy metir lksjimtl kg 6;= @I ehr tli ehoohwkgf rimshgs>

,m+ Li giktlir/ `hcpkoij/ jk`tmtij/ ghr kgstru t̀ij lks ehoohwirs thri`hrj lks oifmo hpkgkhgs mgj tlikr prhhes m``hrjkgf th lkskgtirpritmtkhgs he tli ]ur‛mmg/ Puggml mgj oifmo phsktkhgs he tliPmlmmbml' Zlus/ viry okttoi ricmkgs he lks Cjl#lmb biyhgj m eiwrieirigìs kg tli imroy bhhas he `hcpmrmtkvi Ekql'

,b+ Zli gucbir he stujigts ugjir mo#Omytl wms scmoo mgj skgìghgi he tlic bi`mci hutstmgjkgf nurksts/ tliy wiri ght kg mgkgeouigtkmo phsktkhg th phpuomrkzi lks Cmjl#lmb'

=:4 Zmmriial mo#Cmjlmmlkb mo#Ksommciiyml/ vho' 2/pp' 929'



# < 6 #

,`+ Msl#Plmmek‛ii/ hgi he tli chst hutstmgjkgf Ekql s`lhomrs/ sittoijkg Ifypt Kccijkmtioy metir mo#Omytl‛s jimtl mgj lks Cmjl#lmbqukàoy jkspomìj he mo#Omytl'

Kt ks kgtiristkgf th ghti tlmt Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii wlh lmjstujkij ixtigskvioy ugjir Cmmoka mgj ugjir mo#Omytl‛s stujigts wmsriphrtij th lmvi hbsirvij tlmt mo#Omytl wms m frimtir nurkst tlmgCmmoka/ but lks stujigts gifoi`tij lkc'=:=

ZLI ZLMVRII CMJL#LMB

Zli ehugjir> Kcmmc mtl#tlmwrii ,6=;#666 @I+

Kcmmc Pueymmg mtl#Zlmwrii wms bhrg kg Aueml kg tli yimr 6=; @I/ mgj metir mg ixtigskvi stujy he Lmjiitl mgj Ekql bi`mcitli cmkg Ekql s`lhomr he tli Lmjiitl s`lhho kg Aueml' Li liojskckomr vkiws th tlhsi he lks `hgticphrmry/ Mbu Lmgiieml/ lhwivir li hpphsij tli omttir‛s usi he ]kymms mgj Kstklsmmg'

Zliri h`ùrrij bitwiig Kcmmc Pueymmg mgj heek`kmos he tli“Mbbmmskj stmti m sirkis he `hgerhgtmtkhgs jui th lks hutsphaig gmturi

mgj lks rieusmo th supphrt stmti phok`kis wlk`l `hgtrmjk`tij tliPlmrii‛ml' @mokpl mo#Cmgshhr ,ruoi 69;#6:: @I+ Pigt m oittir thKcmmc mtl#Zlmwrii riquistkgf lkc th m`ìpt tli phst he ]mmjii he Aueml hg `hgjktkhg tlmt li ght cmai mgy nujficigt hr ruokgf kghpphsktkhg th tli stmti phok`y' Hg riìkpt he tli oittir/ Pueymmg thri ktup mgj tlriw kt kgth tli Zkfrks rkvir kg jksfust/ but/ ms m risuot/ li wmsehrìj th fkvi up lks tim`lkgf mgj eoii ehr lks okei' Li ricmkgij kglkjkgf ugtko li jkij kg tli yimr 666 @I'

Rimshgs Ehr Zli Cmjl#lmb‛s Jksmppimrmgì

Zli twh cmkg em`thrs mri ms ehoohws>

,m+ Zli Kcmmc spigt tli frimtir pmrt he lks okei kg lkjkgf mgj tluswms ugmboi th mttrm`t m omrfi gucbir he stujigts wlh ckfltsubsiquigtoy sprimj lks hpkgkhgs kg tli `kròis he oimrgkgf'

=:= mo#Cmjalmo/ p' 249'



# < < #

,b+ Motlhufl li jkj `mrry hut shci emkroy ixtigskvi `hcpkomtkhg he Lmjiitls mgj tlikr kgtirpritmtkhgs/ li riquistij kg lks wkoo tlmtlks cmkg stujigt/ “Mccmmr kbg Pmye/ irmsi moo lks wrktkgfs mgj

burg wlmtivir `huoj ght bi irmsij' “Mccmmr jutkeuooy jistrhyijlks tim`lir‛s wrktkgfs/ but cmgy he tli Kcmmc‛s kjims wiriri`hrjij by stujigts he htlir Kcmms/ sh tliy lmvi survkvij tkoothjmy but ght kg mg hrfmgkzij ehrc'=:2

ZLI PLMMEK‛II CMJL#LMB

Zli ehugjir> Kcmmc Msl#Plmmek‛ii ,65;#<24 @I+

Zli euoo gmci he tli s`lhomr metir wlhc tlks s`lhho he oifmotlhuflt lms biig gmcij wms Culmccmj kbg Kjriis msl#Plmmek‛ii'Li wms bhrg kg tli thwg Flmzzml hg tli Cijktirrmgimg `hmst he wlmt wms tlig aghwg ms Plmmc kg tli yimr 6;5 @I/ but trmviooij thCmjiigml kg lks yhutl th stujy Ekql mgj Lmjiitl ugjir KcmmcCmmoka' Li su`ìijij kg cichrkzkgf tli wlhoi he Cmmoka‛s bhha/mo#Cuwmttm‛/ mgj ri`ktij kt th lkc erhc cichry/ whrj pirei`t'

Msl#Plmmek‛ii ricmkgij ugjir Cmmoka ugtko tli omttir jkij kg<4= @I' Zlig li wigt th [icig mgj tmuflt tliri' Li ricmkgij tliriugtko li wms m`ùsij he Plk‛kti oimgkgfs kg tli yimr <49 @I mgj

brhuflt ms m prkshgir biehri tli “Mbbmmskj @mokpl/ Lmrhhg mr#Rmsliij ,ruoi 6<5#<4; @I+ kg Krmq' Ehrtugmtioy/ li wms mboi th prhvitli `hrri`tgis he lks biokies mgj wms subsiquigtoy rioimsij' Msl#Plmmek‛ii ricmkgij kg Krmq mgj stujkij ehr m wlkoi ugjir KcmmcCulmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg/ tli emchus stujigt he Mbu Lmgiieml'Omtir li trmvioij th Ifypt kg hrjir th stujy ugjir Kcmmc

Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg/ tli emchus stujigt he Mbu Lmgiieml'Omtir li trmviooij th Ifypt kg hrjir th stujy ugjir Kcmmc mo#Omytl/

but by tli tkci li rim`lij tliri tli Kcmmc lmj pmssij mwmy'Lhwivir/ li wms mboi th stujy tli Cmjl#lmb he mo#Omytl erhc mo#Omytl‛s stujigts' Msl#Plmmek‛ii ricmkgij kg Ifypt ugtko lks jimtl kg

=:2 mo#CmCmjalmo/ pp' 245#6'



# < ; #

tli yimr <24 @I jurkgf tli ruoi he tli @mokpl mo#Cmchhg ,ruoi <=0#<02 @I+'=:0

Ehrcmtkhg he tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb

Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii `hcbkgij tli Ekql he Lknmmz ,Cmmokaiitlhuflt+ wktl tlmt he Krmq/ ,Lmgmeii tlhuflt+ mgj `rimtij m giwCmjl#lmb wlk`l li jk`tmtij th lks stujigts kg tli ehrc he m bhha `mooij mo#Lunnml ,Zli Ivkjigì+' Zlks jk`tmtkhg thha pomì kg Krmq kgtli yimr <=4 @I mgj m gucbir he lks stujigts cichrksij lks bhha mgj gmrrmtij kt th htlirs' Zlks bhha mgj pirkhj he lks s`lhomrslkp mriusumooy rieirrij th ms mo#Cmjl#lmb mo#]mjiic ,tli hoj s`lhho he tlhuflt+ th jkeeirigtkmti kt erhc tli si`hgj pirkhj th lks s`lhomrslkpwlk`l h`ùrrij metir li rim`lij Ifypt' Kg Ifypt li mbshrbij tliEkql he Kcmmc mo#Omytl kbg Pm‛j mgj jk`tmtij mo#Cmjl#lmb mo#Nmjiij ,tli giw s`lhho he tlhuflt+ th lks stujigts kg tli ehrc he mghtlir bhha wlk`l li gmcij mo#Ycc ,li Issigì+' Bi`musi he lksixphsuri th m `hcpoitioy giw sit he Lmjiitls mgj oifmo rimshgkgf/ kgmo#Cmjl#lmb mo#Nmjiij/ li rivirsij cmgy he tli oifmo phsktkhgswlk`l li lmj lioj wlkoi kg Krmq' Kcmmc msl#Plmek‛ii lhojs tli

jkstkg`tkhg he bikgf tli ekrst Kcmmc th systicmtkzi tli eugjmcigtmo prkg`kpois he Ekql wlk`l li ri`hrjij kg lks bhha `mooij mr#Rksmmoml'

Phurìs he Omw Ysij by tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb

=' Zli ]ur‛mmg

Msl#Plmmek‛ii jkj ght jkeeir erhc tli privkhusoy cigtkhgiKcmmcs/ kg tlikr ug`hcprhckskgf stmgj kg riomtkhg th tli

prkcm`y he tli ]ur‛mmg mchgf tli shurìs he Ksomck` omw' Lierokij hg kt ms limvkoy ms tlhsi biehri lkc mjjkgf hgoy tli giwkgskflts wlk`l li fmkgij erhc m jiip stujy he kts cimgkgf'

2' Zli Puggml

=:0Mchgf tlisi stujigts wiri Mlcij kbg Lmcbmo/ ehugjir he tli

Lmcbmoii Cmjl#lmb mgj Mbu Zlmwr ehugjir he tli Mbu Zlmwr Cmjl#lmb'





# ; = #

Kstksomml wlk`l li `mooij kstks#lmmb'=:: Kstks#lmmb oktirmooy cimgssiiakgf m okga/ but oifmooy kt rieirs th tli prhìss he jiju`kgfEkql omws by okgakgf m omtir sit he `krùcstmgìs wktl mg imrokir

sit' Kt ks bmsij hg tli mssucptkhg tlmt tli Ekql omws mppok`mboi thìrtmkg `hgjktkhgs ricmkg vmokj sh ohgf ms kt ks ght ìrtmkg tlmttlisi `hgjktkhgs lmvi motirij' Ke/ ehr ixmcpoi/ hg m``hugt he tliohgf mbsigì he shcihgi/ kt ks jhubteuo wlitlir li ks mokvi hr jimj/ tlig by Kstks#lmmb moo ruois cust ricmkg kg ehrì tlmt whuojlhoj ke hgi agiw ehr ìrtmkg tlmt li wms stkoo mokvi'

Cmkg stujigts he Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb

Zli chst kcphrtmgt he Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii‛s stujigts wlh`hgtuguij th ehoohw lks s`lhho he tlhuflt wiri> mo#Cuzmgii/ mr#Rmbii‛ mgj [hhsue kbg [mlymm'

Mo#Cuzmgii ,6;=#<65 @I+

Mo#Cuzmgii‛s euoo gmci wms Kcmm‛iio kbg [mlymm mo#Cuzmgii' Li wms tli `hgstmgt `hcpmgkhg he Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii

tlrhuflthut lks stmy kg Ifypt' Mo#Cuzmgii wms ghtij ehr wrktgkgf m bhha wlk`l `hcpriligskvioy fmtlirij tli Ekql he msl#Plmmek‛ii'Omtir `hgjigsij ugjir tli tktoi Cualtmsmo mo#Cuzmgii/ kt bi`mcitli chst wkjioy rimj Ekql bhha he tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb'

Mr#Rmbii‛ Mo#Cmrmmjii ,6;4#<60 @I+

Mr#Rmbii‛ wms ghtij ms tli cmkg gmrrmthr he msl#Plmmek‛ii‛s bhha mo#Ycc' Li wrhti kt jhwg jurkgf Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii‛s

okeitkci mohgf wktl mr#Rmsmmoml mgj htlir bhhas'

[hhsue kbg [mlymm mo#Buwmytii

[hhsue kbg [mlymm su`ìijij msl#Plmmek‛ii ms tli cmkgtim`lir he tli Cmjl#lmb' Li wms kcprkshgij mgj thrturij th jimtl kg

=:: Mo#Cmjalmo/ pp



# ; 2 #

Bmfljmj bi`musi li rini`tij tli heek`kmooy smg`tkhgij Cu‛tmzkokti plkohshply hg tli r̀imtkhg he tli ]ur‛mmg'=:9

Ehoohwirs he tli Plmemek‛ii Cmjl#lmb

Zli cmnhrkty he tli ehoohwirs he tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb mrighw th bi ehugj kg Ifypt/ Phutlirg Mrmbkm/ ,[icig/ Lmjrmchut+/Prk Omgam/ Kgjhgiskm/ Cmomyskm/ mgj Imst Merk`m ,Aigym/ Zmgzmgkm+mgj Purkgmc kg Phutl Mcirk`m'

Zli Lmcbmoii CMJL#LMB

Zli Ehugjir> Kcmmc Mlcmj ,66<#<99 @I+

Zli s`lhomr th wlhc tlks Cmjl#lmb ks mttrkbutij ks Mlcmjkbg Lmcbmo msl#Plmybmmgii/ wlh wms bhrg kg Bmfljmj kg tli yimr 66< @I' Li bi`mci hgi he tli frimtist cichrkzirs mgj gmrrmthrs he Lmjiitl he lks tkci' @hgìgtrmtkgf hg tli stujy he Lmjiitl/ Mlcmjstujkij Ekql mgj Lmjiitl s`kigì ugjir Kcmmc Mbu [hhsue/ tliemchus stujigt he Mbu Lmgiieml/ ms wioo ms ugjir Kcmmc msl#

Plmmek‛ii lkcsioe' Kcmmc Mlcmj wigt tlrhufl m sirkis he pirsiùtkhgs ugjir tli `mokpls he lks tkci jui th tlikr mjhptkhg he Cu‛tmzkokti plkohshply' Li wms nmkoij mgj bimtig ehr twh yimrs byhrjir he @mokpl mo#Cm‛chhg ,ruoi <=0#<:2 @I+/ bi`musi he lksrini`tkhg he tli plkohshplk`mo `hgìpt tlmt tli ]ur‛mmg wms `rimtij'Omtir sit erii/ li `hgtkguij tim`lkgf kg Bmfljmj ugtko mo#Vmmtlkq

bi`mci `mokpl ,ruoi <:2#<:5 @I+ mgj rigiwij tli pirsiùtkhg'Zliriuphg/ Kcmmc Mlcmj sthppij tim`lkgf mgj wigt kgth lkjkgf ehr ekvi yimrs ugtko @mokpl mo#Cutmwmaako ,<:6#<52 @I+ thha hvir'

@mokpl mo#Cutmwmaako igjij tli kgquksktkhg pircmgigtoy byixpiookgf tli Cu‛tmzkokti s`lhomrs mgj heek`kmooy rini`tkgf tlikr

plkohshply' Mlcmj `hgtkguij th tim`l kg Bmfljmj ugtko li jkij kgtli yimr <99 @I'

Ehrcmtkhg he tli Lmcboii Cmjl#lmb

=:9Bhzigm Fmnmgii Ptrzyziwsam/ Zmmriial mt#Zmslrii‛ mo#Ksommcii/ ,Bikrut/

Oibmghg> Jmmr mo#Mmemmq mo#Nmjiijml/ =st ij' =;<4+/ pp' =69/ =65'





# ; : #

Ke m prhboic mrhsi kg mg mrim wliri tli Plmmbml lmj ixprissij`hgeok`tkgf hpkgkhgs/ Mlcmj/ okai Cmmoka/ whuoj fkvi `rijigìth moo tli vmrkhus kgjkvkjumo hpkgkhgs' Bi`musi he tlmt/ tliri

jiviohpij wktlkg tli Cmjl#lmb cmgy kgstmgìs he cuotkpoiruokgfs ehr kgjkvkjumo kssuis'

9' Lmjiitl Jm‛iie ,Vima Lmjiitl+

Ehr m ruokgf hg m `msi wliri ghgi he tli privkhus ehur prkg`kpisheeirij m rimjy shoutkhg/ tli Kcmmc usij th prieir th usi m wima Lmjiitl rmtlir tlmg mppoykgf lks hwg jiju`tkvi rimshgkgf,]kymms+' Lhwivir/ tlks wms hg `hgjktkhg tlmt tli wimagiss he tli Lmjiitl wms ght jui th tli em`t tlmt hgi he kts gmrrmthrs wmsòmsskekij ms m Emmskq ,jifigirmti+/ ms m Amjl#jlmmb ,okmr+'

5' ]kymms

Ms m omst rishrt/ tlmt ks wlig gh htlir cmnhr prkg`kpoi `huoj bijkri`toy mppokij/ Mlcmj whuoj riou`tmgtoy mppoy tli prkg`kpoi he ]kymms mgj jijuì m shoutkhg bmsij hg hgi hr chri he tli

privkhus prkg`kpois'=:5

Cmkg Ptujigts he tli Lmcbmoii Cmjl#lmb

Kcmmc Mlcmj‛s cmkg stujigts wiri lks hwg twh shgs/Pmmokl ,jkij <60 @I+ mgj “Mbjuoomml ,jkij ;40 @I+' KcmmcBualmmrii mgj Cusokc/ `hcpkoirs he tli chst hutstmgjkgf`hooi`tkhgs he Lmjiitl/ wiri mchgf tli frimt s`lhomrs he Lmjiitlwlh stujkij ugjir Kcmmc Mlcmj'=:6

Ehoohwirs he tli Lmcbmoii Cmjl#lmb

Zli cmnhrkty he tli ehoohwirs he tlks Cmjl#lmb `mg ghw biehugj kg Tmoijtkgi mgj Pmujk Mrmbkm' Kts suvkvmo kg Pmujk Mrmbkm/metir mochst `hcpoitioy jykgf hut iosiwliri kg tli Cusokc whroj/ ksjui th tli em`t tlmt tli ehugjir he tli sh `mooij Vmllmb/ lmj stujkij

=:5mo#Cmjlamo/ pp' 242#240'

=:6 Zmmriial mo#Cmjlmmlkb mo#Ksommciiyml/ vho' 2/ pp' 00;#0:4'



# ; 9 #

ugjir s`lhomrs he tli Lmcbmoii Cmjl#lmb/ mgj tlus kt ugheek`kmooy bi`mci tli Ekql Cmjl#lmb he tli chvicigt' Vlig “mbjuo# “Mziizkbg Pm‛huj `mpturij chst he tli Mrmbkmg pigkgsuom mgj istmbokslij

tli Pmujk jygmsty/ li cmji tli Lmcbmoii Cmjl#lmb tli bmsks he tliakgfjhc‛s oifmo systic'

ZLI JLMMLKRII CMJL#LMB

Zli Ehugjir> Kcmmc Jmmwhhj ,<=9#<<0 @I+

Zli ehugjir he tlks s`lhho he tlhuflt/ Jmmwhhj kbg “Moii/wms bhrg kg Aueml kg tli yimr <=9 @I' Lks imroy Ekql stujkis wiriugjir Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii‛s stujigts/ but li omtir kgòkgij thwmrjstli stujy he Lmjiitl mgj nhkgij tli Lmjiitl `kròi he Kcmmc Mlcmjkbg Lmcbmo' Li `hgtkguij th stujy ugjir Mlcmj ugtko li wmsixpiooij erhc Mlcmj‛s òmssis bi`musi li vhkìj tli hpkgkhg tlmttli ]urmmg wms Culjmtl ,giwoy ixkstigt+ mgj tliriehri `rimtij'Metir lks ixpuoskhg/ li thha mgj kgjipigjigt pmtl he rimshgkgf bmsijhg tli hbvkhus mgj oktirmo cimgkgfs ,JLmmlkr+ he tli tixts he tli]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml' Bi`musi he tlks mpprhm`l/ lks Cmjl#lmb

wms `mooij tli JLmmlkrii Cmjl#lmb mgj li bi`mci aghwg msJmmwhhj mjL#JLmmlkrii'=:<

Zli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml

Okai moo he tli htlir Kcmmcs/ Jmmwhhj `hgskjirij tli]ur‛mmg th bi tli ehrichst shurì he Ksomck` omw ehoowij by tliPuggml' Lhwivir/ hgoy oktirmo kgtirpritmtkhgs he tlikr tixts wirikgskjirij by lkc th bi vmokj ' tlmt ks/ tliy wiri hgoy th bi mppokij kg

tli pmrtkùomr `krùcstmgìs wlk`l tliy jis`rkbij'

Kncmm‛ he tli Puggml

=:< Zmmriial mt#Zmslrii‛ mo#Ksommcii/ pp' =<=/ =<2'



# ; 5 #

Kcmmc Jmmwhhj fmvi `rijigì th tli Kncmm‛ he tliPmlmmbml/ Li rimshgij tlmt tlikr ugmgkckty whuoj hgoy lmvi biig hg

phkgts he omw rivimoij th tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ mgj aghwg th tliPmlmmbml/ but ght gmrrmtij ms Lmjiitls ehr shci rimshg hr htlir'

Zliri ehri/ tli Kncmm‛ he tli Pmlmmbml wiri ght `hgskjirij by lkcmsrisuotkgf erhc rimshgkgf ,]kymms+'

]kymms

Pkgì Kcmmc Jmmwhhj okcktij tli mppok`mtkhg he tli]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml th tlikr oktirmo cimgkgf/ li muthcmtk`mooyjigkij tli vmokjkty he ruokgfs bmsij hg mgy ehrc he rimshgij hpkgkhg/kgòujkgf ]kymms'=:; Lhwivir/ tli prkg`kpoi he Cmelhhc ,ugjirsthhjcimgkgf+ wlk`l li mppokij th tli ]ur‛mmg mgj Puggml kg pomì he ]kymms turgij hut th bi vkrtumooy kgjkstkgfukslmboi erhc ]kymms,mgmohfk`mo jiju`tkhg+=94

Cmkg Ptujigts he tli JLmmlkrii Cmjl#lmb

Jui th tli okcktij s`hpi he tli JLmmlkrii Cmjl#lmb mgj tli mbsigsihe hutstmgjkgf s`lhomrs th pmss hg kts prkg`kpois mgj ruokgfs/ kt jkj ghtomst viry ohgf' Kg em`t/ kt jkj ght fit m ehhtlhoj kg mgy mrim he tliCusokc icpkri jurkgf Kcmmc Jmmwhhj‛s okeitkci/ ghr kg tli ìgturymgj m lmoe wlk`l ehoohwij lks jimtl'

Kg omtir tkcis/ moo s`lhomrs wlh jigkij tli vmokjkty he ]kymmswiri ombiooij ms JLmmlkriis/ ivig tlhufl tliy lmj ght m`tumooy

stujkij ugjir Jmmwhhj hr lks stujigts/ hr ivig rimj tlikr whras'

Zli chst ghtij stujigt he tli JLmmlkrii Cmjl#lmb wms m brkookmgt ==tl ìgtury @I Ppmgksl s`lhomr gmcij “Moii kbg Mlcmjkbg Lmzc mo#Mgjmohhsii ,jkij =464 @I+' Kbg Lmzc rivkvij tlks

=mo#Cmjalmo/ p' 245'

=94

N'L' Armcirs mgj L'M'R' Fkbb/ Plhrtir Ig`y`hpijkm he Ksomc/ ,@hrgiooYgkvirskty Triss/Ktlm`m/ Giw [hra/ =;90+ p' 255'



# ; 6 #

Cmjl#lmb mgj jieigjij kt kg tli gucirhus hutstmgjkgf whras wlk`lli wrhti kg vmrkhus ekiojs he Ksomck` stujy1 ehr ixmcpoi/ Klammc mo#Mlammc kg tli ekioj he Yshho mo#Ekql/ mo#Eksmo kg tlihohfy mgj mo#

Culmoomm kg Ekql' Jui th Kbg Lmzc‛s tkrioiss ieehrts/ tli Cmjl#lmbthha lhoj kg Ksomck` Ppmkg wliri kt eohurkslij/ mgj erhc tliri ktsprimj th shci mrims he Ghrtl Merk`m mgj iosiwliri' Kt ricmkgij

privmoigt kg Ppmkg ugtko tli Ksomck` Ptmti bifmg th `rucboi tliri kgtli imroy =:44‛s' Vlktl tli jksmppimrmgì he tli Cusokc stmti he Mgjmous/ tli Cmjl#lmb mosh jksmppimrij/ oimvkgf bilkgj hgoy mgucbir he s`lhomroy wrktkgfs/ chst he wlk`l wiri jhgi by Kbg Lmzclkcsioe'=9=

ZLI NMRIIRII CMJL#LMB

Zli ehugjir> Kcmmc mt#Zmbmrii ,<0;#;20 @I+

Zlks Cmjl#lmb wms ehugjij by Culmccmj kbg Nmriir kbg[mziij mt#Zmbmrii wlh wms bhrg kg tli prhvkgì he Zmbmrkstmg kg tliyimr <0; @I' Li m`qukrij m lkfl jifrii he prhek`kig`y kg tli ekiojshe Lmjiitl/ Ekql/ mgj lksthry' Ms m trmviookgf nurkst/ li stujkij tli

systics he Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml/ Kcmmc Cmmoka/ Kcmmc msl#Plmek‛ii mgj htlirs' Ehr tli ekrst tig yimrs metir lks riturg erhc Ifyptli strk`toy ehoohwij tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb' Mt tli igj he tlmt

pirkhj li ehugjij m s`lhho he lks hwg/ wlhsi ehoohwirs `mooijtlicsiovis Nmriirktis metir lks emtlir‛s gmci' But lks Cmjl#lmb mgjeioo `hcpmrmtkvioy qukàoy kgth hbokvkhg'

Kbg Nmriir wms chst ghtij ehr lks hutstmgjkgf Zmesiir he tli]ur‛mmg wlk`l li `mooij Nmmck‛mo#Bmymmg/ but wlk`l bi`mci

aghwg ms Zmesiir mt#Zmbmrii' He iqumo kcphrtmgì mgj emci wmslks lksthry he tli whroj `mooij Zmmriial mr#Rusuo wmo#Cuohha/`hcchgoy aghwg ms Zmmriial mt#Zmbmrii'

=92

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

=9=Zmmriial mo#Cmjlmmlkb mo#Ksommciiyml/ vho' 2/ pp' 069#:4;'

=92 Zmriial mt#Zslrii‛ mo#Ksommcii/ pp' =<2/ =<0'



# ; < #

=' Zli cmnhr Cmjl#lmbs wiri > tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb/ tliCmmokaii Cmjl#lmb/ tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb/ tli LmcbmoiiCmjl#lmb/ mgj tli ^myjii Cmjl#lmb' Zlisi survkvij omrfioy

bi`musi he stmti supphrt mgj m bhjy he hutstmgjkgf ekrstfigirmtkhg stujigts'

2' Zli chst kcphrtmgt he tli ckghr Cmjl#lmbs wiri> tli Mwzmm‛iiCmjl#lmb/ tli Omytlii Cmjl#lmb/ tli Zlmwrii Cmjl#lmb/ tliJLmmlkrii Cmjl#lmb mgj tli Nmriirii Cmjl#lmb' Zlisi wigthut he ixkstigì iktlir bi`musi he phoktk`mo em`thrs hr bi`musitlikr stujigts emkoij th ri`hrj tli ruokgfs he tli ehugjirs ehr

phstirkty'0' Zli prkg`kpmo shurìs he Ksomck` omw mfriij uphg by moo tli

cmnhr Cmjl#lmbs wiri> tli ]ur‛mmg/ tli Puggml/ Kncmm‛ he tliPmlmmbml mgj ]kymms'

:' Moo he tli cmnhr Cmjl#lmbs sit `hgjktkhgs ehr tli m`ìptmgì he tli Puggml ms m prkcmry shurì he Ksomck` omw>,m+ Zli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb stkpuomtij tlmt tli Lmjiitl bi

wkjioy aghwg ,Cmsl#lhhr+',b+ Zli Cmmokaii Cmjl#lmb riqukrij tlmt tli Lmjiitl ght

`hgtrmjk`t tli Kncmm‛ he tli Cmjiigktis'

,`+ Zli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb kgskstij tlmt tli Lmjiitl bimutligtk` ,Pmliil+,j+ Zli Lmcbmoii Cmjl#lmb hgoy riqukrij tlmt tli Lmjiitl bi

mttrkbutij th tli prhplit ,s'w'+ mgj ght embrk`mtij' Zlus/Lmjiitls he jhubteuo mutligtk`kty wiri `hgskjirij m pmrt he tli Puggml'

9' Zli `hgthvirskmo shurìs he Ksomck` wiri>,m+ Kstklsmmg mgj Kncmm‛ he s`lhomrs/ lioj by tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#

lmb'

,b+ Kstksomml/ Kncmm‛ he tli Cmjiigktis mgj tlikr ùsthcs/ lioj by tli Cmmokaii Cmjl#lmb'

,`+ “Yre/ lioj by bhtl tli Lmgmeii mgj Cmmokaii Cmjl#lmb',j+ Vima Lmjiitl lioj by tli Lmcbmoiii Cmjl#lmb',i+ Mqwmmo “Moii ,ruokgfs mgj stmticigts he tli ehurtl rkfltihus

`mokpl/ “Moii+/ lioj by tli ^myjii Cmjl#lmb'



# ; ; #

5' CMKG RIMPHGP EHR @HGEOK@ZKGF RYOKGFP

Vi lmvi siig tlmt motlhufl tli Kcmmcs he tli ehur cmnhr Cmjl#lmbs wiri moo mfriij hg tli prkcm`y he tli ehur eugjmcigtmo

prk`kpois he Ksomck` omw ,tli ]ur‛mmg/ tli Puggml/ Kncmm‛mgj]kymms+/ ìrtmkg jkeeirigìs lmvi h`ùrrij mgj stkoo ixkst mchgf tliruokgfs he tlikr Cmjl#lmbs' Zlisi jkeeirigìs mrhsi ehr vmrkhusrimshgs/ tli `lkie hgis bikgf riomtij th tli ehoohwkgf mspi`ts>kgtirpritmtkhg he wmrj cimgkgfs mgj frmccmtk`mo `hgstru`tkhgs1Lmjiitl gmrrmtkhgs ,mvmkombkokty/ mutligtk`kty/ `hgjktkhgs ehr m`ìptmgì/ mgj kgtirpritmtkhg he tixtumo `hgeok`t+1 mjcksskbkokty he ìrtmkg prkg`kpois ,Kncmm‛/ ùsthcs he tli Cmjiigktis/ Kstklsmmg/ mgjhpkgkhgs he tli Pmlmmbml+1 mgj citlhjs he ]kymms' Cigtkhg wkoo bicmji he tli phsktkhgs he tli ehur ixkstkgf Cmjl#lmbs wliri rioivmgt'

=' VHRJ CIMGKGFP

Zli kgtirpritmtkhgmo jkeeirigìs/ wlk`l h`ùrrij hvir tlicimgkgfs he whrjs/ thha tlrii bmsk` ehrcs>

m+ Plmrij Oktirmo CimgkgfsZliri mri m eiw whrjs wlk`l h`ùr kg bhtl tli ]ur‛mmg mgjtli Puggml wktl chri tlmg hgi oktirmo cimgkgfs1 ehr ixmcpoi/ tli whrj ]ur ,pourmo ]urhh‛ hr Mqrmm‛+/ wlk`lcimgs cigsis ms wioo ms tli tkci he purkty bitwiig cigsis'Zlus/ s`lhomrs he Ekql wiri jkvkjij kgth twh `mcps`hgìrgkgf tli kgtirpritmtkhg he tli ]ur‛mgk` virsi/‟Jkvhrìj whcig slhuoj wmkt tlrii ]urhh‛'–

=90

Zli pmrtkùomr kgtirpritmtkhg `lhsig cmais mg kcphrtmgtjkeeirigì wlig `hgskjirkgf tli `msi he m jkvhrìj whcmgwlh lms stmrtij lir tlkrj cigsis' M``hrjkgf th tlhsi wlh`hgskjirij ]ur‛ th bi tli pirkhj he purkty/ tli jkvhrì

bi`hcis ekgmokzij ms shhg ms lir cigsis lmvi stmrtij / wlkoim``hrjkgf th tlhsi wlh vkiwij ]ur‛ ms tli m`tumo cigsis/ ktks ght ekgmokzij ugtko lir tlkrj cigsis lmvi igjij'

=90 Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> 22<'



# =44 #

,k+ Cmmoka/ Msl#Plmmek‛ii mgj Mlcmj ruoij tlmt ]ur‛ cimgttli pirkhj he purkty'

,kk+ Mbu Lmgiiem/ ruoij tlmt ]ur‛ cimgt tli m`tumo

cigsis'=9:

Ghti>“Mm‛islml smkj/ ‟Ycc Lmbiibml lmj krrifumor cigsismgj sli msaij tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ mbhut kt' Li thoj lir thsthp prmykgf jurkgf tli jmys he lir ]ur‛s'–

=99 “Mm‛islmlwms mosh riphrtij th lmvi smkj/ ‟K thoj Bmriirml thhbsirvi m wmktkgf pirkhj ,“Kjjml+ he tlrii cigsis'–=95

Zlisi gmrrmtkhgs òimroy kgjk`mti tlmt tli kgtigjijcimgkgf he ]ur‛ ks tli cigsis ktsioe'

b+ Oktirmo mgj Ekfurmtkvi CimgkgfsZliri mri mosh shci whrjs kg tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggmlwlk`l lmvi bhtl oktirmo mgj ekfurmtkvi cimgkgfs' Ehr ixmcpoi th whrj Omcs ,thu`l+ ks oktirmooy usij th kgjk`mtithu`lkgf by tli lmgj hr tli `hckgf kg `hgtm`t he twhhbni`ts/ mgj ekfurmtkvioy th kgjk`mti sixumo kgtir`hursi' Zlus/tli nurksts wiri he tlrii jkeeirigt hpkgkhgs `hgìrgkfg tlicimgkgf he tli ]ur‛mgk` virsi>

‟… hr yhu thu`lij ,Ommcmstuc+ whcig mgj `mgght ekgj wmtir/ tlig cmai Zmymccuc

=96erhc

òimg imrtl'–=9<

=9: Mbjuoomml “mbjuo#Culskg mt#Zmrak/ Msbmmb Kaltkomme mo#Euqmlmm/

,Rkymjl> Cmtbm‛ml ms#Pm‛mmjml/ =st

ij' =;6:+/ p' =;4'=99 @hooi`tij by mg#Gmsmm‛ii mgj Mbu Jmmwhhj' Pii Mlcmj Lmsmg/ PugmgMbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ ,Omlhri> PL' Culmccmj Mslrme/ =;<:+/ vho'

=/ p' 6=' Gh' 2<9 tlks Lmjiitl ks mosh `hooi`tij by Cuokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc

,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' =/ pp' =<<#;/ gh' 592+ wktl m vmrkmtkhg kg whrjkgf'

Mbu Jmmwhhj mgj mg#Gmsmm‛ii‛s gmrrmtkhgs mri mutligtk`mtij by mo#

Mobmmgii kg Krwmm mo#Flmoiio ,Bikrut> mo#Cmatmb mo#Ksommcii/ =st ij'/ =;6;+/

vho' 6/ p' =;;/ gh' 2==<'=95

@hooi`tij by Kbg Cmmnml mgj mutligtk`mtij by mo#Mobmmgii kg Krwmm mo#

Flmoiio/ vho'6/ p' 244/ gh' 2=24'=96Turkek`mtkhgwktl just kg tli mbsigì he wmtir'

=9< Phhrml mg#Gksmm ,:+> :0 mgj Phrrml m#Cmmkjml ,9+> 5'



# =4= #

Zlks virsi h`ùrs kg tli `hgtixt he tli em`thrs wlk`l brima tli stmti he Vujhh'=9;

,k+ Msl#Plmmek‛ii mgj chst he lks stujigts ruoij tlmt Omcs

cimgt tli thu`l he tli lmgj hr bhjy `hgtm`t' Zliriehri/ke m cmg kgtigtkhgmooy he m``kjigtmooy thu`li m whcmg hr vkì virsm/ sakg/ tlig bhtl he tlic whuoj ohsi tlikr stmtihe Vujhh'

,kk+ Kcmmc Cmmoka mgj chst he lks stujigts mosh ruoij tlmtOmcs cimgt thu`lkgf by tli lmgj' Lhwivir/ listupuomtij tlmt Vujhh whuoj hgoy bi brhaig ke tli thu`lwiri poimsurmboi/ wlitlir tli thu`l wiri kgtigjij hr ugkgtigjij/ sakg hg sakg hr htlirwksi' Zlks wms mosh tlichst wioo aghwg phsktkhg he Kcmmc Mlcmj' Zliy thha tli phsktkhg tlmt tli j`kjkgf em`thr wms tli h`ùrrigì he

poimsuri jui th tli ixkstmgì he m`ùrmti Lmjiitlsstmtkgf tlmt tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ usij th thu`l lks wkei“Mm‛islml‛s ehht kg hrjir th chvi kt hut he tli wmy wligli wms cmakgf Punhhj ,prhstrmtkhg jurkgf prmyir+'=54

,kkk+ Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml ruoij tlmt Omcs kg tli virsi ugjir `hgskjirmtkhg cimgt sixumo kgtir`hursi mgj tliriehri/

thu`lkgf m whcmg jkj ght brima Vujhh/ wlitlir kt wmsm``hcpmgkij by m poimsurmboi eiiokgf he ght'=5= Zlks phsktkhg wms bmsij hg tli privkhusoy cigtkhgij Lmjiitlhe “Mm‛islml ms wioo ms mghtlir erhc lir riphrtij by tliPmlmmbii/ “Yrwml/ tlmt tli prhplit ,s'w'+ akssij shci he lks wkvis tlig oiet ehr Pmomml wktlhut pirehrckgfVujhh'=52

=9; M rktumo stmti he purkty stkpuomtij ms m pri`hgjktkhg ehr ìrtmkg m`ts he

whrslkp'=54 @hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii ,Pmlkl Mo#Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/

vho' =/ pp' 2;:#9/ gh' :;<+ mgj Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj/ ,Igfoksl

Zrmgs'+/ vho' =/ pp' =<0#:/ gh' 6=2+'=5=

Bkjjmyml mo#Cuntmlkj/ vho' =/ pp' 00#0:'=52

@hooi`tij by Mbu Jmmwhhj ,Pugmg Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' =/

p' :0/ gh' =6;+/ mt#Zkrckjlii/ mg#Gmsmm‛ii mgj Kbg Cmmnml/ mgjmutligtk`mtij by mo#Mobmmgii kg Pmliil Pugmg Mbii Jmmwhhj ,Bikrut> mt#

Cmatmb mo#Ksommcii/ =;<;1/ vho' =/ p' 05/ gh' =59/ ms wioo ms by Mlcmj



# =42 #

`+ Frmcmtk`mo Cimgkgfs

Zliri wiri mosh ìrtmkg frmccmtk`mo `hgstru`tkhgs kg Mrmbk`/wlk`l wiri mcbkfuhus' Ehr ixmcpoi/ tli whrj iomm ,th+`huoj skcpoy cimg ‟up th but ght kgòujkgf–/ ms kg tli `msihe tli ]ur‛mgk` virsi/

‟Mgj `hcpoiti tli emst up th ,iomm+ tli gkflt'–=50

Zli emst ks `hgtkguij up th Cmflrkb ,sugsit+/ tli bifkggkgfhe tli gkflt/ but jhis ght kgòuji tli gkflt ktsioe' Zliri ks ghjksputi mbhut tlks kgtirpritmtkhg' Lhwivir/ iomm mosh cimgs‟up th mgj kgòujkgf– ms kg tli ]ur‛mgk` virsi/

‟Mgj Vi wkoo jrkvi tli fukoty up th ,iomm+ Lioookai m wimry lirj'–

=5:

Zlus/ Ekql s`lhomrs lioj twh hpkgkhgs `hgìrgkgf tlicimgkgf he tli ehoohwkgf ]ur‛mgk` virsi jis`rkbkgf mg

mspi`t he tli pirehrcmgì he Vujhh>

‟… tlig wmsl yhur emìs mgj yhur lmgjs up th,iomm+ yhur iobhws'–

=59

,k+ Mbu Lmgi:ieml‛s stujigt ûemr/ Kbg Jmmwhhj mjl#Jlmmlkrii=55 mgj shci he Cmmoka‛s stujigts

Plmmakr kg Nmmck‛ ms#Pmliil/ ,Bikrut> Jmmr mo#Autub mo#“Kociiyml/ =;<6+/

vho' =/ pp' =00#=0:'=50

Phhrml mo#Bmqmrml ,2+> =<6'=5:

Phhrml Cmrymc ,=;+> <5'=59

Phhrml mo#Cmm‛kjml ,9+> 5'=55Mbu Bmar Culmccmj ,<5;#;=4 @I+/ tli shg he Kcmmc Jmmwhhj mjL#

Jlmmlkrii'



# =40 #

kgtirpritij tlks virsi th cimg ‟up th but ghtkgòujkgf tli iobhws'–=56

,kk+ Zli ehur Kcmmcs moo ruoij tlmt tli virsi cimgt ‟up

th mgj kgòujkgf tli iobhws'–=5< Zlks phsktkhg kssupphrtij by tli jis`rkptkhg ehugj kg mutligtk`Lmjiitls he tli Trhplit‛s ,s'w'+ citlhj he

pirehrckgf Vujhh'=5;

2' GMRRMZKHGP HE LMJIIZLP

Zli `musis he oifmo jkeeirigìs/ wlk`l jiviohpij mchgf nurkstshvir tli gmrrmtkhg mgj mppok`mtkhg he Lmjiitls cmy bisubjkvkjij ms ehoohws>

m+ Mvmkombkokty he Lmjiitls

Zliri wiri gucirhus `msis wliri ìrtmkg gmrrmtkhgs he Lmjiitls/ jkj ght rim`l shci he tli s`lhomrs/ jui th tli em`ttlmt tli Pmlmmbml wlh gmrrmtij tlic lmj sittoij kg vmrkhusrifkhgs tlrhuflhut tli Ksomck` icpkri/ mgj tli cmnhr Cmjl#

lmbs wiri ehugjij kg jkeeirigt pmrts he tli icpkri biehri tli`hcpriligskvi `hcpkomtkhgs he Lmjiitls wiri cmji' Zh bichri spi`kek`/ tli Cmjl#lmb he Mbu Lmgiieml ,642#656@I+/ Cmmoka ,6=6#<99 @I+/ Msl#Plmmek‛ii mgj Mlcmj ,66<#<99 @I+ wiri ehugjij bitwiig tli ckjjoi he tli ikfltlìgtury @I mgj tli imroy pmrt he tli gkgtl/ wlirims tli chstmutligtk` mgj `hcpriligskvi `hcpkomtkhgs he Lmjiitl ,tli

=56 Culmccmj kbg “Moii msl#Plmwammgii/ Gmyo mo#Mwtmr/ ,Ifypt> mo#

Lmombii Triss/ omst ij'/ g'j'+/ vho' =/ p' =5<' Pii mosh Kbg ]ujmmcml‛s/ mo#

Cuflgii/ ,@mkrh> Cmatmbml mo#]mmlkrml/ =;5<+/ vho' =/ p' ;4'=5< mo#Kgsmme eii Bmymmg Msbmmb mo#Kaltkomme/ pp' :2/ :0'=5;

Gu‛myc kb Mbjuooml mo#Cunckr smkj/ ‟K smw Mbu Lurmyrml pirehrckgf

mboutkhg' Li wmslij lks emì `hcpoitioy/ tlig li wmslij lks rkflt mrc

kgòujkgf m phrtkhg he lks uppir mrc…tlig li smkj> Zlks ks lhw K smwMoomml‛s Cissigfir ,s'w'+ cmai Vujhh– ,`hooi`tij by Cusokc ,Igfoksl

Zrmgs'+/ vho' =/ p' =95/ gh' :66+'



# =4: #

Phugj Pkx=64+ wiri ght mvmkomboi ugtko tli omttir9 pmrt he tligkgtl ìgtury mgj tli imroy ji`mjis he tli tigtl'

,k+ Mbu Lmgiieml ruoij tlmt Kstksqmm ,prmyir ehr rmkg+ jkj ghtkgòuji ehrcmo `hgfrifmtkhgmo prmyir ,Pmomml+' Lks

phsktkhg wms bmsij hg tli gmrrmtkhg he Mgms kbg Cmmoka kg wlk`l tli Trhplit ,s'w'+/ hg mg h``mskhg/ cmji msphgtmgihus Ju‛mm ,suppok`mtkhg+ ehr rmkg wktlhutcmakgf Pmomml'

=6=

,kk+ Lhwivir/ lks stujigts Mbu [husue mgj Culmccmj mgjtli htlir Kcmmcs moo mfriij tlmt Pmomml ehr Kstksqmm wms

`hrri`t'

=62

Zlikr phsktkhg wms bmsij hg tli gmrrmtkhg he “Mbbmmj kbg Zmciic mgj htlirs kg wlk`l tli Trhplit,s'w'+wms riphrtij th lmvi fhgi hut th tli prmyir mrim/cmji Ju‛mm ehr rmkg em`kgf tli ]kboml ,jkri`tkhg he Cmaaml+/ rivirsij lks òhma mgj oij tli pihpoi kg twhugkts he Pmomml'=60

b+ Vima Gmrrmtkhgs he Lmjiitls

Zliri wiri `msis wliri shci nurksts bmsij tlikr ruokgfs hg

Lmjiitls wlk`l wiri kg em`t Jm‛iie ,wima mgj ugriokmboi+/ bi`musi tliy wiri ugmwmri he tli ugriokmbkokty he tlhsiLmjiitls hr bi`musi tliy thha tli phsktkhg tlmt m wima Lmjiitl wms th bi prieirrij th tlikr ]kymms ,mgmohfk`mojiju`tkhg+=6:' Ehr ixmcpoi/,k+ Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml/ lks `hcpmgkhgs mgj Kcmmc

Mlcmj kbg Lmcbmo moo lioj tlmt tli stmti he Vujhhks brhaig by vhcktkgf bmskgf tlikr ruokgf hg m

Lmjiitl mttrkbutij th “Mm‛islml kg wlk`l sli

=64 Zli Lmjiitl bhhas he Bualmmrii/ Cusokc/ Mbu Jmmwhhj/ mt#Zkrckjlii/

mg#Gmsmmii mgj Kbg Cmmnml'=6= @hooi`tij by Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' =/ pp' :20#:/

gh' =;95+'=62

mo#Cuflgii/ vho' 2/ p' 024' Pii mosh Bkjmmyml mo#Cuntmlkj/ vho' =/ p'

=<2'=60

@hooi`tij by Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' =/ p' :22/ gh'=;:<+'=6: mo#Cmjalmo/ p' 2=4'



# =49 #

riphrtijoy òmkcij tlmt tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ lmj smkj/‟Vlhivir ks meeok`tij by ]my/ Ru‛mme hr ]mos,jkeeirigt ehrcs he vhcktkgf+ slhuoj oimvi ,tliPmomml+/ cmai Vujhh/ tlig `hgtkgui wliri li oiethee wktlhut spimakgf jurkgf kt'–=69

,kk+ Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii mgj Kcmmc Cmmoka ruoij ehr twh rimshgs tlmt ]my‛ ,vhckt+ jkj ght brima Vujhh>Ekrst/ tli mbhvi cigtkhgij Lmjiitl wms ghtmutligtk` mgj si`hgj / ]my‛ks ght spi`kek`mooycigtkhgij kg htlir shurìs he Ksomck` omw ms mg m`twlk`l brimas Vujhh'

`+ @hgjktkhgs ehr tli M`ìptmgì he Lmjiitls

Htlir jkeeirigìs mchgf nurksts kg tli mrim he tli Puggmlmrhsi erhc vmrkhus `hgjktkhgs tliy pomìj hg ktsm`ìptmbkokty' Ehr ixmcpoi/ Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml stkpuomtijtlmt m Lmjiitl lmj th bi Cmsl#lhhr ,wioo aghwg+ biehri

bikgf rifmrjij ms mjckskboi ivkjigì/ wlirims KcmmcCmmoka stkpuomtij tlmt m Lmjiitl cust ght `hgtrmjk`t tli

ùsthcs he tli Cmjiigktis kg hrjir th bi mjcksskboi' Hg tlihtlir lmj/ Kcmmc Mlcmj `hgskjirij Cursmo=65 Lmjiitlsm`ìptmboi ms prhhe/ wlkoi Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii m`ìptijhgoy tli Cursmo Lmjiitls he Pm‛iij kbg mo#Cussmykb wlk`lchst Lmjiitl s`lhomrs eiot wiri lkfloy mutligtk`'=66

j+ Rishoutkhgs he Zixtumo ̀ hgeok`t kg Lmjiitls

Zli emhugjirs he tli Cmjl#lmbs mgj tlikr stujigts thha twhcmkg mpprhm`lis kg rishovkgf mppmrigt `hgtrmjk`tkhgs

bitwiig tli oktirmo cimgkgfs he shci he tli ri`hrjijgmrrmtkhgs he Lmjiitl' Phci nurksts `lhsi tli pmtl he

=69 @hooi`tij by Kbg Cmmnml erhc “Mm‛islml mgj rmtij Jm‛iie ,kgm`ùrmti+

by mo#Mobmmgii kg Jm‛iie mo#Nmmck‛ ms#Pmfliir ,Bikrut> mo#Cmatmb mo#

Ksommcii/ =46;+/ vho' 9/ p' =56/ gh' 9:0:'=65

Lmjiitl riphrtij byhgi he tli Ptujigts he tli Pmlmmbml wktlhut

cigtkhgkgf tli gmci he tli smlmbii erhc wlhc li lmj limrj kt'=66Kbg Zmyciiyml/ Rme‛uo#Cmommc “mg mo#M‛kccml mo#M‛ommc/ ,Bikrut> mo#

Cmatmb mo#Ksommcii/ 0rj ' ij' / =;64+/ p' 0='



# =45 #

‟Zmrniil– wlk`l cimgt fkvkgf prieirigì th shci Lmjiitlswlkoi rini`tkgf htlirs hg tli smci thpk`' Hg tli htlir lmgj/shci he tli htlir nurksts `lhsi tli pmtl he Nmcm‛/ wlk`l

kgvhovij `hcbkgkgf su`l Lmjiitls uskgf hgi kg hgi kgfigirmo sigsi' Ehr ixmcpoi/ tliri ks mg mutligtk` Lmjiitl kgwlk`l tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ ehrbmji Pmomml mt ìrtmkg tkcissmykgf1 ‟Gh Pmomml ,ks moohwij+ metir emnr prmyir ugtko tlisug lms rksij mgj metir “Msr prmyir ugtko tli sug lms sit'–=6<

Mt tli smci tkci tliri mri htlir iqumooy mutligtk` Lmjiitlskg wlk`l ìrtmkg Pmommls wiri ri`hccigjij wktlhut tkciristrk`tkhg' Ehr ixmcpoi/ ‟Ke mgy he yhu igtirs m cmsnkj/ lislhuoj prmy twh Rmam‛mmt ,ugkts he prmyir+ biehri skttkgfjhwg'–=6;

,k+ Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml fmvi prieirigì th tli ekrstLmjiitl mgj ruoij tlmt moo ehrcs he Pmomml wiriehrbkjjig jurkgf tli ehrbkjjig tkcis'

,kk+ Kcmmc Cmoka/ Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii mgj Kcmmc Mlcmj`hcbkgij tli twh Lmjiitls/ ruokgf tlmt tli ekrst Lmjiitlwms figirmo mgj rieirrij th vhougtmry Pmomml ,Gmeo+/wlirims tli si`hgj Lmjiitl wms spi`kek`/ moohwkgf

lkfloy ri`hccigjij Pmomml ,Custmlmbb+ ivig jurkgftli figirmooy erhbkjjig tkcis'=<4

0' MJCKPPKBKOKZ[ HE @IRZMKG TRKG@KTOIP

=6< Riphrtij by “Ycmr mgj mbu Pm‛iij mo#Alujrii mgj `hoi`tij by moo#

Bualmmrii ,Pmlkl Mo#Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl'+/ vho'=' p' 022/ gh 999+/

Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' =/ pp' 009#5/ gh' =26=+'=6; Riphrtij by Mbu ]mtmmjml mgj `hooi`tij by mo#Bualmrii ,Pmlkl Mo#

Bualmrk/ ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho' =/ pp' 29;#54/ gh' :09+/ Cusokc ,Pmlkl

Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' =/ p' 0:6/ gh' =9:4+ mgj Mbu Jmwhhj ,Pugmg

Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho/ =/ p' =24/ gh :56+'=<4 Zli omttir phsktkhg ks supphrtij by tli Trhplit‛s ,s'w'+ prm`tksi he

prmykgf ckssij vhougtmry prmyirs he Jlulur metir tli `hcpuoshry prmyirs he

“Msr wlk`l wms riphrtij by Ycc Pmomcml mgj `hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii

,Pmlkl Mo#Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+ vh' =/ p' 029/ `lmptir 00+ mgj Cusokc,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' 2/ pp' 0;<#</ gh=<=9+' Piig mosh

Bkjmmyml mo#Cuntmlkj/ vho' =/ pp' 55#;='



# =46 #

Zliri wiri mchgf tli Kcmmcs shci wlh jiviohpij m gucbir he `hgtrhvirskmo prkg`kpois hg wlk`l tliy bmsij shci he tlikr ruokgfs' Ms m risuot/ bhtl tli ruokgfs mgj tli prkg`kpois bi`mci

shurì he jkeeirigìs mchgf nurksts' Ehr ixmcpoi/ tli cmnhrkty he nurksts ri`hfgkzij tli vmokjkty he Kncmm‛ mchgf tli figirmtkhgsmetir tli Pmlmmbml/ but Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii quistkhgij ktsh`ùrrigì wlkoi Kcmmc Mlcmj rini`tij kt hutrkflt' Pkckomroytli cmnhrkty he nurksts rini`tij Kcmmc Cmmokariokmgì hg tliùsthcs he tli Cmjiigktis ms m shurì he oifksomtkhg' Mgj KcmmcMbu Lmgiieml‛s prkg`kpoi he Kstklsmmg mgj Cmmoka‛s Kstksommlwiri bhtl jksmoohwij by Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii ms bikgf thhkgjipigjigt he tli ]ur‛mmg/ tli Puggml/ mgj Kncmm‛' Zlmt ks thsmy/ tliy riokij thh cu`l/ kg lks hpkgkhg/ hg lucmg rimshgkgf'Hg tli htlir lmgj/ Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii eiot tlmt tli hpkgkhg he tli Pmlmmbml lmj th bi m`ìptij hg oifmo cmttirs/ wlkoi htlirseiot tlmt kt wms hgoy rimshgkgf hg tlikr pmrt wlk`l wms ght

bkgjkgf omtir figirmtkhgs'=<=

:' CIZLHJP HE ]K[MMP

Zli vmrkhus mpprhm`lis wlk`l nurksts thha kg tlikr mppok`mtkhg he ]kymms wiri pirlmps tli omrfist shurì he jieeirigìsmchgf tlic' Phci gmrrhwij jhwg tli s`hpi he ]kymms by sittkgf mgucbir he pri`hgjktkhgs ehr kts usi/ wlkoi htlirs ixpmgjij kts s`hpi'Bi`musi tlks prkg`kpoi wms bmsij hg hpkgkhg th m frimtir ixtigt tlmgmgy he tli htlirs/ tliri wiri gh lmrj mgj emst ruois wktl wlk`l th`hgtmkg kt/ mgj tlus m wkji rmgfi he jkeeirigìs jiviohpij'=<2

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

=' Umrykgf ruokgfs mrhsi erhc jkeeirigìs kg kgtirpritmtkhg wlk`lwiri tlicsiovis mttrkbutmboi th vmrkmtkhgs kg whrj cimgkgfs,slmrij/ oktirmo mgj ekfurmtkvi+ mgj frmccmtk`mo `hgstru`tkhgs,i'f' ]ur‛/ Omcs mgj iomm+'

=<=

Msbmmb Kaltkomme mo#Euqmlmm/ pp' =25#=0<' Pii mosh Rme “uo#Cmommc“mgko#M‛kccml mo#M‛ommc/ pp' ==#:;=<2 mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' 24;#2=4'



# =4< #

2' Kg tli mppok`mtkhg he Lmjiitls/ m vmrkmtkhg he oifmo ruokgfsh`ùrrij jipigjkgf hg tli jifrii he mvmkombkokty he tli Lmjiitls/tlikr mutligtk`kty/ tli `hgjktkhgs kcphsij ehr tlikr m`ìptmgì

mgj tli citlhjs he rishovkgf tixtumo `hgeok`ts'0' Phci Kcmmcs ivhovij ìrtmkg si`hgjmry oifmo prkg`kpois mgj

cmji ruokgfs bmsij hg tlic' Bhtl tli prk`kpois mgj tli ruokgfswiri rini`tij by htlir Kcmmcs ,i'f' Kstklsmmg mgj Kncmm‛ he tliCmjiigmtis+'

:' Zli si`hgjmry prkg`kpoi he ]kymms wms figirmooy m`ìptij/ buttli ruois fhvirgkgf kts jiju`tkvi prhìjuris vmrkij mchgfKcmmcs/ risuotkgf kg m vmrkmtkhg kg tlikr ruokgfs hg skckomr kssuis'



# =4; #

6' ZLI EKEZL PZMFI > @HGPHOKJMZKHGZlks stmfi `hvirs tli pirkhj bitwiig tli yimr ;94 @I mgj

tli smàkgf he Bmfljmj ,=29; @I+ mgj riprisigts tli jiòkgi he tli“Mbbmmskj jygmsty ugtko kts ivigtumo `hoompsi' @hcpitktkvi jibmtis`mooij CugmmjLmrmmt `hgtkguij th eohurksl ugjir tli pmtrhgmfi he tli “Mbbmmskj `mokpls mgj shci he tlisi jibmtis wiri m`tumooyri`hrjij kg bhhas' Kg tkci/ tli spkrkt he rkvmory omrfioy figirmtij bytlisi jibmtis sprimj th tli cmssis/ mgj Cmjl#lmb em`tkhgmoksc

bi`mci wkjisprimj' Zliri wms m jrmstk` riju`tkhg kg tli gucbir he Cmjl#lmbs/ mgj tli stru`turi mgj hpirmtkg he tli ehur tlmt survkvij

bi`mci lkfloy systicmtkzij' P`lhomrs wktlkg m Cmjl#lmb wirihbokfij th bmsi tlikr Kntklmmjs shoioy hg tli eugjmcigtmo prkg`kpois,Yshho+ he tlikr pmrtkùomr Cmjl#lmb' Jurkgf tlks pirkhj tli`hcpkomtkhg he Ekql wms eurtlir ehcmokzij mgj usij th eurtlir Cmjl#

lmb rkvmory'

Ehur Cmjl#lmbs

Jurkgf tlks stmfi/ tli gucbir he cmnhr Cmjl#lmbs ,s`lhhoshe Ksomck` omw+ jwkgjoij th ehur1 tlrii cmnhr mgj hgi ckghr' Kg hrjir whrjs / tli Cmjl#lmbs he frimt Kcmmcs okai mo#Mwzmm‛ii/ Pueymmgmtl#Zlmwrii/ Kbg Mbii Omyomm/ Mbu Zlmwr mgj mo#Omytl kbg Pm‛jlmj moo jksmppimrij oimvkgf hgoy tli Cmjl#lmbs he Mbu Lmgiieml/

Cmmoka/ msl#Plmmek‛ii mgj Mlcmj kbg Lmcbmo' Kg tkci/ tlisi s`lhhoshe Ksomck` oifmo tlhuflt bi`mci sh prijhckgmgt tlmt tli `hcchg

pihpoi shhg ehrfht tlmt mgy htlir s`lhhos/ ivig ixkstij' Im`l he tlisi s`lhhos shhg thha hg m jygmcksc he kts hwg mgj tlikr ehoohwirs stmrtij tli prm`tkì he gmckgf tlicsiovis metir tlikr rispi`tkvi Cmjl#lmbs' Ehr ixmcpoi/ mo#Lusmyg kbg Cms‛huj mo#Bmflmwii/ mutlhr he tli Ekql òmssk`/ Plmrl ms#Puggml/ wmsPlmmek‛ii metir tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb'

Jurkgf tlks stmfi tli s`lhomrs he im`l Cmjl#lmb mgmoysij mootli ruokgfs he tlikr Cmjl#lmbs‛ ehugjkgf s`lhomrs/ jijuìj tli



# ==4 #

eugjmcigtmo prkg`kpois bilkgj tlikr ruokgfs mgj `hjkekij tlic' Zliymosh cmji okcktij Kntklmmjs hg kssuis wlk`l tli ehugjirs lmj ght`hci m`rhss' Lhwivir/ tlks mrim shhg bi`mci ixlmustij jui th tli

wkjisprimj usi he lyphtlitk`mo Ekql/ kg mgj hutskji he `hurt jibmtis'Yotkcmtioy kgjipigjigt Kntklmmj wms jks`mrjij kg emvhr he Kntklmmj

bmsij uphg tli istmbokslij prkg`kpois he m pmrtkùomr Cmjl#lmb'Kntklmmj Cmjl#lmbii/ ms tlks giw ehrc he rimshgkgf `mci th biaghwg/ wms bmsij hg tli jiju`tkhg he omws ehr giw kssuis m``hrjkgfth tli s`lhomrs he tlks pirkhj shcitkcis jkeeirij wktl tli ehugjirs he tlikr Cmjl#lmbs wktl rispi`t th tli Eurhh‛ ,si`hgjmry prkg`kpois+/

but rmrioy wktl rifmrj th tli Yshho ,eugjmcigtmo prkg`kpois+'

Zli s`lhomrs he tli Cmjl#lmbs mosh cmji usi he tli prkg`kpoi he Zmrniil wlk`l kgvhovij tli emvhrkgf he ìrtmkg hpkgkhgslioj by s`lhomrs wktlkg m fkvig Cmjl#lmb hvir htlir hpkgkhgs he tlmtCmjl#lmb hg tli smci thpk`> Jkeeirigì he hpkgkhg hg hgi kssuiwktlkg m s`lhho lmj mrksig wlig tli ehugjkgf s`lhomrs/ ms wioo mstlikr stujigts/ `lmgfij tlikr imrokir hpkgkhgs' Bhtl virskhgs ,tli

privkhus mgj tli motirij+ wiri ri`hrjij mgj pmssij hg th omtir figirmtkhgs ms jkeeirigt hpkgkhgs he tli Cmjl#lmb' Jkeeirigìs he

hpkgkhg lmj mosh mrksij erhc jkeeirig kgtirpritmtkhgs he stmticigtscmji by imrokir s`lhomrs he tli Cmjl#lmb' Kg im`l Cmjl#lmb/ tlis`lhomrs jurkgf tlks pirkhj he `hgshokjmtkhg sketij hut wima mgjembrk`mtij stmticigts wlk`l lmj biig mttrkbutij th tli ehugjirs he tlikr rispi`tkvi Cmjl#lmb' Zliy mosh òmsskekij tli gmrrmtkhgs he hpkgkhgs he tli ehugjirs m``hrjkgf th tlikr m`ùrm`y' Zlks prhìss he mutligtk`mtkhg mgj òmsskek`mtkhg wms rieirrij th ms Zms#liil'

Zlks jitmkoij systicmtk` trimtcigt he Ekql wktlkg im`l he tli

Cmjl#lmbs frimtoy em`koktmtij tli prhìss he mrrkvkgf mt oifmo ruokgfswktlkg m Cmjl#lmb' Lhwivir/ ms kg tli `msi he tli systicmtk`trimtcigt he tli shurìs he Ksomck` omw kg tli privkhus stmfi/ tli viryekgi jkstkg`tkhgs iombhrmtij hg by tli s`lhomrs he tlks pirkhj eurtlir `hgtrkbutij th Cmjl#lmb em`tkhgmoksc'

@hcpkomtkhg he Ekql

Jurkgf tlks sifcigt he tli “Mbbmmskj ruoi/ m ehrcmt ehr wrktkgf Ekql bhhas ivhovij' Zlks ehrcmt bi`mci m stmgjmrj/ wlk`llms ricmkgij kg prm`tkì ugtko thjmy' Zli vmrkhus kssuis wiri



# === #

frhupij ugjir cmkg limjkgfs mgj tli cmkg limjkgfs ugjir `lmptirs/im`l he wlk`l riprisigtij m cmnhr thpk` erhc Plmrii‛ml' Ivig tlr jhhr he tli `lmptirs bi`mci stmgjmrjksij' Zli mutlhrs whuoj bifkg

wktl tli ehur pkoomrs metir Iicmmg ,emktl+/ skgì Iicmmg wms jimotwktl kg bhhas he Ksomck` tlihohfy' Metir trimtkgf tli omws mgj kssuis`hgìrgkgf Zmlmmrml ,lyfkigi+ mgj Pmomml ,prmyir+/ Pmwc ,emstkgf+/^mamml ,phhr tmx+ mgj Lmnn ,pkofrkcmfi+/ tliy whuoj prhìij hg th

Gkamml ,cmrrkmfi+ mgj Zmommq ,jkvhrì+/ tlig Bmy‛ ,buskgisstrmgsm`tkhgs+ mgj tlig Mmjmmb ,itkquitti+' Kg jimokgf wktl mgy he tlisi kssuis/ mgj mutlhr erhc mgy hgi Cmjl#lmb whuoj cigtkhg tlijkeeirigt prhhes usij by moo he tli Cmjl#lmb‛s phsktkhg/ wlkoirieutkgf tli mrfucigts he tli htlir Cmjl#lmbs'

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

=' Zli cmnhrkty he tli Cmjl#lmbs/ wlk`l eohurkslij jurkgf tliimrokir pirkhjs/ jksmppimrij mgj hgoy ehur ricmkgij'

2' Zli Cmjl#lmbs rim`lij tlikr ekgmo ehrc he systickzmtkhg mgjhrfmgkzmtkhg'

0' Kntklmmj biyhgj tli stru`turi he tli Cmjl#lmb wms jrhppij mgj

Kntklmmj Cmjl#lmbii thha kts pomì':' @hcpmrmtkvi Ekql mrhsi/ but wms usij issigtkmooy th mjvmgìsi`tmrkmg kjims'



# ==2 #

< ZLI PK\ZL PZMFI> PZMFGMZKHG MGJ JI@OKGI

Zlks stmfi `hvirs mpprhxkcmtioy skx ìgturkis stmrtkgf wktltli smàkgf he Bmfljmj kg =29< @I mgj tli ixiùtkhg he tli omst“Mbbmmskj `mokpl/ mo#Custm‛skc/ mgj igjkgf mrhugj tli ckjjoi he tligkgitiigtl ìgtury he tli @lrkstkmg irm' Zlks pirkhj mosh riprisigtstli rksi he tli Htthcmg Icpkri/ ehugjij kg =2;; @I by tli Zuraksloimjir “Ytlcmmg K/ ugtko kts jiòkgi ugjir tli mttmàs he Iurhpimg`hohgkmoksc'

Zli privmkokgf `lmrm`tirkstk` he tlks pirkhj wms tlmt he Zmqoiij ,tli bokgj ehoohwkgf he m Cmjl#lmb+ mgj em`tkhgmoksc' Zlksjifigirmtkvi trigj risuotij kg tli jrhppkgf he moo ehrcs he Kntklmmj

mgj tli ivhoutkhg he tli Cmjl#lmbs kgth thtmooy sipmrmti igtktkisòhsioy risicbokgf si`ts' Zli `hcpkomtkhg he Ekql jurkgf tlks pirkhjwms okcktij th `hccigtkgf hg privkhus whras mgj wms jkri`tijthwmrj tli prhchtkhg he kgjkvkjumo Cmjl#lmbs' Zlus/ tli jygmcksche Ekql wms ohst mgj cmgy he tli omws bi`mci kg`rimskgfoyhutchjij mgj kgmppok`mboi kg tlikr ixkstkgf ehrcs' Kg hrjir th ekoo tlksoifksomtkvi fmp/ Iurhpimg omw `hjis wiri frmjumooy kgtrhjuìj kg

pomì he shci he tli Ksomck` omws/ wlk`l lmj emooig kgth jksusi'Ivigtumooy wktl tli mjvmgì he Iurhpimg `hohgkmoksc mgj tli

brimakgf up he tli Cusokc Icpkri/ Iurhpimg omws suppomgtijKsomck` omw' @irtmkg riehrcirs shuflt th stic tli tkji he stmfgmtkhgmgj jiòkgi/ `mookgf ehr m riturg th tli hrkfkgmo purkty he Ksommc mgjkts omws' Lhwivir/ em`tkhgmoksc lms `hgtkguij th tli prisigt jmy/ kgspkti he mg kg`rimsi kg kgstktutkhgmo tim`lkgf he `hcpmrmtkvi Ekql'

Icirfigì he Zmqoiij=<0

=<0 Zli bokgj ehoohwkgf he m Cmjl#lmb'



# ==0 #

Zli s`lhomrs he tlks pirkhj oiet moo ehrcs he Kntklmmj mgjugmgkchusoy kssuij m oifmo ruokgf/ wlk`l wms kgtigjij th òhsi tlijhhr he Kntklmmj pircmgigtoy' Zliy rimshgij tlmt moo phsskboi kssuis

lmj morimjy biig rmksij mgj mjjrissij/ mgj tliri wms tliriehri ghgiij ehr eurtlir Kntklmmj'=<: Vktl tlmt stip/ m giw `hgìpt he Cmjl#lmb mrhsi/ gmcioy tlmt hgi he tli ehur Cmjl#lmbs lmj th bi ehoohwijehr hgi‛s Ksommc th bi vmokj' Kg tkci tlks `hgìpt bi`mci ekrcoyicbijjij mchgf tli cmssis ms wioo ms tli s`lhomrs he Ekql' Zlus/tli riokfkhg he Ksommc ktsioe bi`mci ristrk`tij wktlkg tli `hgekgis he tli ehur ixkstkgf Cmjl#lmbs1 Lmgmeii/ Cmmokaii/ Plmmek‛ii mgjLmcboii' Zlisi s`lhhos he omw `mci th bi `hgskjirij jkvkgioyhrjmkgij cmgkeistmtkhgs he Ksommc' Moo he tlic wiri supphsij th bi`hcpoitioy `hrri`t/ iqumo mgj riprisigtmtkvi he trui Ksommc/ yit tliriwiri kggucirmboi jkeeirigìs mchgf tlic' Kg em`t tliri wiris`lhomrs kg tlks pirkhj wlh kgtirpritij shci Lmjiitls kg su`l m wmyms th prhvi tlmt tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ lkc#sioe lmj prijk`tij tlimppimrmgì he tli Kcmmcs mgj tlikr Cmjl#lmbs' @hgsiquigtoy/ mgymtticpt th fh biyhgj tlisi `mghgk`mo Cmjl#lmbs wms `hgskjirijliritk`mo mgj mgyhgi wlh rieusij th ehoohw hgi he tlisi Cmjl#lmbwms òmsskekij mg mphstoi' Zli lypir `hgsirvmtkvi s`lhomrs he tlks

stmfi ivig wigt sh emr ms th ruoi tlmt wlhivir wms `muflttrmgseirrkgf erhc hgi Cmjl#lmb th mghtlir wms okmboi th pugkslcigtmt li jks`ritkhg he tli oh`mo nujfi' M ruokgf wms mosh cmji kg tliLmgmeii Cmjl#lmb prhlkbktkgf tli cmrrkmfi he m Lmgmeii th mPlmmek‛ii'=<9 Mgj ivig tli si`hgj chst kcphrtmgt pkoomr he Ksommc/Pmomml/ wms ght spmrij tli ieei`ts he Cmjl#lmb emgmtk`ksc' Zliehoohwirs he tli vmrkhus Cmjl#lmbs bifmg th rieusi th prmy bilkgjtli Kcmmcs erhc htlir Cmjl#lmbs' Zlks risuotij kg tli bukojkgf he sipmrmti prmyir gk`lis kg tli cmsnkj=<5 `hccugktkis wliri chri tlmg

hgi Cmjl#lmb ixkstij' Cmsnkjs he tlks typi `mg stkoo bi siig kg pomìsokai Pyrkm/ wliri Puggk Cusokcs ehoohw iktlir tli Lmgmeii hr Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb' Ivig tli chst lhoy cmsnkj/ mo#Cmsnkj mo#Lmrmmc he Cmaaml/ wlk`l riprisigts tli ugkty he Cusokcs mgj tli

=<:Culmccmj Lusikg mjl#Jlmlmbii/ msl#Plmrii‛ml mo#Ksommciiyml/

,Ifypt> Jmmr mo#Autub mo Lmjiitl/ 2gj

ij' =;5<+/ p' =2'=<9

Culmccmj Gmmskr mj#Jiig mo#Mobmmgii/ Pkeml Pmomml mg#Gmbii/,Bikrut> mo#Cmatmb mo#Ksommcii gkgtl ij'=;62+/ p' 9='=<5 Cmsnkj ,pourmo Cmsmmnkj+ / tli Cusokc lhusi he whrslkp'



# ==: #

riokfkhg he Ksommc/ wms meei`tij' Pipmrmti prmyir gk`lis wiri sit upmrhugj tli Am‛bml> hgi ehr mg Kcmmc erhc im`l he tli s`lhhos' Mgjwlig tli tkci ehr Pmomml `mci/ mg Kcmmc erhc hgi he tli Cmjl#

lmbs whuoj oimj m `hgfrifmtkhg he ehoohwirs erhc lks Cmjl#lmb kg prmyir1 tlig mghtlir Kcmmc erhc hgi he tli htlir Cmjl#lmbs whuojoimj lks `hgfrifmtkhg he ehoohwirs mgj sh hg' Kt ks kgtiristkgf th ghtitlmt sipmrmti pomìs he prmyir ehr im`l he tli Cmjl#lmbs ricmkgijmrhugj tli Am‛bml ugtko tli ekrst qumrtir he tli twigtkitl ìgturywlig “Mbjuo#“Mziiz kbg Pm‛huj mgj lks mrcy `hgquirij Cmaaml,H`thbir he =;2:+ mgj ugktij moo whrslkppirs bilkgj m skgfoi Kcmmcrifmrjoiss he lks hr tlikr Cmjl#lmbs'

Rimshgs ehr Zmqoiij

Zmqoiij ,bokgj ehoohwkgf+ lms th bi jkstkgfukslij erhc Kttkbmm‛,rimshgij ehoohwkgf+' Zli prkg`kpoi he ehoohwkgf tli ruokgfs he hur

prijiìsshrs ks ghrcmo mgj gmturmo' Kg em`t/ kt ks by òhsioy ehoohwkgfimrokir kgtirpritmtkhgs he Ksommc tlmt tli cissmfi he Ksommc ricmkgsug`hrruptij tlrhufl tkci' Ehr/ tlhsi imroy kgtirpritmtkhgs wiriehugjij hg tli Trhplit‛s ,s'w'+ jkvkgi kgspkrmtkhg mgj lks jkvkgioy

fukjij okei styoi' Zli Trhplit ,s'w'+ lkcsioe smkj tlmt tli bistfigirmtkhg wms lks figirmtkhg/ tlig tli figirmtkhg ehoohwkgf lks/ mgjtlig tli figirmtkhg ehoohwkgf tlmt'

=<6Lhwivir/ skgì Cusokcs he

imrokir figirmtkhg/ wktl tli ixiptkhg he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+/ wiri ghtkgemookboi/ ivig tlhsi imrokir kgtirpritmtkhgs slhuoj ght bi ehoohwij

bokgjoy wktlhut wktlhut rifmrj th ìrtmkg bmsk` prkg`kpois he rimshgwlk`l igmboi us th jkstkgfuksl bitwiig rkflt mgj wrhgf' Kg tlks bhha tli tirc Zmqoiij ,bokgj ehoohwkgf+ ks usij th rieir th tli m`tkhgs thtlhsi wlh somvksloy ehoohw m skgfoi Cmjl#lmb rifmrjoiss he irrhrs

tlmt tliy sii' Ms ehr tli `hcchg pihpoi wlh jh ght lmvi tliaghwoijfi th cmai kgjipigjigt ji`kskhgs kg jhubteuo sktumtkhgs/ kt ksehr tlic th ehoohw wlmtivir aghwoijfi ks mvmkomboi th tlic/ aiiptlikr ckgjs hpig mgj rioy hg hpig#ckgjij s`lhomrs ms cu`l ms

phsskboi'

=<6

Riphrtij by Kbg Cms‛huj/ Mbu Lurmyrml/ “Kcmmc kbg Lusmyg mgj“Mmislml mgj `hooi`tij by Cusokc ,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' :/

p' =0:5/ gh' 5=90 % 5=9: mgj p' =0:6/ gh' 5=95 % 5=9;+'



# ==9 #

Zmqoiij wms tli risuot he m gucbir he em`thrs/ kgtirgmo mgjixtirgmo th tli Cmjl#lmbs/ wlk`l meei`tij tli jiviohpcigt he Ekqlmgj tli mttktuji he s`lhomrs' Gh hgi `musi `mg bi skgfoij hut ms tli

cmkg `musi ghr `mg moo he tli em`thrs bi kjigtkekij' Zli ehoohwkgfhgoy m eiw he tli chri hbvkhus em`thrs wlk`l oij th tlks stmfi he stmfgmtkhg'

=' Zli s`lhhos he Ekql wiri `hcpoitioy ehrcij mgj tli ckgutist he jitmkos whraij hut' Zli omws ehr wlmt lmj h`ùrrij/ ms wioo mswlmt ckflt h`ùr/ wiri morimjy jijuìj mgj ri`hrjij jui th tliixtigskvi jiviohpcigt he spiùomtkvi Ekql' Zlks oiet okttoi rhhcehr Kntklmmj mgj hrkfkgmokty' Ms m risuot/ tliy‛ri jiviohpij mgjhvir jipigjigì hg tli whras he imrokir s`lhomrs he tli Cmjl#lmbs'

2' Zli “Mbbmmskj `mokplmti/ wlk`l lmj `hci th phwir ugjir tli bmggir he risthrkgf Ksomck` omw th kts ehrcir pomì / ohst kts phwir th tli Akgf‛s ckgkstirs ,wmziirs+/ cmgy he wlhc wirislk‛ktis/ mgj tli icpkri ivigtumooy brhai up kgth ckgk#stmfis'Zli giw ruois#by#prhxy wiri chri kgtiristij kg prkvmti phwir struffois tlmg kg iktlir riokfkhus s`lhomrslkp hr fhvirgcigt

m``hrjkgf th Ksomck` omws'0' Zli `rucbokgf he tli “Mbbmmskj icpkri kgth ckgk#stmtis wmsm``hcpmgkij by im`l stmti ehoohwkgf tli Cmjl#lmb/ Ppmkg tliCmmokaii Cmjl#lmb/ mgj Zuraiy mgj Kgjkm tli Lmgmeii' Im`lstmti bifmg tli prm`tkì he `lhhskgf kts fhvirghrs/ mjckgkstrmthrsmgj nujfis hgoy erhc tlhsi wlh ehoohwij kts heek`kmo Cmjl#lmb'@hgsiquigtoy/ s`lhomrs wlh wmgtij th bi`hci ]mmjiis ,nujfis+kg tli `hurts he tlisi stmtis lmj th ehoohw tli heek`kmo Cmjl#lmbhe tli stmti'

:' Phci ugqumokekij kgjkvkjumos bifmg th òmkc tli rkflt th cmaikntklmmj kg hrjir th twkst tli riokfkhg th sukt tlikr wkslis'@hgsiquigtoy/ cmgy kg`hcpitigt s`lhomrs bifmg cmakgf ruokgfs/wlk`l cksfukjij tli cmssis hg m gucbir he kssuis' Kg tliigsurkgf `hgeuskhg/ tli riputmboi s`lhomrs he tli jmy trkij thòhsi tli jhhr he Kntklmmj kg hrjir th prhti`t tli Plmrii‛ml erhc

bikgf tmcpirij wktl'=<<

=<< mo#Cmjalmo/ pp' =05#=06'



# ==5 #

@hcpkomtkhg he Ekql

Zli smci em`thrs wlk`l oij th Zmqoiij mosh `musij s`lhomrs

th `hgekgi tlikr `rimtkvi m`tkvkty th cirioy ijktkgf mgj rivkskgf privkhus whras' Zli Ekql bhhas he imrokir s`lhomrs wiri `hgjigsijmgj mbrkjficigts he tlic wiri cmji' Zlisi mbrkjficigts wiri omtir slhrtigij kg hrjir th cmai tlic imsy th cichrkzi/ mgj cmgy he tlic wiri m`tumooy put th rlyci' Zlks prhìss he `hgjigskgf`hgtkguij ugtko tli succmrkis/ wlk`l risuotij/ bi`mci vkrtumo rkjoisth tli stujigts he tli jmy' Zli ehoohwkgf figirmtkhg he s`lhomrs

bifmg th wrkti ixpomgmtkhgs he tli succmrkis mgj phics' Omtir s`lhomrs wrhti `hccigtmrkis hg tli ixpomgmtkhgs mgj htlirs mjjijehhtghtis th tli `hccigtmrkis'

Jurkgf tlks pirkhj shci bhhas hg tli eugjmcigtmos he Ekql,Yshho mo#Ekql+ wiri wrkttig' Kg tlisi whras/ tli `hrri`t citlhj he cmakgf Kntklmmj wms hutokgij mgj tli `hgjktkhgs wlk`l wiri omkjjhwg by tlisi s`lhomrs wiri sh strk`t tlmt tliy ixòujij ght hgoy tlis`lhomrs he tlikr tkci but mosh cmgy he tli imrokir s`lhomrs wlh lmjcmji Kntklmmj'

Zliri wiri mosh m eiw bhhas/ wlk`l wiri wrkttig/ hg`hcpmrmtkvi Ekql jurkgf tlks pirkhj' Ms kg tli privkhus pirkhj/ tlihpkgkhgs he tli Cmjl#lmbs mgj tlikr prhhes wiri `hooi`tij mgj`rktk`kzij kg tlisi bhhas' Zli mutlhrs tlig jiekgij ms chst m`ùrmtitlhsi hpkgkhgs/ wlk`l wiri lioj by tlikr pmrtkùomr Cmjl#lmb'

Zhwmrj tli igj he tlks pirkhj/ mg mtticpt wms cmji th`hjkey Ksomck` omw ugjir tli muspkìs he tli htthcmg `mokpls' M

pmgio he sivig thp rmgakgf s`lhomrs he Ekql wms ehrcij mgjigtrustij wktl tli nhb' Kt wms `hcpoitij kg =<65 @I mgj igehrìj msomw by tli Puotmg tlrhuflhut tli Htthcmg Icpkri ugjir tli tktoiCmnmooml mo#Mlammc mo#“Mmjkoml ,Zli Nust @hjis+=<;' Lhwivir/ ivigtlks siickgfoy ghboi mtticpt wms meei`tij by Cmjl#lmb emgmtk`ksc'Moo he tli s`lhomrs hg tli `hcckttii wiri mpphkgtij erhc tli

=<;Mgwmr Mlcij ]mjrk/ Ksomck` Nurksprujigì kg tli Chjirg Vhroj/

,Omlhri/ Tmakstmg> Mslrme/ Ekrst ijktkhg =;50+ p' 59'



# ==6 #

Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb' @hgsiquigtoy/ tli risuotkgf `hji thtmooy kfghrijtli `hgtrkbutkhgs he tli htlir Cmjl#lmbs th Ekql'

Vktl tli ixpijktkhgs he @houcbus mgj Ums`h ji Fmcm/Vistirg Iurhpimg stmtis bifmg th `mpturi tli rhutis mgj shurìs he kgtirgmtkhgmo trmji' Pubsiquigtoy/ Iurhpimg kcpirkmoksc bifkggkgfwktl Nmvm/ wlk`l eioo th tli Jut`l kg =5<:/ mbshrbij Cusokc ImstMskmg stmtis' Metir Zrmgsyvmgkm mgj Lugfmry eioo erhc htthcmglmgjs th Mustrkm kg =5;; mgj tli jieimt he tli Htthcmgs by Russkm kgtli Russh#Zuraksl wmr he =65<#6:/ tli Iurhpimg tirrkthrkis he tliHtthcmg Icpkri wiri shhg ohst/ hgi metir mghtlir'=;4 Zlks prhìssùockgmtij kg tli thtmo jksshoutkhg tli Htthcmg Icpkri jurkgf tliEkrst Vhroj Vmr mgj kts jkvkskhg kgth `hohgkis mgj prhti`thrmtis'@hgsiquigtoy/ Iurhpimg omw `hjis ripomìj Ksomck` omws tlrhuflhuttli Cusokc whroj'

Motlhufl Iurhpimg `hohgkmoksc wms heek`kmooy igjij shciyimrs mfh/ Ksomck` omw lms ricmkgij kg jksusi kg moo Cusokc`hugtrkis wktl tli ixìptkhg he Pmujk Mrmbkm wlk`l lms `hjkekijKsomck` omw m``hrjkgf th tli Lmcbmoii Cmjl#lmb/ Tmakstmg th m

omrfi jifrii m``hrjkgf th tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb mgj Krmg wlk`l lmsriìgtoy jhgi sh m``hrjkgf th tli Nm‛emrii Cmjl#lmb'=;=

Riehrcirs

Kg spkti he tli figirmo ji`my jis`rkbij mbhvi/ tliri ixkstijerhc tkci th tkci tlrhuflhut tlks pirkhj m eiw hutstmgjkgf s`lhomrswlh hpphsij Zmqoiij mgj jmrij th rmksi tli bmggir he Kntklmmj' Zliy`mooij ehr m riturg th tli rhhts he tli riokfkhg/ th tli trui shurìs he

Ksomck` omw mgj th riokmgì hg tlisi ehugjmtkhgs mbhvi moo iosi'Phci he tlisi riehrcirs mgj tlikr `hgtrkbutkhgs mri jis`rkbijlirimetir'

Mlcmj kbg Zmyciiyml ,=250#=02< @I+ wms ght ehrichstmchgf tli riehrcirs he tlks pirkhj' Bi`musi he lks `lmooigfi he tli

=;4

Ksomck` Nurksprujigì kg tli Chjirg Vhroj/ p' <9'=;=Zli Ekql Cmjl#lmb he tli Ktlgmm “Mslriiyml ,Zwiovir+ Plk‛kti si`t

emosioy mttrkbutij th Kcmmc Nm‛emr ms#Pmmjkq ,j'659 @I+'



# ==< #

stmtus quh/ cmgy he lks `hgticphrmrkis jiòmrij lkc mg mphstmti mgjlmj tli mutlhrktkis nmko lkc ripimtijoy' Kbg Zmyciiyml wms/lhwivir/ hgi he tli frimtist s`lhomrs he lks tkci' Kgktkmooy/ li lmj

stujkij Ekql m``hrjkgf th tli Lmcbmoii Cmjl#lmb/ but jkj ghtristrk`t lkcsioe th kt' Li stujkij tli shurìs he Ksomck` omw kg jiptlmgj cmstirij moo tli Ksomck` s`kigìs wlk`l wiri aghwg mt tlmt tkci'Eurtlirchri/ li ixmckgij tli wrktkgfs he vmrkhus si`ts wlk`l lmj

brhaig hee erhc ksommc/ stujkij tli riokfkhus bhhas he tli @lrkstkmgs/tli Niws mgj tlikr vmrkhus si`ts mgj wrhti ixtigskvi `rktkquis hg moohe tlic' Kbg Zmyciiyml mosh thha pmrt kg tli Nklmmj mfmkgst tliChgfhos wlh lmj h`ùpkij tli imstirg mgj ghrtlirg prhvkgìs he tliehrcir “Mbbmmskj stmti mgj wiri mt tlmt wiri mchgf tli frimtistKsomck` s`lhomrs he tlikr tkci mgj `mrrkij hg th tli gixt figirmtkhgtli bmggir he Kntklmmj mgj m riturg th tli puri shurìs he Ksommcwlk`l li lmj rmksij' Mchgf tlic wms Kbg ]myykc/ m frimt s`lhomr kg tli ekiojs he Ekql mgj Lmjiitl `rktk`ksc mgj Kbg Amtliir/ m cmstir kg Zmesiir/ Lksthry mgj Lmjiitl'

Culmccmj kbg “Moii msl#Plmwammgii ,=696#=<09 @I+ bhrg gimr tli thwg he Plmwammg kg [icig/ wms mosh mchgf tli

riehrcirs th tlks Tirkhj' Msl#Plmwammgii stujkij Ekql m``hrjkgf thtli ^myjii Cmjl#lmb=;2 mgj bi`mci hgi he kts hutstmgjkgf s`lhomrs'Li tlig wigt kgth mg kg#jiptl stujy he tli Lmjiitl he lks tkci' Mttlks phkgt li eriij lkc sioe he tli Cmjl#lmb mgj bifmg cmakgfkgjipigjigt Kntklmmj' Li wrhti m gucbir he whras kg Ekql mgj ktseugjmcigtmos kg wlk`l kssuis stujkij erhc tli phkgts he vkiw he mootli Cmjl#lmbs wiri `hgòujij wktl shoutkhgs bmsij shoioy hg tlichst m`ùrmti prhhes mgj tli chst `hgvkg`kgf mrfucigts' Kcmmcmsl#Plmwammgii thha tli phsktkhg tlmt Zmqoiij wms Lmrmmc mgj

wrhti m gucbir he bhhas hg tli thpk`/ ehr ixmcpoi/ Mo#]mwo mo#Cueiij eii Luac mt#Zmqoiij' @hgsiquigtoy/ li mosh `mci ugjir mttmà erhc chst he tli s`lhomrs he lks tkci'=;0

Mghtlir ghtiwhrtly riehrcir wms tli frimt s`lhmr Mlcmjkbg “Mbjur#Rmliic bittir aghwg ms Plml Vmoii Moomml Jklomwii,=640#=652 @I+' Li wms bhrg kg tli Kgjkmg sub#`hgtkgigt wliri

=;2Hgi he tli cmnhr Plk‛kti Cmjl#lmbs he Ekql ,sii pp' 54#59+'

=;0 Culmccmj kbg “Moii msl#Plmwammgii/ Gmyo mo#Mwtmmr/ vho' =/ pp' 0#5'



# ==; #

Zmqoiij wms/ pirlmps/ chst rmcpmgt' Metir li lmj cmstirij tlivmrkhus Ksomck` s`kigìs/ li `mooij ehr tli ri#hpigkgf he tli jhhr he Kntklmmj mgj tli ri#ugkek`mtkhg he tli s`lhhos he Ekql' Kg tlks ieehrts th

ri#ixmckgi Ksomck` prkg`kpois mgj th ekgj hut hg wlmt mutlhrkty tlioifmo s`lhhos bmsij tlikr rifuomtkhgs/ Plml Vmoii Moomml rinuvigmtijtli stujy he Lmjiitl' Motlhufl li jkj ght fh sh emr ms th rini`t tliixkstkgf Ekql s`lhhos/ givirtlioiss li thuflt tlmt iviryhgi wms eriith `lhhsi m pmrtkùomr ji`kskhg jkeeirigt erhc tlmt tmaig by tli s`lhhoth wlk`l li biohgfij lkcsioe/ ke li wms `hgvkgìj tlmt tli `msi wms

bittir `hgekrcij by Lmjiitl'=;:

Lhwivir tli hvir moo stmti he jifigirmtkhg mgj stmfgmtkhglms `hgtkguij ugtko thjmy/ jispkti tli ieehrts he chjirg tlkgairs okaiNmcmmo mj#Jiig mo#Meflmmgii ,=<0;#=<;6 @I+ wlh trmvioijtlrhuflhut tli Cusokc whroj `mookgf ehr riehrc' Nmcmmo mj#Jiigtrmvioij th Kgjkm/ Cmaaml/ mgj @hgstmgtkghpoi/ sittokgf ekgmooy kgIfypt' Li `mooij ehr erii phoktk`mo/ riokfkhus mgj s`kigtkek` tlhufltmgj jighugìj Zmqoiij mgj stmti `hrruptkhg' Nmcmmo mj#Jiigtlhuflt tlisi kjims mt tli Ygkvirskty he Nmcmmo mj#Jiig‛s kjims wiriixtrickst' Ehr ixmcpoi/ li ioivmtij tli lucmg ckgj mgj kts ohfk`mo

jiju`tkhgs th m oivio iqumo th tlmt he Jkvkgi Riviomtkhg' Lkskgtigtkhgs mosh bi`mci suspi`t jui th lks kgvhovicigt wktl tliCmshgk` chvicigt wlk`l wms mt tlmt tkci istmbokslkgf giw

brmg`lis kg tli Ckjjoi#Imst'=;9

Culmccmj “Mbjul ,=<:;#=;49 @I+ wms mchgfMeflmmgii‛s chst emchus stujigts' Ygjir tli kgeouigì he Meflmmgii mgj Kbg Culmccmj “Mbjul/ mgj Zmqoiij mgj ktssupphrtirs wiri systicmtk`mooy mttmàij' But/ jui th Culmccmj

“Mbjul‛s oimgkgf thwmrj ixtrici chjirgksc/ li ivigtumooy jivkmtijkg shci he lks kgtirpritmtkhgs mgj oifmo ruokgfs' Ehr ixmcpoi/ kg lksZmesiir he tli ]ur‛mmg li Trhplits he jkri`toy pirehrcij by Fhjtlrhufl tli ehrìs he gmturi' Zh lkc tli eohàs he bkrjs wlk`l

=;:M'N' Mrbirry/ Riokfkhg kg tli Ckjjoi Imst ,@mcbrkjfi Ygkvirskty Triss/

=;5;#riprkgtij =;<=+ vho' 2/ pp' =2<#;'=;9

Zli hojist mgj chst emchus Ksomck` Ygkvirskty kg tli Cusokc whroj' Ktwms ekrst istmbokslij kg Ifypt by tli Emmtkckj Plk‛kti stmti kg tli yimr 05=

ML(;62 @I'



# =24 #

jrhppij òmy pibbois hg tli mrcy he Mbrmlml mgj lks ioiplmgtjurkgf tlikr mttmà hg tli Am‛bml wiri skcpoy mkrbhrgi ck`rhbiswlk`l sprimj jksimsi mchgf tlic' Okaiwksi/ li cmji m Emtwmm

moohwkgf Cusokcs th bi kgvhovij kg buskgiss trmgsm`tkhgs kgvhovkgfkgtirist' Li bmsij tlks ruokgf hg tli Ekql prkg`kpoi tlmt jkri giìssktycmais tli ehrbkjjig moohwmboi' Zli emoom`y he lks ruokgf omy kg tliem`t tlmt Ekql spi`kek`mooy jiekgis jkri giìsskty ms kgvhovkgf cmttirshe okei mgj jimtl hr ohss he okcb/ mgj tlks wms skcpoy ght tli `msiwliri buskgiss trmgsm`tkhgs mri `hgìrgij' Culmccmj “Mbjul‛scmkg stujigt/ Culmccmj Rmslij Rkjmm ,j' =;09+/ `mrrkij hg lkscigthr‛s mttmà hg Zmqoiij/ but rini`tij chst he lks tim`lir‛sixìssis' Lhwivir/ htlir stujigts he Culmccmj “Mbjul bi`mcitli guòius he tli ixtrici chjirgkst chvicigt mgj jivkmtij kgcmgy mrims ivig chri tlmg tlikr tim`lir' Ehr ixmcpoi/ lks stujigt]mmskc Mciig ,jkij =;4<+ wms tli ekrst th cmai m vilicigt mttmà hg phoyfmcy/ tli skcpok`kty he Ksomck` jkvhrì mgj tli usi he tliviko'

Htlir s`lhomrs he tli twigtkitl ìgtury/ su`l ms Lmssmg mo#Bmggmm ,j'=;:;+/ ehugjir he tli Kalwmmg Cusokchhg chvicigt

Pmyykj/ Mbuo#M‛omm Cmwjujk ,=;40#=;6;+/ ehugjir he tli Nmcm‛mtKsomck chvicigt/ mgj chri riìgtoy tli frimt Lmjiitl s`lhomr he hur irm/ Gmmskr mj#Jiig mo#Mobmmgii lmvi pkàij up tli bmggir he Ksomck` Rivkvmo mgj lmvi `mooij ehr tli ugek`mtkhg he tli Cmjl#lmbs'=;5 But/ th tlks jmy/ tli cmnhrkty he s`lhomrs ricmkg ekrcoy

bhugj th si`tmrkmg Ksommc kg tli ehrc he hgi he tli ehur Cmjl#lmbs'Kg jhkgf sh/ tliy ugaghwkgfoy pirpitumti jkvkskhg mchgf tli rmgashe tli Cusokc gmtkhg' Ghr jhis tliri mppimr th bi cu`l lhpi ehr mgigj th tlks prhìss kg tli gimr euturi1 ehr/ wktl viry eiw ixìptkhgs/

prisigt jmy Ksomck` kgstktutkhgs he oimrgkgf tlrhuflhut tli Cusokcwhroj m`tkvioy prhpmfmti m si`tmrkmg vkiw he Ksommc'

Kt ks trui tlmt `hcpmrmtkvi Ekql ks ghw bikgf fkvig m prhckgigt pomì kg tli syoombusis he tlisi kgstktutkhgs/ mgj tli stujyhe Lmjiitl lms bi`hci chri phpuomr tlmg kt wms hgoy m ìgtury mfh'But/ tli rimokty ks tlmt tlisi twh phtigtkmooy jygmck` mgj rifigirmtkvi

=;5Zli bhha/ Ekql ms#Puggml/ by ms#Pmyykj Pmmbkq/ hgi he mo#Bmggmm‛s

ehoohwirs/ riprisigts m sirkhus mtticpt th mgswir tlmt `moo'



# =2= #

subni`ts lmvi biig jieusij by tli si`tmrkmg systic he Ksomckìju`mtkhg' Im`l ugkvirskty mjliris th tli heek`kmo Cmjl#lmb he tli`hugtry kg wlk`l kt ks sktumtij mgj tlus moo tli `hri Ekql `hursis he

tli Ksomck` omw Pyoombus ,`mooij Plmrii‛ml hr Yshho mo#Jiig+ mritmuflt m``hrjkgf th tli stmti Cmjl#lmb=;6' Zlks ks jhgi th euoekoo tlioh`mo fhvirgcigt‛s giij ehr nujfis wlh `hgehrc th tli Cmjl#lmbusij kg tli `kvko omw systic he tli stmti' Ehr ixmcpoi/ tli Ygkvirsktyhe mo#Mzlmr kg Ifypt/ tli chst vigirmtij kgstktutkhg kg tli Cusokcwhroj/ ks tli hgoy ugkvirskty kg wlk`l moo he tli cmnhr Cmjl#lmbs mritmuflt' Lhwivir/ stujigts igtirkgf tli ugkvirskty mri riqukrij thkgjk`mti tlikr Cmjl#lmb mri pomìj kg tli smci òmss' Erhc tli

bifkggkgf he tlikr stujkis ugtko tliy frmjumti/ moo he tlikr prheisshrswkoo bi erhc tlikr hwg Cmjl#lmb' M``hrjkgfoy/ tli phsktkhgs he tlihtlir Cmjl#lmbs mri stujkij cirioy ms hjjktkis/ mgj tli frimt bhhashe Lmjiitl mri rimj chri ehr tli boisskgf tlmg ehr tli riviomtkhg he trutl' Vligivir m `hgeok`tkgf hpkgkhg ks ig`hugtirij kg tli `hursi he tlisi stujkis/ tli tim`lir kg tli si`tmrkmg kgstktutkhg ixmckgis ktsupirek`kmooy mgj rini`ts kt kg tli okflt he tli `hcpiookgf mrfucigts/wlk`l li jiviohps th supphrt tli phsktkhg he lks pmrtkùomr Cmjl#lmb' Zlus/ motlhufl htlir phsktkhgs cmy bi supphrtij by viry strhgf

prhhes/ tli si`tmrkmg tim`lir‛s trimtcigt jigkis tlic tli`hgskjirmtkhg tliy jisirvi' Pkckomroy/ ke m strhgf Lmjiitl wlk`lmppimrs `hgtrmry th tli phsktkhg tmaig by tli Cmjl#lmb ks cit wlkoirimjkgf tli bhhas he Lmjiitl/ tli tim`lir iktlir ri#kgtirprits kt thsupphrt lks Cmjl#lmb hr li jietoy ixpomkgs kt mwmy' Mgj ke giktlir he tli twh ks phsskboi/ m sirkis he wima Lmjiitls mri quhtij kg supphrthe tli Cmjl#lmb‛s phsktkhg wktlhut tli sokfltist cigtkhg tlmt tliymri wima' Kg tlmt wmy/ kt mppimrs tlmt tliri ks m frimtir gucbir he Lmjiitls supphrtkgf tli Cmjl#lmb‛s phsktkhg/ mgj tli stujigts mri

`hgvkgìj he tli `hrri`tgiss he tlikr Cmjl#lmb'

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

=;6

Hgi he tli eiw ixìptkhgs th tlks ruoi mt tli prisigt tkci ks tli Ksomck`

Ygkvirskty he Cmjiigml/ Pmujk Mrmbkm' Hvir <4) he tli stujigt bhjy`hcis erhc vmrkhus pmrts he tli Cuskc whroj mgj gh Cmjl#lmb ks fkvig

prieirigì hvir tli htlir kg tli stujy he Ekql' Mt tli `hooifi oivio'



# =22 #

=' Kntklmmj kg moo kts ehrcs wms put mskji/ mgj tli bokgj ehoohwkgf,Zmqoiij+ he hgi he tli ehur Cmjl#lmbs wms cmji `hcpuoshryhg moo Cusokcs'

2' Zli ehur Cmjl#lmbs bi`mci thtmooy kg`hcpmtkboi mgj tliCusokc Yccml wms vkrtumooy spokt kgth ehur riokfihus si`ts'

0' P`lhomroy m`tkvkty wms ristrk`tij th wrktkgf `hccigtmrkis hg privkhus whras mgj prhchtkgf tli phsktkhg he tli mutlhr‛s pmrtkùomr Cmjl#lmb ms kg tli pirkhj he ̀ hgshokjmtkhg'

:' Zliri wiri `hccigjmboi mttipts by ìrtmkg riehrcirs th rivkvitli hrkfkgmo mgj jygmck` gmturi he Ekql/ but tlikr ieehrts prhvijugiqumo th tli tmsa he irmjk`mtkgf Cmjl#lmb emgmtk`ksc wlk`llmj bi`mci sh jiipoy kgfrmkgij'

9' Mtticpts mt tli `hjkek`mtkhg he Ksomck` omw wiri cmji/ but tlirisuots sueeirij erhc si`tmrkmg vkiws/ mgj wktl tli mjvigt he Iurhpimg `hohgkmoksc tliy wiri suppomgtij by Iurhpimg omw`hjis'

5' Zliri lms biig shci oissigkgf he Cmjl#lmb emgmtk`ksc kg riìgtyimrs ms m risuot he tli riehrckst chvicigts mgj tli wkji#sprimjtim`lkgf he `hcpmrmtkvi Ekql kg chjirg kgstktutkhgs he oimrgkgf'

6' Zli stmti he stmfgmtkhg mgj jiòkgi he Ekql mgj tli ixkstigì he

Cmjl#lmb em`tkhgmoksc lmvi `hgtkguij ugtko tli prisigt jmy'



# =20 #

<' ZLI KCMMCP MGJ ZM]OIIJKg tli priìjkgf `lmptirs wi lmvi trmìj tli lksthrk`mo

jiviohpcigt he Ekql mgj tli Cmjl#lmbs/ slhwkgf tlikr kgtirriomtkhgslkp mgj tlikr `hgtrkbutkhg th m figirmo/ ms wioo msspi`kek`/ ugjirstmgjkgf he Ksommc ms rivimoij kg tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tliPuggml' Kt slhuoj bi ghtij tlmt bhtl Ekql ,Ksomck` omw+ mgj tliCmjl#lmbs ,s`lhhos he Ksomck` tlhuflt+ wiri mgj mri giìssmrymjjktkhgs `hcpoicigtkgf tli jkvkgi riviomtkhgs wlk`l jiekgi tli

bmsk` prkg`kpois fkvirgkgf cmg‛s rkflts mgj risphgskbkoktkis kg lksriomtkhgslkps wktl Moomml mgj lks eioohw cmg' Kt ks tlrhufl spi`kek`mppok`mtkhgs he tli kgtirpritmtkhgs he tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml tlmtMoomml‛s jkvkgi wkoo `mg bi cmji cmgkeist th cmg hvir tkci mgjtlrhufl spmì' Vktl Fhj#fkvig kgtiooi`tumo phwirs cmg ,spi`kek`mooyKsomck` s`lhomrs+ `mg prhvkji rioivmgt kgtirpritmtkhgs he tli figirmoth ciit tli pmrtkùomr> tligì rioivmgì he tli Cmjl#lmb ,tli `kròi

he Ksomck` s`lhomrs+ mgj Ekql ,tli bhjy he Ksomck` omws thfitlir wktl prkg`kpois ehr jiju`kgf tlisi omws+' Lirikg okis tli trui kcphrtmgìhe Ekql mgj tli Cmjl#lmb kg Ksommc'

Ghw skgì Ksommc ks m riokfkhg jkvkgioy hrjmkgij ehr moo cigmt moo tkcis mgj kg moo òkcis/ kt wms fkvig th s`lhomrs kg jkeeirigtrifkhgs mgj tkcis th ivhovi prkg`kpois he Ekql ms wioo ms spi`kekòmws he Ekql kg hrjir th rishovi vmrkhus giw kssuis ms tliy mrhsi' Zli`hrri`tgiss he tlikr kgtirpritmtkhgs wms prhphrtkhgmo th tlikr kggmti

`mpmbkoktkis mgj th tli typi mgj qumgtkty he ivkjigì mvmkomboi thtlic mt tli tkci he cmakgf ruokgfs' Phci wiri emìj wktl tlimjjktkhgmo em`thr he ùoturmo jkeeirigìs/ mgj cmgy wiri jiprkvij he tli msskstmgì th bi fmkgij erhc curmo `hgsuotmtkhg/ hwkgf th tlikr jkstmgì erhc tlikr `hooimfuis mgj tli `hgsiquigt jkeekùotkis he `hccugk`mtkhg' Ligì tli jkeeirigìs he hpkgkhg tlmt mrhsi erhcrifkhg th rifkhg' Jispkti vmrkhus lmgjk`mps/ tli imroy s`lhomrsjks`lmrfij tlikr jutkis th Ksommc mgj th tlikr eioohwcig by uskgftlikr Fhj#fkvig phwirs he kgtiooi`t th kgtirprit Moomml‛s purphsis ehr cig' Pktumtij kg jkeeirigt pmrts he tli Cusokc stmti/ tliy bi`mci tliehugjirs he jkeeirigt s`lhhos he Ksomck` tlhuflt/ ligì tli



# =2: #

cuotkpok`mtkhg he Cmjl#lmbs mt hgi stmfi kg tli ivhoutkhg he tliKsomck` omw mgj tli Cusokc stmti' Lksthrk`mooy/ tliriehri/ tlimppimrmgì he chri tlmg hgi Cmjl#lmb wms kgivktmboi' Eurtlirchri/

ms tli gucbirs he Cmjl#lmbs kg`rimsij mgj `hccugk`mtkhg mgjhtlir em`thrs ixir`ksij tlikr kgeouigì/ jkeeirigì mgj `hgtrmjk`tkhgs/thh/ wiri m gmturmo hut`hci' Lhwivir/ sh ohgf ms s`lhomrs cmgmfijth aiip tli fhmo th trutl ehrichst kg ckgj mgj wiri ght oij mstrmy bysi`tmrkmgksc/ emgmtk`ksc/ hr m jiskri ehr pirshgmo fohry mgj riwmrj/tli issigtkmo spkrkt he Ksommc wms prisirvij kg tlikr Cmjl#lmbs' Kgsu`l `krùcstmgìs/ s`lhomrs wiri kg gh wmy riou`tmgt th mbmgjhgtlikr kgjkvkjumo hpkgkhgs kg emvhr he ruokgfs by htlirs wlk`l wiriòimroy slhwg th bi gimrir tli kgtigjij cimgkgf jiju`kboi erhc tli]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml' Kg htlirs whrjs/ tliri wms m `hgtkgukgfsimr`l ehr trutl up ugtko su`l tkci ms tli gifmtkvi em`thrs privkhusoycigtkhgij ,si`tmrkmgksc mgj jiskri ehr pirshgmo fohry+ bi`mcijhckgmgt kg tli okvis he shci he tli s`lhomrs' Zlig/ kgjiij/ bokgjehoohwkgf he Cmjl#lmb ,Zmqoiij+ `hupoij wktl tli bmg hg Kntklmmjoij th tli wkjisprimj prhchtkhg he si`tmrkmgksc mchgf tli cmssismgj tli figirmo jiòkgi kg tli simr`l ehr trutl mchgf cmgy s`lhomrs'Zlirimetir/ tli ehur survkgkgf Cmjl#lmbs/ wktl tlikr jkeeirigt mgj

shcitkcis `hgtrmjk`thry ruokgfs/ mssucij tli `lmrm`tir he kgemookbkokty/ mgj spurkhus Lmjiitls mrhsi th bhostir tlks mgtk#Ksomck`trmkt' Ms m `hugtir th tlks jiòkgi/ vmrkhus riehrc chvicigts tlrhufltli mfis lmvi `mooij ehr m ugkek`mtkhg he tli Cmjl#lmbs hr/ kg shci`msis/ rini`tkhg he tli giij ehr mgy Cmjl#lmb' Zli ehrcir phsktkhg ksm oifktkcmti hgi/ ms wi lmvi slhwg1 tli omttir ks mg ixtrickst hgi/

phsskboy liritk`mo skgì kt hvirohhas tli kcphrtmgì he m ugkekijs`lhho he Ksomck` tlhuflt ms m giìssmry `hcpoicigt th tli ]ur‛mmgmgj tli Puggml/ ehr m bittir ugjirstmgjkgf mgj mppri`kmtkhg he

Moomml‛s jkvkgi omws'

Erhc tli lksthrk`mo jiviohpcigt he Ekql mgj tli ivhoutkhg he tli Cmjl#lmbs jis`rkbij kg tli priìjkgf `lmptirs/ wi lmvi siigtlmt tliri wms m pirkhj jurkgf wlk`l gmturmo jkeeirigìs mchgf tlivmrkhus Cmjl#lmbs bi`mci ixtricioy ixmffirmtij th tli phkgt he si`tmrkmgksc/ sh cu`l sh tlmt s`lhomrs he tlmt tkci jks`mrjij Kntklmmjmgj kcphsij uphg tli figirmokty he Cusokcs tli bokgj ehoohwkgf,Zmqoiij+ he hgi he tli ehur cmnhr Cmjl#lmbs' Lhwivir/ tli Kcmmcsth wlhc tli ehur s`lhhos mri mttrkbutij wiri tlicsiovis thtmooymfmkgst tli igtlrhgicigt he tlisi jkeeirigìs mgj ehuflt vilicigtoy



# =29 #

mfmkgst Zmqoiij iktlir mchgf tlikr hwg ehoohwirs hr mchgf tlicmssis kg figirmo' [it/ tkoo thjmy/ cmgy pihpoi eiio tlmt ke mgmutligtk` Lmjiitl slhuoj bi jks`mrjij bi`musi/ m`ìptkgf kt whuoj

cimg jiòmrkgf tlmt tli Kcmmc he hgi‛s Cmjl#lmb wms ckstmaig kglks ruokgf wlk`l/ kg tlikr hpkgkhg ks mg m`t he jksrispi`t makg th

bomsplicy' Okttoi jh tliy rimokzi tlmt tlikr prieirigì he tlikr Kcmmc‛s hpkgkhg hvir tli Trhplit‛s ,s'w'+ stmticigt ks ktsioe kg thtmohpphsktkhg th tli stmgj tmaig by tlikr hwg Kcmmc/ mgj ks kg em`t

bhrjirkgf hg m ehrc he Plkra =;<

aghwg ms ‟Plkra eii Zmwliij mo#Kttkbmm“–/ tlmt ks slmrkgf tli ugquistkhgij ehoohwkgf wlk`l biohgfshgoy th tli Trhplit ,s'w'+' Ehr kg tli jiòmrmtkhg he hgi‛s Ksommc,tliri ks gh fhj but Moomml mgj Culmccmj ks tli cissigfir he Moomml+/ tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ ks m`ìptij ms bikgf tli hgoy pirshg wlhslhuoj bi ehoohwij ugquistkhgkgfoy/ skgì ehoohwkgf lkc ksiqukvmoigt th ehoohwkgf Moomml'

Ms chst Cusokcs thjmy mri ugmwmri he tli `hgtrmjk`tkhg bitwiig tli phsktkhg he tli imroy Kcmmcs lmgj tlmt he tlikr Cmjl#lmb ks kt ixksts thjmy/ kt ks mpprhprkmti tliri th tmai m òhsir ohha mttli stmgj tmaig by tli imroy Kcmmcs mgj tlikr stujigts thwmrjs

Zmqoiij ms rivimoij kg tlikr m`tumo stmticigts'

Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml Gu‛cmmg kbg Zlmmbkt ,642#656 @I+

Mbu Lmgiieml usij th jks`hurmfi lks stujigts erhcri`hrjkgf lks hpkgkhgs/ skgì tliy wiri hetig bmsij hg ]kymms,mgmohfk`mo jiju`tkhg+' Lhwivir/ li cmji mg ixìptkhg he tlhsihpkgkhgs wlk`l wiri tlhrhufloy jibmtij mgj mfriij uphg by moo lksstujigts' Lks stujigt/ Mbu [hhsue/ riphrtij tlmt tli Kcmmc hgì thoj

lkc/ ‟whi bi hg yhu/ [m‛qhhb' Jh ght wrkti jhwg moo yhu limr erhcci/ ehr surioy K cmy lhoj mg hpkgkhg thjmy mgj oimvi kt thchrrhw/lhoj mghtlir thchrrhw mgj oimvi kt tli jmy metir'–=;; Zlks mttktuji he tli Kcmmc aipt lks stujigts erhc bokgj kcktmtkhg he lks vkiws/ mgjliopij th jiviohp kg tlic m rispi`t ehr tlikr hwg hpkgkhgs ms wioo mstlmt he htlirs'

=;<

Mssh`kmtkhg he htlir fhjs wktl Moomml ,k'i' kjhomtry+'=;;Riphrtij by “Mbbmms mgj MJ#Jhhrii kg mt#Zmmriial by Kbg Cu‛iig

,Cmaaml> Akgf‛Mbjuo Mzkz Ygkvirskty/ =;6;+/ vho' 5/ p' <<'



# =25 #

Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml mosh cmji cmgy strhgf stmticigts`hgìrgkgf tli bokgj ehoohwkgf he lks hpkgkhgs mgj tlhsi he lks

stujigts' Kg em`t li strk`toy ehrbmji mgyhgi erhc ehoohwkgf tlikr hpkgkhgs hr cmakgf oifmo ruokgfs bmsij hg tlic ugoiss su`l m pirshgwms emckokmr wktl tli prhhes wlk`l li mgj lks stujigts lmj usij mgjtli shurìs erhc wligì tliy lmj jijuìj tlic' Zli Kcmmc wmsriphrtij by lks stujigt ûemr th lmvi smkj/ ‟Kt ks ehrbkjjig ehr mgyhgiwlh jhis ght aghw cy prhhes th cmai m ruokgf m``hrjkgf th cystmticigts/ ehr virkoy wi mri hgoy lucmgs wi cmy smy shcitlkgf‛sthjmy mgj rini`t kt thchrrhw'–244

Mbu Lmgiieml wms mowmys mwmri he lks okcktmtkhgs'M``hrjkgfoy/ li jiekgij ehr lks stujigts mgj moo wlh whuoj bigiekterhc lks jiip ugjirstmgjkgf he Ksommc tlmt tli uotkcmti `rktirkhg ehr rkflt mgj wrhgf wms tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml1 wlmt wms kgm``hrjmgì wktl tlic wms rkflt mgj wlmt wms ght wms wrhgf' Lksstujigt/ Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg/ riphrtij tlmt li smkj/ ‟Ke K lmvicmji m ruokgf wlk`l `hgtrmjk`ts Moomml‛s bhha hr tli cissigfir‛s,s'w'+ Lmjiitl/ rini`t cy ruokgf'–24= Kt ks mosh ri`hrjij tlmt tli

phkgtij hut tli em`t tlmt tli prkg`kpoi th ehoohw/ ke hgi wmgtij thehoohw lks Cmjl#lmb ms li kgtigjij kt th bi ehoohwij/ ks tlim`ìptmgì he shugj Lmjiitl' Kcmmc Kbg‛ Mbjuo#Bmrr riphrtij tlmtKcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml smkj/ ‟Ke m Lmjiitl ks ehugj th bi Pmliil,mutligtk`+/ kt ks cy Cmjl#lmb'–242

Kcmmc Cmmoka Kbg Mgms ,6=6#<4= @I+

Kcmmc Cmmoka givir lisktmtij th `lmgfi lks ruokgfs/ ivig ke

li lmj morimjy uttirij tlic kg pubok`/ ke prhhe th tli `hgtrmry `mcith lkc erhc m riokmboi shurì' Hgi he lks cmkg stujigts/ Kbg Vmlb`hgekrcij tlks mttktuji he tli Kcmmc smykgf/ ‟K hgì limrj shci hgimsa Cmmoka mbhut wmslkgf bitwiig tli this jurkgf Vujhh/ th wlk`l

244Kbg “Mbjuo#Bmrr/ mo#Kgtkqmm eii Emjmm‛ko mtl#Zlmommtlml mo#M‛kccml mo#

Euqmlmm/ ,@mkrh> Cmatmb mo#]ujsii/ =;0=+/ p' =:9'24=

Mo#Euommgii/ Iiqmmjl mo#Lkcmc/ ,@mkrh> mo#Cugiiriiyml/ =;09+/ p' 94'242Kbg “Mmbkjiig/ mo#Lmmslkyml/ ,@mkrh> mo#Cugiiriiyml/ =<00#=;44+/ vho'

=/ p' 50'



# =26 #

li ripokij/ Tihpoi jh ght lmvi th jh kt'‛ K wmktij ugtko chst he tli pihpoi oiet tli stujy `kròi mgj kgehrcij lkc tlmt tliri ks m Lmjiitl`hgìrgkgf kt' Li msaij wlmt kt wms/ sh K smkj/ tlmt mo#Omytl kbg Pm‛j/

Kbg Oulmy‛ml mgj ‟Mcr kbg Mo#Lmmrktl moo riomtij erhc mo#CustmwrkjKbg Plkjmmj mo#]urmslii tlmt li smw Moomml‛s Cissigfir ,s'w'+ rub

bitwiig lks this wktl lks okttoi ekgfir/ Cmmoka smkj/ “Purioy tlmt ks mfhhj Lmjiitl wlk`l K lmvi givir limrj biehri'‛ Omtir wlig K limrj

pihpoi msa Cmmoka mbhut wmslkgf bitwiig tli this/ tli this/ li usijth kgskst tlmt kt cust bi wmslij'–

240Zlks gmrrmtkhg ks òimr prhhe tlmt

Cmmoka‛s Cmjl#lmb/ okai Mbu Lmgiieml‛s wms tlmt he tli shugjLmjiitl/ ivig tlhufl wi jh ght lmvi m spi`kek` stmticigt by lkc thtlmt ieei`t/ ms kg tli `msi he Mbu Lmgiieml'

Cmmoka mosh icplmskzij tli em`t tlmt li wms subni`t th irrhr mgj tlmt tli hgoy ruokgfs he lks wlk`l slhuoj bi usij wiri tlhsiwlk`l jkj ght `hci kg `hgeok`t wktl tli ]ur‛mmg mgj Lmjiitl' Kbg“Mbjuo#Bmrr riphrtij tlmt Cmmoka hgì smkj/ ‟Uirkoy K mc hgoy mcmg/ K irr mgj mc mt tkcis `hrri`t1 sh tlhrhufloy kgvistkfmti cyhpkgkhgs/ tlic tmai wlmtivir mfriis wktl tli Bhha mgj tli Puggml/mgj rini`t wlmtivir `hgtrmjk`ts tlic'–24: Zlks stmticigt òimroy

prhvis tlmt tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Lmjiitl wiri fkvig prieirigì hvir moo iosi by tlks frimt s`lhomr wlh givir kgtigjij tlmt lks hpkgkhgs birkfkjoy ehoohwij' Kg em`t/ wlig tli “Mbbmmskj @mokpl Mbu Nm‛emr mo#Cmgshhr ,rikfg 69;#699 @I+ mgj Lmrhhg mr#Rmsliij ,rikfg 6<5#<4;@I+ riquistij tlmt Cmmoka moohw tlic th cmai tlks `hooi`tkhg he Lmjiitls/ `mooij mo#Cuwmttm‛/ tli heek`kmo mutlhrkty kg tli stmti hgtli Puggml/ li rieusij hg bhtl h``mskhgs/ phkgtkgf hut tlmt tliPmlmmbml lmj s`mttirij tlrhuflhut tli omgj mgj lmj oiet bilkgjcmgy Lmjiitls ght ehugj kg lks `hooi`tkhg' Zlus/ Cmmoka turgij

jhwg tli hpphrtugkty th lmvi lks Cmjl#lmb cmji tli heek`kmo Cmjl#lmb he tli Ksomck` stmti mgj kg sh jhkgf/ li sit mg ixmcpoi tlmt htlirsckflt lmvi biig wksi th ehoohw'

Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii ,656#<24 @I+

240

Kbg Mbii Lmmtkc/ mo#Nmrl wmt#Zm‛jiio/ ,Lyjirmbmj/ Kgjkm> Cmnoks

Jmm‛krml mo#Cm‛mmrke mo#“Ytlcmmgiiyml/ =;92+/ ehriwhrj pp' 0=#00'24:Kbg “Mbjuo#Bmrr/ Nmmck‛ Bmymmg mo#Koc/ ,@mkrh> mo#Cugiiriiyml/ =;26+/

vho' 2/ p' 02'



# =2< #

Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii/ okai lks tim`lir Cmmoka/ phkgtij hut kggh ugìrtmkg tircs tlmt kt wms ght phsskboi ehr mgyhgi mt tlmt tkci249

th bi mwmri he moo tli Lmjiitls wlk`l wiri gmrrmtij erhc tliTrhplit ,s'w'+ hr th ricicbir moo Lmjiitls wlk`l li lmjig`hugtirij/ tliriehri/ tliy wiri bhugj th cmai shci wrhgf

nujficigts' Zlmt cimgt tlmt tli hgoy ekrc mgj riokmboi citlhj/wlk`l `huoj bi utkokzij ugjir moo `krùcstmgìs th ji`kji wlmt wms`hrri`t mgj wlmt wms ght/ wms tli Puggml he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+' ZliLmjiitl s`lhomr mo#Lmmakc `hooi`tij m stmticigt he msl#Plmmek‛ii kgwlk`l li smkj/ ‟Zliri ks gh hgi mchgf us wlh lms ght lmj m Puggmlhe Moomml‛s Cissigfir ,s'w'+ iouji lkc hr lmvi hgi sokp lks ckgj1 shgh cmttir wlmt ruokgfs K lmvi cmji hr eugjmcigtmo prkg`kpois K lmvi

prhphsij/ tliri wkoo bi kg tlic tlkgfs `hgtrmry th ruokgfs he Moomml‛scissigfir ,s'w'+' Zliriehri/ tli `hrri`t ruokgf ks m``hrjkgf th wlmtMoomml‛s cissigfir ,s'w'+ smkj/ mgj tlmt ks cy ruokgf'–245

Zli Kcmmc mosh strissij m viry kcphrtmgt phkgt `hgìrgkgf pirshgmo hpkgkhg virsus tli Puggml' Li smkj/ ‟Zli Cusokcs ,he cytkci+ wiri he m ugmgkchus hpkgkhg tlmt hgi wlh `hcis m`rhss mg

mutligtk` Puggml he Moomml‛s cissigfir ,s'w'+ ks ght moohwij thjksrifmrj kt kg emvhr he shcihgi iosi‛s hpkgkhg'–246 Zlks phkgt strkaismt tli viry limrt he Zmqoiij wlk`l lms ms hgi he kts pkoomrs tlirini`tkhg he tli Puggml ehr tli hpkgkhg he tli Cmjl#lmb'

Mo#Lmmakc mosh `hooi`tij erhc Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii tlismci stmticigt cmji by Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml `hgìrgkgf tliriomtkhgslkp bitwiig lks Cmjl#lmb mgj mutligtk` Lmjiitls/ ‟Ke mLmjiitl ks ehugj th bi Pmliil ,mutligtk`+ kt ks cy Cmjl#lmb'–24<

Pu`l wms tli ug`hcprhckskgf stmgj he tlks frimt Kcmmc wlh/ wlkoi

249 Zli cmkg `hooi`tkhgs he Lmjiitl okai tlmt he mo#Bualmmrii/ Cusokc mgj

tli htlirs biohgf th tli omttir lmoe he tli ;tl ìgtury @I'245 Kbg “Msmmakr/ Zmmriial Jkckslq mo#Ambiir/ ,Jmcmsùs> Rmwjml msl#

Plmmc/ =;==#=;02+/ vho' =9/ pmrt =/ p'0'246

Kbg mo#]myykc/ K‛ommc mo#Chhqk‛iig/ ,Bikrut> Jmmr mo#Niio g'j'+/ vho' 2/

p' 05='24<[mlymm kbg Plmrme mj#Jiig mg#Gmwmwii/ mo#Cmnchh‛ ,@mkrh> Kjmmrml

mt#Zmbmm‛ml mo#Cugiirml/ =;29+/ vho' =/ p' 50'



# =2; #

kg Bmfljmj/ wrhti m bhha `mooij mo#Lunnml ms m succmry he lksCmjl#lmb/ hgoy th turg mrhugj mgj wrkti m giw bhha `mooij mo#Ycc/riprisigtkgf tli giw Cmjl#lmb wlk`l li ehrcij metir nhurgiykgf th

Ifypt mgj m`qukrkgf giw aghwoijfi erhc tli Cmjl#lmb he Kcmmcmo#Omytl kbg Pm‛j'

Kcmmc Mlcmj kbg Lmcbmo ,66<#<99 @I+

Kcmmc Mlcmj `mrrkij hg tli trmjktkhg he lks tim`lir/ Kcmmcmsl#Plmmek‛ii ms wioo ms tlmt he tli imrokir Kcmmcs by trykgf th kgstkookg lks stujigts m lkfl rispi`t ehr tli shurìs he Ksommc mgj m jksjmkgehr rkfkj kcktmtkhg he s`lhomrs‛ hpkgkhgs' But/ bi`musi Zmqoiij lmj

bifug th tmai rhht mchgf shci he tli ehoohwirs he tli imrokir Kcmmcs/ Mlcmj thha ivig chri jrmstk` m`tkhg' Vlirims MbuLmgiieml jks`hurmfij lks stujigts erhc ri`hrjkgf moo he lkshpkgkhgs/ Kcmmc Mlcmj ehrbmji tlic erhc ri`hrjkgf mgy he lkshpkgkhgs mt moo' Zlus/ lks Cmjl#lmb wms ght `hcpkoij kg wrkttig ehrcugtko tli irm he lks stujigts'

Mlcmj wms viry ixpok`kt kg lks wmrgkgfs mfmkgst Zmqoiij/ ms

ks ivkjigt kg tli ehoohwkgf smykgf he lks ri`hrjij by Kbg ]myykc>‟Jh ght bokgjoy ehoohw cy ruokgfs/ tlhsi he Cmmoka/ msl#Plmmek‛ii/mo#Mwzmm‛ii hr mtl#Zlmwrii/ Zmai ,yhur ruokgfs+ erhc wligì tliythha tlikrs'–24; Pkckomroy/ kg mghtlir he lks stmticigts ri`hrjij byKbg “Mbjuo#Bmrr' Li smkj/ ‟Zli hpkgkhgs he mo#Mwzmm‛ii/ Cmmoka mgjMbu Lmgiieml mri skcpoy hpkgkhgs mgj th ci tliy mri moo iqumo/ buttli rimo `rktirkhg ehr rkflt hr wrhgf ks kg tli Lmjiitls'–

2=4

Zli Kcmmc‛s prieirigì ehr Lmjiitls hvir hpkgkhgs wms sh

frimt tlmt li usij th prieir m wima Lmjiitl hvir m jijuìj ruokgf'Lks rispi`t ehr tli Puggml he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+/ wlk`l li lkcsioe `hooi`tij kg m cmnhr whra he hvir 04/444 Lmjiitls `mooij mo#CusgmjMo#Ambiir/ wms sh frimt tlmt li mosh fmvi siviri wmrgkgfs th tlhsiwlh whuoj jmri jksrifmrj m Lmjiitl he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+' Kbg mo#Nmwzii riphrtij tlmt Kcmmc Mlcmj smkj/ ‟Vlhivir rini`ts mgmutligtk` Lmjiitl he Moomml‛s cissigfir ,s'w'+ ks hg tli virfi he

24;Iiqmmjl mo#Lkcmc/ p' ==0'

2=4 Nmmck Bmymmg mo#“Koc/ vho'2/ p' =:;'



# =04 #

jistru`tkhg'–2== Zli Trhplit ,s'w'+ lmj fkvig tli ehoohwkgf hrjir thlks `hcpmgkhgs mgj Cusokcs kg figirmo> ‟@hgviy wlmt yhu lmvilimrj erhc ci/ ivig ke kt ks hgoy m virsi ,erhc tli ]ur‛mmg+/–2=2 kg

hrjir tlmt jkvkgi fukjmgì whuoj bi mvmkomboi th moo figirmtkhgs he Cusokcs ugtko tli Omst Jmy' Bi`musi he tlmt/ Kcmmc Mlcmj ehufltvkfkomgtoy mfmkgst mgytlkgf wlk`l `huoj phsskboy kgtireiri wktl tli`hgviymgì he jkvkgi fukjmgì th lks figirmtkhg ms wioo ms tlhsi th`hci'

Ptujigts he tli Kcmmcs

Bi`musi he tli `mri wlk`l tli frimt Kcmmcs thha kg wmrgkgftlikr Ptujigts mwmy erhc bokgj kgktmtkhg/ tlhsi imroy s`lhomrs givir lisktmtij th rini`t wlmt tli Kcmmcs tmuflt wlig giw Lmjiitls

bi`mci mvmkomboi' Mbu [hhsue mgj Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmgjkeeirij erhc tlikr tim`lir Mbu Lmgiieml kg mbhut hgi tlkrj he tliruokgfs he tlikr Cmjl#lmb/2=0 mgj skckomroy/ mo#Cuzmgii mgj tlihtlirs jkeeirij erhc tlikr tim`lir rmsl#Plmmek‛ii hg cmgy ruokgfs'

@hccigt

Zli mbhvi cigtkhgij quhtmtkhgs wiri hgoy m eiw he tlicmgy smykgfs he tli Ehur Kcmmcs mgj tlikr stujigts kg wlk`l tliyjicmgjij strk`t mjlirigì th tli Lmjiitls mgj prhlkbktij tli bokgjkcktmtkhg he tlikr hpkgkhgs/ cmy Moomml bi poimsij wktl tlic' Zlikr stmticigts mri pirei`toy òimr mgj oimvi gh rhhc ehr ckskgtirpritmtkhg hr mphohfitk` ixpomgmtkhgs' Zliriehri/ wlhivir mjliris th tli Puggml/ ivig ke li ekgjs lkcsioe kg `hgeok`t wktl shcihe tli hpkgkhgs he tli Kcmmc he lks Cmjl#lmb wkoo ght bi hpphsij th

tli spkrkt he tlmt Cmjl#lmbs skcuotmgihusoy wktl m ekrc frkp ‟hg tlirhpi he Moomml–' @hgvirsioy/ th jks`mrj ìrtmkg riokmboi Lmjiitlsskcpoy bi`musi tliy `hgtrmjk`t shci he tli hpkgkhgs he tli Kcmmcs/ks th bi kg thtmo hpphsktkhg th tli phsktkhg tmaig by tli Kcmmcs

2==Kbg mo#Nmwzii/ mo#Cmgmmqkb/ ,Bikrut> Jmmr mo#Mmemmq mo#Nmjiijml/ 2

gj

ij'/ =;66+/ p' =<22=2

Gmrrmtij by “Mbjuoomml kbg “Mcr kbg mo#“Mms mgj `hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii ,Pmlkl Mo#Bualmrk/ ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho' :/ p' ::2/ gh' 556+'2=0 Mo#Lmmslkyml/ vho' =/ p'52'



# =0= #

tlicsiovis' Chrihvir/ tli rini`tkhg he riokmboi Lmjiitls ks kghpphsktkhg th Moomml mgj Lks cissigfir 2=: ms ks ivkjigt kg Moomml‛sstmticigt kg tli ]ur‛mmg th Lks Trhplit ,s'w'+/

‟Gh/ by yhur Ohrj/ tliy jh ght biokivi ugtko tliycmai yhu tli nujfi bitwiig tlic kg tlikrjksputis wktlhut bikgf jkstrissij hvir yhur

nujficigt1 gmy/ m`ìptkgf kt wlhoilimrtijoy'–2=9

Ehr ixmcpoi/ Kcmmc Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg kg lksgmrrmtkhg he Kcmmc Cmmoka‛s bhha/ mo#Cuwmttm/ `hgtrmjk`tij lkstim`lir Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml kg mbhut 24 jkeeirigt ruokgfs' Mchgftlic wms tli ehoohwkgf `msi kg wlk`l Kcmmc Culmccmj smkj/ ‟MbuLmgiieml jkj ght eiio tlmt tliri wms mgy hrjmkgij Pmomml ,prmyir+ ehr Kstksqmm/2=5 but kg cy hpkgkhg/ tli Kcmmc slhuoj oimj tli pihpoi kgtwh ugkts he Pmomml/ ,ehr Kstksqmm+ cmai m Ju‛mm

2=6 mgj rivirsi lksòhma/–2=< Mghtlir ixmcpoi ks tlmt he tli kglirktmgì he tlifrmgjemtlir ke tli emtlir he tli jimj pirshg ks mosh jimj' Mbu [hhsue mgj Culmccmj bhtl rini`tij Mbu Lmgiieml‛s phsktkhg mgj nhkgijtli phsktkhg he tli htlir tlrii Kcmmcs/ fkvkgf tli frmgjemtlir m skxtl

he tli kglirktmgì wlk`l whuoj lmvi fhgi th tli emtlir wiri li mokvi'“Ksmmc Kbg [hhsue mo#Bmomalii/ wlh wms m stujigt he KcmmcCulmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg mgj m òhsi ehoohwir he Mbu [hhsue/ usijth cmai m oht he ruokgfs wlk`l jkeeirij erhc tlhsi he Mbu Lmgiiemlmgj lks twh `hcpmgkhgs/ bi`musi tli omttir wiri ght mwmri he ìrtmkgivkjigì wlk`l omtir bi`mci mvmkomboi th lkc'2=; Ehr ixmcpoi/ liusij th rmksi lks lmgjs biehri mgj metir Ruahh‛ ,bhwkgf kg

2=: Culmccmj Gmmskr mj#Jiig mo#Mobmmgii/ Pkeml Pmomml mg#Gmbii/

ehriwhrj pp' 0:#09'2=9 Phhrml mg#Gksmm ,:+>59'2=5 Trmyir ehr rmkg kg tkcis he jrhuflt'2=6

Kgehrcmo prmyir 2=<

Culmccmj kbg mo#Lmsmg/ mt#Zm‛oiiq mo#Cucmnnkj “Momm Cuwmttm‛

Culmccmj/ p' =9</ quhtij kg Pkeml Pmomml mg#Gmbii/ p' 0<'2=;Kbg “Mmbkjiig/ Rmsc mo#Cuetii/ vho' =/ p' 26/ quhtij kg Pkeml Pmomml mg#

Gmbii/ p' 06'



# =02 #

Pmomml+/224ms jis`rkbij kg mutligtk` Lmjiitls by lhst he Pmlmmbml/ivig tlhufl tli tlrii cmkg Kcmmcs he lks Cmjl#lmb ruoijhtlirwksi'

Moomml mosh wigt hg th wmrg tlhsi wlh rini`t tli Puggml he LksTrhplit ,s'w'+/ smykgf/

‟Oit tlhsi wlh `hgtrmjk`t yhur hrjir bi wmrgijtlmt tliy wkoo bi meeok`tij wktl trkmos mgj m pmkgeuopugkslcigt'–

22=

Givirtlioiss/ tli prhlkbktkhg he Zmqoiij jhis ght cimg tlmtiviryhgi cust riturg th tli shurìs biehri jhkgf mgytlkgf mgj ktjhis ght cimg tlmt moo tli whra he tli imrokir s`lhomrs slhuoj birini`tij hr gifoi`tij/ ehr tlmt whuoj bi kcprm`tk`mo mgj kg chst `msiskcphsskboi' Kt jhis/ lhwivir/ cimg tlmt tlhsi wlh lmvi sueek`kigtaghwoijfi he tli vmrkhus brmg`lis he Ksomck` s`kigìs slhuoj ghtlisktmti th thha mt tli shurìs ms wioo ms tli hpkgkhgs he moo tlis`lhomrs/ rifmrjoiss he tlikr Cmjl#lmb' M s`lhomr slhuoj bi hpig#ckgjij kg lks simr`l ehr aghwoijfi htlirwksi lks ruokgfs mri okaioyth bi bkmsij mgj si`tmrkmg' Oit us ght ehrfit tlmt ivig kg simr`lkgf

tlrhufl tli shurìs li ks hbokfij th rioy hg tli frimt whras he tliimrokir s`lhomrs kg hgi wmy hr mghtlir' Kg Ekql/ thtmooy kgjipigjigttlhuflt ks kcphsskboi mgj ieehrts th m`lkivi kt ugjiskrmboi/ ms kt tigjsth oimj th jivkmtkhg mgj lirisy' Hg mgy pmrtkùomr kssui tli truis`lhomr ks okaioy th iktlir ehoohw m ruokgf he hgi hr mghtlir he tliimroy s`lhomrs/ hr jijuì lks ruokgf erhc hgi he tlikr jiju`tkhgs' Kgsh jhgf/ li wkoo bi ehoohwkgf hgi he tli imroy Kcmmcs jkri`toy hr kgjkri`toy' Lhwivir/ tlks ehrc he ehoohwkgf ks ght th bi `hgskjirijZmqoiij/ ,bokgj rkfkj kcktmtkhg+/ wlk`l wi lmvi slhwg wms ehrbkjjig

`mtifhrk`mooy by tli Kcmmcs' Zlks ehrc ks `mooij Kttkbmm‛ wlirikgriokmboi Lmjiitls tmai priìjigì hvir moo hpkgkhgs/ hr ms bhtl MbuLmgiieml mgj msl#Plmmek‛ii smkj/ ‟Ke tli Lmjiitl ks ehugj th biPmliil/ kt ks cy Cmjl#lmb–'

Kt ks hbvkhus tlmt tli frimt cmnhrkty he Cusokcs wkoo ght bimboi th riturg th tli shurìs/ jui th tlikr omà he aghwoijfi/ mgj tliy

224

Mo#Emwmm‛kj mo#Bmmlkyml eii Zmrmmnkc mo#Lmgmekyml/ p' ==5/ quhtij kgPkeml Pmomml mg#Gmbii/ ehriwhrj/p' 0;'22= Phhrml mg#Ghhr ,2:+>50'



# =00 #

wkoo tliriehri bi hbokfij th mppoy Kttkbmm‛ th tli jifrii he tlikr mbkokty' Cmgy `mg m`lkivi mg mwmrigiss he tli rioivmgt Lmjiitls bymsakgf quistkhgs `hgìrgkgf tli bmsks ehr ruokgfs fkvig th tlic mgj

rimjkgf tli bhhas he Lmjiitl' Gh trui s`lhomr slhuoj bi heeigjij bysu`l quistkhgs ke phoktioy whrjij' Pkckomroy/ ke tli cmssis mri ehrìjth siia mgswirs erhc bhhas/ tliy slhuoj try th `lhhsi bhhas/ wlk`lcigtkhg ixpomgmtkhgs mgj prhhes mohgf wktl tli vmrkhus ruokgfs/ mgj

bhhas/ wlk`l mri ght bkmsij/ hr si`tmrkmg' Ke su`l bhhas mri ghtrimjkoy mvmkomboi/ tlig tliy cmy stkoo mvhkj Zmqoiij by ght ristrk`tkgftlicsiovis th tli bhhas he hgi Cmjl#lmb' Ms ohgf ms tliy mri

pripmrij th ehoohw tli Puggml/ wligivir kt ks prisigtij th tlic/rifmrjoiss he wlk`l Cmjl#lmb kt cmy bi ehugj kg/ tliy mri kg ieei`t

prm`tk`kgf Kttkbmm‛/ ght Zmqoiij'

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

=' Chst Cusokcs mri ugmwmri he tli em`t tlmt bokgj ehoohwkgf he mCmjl#lmb ,Zmqoiij ks jkmcitrk`mooy hpphsij th tli phsktkhg mgjtim`lkgfs he tli ehugjirs he tli Cmjl#lmbs'

2' Moo he tli Kcmmcs mgj tlikr stujigts wiri hg ri`hrj ms bikgf

hpphsij th tli bokgj ehoohwkgf he tlikr hpkgkhgs' Kgstimj tliyripimtijoy icplmskzij tli kcphrtmgì he rieirrkgf th tli prkcmryshurìs/ tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml/ ms tli bmsks he oifmoruokgfs'

0' Zli Kcmmcs mgj tlikr stujigts `hgtkguhusoy icplmskzij tli em t̀tlmt tlikr ruokgfs wiri subni`t th irrhr'

:' Mutligtk` Lmjiitls wiri fkvig priìjigì by tli Kcmmcs hvir tlikr hwg hpkgkhgs' Hg tli bmsks he mutligtk` Lmjiitls ghtmvmkomboi th tli Kcmmcs/ tlikr stujigts omtir hvirruoij sivirmo

ruokgfs privkhusoy cmji by tli Kcmmcs'9' Fkvkgf prieirigì th tli hpkgkhg he m Cmjl#lmb hvir mg

mutligtk` Lmjiitl bhrjirs hg Plkra skgì prieirigì `hgtrmvigistli mooifkmgì hwij th Moomml mgj Lks `lhsij cissigfir'

5' Moo Cusokcs mri ripmkrij th ehoohw wktl rimshg ,Kttkbmm‛+ tliruokgfs he tli imroy s`lhomrs kg hrjir th prisirvi tli prkstkgi

purkty he Ksommc ms rivimoij th tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ mgj `hgviyijth lks `hcpmgkhgs'



# =0: #

=4' JKEEIRIG@IP MCHGF ZLI YCCML

Kg tli priìjkgf `lmptirs tli wrktir lms igjimvhrij th trmì mgjm``hugt ehr tli lksthrk`mo jiviohpcigt he Cmjl#lmbs/ s`lhhos he Ksomck` oifmo tlhuflt/ mgj th slhw tlikr hvirmoo `hgtrkbutkhgs th tli

prhfrisskvi igrk`lcigt mgj ugkeykgf `lmrm`tir he Ekql wktlkg tliCusokc whroj' Kt lms biig mcpoy jichgstrmtij tlmt tli okbirmotlkgakgf wlk`l `lmrm`tirkzij tli imroy Kcmmcs mgj tlikr Cmjl#lmbs/erhc tli tkci he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ jhwg tlrhufl tli mfis/ lms biigstmkjoy ripomìj by m ìrtmkg rkfkjkty mgj jhfcmtksc' Pkgì tli omti

tlkrtiigtl ìgtury/ ght hgoy lmvi tli cmjl#lmbs bi`hci spmwgkgffrhugjs he si`tmrkmgksc/ but Ekql lms ohst kts hrkfkgmo vktmokty wlk`lwms igslrkgij kg tli prkg`kpoi he Kntklmmj mgj tlus kt lms ght biigmboi th aiip pmì wktl `lmgfkgf `krùcstmgìs' Ms m risuot he Cmjl#lmb si`tmrkmgksc mgj Ekql kgeoixkbkokty/ tli trmjktkhgmo purkty/ ugktymgj jygmcksc he Ksommc lmvi biig tlrimtigij tlrhuflhut tliCusokc whroj'

Kg tlks ekgmo `lmptir tli wrktir wkoo ixmckgi tli plighcighg

he jkeeirigìs mgj jksmfriicigt ,Kaltkomme+ kg tli okflt he tli phsktkhgs he imroy s`lhomrs mgj tlikr stujigts' Li wkoo mosh igjimvhr th rikgehrì tli em`t tlmt wlkoi jkeeirigìs he hpkgkhg mri kgivktmboi/ugrimshgkgf jksmfriicigt mgj si`tmrkmgksc lmvi gh pomì kg tliriokfkhg he Ksommc wlk`l Moomml kg Lks wksjhc rivimoij th LksTrhplit ,s'w'+'

Kg trimtkgf tli lksthrk`mo jiviohpcigt ,mgj ivhoutkhg+ he tliCmjl#lmbs mgj tli `hgùrrigt frhwtl he Ekql kgth m euoo#eoijfijKsomck` s`kigì/ wi lmvi siig tlmt tli frimt Kcmmcs mgj ehugjirs he tli Cmjl#lmbs figirmooy mjhptij tli stmgj tlmt>



# =09 #

,m+ Cmjl#lmbs skgfoy hr kg tlikr thtmokty wiri ght kgemookboi mgj,b+ Zli ehoohwkgf he mgy hgi Cmjl#lmb wms ght hbokfmthry ehr

Cusokcs'

[it tli pirvmskvi kgeouigì he Zmqoiij lms risuotij/ mchgf htlir tlkgfs/ kg m `hcpoiti turgmbhut/ sh cu`l sh/ tlmt ehr ìgturkis ghwtli phsktkhg tmaig by tli figirmokty he Cusokcs ks tlmt tli ehur Cmjl#lmbs mri jkvkgioy hrjmkgij tli tliriehri kgemookboi1 tli oifmoruokgfs he im`l he tlhsi Cmjl#lmbs mri moo shugj mgj `hrri t̀1iviryhgi cust ehoohw hgi he tli ehur Cmjl#lmbs1 m Cusokc slhuojght `lmgfi lks hr lir Cmjl#lmb1 mgj kt ks wrhgf th pkà mgj `lhhsiruokgfs m`rhss Cmjl#lmbs' Ms m `hrhoomry th tlisi biokies/ kt lms biigstmti tlmt mgyhgi wlh jmris hpigoy th jigy tli kgemookbkokty he moo ehur Cmjl#lmbs hr tli hbokfmtkhg th ehoohw hgi th tlisi Cmjl#lmbs ks`hgskjirij mg m`ùrsij kgghvmthr mgj mphstmti'

Kg tli 24tl ìgtury tli chst `hcchgoy usij ipktlit ehr jis`rkbkgf su`l mg mphstmti lms biig tli ombio Vmllmbk ,prhghugìjVmllmmbii+' Mghtlir skckomroy mbuskvi tirc/ wlk`l ks usij chstoykg Kgjkm mgj Tmakstmg/ ks Mlo#k#Lmjiitl/ Kg`kjigtmooy/ bhtl he tlisi

tircs mri kg rimokty cksghcirs/ ms tli ehoohwkgf ixpomgmthry`hccigts wkoo rivimo'Kg tli yimrs =;2:#29 tli ehoohwirs he Culmccmj kbg

“Mbjuo#Vmllmb ,=640#=6<6+ zimohusoy moo stru`turis bukot hvir frmvis he tli Pmlmmbml mgj htlir rivirij pirshgs kg tli ìcitirkishe tli lhoy `ktkis he Cmaaml mgj Cmjiigml' Zli sh `mooij Vmllmbkswiri mosh hpphsij th Zmwmssuo ,siiakgf kgtirìsskhg erhc tli jimj+/wlk`l lmj bi`hci m wkjisprimj prm`tkì mchgf tli cmssis he Cusokcs ms wioo ms mchgf cmgy s`lhomrs' Pkgì Zmwmssuo mgj tli

mttm`lcigt th chgucigts mgj slrkgis lmj ohgf biig kgfrmkgij kg tliCusokc whroj/ tli jistru`tkvi m`t he tli Vmllmbks kg =;2:#29mppimrij th bi kgghvmtkvi mgj ixtrickst1 ligì tli mppok`mtkhg he tliipktlit Vmllmbk th ‟m`ùrsij kgghvmthrs– mgj ‟mphstmti–' Kt slhuoj

bi ghtij/ lhwivir/ tlmt kbg “Mbjuo#Vmllmmb/ ehugjir he tliVmllmbk chvicigt/ ehoohwij tli Ekql he tli Lmcbmoii Cmjl#lmbmgj tlmt lks prisigt#jmy ehoohwirs `hgtkgui th jh sh'

Eurtlirchri/ kg hpphskgf Zmwmssuo mgj jistrhykgfchgucigts mgj slrkgis th tli jimj/ tli twigtkitl#ìgturyjisìgjmgts mgj ehoohwirs he Kbg “Mbjuo#Vmllmmb wiri mttmàkgfmgtk#Ksomck` prm`tkìs' Zli prhplit ,s'w'+ lmj hrjirij tli jichoktkhg



# =05 #

he moo kjhos mgj stmtuis/ mgj tli oiviokgf he moo thcbs wktl tlisurrhugjkgf imrtl/ m``hrjkgf th mgj mutligtk` Lmjiitl riphrtij by“Moii kb Mbii Zmmokb mgj `hooi`tij by tli frimt Lmjiitl s`lhomr

Cusokc kbg Lmnnmn'222 Erhc tli mbhvi kt slhuoj ghw bi òimr tlmt tliwhrj Vmllmbk mppokij th cimg ‟m`ùrsij kgghvmthr– mgj ‟mphstmti–ks kg em`t m cksombio'

Pkckomroy/ tli tirc Mlo#k#Lmjiitl ,Mr' Mlo mo#Lmjiitl+ wmsm tktoi he rispi`t mgj prmksi fkvig th s`lhomrs kg tli pmst wlh okaiKcmmc Cmmoka/ jivhtij cu`l tkci mgj ieehrt th tli spi`kmokzij stujyhe Lmjiitl' Zhwmrjs tli igj he tli gkgitiigtl ìgtury tlks tktoi wmsmjhptij by m riehrc chvicigt kg Kgjkm mgj Tmakstmg wlk`l `mooijehr m riturg th tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Lmjiitl ms tli bmsks he Ekql mgjwlk`l hpphsij tli jhfcmtk` mjlirigì th Cmjl#lmbs' Lhwivir/

prisigt jmy Cmjl#lmb emgmtk`ksc mgj si`tmrkmgksc lmvi jksthrtij tlicimgkgf he tli tirc Mlo#k#Lmjiitl th mppoy th hgi wlh emgmtk`mooyhpphsis tli ehoohwkgf he mgy he tli Cmjl#lmbs'

Zli krhgy ks tlmt/ kg okflt he hur kgskflt kgth tli lksthrk`moivhoutkhg he tli Cmjl#lmbs mgj `hgùrrigt jiviohpcigt he Ekql/ tli

trui jivkmgts erhc tli tim`lkgfs he Ksommc mri ght tli sh#`mooijVmllmbk mgj Mlo#k#Lmjiitl/ but tlhsi pihpoi wlh whuoj rkfkjoykgskst hg iviry Cusokc ehoohwkgf hgi hr mghtlir he tli ehur Cmjl#lmbs mgj hg tlikr biokivkgf bokgjoy kg tli kgemookbkokty he moo ehur Cmjl#lmbs/ jispkti ìrtmkg fomrkgf `hgtrmjk`tkhgs kg tlikr ruokgfs hg

phkgts he Ksomck` omw' [it kt cust bi màghwoijfij tlmt tlhsi wlhmjvh`mti bokgj ehoohwkgf ,Zmqoiij+/ mri hetig viry skgìri kg tlikr

biokie kg tli kgemookbkokty he moo ehur Cmjl#lmbs' Eutlirchri cmgys`lhomrs mri kgòujij kg tlikr rmgas'220

222 Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl#Zrmgs'+/ vho'2/ p' :9;/ gh' 2==9' Pii mosh Pugmg

Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho'2/ pp' ;=:#9/ gh' 02=2' Zli gixt he tli

Lmjiitl ks gmrrmtij by Mbu mo#Lmyymn mo#Msmjii wlh riphrtij tlmt “Moii

kbg Mbii Zmmokb smkj th lkc ‟Plmoo K sigj yhu ms tli Cissigfir he Moomml

sigt ci8 Zh jiemì ivry stmtui he pk`turi kg lhusis mgj oivio moo ioivmtij

frmvis'–220

Ygjir tli limjkgf Zmqoiij Ristrk`tij th tli Ehur Cmtlm#lkb/ tlimutlhr he Zmqoiij mgj Kntklmj wrktis> ‟Kt wms rimokzij erhc tli ixphsktkhg he

tli Vunub he Zmqoiij tlmt mjhptkhg he jkeeirigt virjk`ts oimjs th mgmr`ly' Kt



# =06 #

Lhw tlig jh tlhsi wlh kgskst hg Zmqoiij ri`hg`koi tliaghwg jkeeirgìs mgj `hgtrmjk`tkhgs erhc Cmjl#lmb th Cmjl#lmb

wktl tlikr biokie kg tli kgemookbkokty he moo ehur Cmjl#lmbs8 Phci he tlic òmkc tlmt tli Cmjl#lmbs wiri jkvkgioy hrjmkgij mgj tliTrhplit ,s'w'+ lkcsioe prhpliskij tlikr `hckgf' Chst hetig/lhwivir/ tliy rist tlikr `msi/ cmkgoy hg tli ivkjigì he tliehoohwkgf Lmjiitls>

,m+ ‟Jksmfriicigt mchgf cy gmtkhg ks cir`y'–,b+ ‟Jkeeirigìs mchgf cy Pmlmmbml mri m cir`y ehr yhu'–22:

,`+ ‟Cy Pmlmmbml mri okai stmrs' [hu wkoo bi fukjij by wlk`livir he tlic yhu ehoohw'–229

,j+ ‟Uirkoy cy Pmlmmbml mri okai stmrs' [hu wkoo bi fukjij by mgystmticigt he tlikrs yhu mjhpt'–225

,i+ ‟K msaij cy Ohrj mbhut tli tlkgfs kg wlk`l cy `hcpmgkhgs wkoojkeeir metir cy jimtl mgj Moomml rivimoij th ci> “HlCulmccmj/ virkoy th Ci/ yhur `hcpmgkhgs mri okai stmrs kg tlisay/ shci brkfltir tlmg htlirs' Phli wlh ehoowhs mgytlkgf hvir

ks tliriehri/ kcpirmtkvi th cmai Zmqoiij he Cmjl#lmb wlk`l lms biig sh

ehrcuomtij mgj mrrmgfij kg rifmrj th prkg`kpois ,Ysuo+ mgj jitmkos ,Euru+

tlmt mgswirs th moo quistkhgs `huoj bi hbtmkgij''''tliriby hbvkmtkgf tli giij

th rieir th mg th ixtirgmo shurì' Zlks moo#icbrm`kgf qumokty/ by mg m`t he

Moomml Zm‛mom/ ks ehugj ixkstkgf kg hgoy tli ehur Cmtlm#lkb' Kt ks tliriehri/

kcirmtkvi th mjhpt hgi he ehur Cmtlm#lmbs'– Cmuomgm Culmccmj

Cmsiiluooml Almg Plirwmgk‛s Zmqoiij mgj Kntklmj ,Thrt Iokzmbitl/ PhutlMerk`m> Zli Cmnoks/ =;<4+/ pubokslij by Cmnoksuo Yomcm he Phutl Merk`m'p'

=0'22: Mooifijoy riphrtij by Nmmbkr mgj `hooi`tij by mo#Bmylmqii'229 Mooifijoy riphrtij by Kbg “Ycmr mgj `hooi`tij by Kbg Bmttml kg mo#

Kbmmgml/ Kbg “Msmmakr/ mgj GkjLmmc mo#Cuoa kg mo#Mcmmoii/ quhtij kg

Pkoskoml mo# Mlmmjiitl mj#Jm‛iieml wm mo#Cmwjhh‛ml/ ,Bikrut> mo#Cmatmb

mo#Ksommcii/ 0rj

ij'/ =;62+/ vho' =/ p' <2'225

Mooifijoy riphrtij by Kbg “Mbbmms mgj `hooi`tij by mo#Almtiib mo#Bmfljmmjii kg mo#Akemmmyml eii “Koc mr#Rmwmmyml/ ,@mkrh> Jmmr mo#Autub

mo#Lmjiitlml/ 2gj ' ij' / =;62+'



# =0< #

wlk`l tliy ,tli Pmlmmbml+ lmvi jkeeirij/ ms emr ms K mc`hgìrgij/ li wkoo bi ehoohwkgf fukjmgì‛'–226

Lhwivir/ biehri tlisi Lmjiitls `mg bi m`ìptij ms ivkjigì ehr si`tmrkmgksc/ tliy cust bi òimroy slhwg th bi mutligtk`' Mgixmckgmtkhg he tlisi Lmjiitls lms kgjiij biig cmji by ickgigts`lhomrs mgj tlikr `hgòuskhgs mri ri`hrjij lirimetir'

Ms ehr tli Lmjiitls kg wlk`l tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ wmssupphsij th lmvi ehrithoj tli `hckgf he tli Kcmmcs mgj tlikr Cmjl#lmbs/ tli mutligtk` hgis mri moo figirmooy whrjij wktl gh spi`kek`cigtkhg he iktlir tli gmcis he tli Kcmmcs hr tlikr Cmjl#lmbs/ wlkoitlhsi Lmjiitls tlmt mri spi`kek`mooy whrjij mri moo embrk`mtij'22<

Vktl rifmrj th ‟Lmjiitl– ,m+ mbhvi/ kt lms gh `lmkg he gmrrmtkhg `hggi`tkgf kt th mgyhgi/ cu`l oiss th tli Trhplit ,s'w'+1ghr ks kt th bi ehugj kg mgy he tli bhhas he Lmjiitl'22; Kt ks tliriehrikg`hrri`t ht ivig rieir th ks ms m Lmjiitl/ ms kt ks embrk`mtij' Vktlrifmrj th ‟Lmjiitls– ,b+ th ,i+ mbhvi/ motlhufl tliy `mg bi ehugj kg

226 Mooifijoy riphrtij by Kbg “Ycmr mgj `hooi`tij by Kbg Bmttml kg mo#

Kbmmgml/ Kbg “Msmmakr/ mgj GkjLmmc mo#Cuoa kg mo#Mcmmoii mgj quhtij kg

Pkoskoml mo#Mlmmjiitl mj#Jm‛iieml/ vho'=/ pp' <4#<='22< Ehr ixmcpoi mo#Almtiib `hooi`tij m Lmjiitl mrrtkbutij th tli Trhplit

,s'w'+ tlrhufl Mbu Lurmyrml kg wlk`l li wms supphsij th lmvi smkj/

‟Zliri wkoo bi mchgf cy Yccml m cmg `mooij Mbu Lmgiieml/ li wkoo bi

tli omcp he cy Yccml'– Mo#Almtiibs lkcsioe mgj mo#Lmmakc jiòmrij kt

Cmwjhh‛ ,ehrfij+/ mchgf tli embrk`mtkhgs he Culmccmj kbg Pm‛iij mo#

Cmrwmzii ,Culmccmj kbg “Moii msl#Plmwammgii/ mo#Emwmm‛kj mo#Cmnchh‛ml/ ,Bikrut> mo#Cmatmb mo#Ksommcii/2gj ij'/ =;62+/ p' 024/ gh'

=225+' Mo#Almtiib `hooi`tij mghtlir riphrt tlrhufl Mgms kg wlk`l tli

Trhplit ,s'w'+ wms quhtij ms smykgf/ ‟Zliri wkoo `hci metir ci m cmg

`mooij mg#Gu‛cmmg kbg Zlmmbkt/ pit#gmcij Mbu Lmgiieml' Moomml‛s riokfkhg

mgj cy Puggml wkoo bi rivkvij by lkc'– Kt lms kg kts `lmkg he gmrrmthrs

Mlcmj mo#Nuwmybmmrii/ m aghwg embrk`mthr he Lmjiitls mgj Culmccmj

kbg [mziij ms#Pmomcii/ wlhsi gmrrmtkhgsm mri òmsskekij ugm`ìptmboi

,Cmtrhua+ by Lmjiitl s`lhomrs' ,“Moii kbg “Krmmq/ Zmgziil msl#Plmrii‛mlmo#Cmrehh‛ml ,Bikrut> Jmmr mo#Autub mo#“Kociiyml/ =;6;+/ vho2/ p'04/gh'=4+'22; Gmrrmjij by mo#Cmgmmwii erhc tli frimt Lmjiitl s`lhomr ms#Pubaii'



# =0; #

bhhas he Lmjiitl hr mbhut Lmjiitl/ tliy lmvi moo prhvig th biugmutligtk`' Zli ekrst ks òmsskekij by Lmjiitl s`lhomrs ms Vmmlkg,ixtricioy wima+204/ tli si`hgj mgj tlkrj ms Cmwjhh‛ ,embrk`mtij+20=

mgj tli ehurtl ms Bmmtko ,emosi+'202 Zlus/ tli Lmjiitl ivkjigì ehr tlifohrkek`mtkhg mgj pirpitumtkhg he jkeeirigìs mchgf Cmjl#lmbs/ ksthtmooy ugm`ìptmboi erhc tli phkgt he vkiw he mutligtk`kty'

Ght hgoy mri tlisi sh#`mooij Lmjiitls ugmutligtk`/ but tlikr virycimgkgfs mri kg hbvkhus `hgeok`t wktl tli ]ur‛mmg ktsioe' Zlrhuflhuttli ]ur‛mmg‛s hgi lugjrij mgj ehurtiig `lmptirs/ Moomml lms òimroyùrsij mgj ehrbkjjig riokfkhus jismfriicigt mgj lms hrjirij ugktymgj mfriicigt' Jksmfriicigt lms biig ixpok`kty ehrbkjjig kg virsissu`l ms>

‟Jh ght jksputi mchgf yhursiovis mgj `musi yhurhwg emkouri mgj ohss he phwir–

200

mgj

‟Jh ght bi okai tlhsi mchgf tli kjhomtirs wlh

spokt up tlikr riokfkhg kgth si`ts/ im`l frhuplmppy wktl wlmt tliy lmj–'

20:

Kcpok`ktoy/ thh/ Moomml lms ehrbkjjig kt/ ehr ixmcpoi/

‟Ke yhur Ohrj lmj sh wkooij/ Li `huoj lmvi cmjicmgakgj hgi pihpoi1 but tliy wkoo ght ìmsi thjksputi/ ixìpt tlhsi hg wlhc yhur Ohrj lmsbisthwij Lks cir`y'–

209

Ke Moomml‛s cir`y puts mg igj th jksputi mchgf cig ms ks kcpokij kgtli mbhvi/ lhw tlig `huoj jksmfriicigt mgj jksputi bi m cir`y8 Kg

204 Pkoskoml mo#Mlmmjiitl mj#Jm‛iieml wms mo#Cmwjhh‛ml/ vho'=/ p'<4'20=

Kbkj'/ pp'6<#6; mgj <2#<0'202

Kbkj'/ p''<='200

Phhrml mo#Mgemmo ,<+>:5'20:Phhrml mr#Rhhc ,04+> 0=#02'

209 Phhrml Lhhj ,==+> ==<#==;'



# =:4 #

tli ugckstmamboi tircs he tli ehoohwkgf virsi mgj htlirs okai kt/Moomml lms hrjirij ugkty mgj mfriicigt>

‟Lhoj emst th tli rhpi he Moomml thfitlir mgj jhght spokt up' Mgj ricicbir Moomml‛s cir`y hgyhu wlig yhu wiri igickis/ tlig Li put ohvi kgyhur limrts mgj wktl Lks boisskgf yhu moo bi`mcibrhtlirs'–

205

Jkeeirigìs Mchgf tli Pmlmmbml

Kg vkiw he tlisi òimr ]ur‛mgk` `hgjicgmtkhgs/ lhw tlig jhwi m``hugt ehr tli jksmfriicigt wlk`l h`ùrij mt tkcis mchgf tliTrhplit‛s ,s'w'+ `hcpmgkhgs ,PmlmmbmlH mgj tli imroy s`lhomrs he Ekql8

Zli jkeeirigìs he hpkgkhg wlk`l h`ùrij mchgf tliPmlmmbml wiri ehr tli chst pmrt gmturmo mgj ugmvhkjmboi' M omrfi

phrtkhg he kt wms jui th tlikr jkeeirigt rimshgkgf mbkoktkis wlk`lslhwij up kg tlikr vmrkhus kgtirpritmtkhgs he ]ur‛mgk` virsis mgj

Lmjiitls' Zliri wiri htlir `musis wlk`l oij th jkeeirigìs jurkgftlikr tkci wlk`l omtir jksmppimrij1 ehr ixmcpoi/ tli wkji jkstrkbutkhghe Lmjiitls cmji kt kcphsskboi ehr mgy kgjkvkjumo Pmlmbii th bimwmri he tlic moo/ mgj tlus wrhgf jk`kskhgs wiri bhugj th bi cmjiwliri kgehrcmtkhg wms omàkgf' Hbvkhusoy/ tliy `mgght bi bomcijehr tlisi mgj skckomr ckstmais/ wlk`l wiri ght kgtigtkhgmo'Eurtlirchri/ kt ks òimr tlmt tliy rimjkoy `hrri`tij tlikr wrhgfji`kskhgs wlig mutligtk` kgehrcmtkhg hr chri rioivmgt ivkjigìkgjk`mtij tlmt tlks slhuoj bi jhgi' Kt ks tlks wkookgfgiss th `mst mskji

wrhgf ji`kskhgs kg tli simr`l ehr trutl wlk`l ixòujis tlisi`hgeok`tkgf ruokgfs erhc tli `mtifhry he m`ùrsij jksmfriicigts' Kgtlks `hggi`tkhg/ tli cissigfir he Moomml ,s'w'+ lmj smkj/ ‟Ke m nujfistrkvis lks utchst mgj cmais m `hrri`t ruokgf/ li riìkvis twhriwmrjs/ but ke li strkvis mgj irrs li stkoo riìkvis hgi'–206 Bmsij hg

205Phhrml Mmo “Kcrmmg ,0+> =40'

206

Gmrrmtij by “Mbjuooml kbg “Mcr kbg mo‛Mms mgj `hooi`tij by mo#Balmmrii,Pmlkl Mo#Bualmrk/ ,Mrmbk` Igfoksl+/ vho' :/ p'::2/ gh'556+ mgj Cusokc

,Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho'0/ p' ;04/ gh' :25=+'



# =:= #

tlks Lmjiitl/ tli Pmlmmbml mri `hgskjirij mbshovij erhc bomci ehr `hgeok`tkgf ruokgfs' Lhwivir/ mgy jks`ripig`kis mppmrigt kg tlikr jkeeirgt ruokgfs mri ght th bi fohrkekij mgj pirpitumtij' Kg em`t tliy

tlicsiovis jksokaij jksmfriicigts/ ms ks slhwg kg tli ehoohwkgfgmrrmtkhg quhtij by msl#Plmmek‛ii‛s stujigt/ mo#Cuzmgii> “Ycmr kbgmo#Almttmmb/ tli si`hgj Rkfltihus @mokpl/ fht mgfry bi`musi he mjksputi bitwiig tli Pmlmmbii/ ubmyy kbg Am‛b/ mgj mghtlir Pmlmmbii/ Kbg Cms‛hhj/ wvir tli pirehrcmgì he Pmomml kg m skgfoi

pkiì he òhtl' Ybmyy `hgskjirij kg qukti morkflt wlkoi Kbg Cms‛hhjeiot tlmt wms sh hgoy wlig òhtl wms s`mrì' “Ycmr mgfrkoy oiet lksriskjigì mgj jiòmrij/ ‟Lmvi twh he Moomml‛s cissigfir‛s`hcpmgkhgs jksmfriij mgj tliy mri mchgf tlhsi wlhc tli cmssiswmt`l òhsioy mgj kcktmti8 Ybmyy ks `hrri`t mgj Kbg Cms‛hhj slhuojjiskst- Ke K limr he mgyhgi jksputkgf mbhut tlks cmttir metir tlks phkgt/K wkoo jimo wktl lkc'–20<

Kgjiij/ tli imroy s`lhomrs wioo mwmri he tli `musis he jkeeirigìs mchgf tli Pmlmmbml mgj tli tigjig`y ehr pihpoi th wmgtth pirpitumti tlic' M``hrjkgfoy/ tliy cmji jiekgktkvi stmticigts hgtli cmttir kg mg ieehrt th stmvi hee jhfcmtksc mgj si`tmrkmgksc bmsij

hg `hgeok`tkgf ruokgfs he tli Pmlmmbml' Zli ehoohwkgf mri m eiwixmcpois he tlikr stmticigts hg tlks vktmo subni`t' Kbg mo#]mmskc/wlh wms mchgf tli cmkg stujigts he Kcmmc Cmmoka/ smkj/ ‟K limrjCmmoka mgj mo#Omytl bhtl smy tli ehoohwkgf `hgìrgkgf tlijkeeirigìs mchgf tli Pmlmmbml> “Tihpoi smy tliri ks oiiwmy ehr tlic kg kt/ but kt ks ght sh1 kt wms m `msi he wrhgf mgj rkfltruokgfs‛–'20;

Msl#lmb/ mghtlir he Kcmmc cmmoka‛s stujigts/ smkj/ ‟Cmmoka

wms hgì msaij wlitlir hgi wms smei th ehoohw m ruokgf riomtij thlkc by riokmboi gmrrmthrs wlh lmj limrj kt erhc `hcpmgkhgs he tliTrhplit ,s'w'+' Li ripokij/ “Gh/ by Moomml/ ght ugoiss kt ks `hrri`t>tli trutl ks hgoy hgi' @mg twh hpphskgf hckgkhgs bi skcuotmgihusoy`hrri`t8 Zli hpkgkhg wlk`l ks `hrri`t `mg bi hgoy hgi'‛–2:4

20<

Nmmck‛ Bmymmg mo#“Koc/ vho' 2/ pp' <0#:'20;Nmmck‛ Bmymmg mo#“Koc/ vho' 2/ pp' <=#<2'

2:4 Kbkj'/ vho'2/ pp' <2/ <</ <;'



# =:2 #

Kcmmc msl#Plmmek‛ii‛s stujigt/ mo#Cuzmgii/ put kt tlks wmy/‟Zli `hcpmgkhgs he Moomml‛s Cissigfir ,s'w'+ jksmfriij erhc tkcith tkci mgj jiòmrij im`l htlir ckstmaig' Phci he tlic ixmckgij

tli stmticigts he htlirs mgj risimr`lij tlic tlhrhufloy' Zliriehri/ke moo he tlic eiot tlmt wlmtivir tliy smkj wms `hrri`t/ tliy whuojgivir lmvi kgvistkfmtij im`l htlir‛s stmticigts hr jiòmrij im`lhtlir ckstmaig'– Mo#Cuzmgii mosh smkj/ ‟Zli ehoohwkgf quistkhgslhuoj bi put th tli hgi wlh moohws jksmfriicigt/ òmkckgf tlmt ke twh s`lhomrs strkvi th strkvi mt m ji`kskhg `hgìrgkgftli smcikg`kjigt hg iruokgf tlmt kt ks ‟Lmommo– mgj tli htlir tlmt kt ks‟Lmrmmc–/ bhtl mri `hrri`t' “Mri yhu bmskgf tlmt nujficigt hg meugjmcigtmo tixt ,tli ]ur‛mmg hr tli Puggml+ hr hg ]kymms,mgmohfk`mo jiju`tkhg+8‛ Ke tli òmkcs tlmt kt ks by ]kymms/ li slhuoj

bi msaij/ “Lhw `huoj tli eugjmcigtmo tixt rini`t jksputi mgj yhu kgturg jijuì erhc kt tlmt ksputi ks moohwjij8‛ Gh `hcchg pirshg`mpmboi he rimshg whuoj moohw tlmt/ cu`l oiss m s`lhomr'–2:=

Motlhufl tli Pmlmmbml jkeeirij kg tli mppok`mtkhg he shci prkg`kpois/ tliy usij th fh th ixtricis th prisirvi mg mppimrmgì he ugkty mgj mvhkj tlkgfs wlk`l whuoj jkvkji tlikr rmgas' But/ mchgfomtir s`lhomrs mgj ehoohwirs wlh bokgjoy mgj jhfcmtk`mooy òugf th

tli kglirktij Cmjl#lmbs/ wi ekgj tli `hcpoiti hpphskti' Ms wms privkhusoy cigtkhgij/ tlikr jkeeirigis mt hgi phkgt oij th tli spokttkgfhe tlikr rmgjs hvir Pmomml ,ehrcmo prmyir+/ tli frimtist pkoomr he Ksommc metir tli twh tistkchgkis he biokie'

@hgsirvmtkvi si`tmrkmgs mchgf omtir s`lhomrs mt tkcis `mrrkijtlikr jkeeirgìs ivig biyhgj tlmt ixtrici/ cmakgf ruokgfs wlk`lstruà mt tli viry limrt he tli brhtlirlhhj mgj ugkty he Ksommc' Ehr ixmcpoi/ Kcmmc Mbu Lmgiieml mohgi mchgf tli imroy Kcmmcs eiot

tlmt Iicmmg ,biokie+ giktlir ji`rimsij ghr kg`rimsij1 hgi iktir biokivij hr li jksbiokivij'2:2 Hg tli bmsks he Mbu Lmgiieml‛s

2:= Nmmck‛Bmymmg mo#“Koc/ vho' 2/ p' <;'2:2 Zli phsktkhg ks mt vmrkmgì wktl bhtl ]ur‛mmg mgj Lmjiitl' Moomml

jis`rkbij trui biokivirs ms ‟Zlhsi wlhsi Iicmmg kg`rimsis wlig pihpoi

tioo tlic th biwmri tli ,igicy+ wlk`l lms fmtlirij th mttmà tlic–

,0>=60+' Iosiwliri wi ekgj/ ‟Mgj ke Lks skfgs mri rimj th tlic/ tlikrIicmmg kg`rimsis'– ,<>2+ Zli prhplit ,s'w'+ mosh smkj/ ‟Ghgi he yhu

biokivis ugtko K bi`hci chri biohvij th lkc tlmg lks heesprkgf/ emtlir/ mgj



# =:0 #

hpkgkhg/ m ruokgf wms cmji by omtir s`lhomrs he tli Cmjl#lmb stmtkgftlmt ke hgi ks msaij tli quistkhg/ ‟Mri yhu m biokivir8– Kt ks Lmrmmcth ripoy/ ‟K mc m biokivir/ ke Moomml sh wkoos kt/– ms kt kcpokij tlmt hgi

ks kg jhubt mbhut tli ixkstigì he lks biokie'2:0 M``hrjkgf th tliKncmm‛ he tli s`lhomrs/ jhubt mbhut hgi‛s biokie ks iqukvmoigt thjksbiokie ,Auer+' Zliriehri/ hgi slhuoj ripoy/ ‟K mc truoy m

biokivir–'2:: Zli kcpokij but ugstmtij cimgkgf he tlks ruokgf wms tlmttli ehoohwirs he tli htlir s`lhhos he tlhuflt wiri kg jhubt mbhuttlikr Iicmmg mgj tlus kg jksbiokie' Zlks wms givir stmti jby imroyLmgmeii s`lhho/ but shci omtir s`lhomrs jijuìj erhc kt tli ruokgftlmt ehoohwirs he tli Lmgmeii Cmjl#lmb wiri prhlkbktij erhccmrrykgf ehoohwirs he tli Plmmek‛ii Cmjl#lmb Vlk`l wms tlisi`hgj chst prhckgigt Cmjl#lmb mt tlmt tkci' Zlks jiju`tkg wmsomtir hvir#ruoij by s`lhomrs he tli Lmggmeii Cmjl#lmb/2:9 but stmgjsms lksthrk`mo ivkjigì jhùcigtkgf tli jmgfirs he si`tmrkmgksc'

moo cmgakgj'– Zli gifmtkhg liri ks tmaig th bi m gifmtkhg he pirei`tkhg mgj

ght m gifmtkhg he ixkstigì1 htlirwksi/ ghgi he us `huoj bi `hgskjirij

Cusokcs' Zli Lmjiitl ks `hooi`tij by mo#Bualmmrii mgj Cusokc' Pii Pmlkl

Mo#Bualmrk ,Mrmbk`#Igfoksl+/ vho' =/p' 24/ gh' =: mgj Pmlkl Cusokc,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/ vho' =/ p' 0=/ gh' 6='2:0

Zlks okgi he rimshgkgf ks òimroy `hgtrmjk`tij by tli ehoohwkgf Lmjiitl kg

wlk`l tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ tmuflt us th cmai tli ehoohwkgf prmyir mt

frmviymrjs> ‟Timì bi hg tli biokivkgf mgj subckttkgf pihpoi he tlisi

mbhjis/ cmy Moomml lmvi cir`y hg hur prijiìsshrs mgj hur Pu`ìsshrs'

Mgj Moomml wkookgf/ wi wkoo bi nhkgkgf yhu moo– ,Riphrtij by “Mm‛islml

mgj `hooi`tij by Cusokc mgj Mbu Jmmwhhj' Pii Pmlkl Cusokc ,Igfoksl

Zrmgs'+/ vho' 2/ pp' :5=#2/ gh' 2=26 mgj Pugg Mbu Jmwuj ,Igfoksl Zrmgs'+/

vho' 2/ pp' ;=;#24/ gh' 020=+' Zli Trhplit ,s'w'+ wms ght kg jhubt mbhutjykgf'2:: Kbg Mbii mo#“Kzz/ Plmrl mo#“Mqiijml mt#Zmlmmwiiyml/ ,Bikrut> mo#Cmatmb

mo#Ksommcii/ ekrst ijktkhg / =;62+/ pp' 0;9#0;6'2:9 Zli giw ruokgf wms cmji by tli emchus Lmgmeii s`lhomr tktoij/ ‟Cuetii

mtl#Zlmqmomyg–/ wlh moohwj tli cmrrkmfi he Plmmek‛kti whcig hg tli bmsks

he tli moohwmgì he cmrrkmfi th `lrkstkmg mgj Niwksl whcig ,^myg mj#Jiig

Gunmyc/ quhtij by tli =5tl

ìgtury Ifyptkmg Lmgmeii s`lhomr kg lks ikflt

vhouci whra igtktoij mo#Bmlr mr#Rmm‛kq' Lhwivir/ tlks ruokgf kcpokij tlmtLmgmekti whcig wiri stkoo ght moohwij th cmrry Plmmek‛kti cig nust ms tliy

`mgght cmrry `lkrkstkmg mgj Niwksl cig-



# =:: #

Pi`tkhg Puccmry

=' Zli phsktkhg he tli figirmokty he Cusokcs ks tlmt tli ehur Cmjl#lmbs mri kgemookboi/ iviryhgi cust ehoohw hgi he tlic mgjehoohwirs cust ght `lmgfi Cmjl#lmbs hr pkà ruokgfs erhc htlir Cmjl#lmbs'2:5

2' Hgi wlh jhis ght subs`rkbi th tli kgemookbkokty he tli Cmjl#lmbshr jhis ght ehoohw mgy he tli ehur Cmjl#lmbs ks `hcchgoy/ butckstmaigoy òmsskekij ms m liritk` mgj cksombiooij iktlir ‟Vmllmbk– hr ‟Mlo#k#Lmjiitl–'

0' Zli Lmjiitls usij th jieigj Cmjl#lmb si`tmrkmgksc mri iktlir ckskgtirpritij hr ugmutligtk`'

:' Zli ]ur‛mmg ixpok`kty mgj kcpok`kty `hgjicgs `hgeok`t mgjjksputi mchgf Cusokcs'

9' Jkeeirigìs mchgf tli Pmlmmbml wiri jui th vmrykgfkgtirpritmtkhgmo mbkoktkis mgj tli ixtigt th wlk`l tliy wiriixphsij th Lmjiitls he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+' Zlikr jkeeirigt ruokgfswiri ght rkfkjoy òugf th kg tli emì he ivijigì th tli `hgtrmry'

5' Imroy s`lhomrs icplmskzij tli em`t tlmt hgoy tlhsi ruokgfs he tli

Pmlmmbml/ wlk`l wiri prhvig th bi `hrri t̀ kg tli ohgf rug wirith bi ehoohwij ms `hrri`t'6' Jksmfriicigts mchgf tli Pmlmmbml givir oij th jksugkty mgj

jkvkskhg mchgfst tlic/ wlirims/ mchgf omtir s`lhomrs he tliCmjl#lmb/ jkeeirigìs ivhovij kgth jkslmrchgy mchgfCusokcs'

2:5 Ygjir tli limjkgf Cmtl#bml he tli @hgvirt tli mutlhr he Zmqoiij mgj

Kntklmj wrktis> ‟Ke su`l m pirshg okvis kg m pomì wliri m pmrtkùomr Cmtl#lmb

ks lmppigs th bi kg m pomì wliri sivirmo Cmtlm#lkb mri kg 4pirmtkhg hg m

chri hr oiss iqukvmoigt bmsks/ tlig tli wkoo bi erii th `lhhsi mgy Cmtl#lmbm`ìptmboi th lkc' Lhwivir/ hgì tli `lhkì ks cmji/ li wkoo bi hbokfij th

ricmkg stimjemst hg tli Cmtl#lmb he lks `lhkì'– ,p'=0+



# =:9 #

== @HG@OYPKHG

Erhc tli priìjkgf `lmptirs wi lmvi siig tlmt tli Cmjl#lmb lms fhgi tlrhufl ehur bmsk` stmfis ms m risuot he tli ieei`ts he tliehoohwkgf em`thrs> `hgjktkhgs he tli Cusokc stmti ,ugkty/ jksugkty+/stmtus he riokfkhus oimjirslkp ,ugkekij mgj hrtlhjhx/ hr ermfcigtijmgj ughrtlhjhx+ mgj `hccugk`mtkhg mchgf s`lhomrs' Vlig tli stmtiwms m skgfoi bhjy/ tli oimjirslkp wms ugkekij mgj hrtlhjhx/ mgjCusokc s`lhomrs wiri òhsi th im`l htlir tliriby em`koktmtkgf`hccugk`mtkhg' Mt tlmt tkci tliri wms hgoy hgi Cmjl#lmb/ wlitlir tlmt he tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ hr tlm the im`l he tli Rkfltihus @mokpls'Zliri ehoohwij m brimajhwg he phoktk`mo mgj riokfkhus oimjirslkpwktlkg tli riomtkvioy ugkekij stmti ,ugjir Ycmyymj mgj “Mbbmmskjruoi+/ mgj tli jkspirskhg he tli oimjkgf s`lhomrs tlrhuflhut tli

icpkri' @hgsiquigtoy/ m omrfi gucbir he Cmjl#lmbs mrhsi mss`lhomrs kg vmrkhus pmrts he tli stmti wiri hbokfij th cmai ruokgfswktlhut bigiekt he tlmt òhsi `hgsuotmtkhg wlk`l lmj ixkstij wlig`hccugk`mtkhg wms ght m prhboic' @lmrm`tirkstk`mooy/ tlisi s`lhomrscmgmfij th ritmkg tli eoixkbkokty he ehrcir tkcis/ rimjkoy jks`mrjkgftlikr kgjkvkjumo ruokgfs kg emvhr he tli ruokgfs he htlirs wlk`l wiri

bmsij hg chri mutligtk` hr `hcpriligskvi Lmjiitls' Pubsiquigtoy/kg tli omttir pmrt he tli “Mbbmmskj jygmsty/ s`lhomrs wiri `muflt up kgtli phoktk`mo rkvmory risuotkgf erhc tli spokgtirkgf he stmti oimjirslkp'

Zli sktumtkhg wms eutlir mffrmvmtij by tli heek`kmo prhchtkhg he `hurt jibmtis wlk`l brhuflt spi`kmo rmymo emvhrs th kgjkvkjumowkggirs mgj tlikr Cmjl#lmbs' Zlirimetir/ kt wms but m stip themgmtk`mo si`tmrkmgksc ehr wlk`l cmgy he tli ehoohwirs he tli ehur survkvkgf Cmjl#lmbs bi`mci ghtij'

Jygmck` Ekql

Zli Pktumtkhg thjmy ks m ckxturi he tli priìjkgf stmfis'Cmss `hccugk`mtkhg lms brhuflt Cusokc s`lhomrs kgth òhsi `hgtm`thgì mfmkg/ but riokfkhus oimjirslkp mt tli stmti oivio jksmppimrij



# =:5 #

ohgf mfh wlig tli Cusokc whroj bi`mci jkvkjij kgth gmtkhgmokstivtktkis im`l wktl kts hwg phoktk`h#i`hghck` fhvirgcigtmo systic'Zli vmstoy kg`rimsij Cusokc phpuomtkhg he thjmy ,vmrkhusoy

istkcmtij bitwiig <44 ckookhg mgj m bkookhg+ lms biig lioj thfitlir by tlikr biokie kg Moomml mgj Lks Trhplit ,s'w'+ mgj by tlikr `hccktcigt th tli ]ur‛mmg mgj tli Puggml' Riokfkhus oimjirslkpsu`l ms tliri ks tigjs th bi ixir`ksij kg sipmrmti stmtij tlrhufl hgihe tli ehur Cmjl#lmbs/ wlk`l tlhufl oiss emgmtk` tlmg ehrciroy/ugehrtumgtioy `hgtkgui th bi si`tmrkmg mgj ligì jkvkskvi

Lhwivir/ tliri lmvi big ig`hurmfkgf skfgs/ ispi`kmooy skgì tlickjjoi he tlks ìgtury/ tlmt tli jrkvi thwmrjs ugkty jkvkgioy bukot kgthKsommc ks prhpiookgf Cusokcs tli whroj hvir thwmrjs m rivkvmo he tlikr riokfkhg ms tli ji`kskvi em`thr kg tlikr okvis mt tli pirshgmo/`hccugmo mgj gmtkhgmo oivios' Fkvig tli cuotkpok`kty he ùoturisriprisigtij kg tli Cusokc phpuomtkhg mgj tli ug`rimskgf jkvirskty he kssuis mgj prhboics mrkskgf erhc jmkoy okvkgf kg tlks rmpkjoy `lmgfkgfwhroj/ cmgy Cusokcs s`lhomrs lmvi ohgf eiot tlmt tli fhmo he ri#istmbokslkgf Ksommc mt tli suprici fukji kg tli jmkoy okvis he Cusokcs/ mgywliri kg tli whroj/ ks#`lkivmboi hgoy by m rivkvmo he m

jygmck` Ekql su`l ms wms prm`tksij kg wlmt wi privkhusoy jis`rkbijms tli ‟Ptmfi he eohwirkgf–' Zlks kcpokis m riugkek`mtkhg he tliCmjl#lmbs wktl moo trmìs he emgmtk`ksc mgj si`tmrkmgksc richvij/mgj tli rivkvmo he Kntklmmj th cmai Ekql hgì chri m jygmck`/hbni`tkvioy jijuìj bhjy he omws sh tlmt kgjkvkjumo Cusokc s`lhomrsmgj nurksts cmy ieei`tkvioy mgj ugkehrcoy mppoy tli Plmrii‛ml kg moo

pmrts he tli Cusokc whroj/ gh cmttir wlmt tli sh`kh#phoktk`mo#i`hghck` `hgjktkhgs'

Gh oiss kcphrtmgt ks tli phsskboi kcpm`t he su`l mriehrcmtkhg/ ght hgoy hg giw `hgvirts th Ksosmmc/ but mosh hg tligiw figirmtkhg he Cusokcs bhrg kgth tli emktl' Kg tli `msi he tliehrcir/ tliy whuoj bi spmrij tli pirpoixkgf ieei`ts he `hgeok`tkgfruokgfs erhc Cmjl#lmb th Cmjl#lmb/ wlkoi kg tli `msi he tli omttir/tliy whuoj bi spmrij tli erustrmtkhg he tli si`tmrkmgksc figirmtij byCmjl#lmb `hgtrmjk`tkhgs mgj mvhkj tli tigjig`y thwmrjs thtmorini`tkhg he tli Cmjl#lmbs mgj tli hutstmgjkgf `hgtrkbutkhgs he imroys`lhomrs'

Trhphsij Ptips



# =:6 #

Ekgmooy/ m ugkekij Cmjl#lmb mgj m jygmck` bhjy he Ekqligvkskhgij mbhvi mri eiot th bi giijij kg hrjir th ivhovi vkbrmgt

Ksomck` `hccugktkis mgj ugkti su`l `hccugktis tlrhuflhut tliwhroj kg tli typis he `h#hpirmtkvi igjimvhrs tlmt whuoj prhti`t tli`hcchg kgtirist he cmgakgj mgj prhni`t Ksommc hg m fohbmo s`moi'Mssuckgf tli jiskrmbkokty mgj vmokjkty he tli twkg fhmos he ugkeykgftli Cmjl#lmbs mgj ri#istmbokslkgf m jygmck` Ekql/ wlmt mri tlistips tlmt ckflt bi tmaig thwmrjs m`lkivkgf tlisi fhmos8 Kg tli ekrst

pomì/ `hgìrtij ieehrts wkoo lmvi th bi cmji th rishovi kg m truoyhbni`tkvi wmy tli jkeeirigìs bitwiig tli ixkstkgf Cmjl#lmbs mgjtlikr prijiìsshrs/ uskgf tli citlhjhohfy he tli imroy s`lhomrs msjiekgij by tlikr stmticigts mgj prm`tkìs quhtij kg tli privkhus`lmptirs'

Zli ci`lmgk`s he kgktkmtkgf mpprhprkmti m`tkhg `moos ehr igokfltigij oimjirslkp sprkgfkgf erhc tli rmgas he prhfrisskvi mgjkgeouigtkmo s`lhomrs he lkfl `mokbri/ tlmt ks/ shci pirshg hr pirshgskcbuij wktl tli zimo th ieei`t `lmgfis mohgf tli okgis prhphsij wkoolmvi th tmai tli kgktkmtkvi th `hccugk`mti wktl htlir kgtiristij

pmrtkis wktl m vkiw th pomggkgf gmj hrfmgkzkgf tli prhìjurmo jitmkos'Jrmwkgf hg chjirg jmy systics mpprhm`lis th prhboic shovkgf/tlisi stips whuoj kgòuji> hbni`tkvi jiekgktkhg he tli rimo hbstmòisth shoutkhg1 sioi`tkhg he tli ghst mpprhprkmti shoutkhg1 jitirckgmtkhghe phsskboi citlhjs he kcpoicigtmtkhg1 sioi`tkhg he tli chstmpprhprkmti citlhj1 tlig puttkgf tli shoutkhg kgth ieei`t' Mt im`lstmfi kg tlks typi he pomggkgf/ tli stips `lhsig whuoj lmvi th bi`hgtkguhusoy ivmoutmj wktl rifmrj th tli prhboics mgj tli fhmos'Hbvkhusoy/ tli tmsa he ugkeykgf tli Cmjl#lmbs/ mgj risthrkgf

jygmck` Ekql mri ght susìptkboi th skcpokstk` shoutkhgs/ but wktlMoomml‛s boisskgfs tliy mri wktlkg tli rimoc he phsskbkokty'

Hg m tlihritk`mo oivio/ kt ks `hcpmrmtkvioy imsy th cmaisufistkhgs ehr tli rishoutkhgs he kgtirpritmtkhgmo mgj mppok`mtkhgjkeeirigìs mchgf Cmjl#lmbs' Zli ehoohwkgf ermciwhra/ bmsij hgtli citlhjhohfy he tli imroy Kcmmcs/ lms biig ri`hccigjij mtvmrkhus tkcis by prhfrisskvi#ckgjij Ksomck` s`lhomrs'

@hgtrmjk`thry mgj Umrkmtkhgmo Jkeeirigìs



# =:< #

Jkeeirigis mchgf Cmjl#lmb‛s ruokgfs emoo kgth twh cmkgìtifhrkis1 ekrstoy/ `hgrmjk`thry jkeeirigìs ,Kaltkomme Zmjmmjj+/thtmooy hpphskti ruokgfs wlk`l `mg ght ohfk`mooy bi skcuotmgihusoy

`hrri`t/ ehr ixmcpoi ruokgfs kg wlk`l hgi Cmjl#lmb jiekgisshcitlkgf ms Lmommo mgj mghtlir jkekgis kt ms Lmrmmc/ mgj si`hgjoy/vmrkmtkhgmo jkeeirigìs ,Kaltkomme Zmgmwwu‛+/ `hgeok`tkgf ruokgfswlk`l mri ohfk`mooy m`ìptmboi vmrkmtkhgs wlk`l `mg `h#ixkst/ ehr ixmcpoi/ vmrkhus skttkgf phsktkhgs usij by tli Trhplit ,s'w'+ kgPmomml shci he wlk`l lmvi biig prieirrij hvir htlirs by tlijkeeirigt Cmjl#lmbs' Kg cmgy `msis he jkeeirigìs mrkskgf erhccimgkgfs ,oktirmo mgj ekfurmtkvi+ he whrjs mgj frmccmtk`mo`hgstru`tkhgs/ tliri mri mutligtk` Lmjiitls wlk`l spi`key tlicimgkgfs kgtigjij mgj tlisi spi`kekij cimgkgfs slhuoj bi fkvig

prieirigì hvir moo htlir kgtirpritmtkhgs' Pkckomroy/ oifmo ruokgfswlk`l wiri cmji m``hrjkgf th `hgjktkhgs wlk`l iokckgmtij mutligtk`gmrrmtkhgs/ slhuoj bi rifmrjij ms kgvmokj mgj slhuoj bi ripomìj bytli ruokgfs he htlir nurksts wlk`l wiri cmji hg tli bmsks he mutligtk`Lmjiitls' Ms ehr ruokgfs bmsij hg `hgtrhvirskmo prkg`kpois hr ugristrk`tij ]kymms/ tlisi slhuoj bi hbni`tkvioy ixmckgij kg tliokflti he tli eugjmcigtmo prkg`kpois he tli ]ur‛mmg/ tli Puggml mgj

tli Kncmm‛ he tli Pmlmmbml1 ruokgfs mfriikgf wktl tlisi eugjmcigtmosslhuoj tlig bi m`ìptij mgj tlhsi `hgtrmjk`tkgf tlic slhuoj tlig birini`tij' Hutskji tli s`hpi he tli ehrifhkgf suffistij shoutkhgs/tliri ricmkg m gucbir he kssuis hg wlk`l tliri ks chri tlmg hgiruokgf iqumooy supphrtij by tli ]ur‛mmg/ tli Lmjiitl/ tli Kncmm‛ he tli Plmmbml hr ]kymms' Zli jkeeirigt ruokgfs kg su`l `msis slhuoj bitrimtij ms vkmboi hptkhgs th bi mppokij m``hrjkgf th `krùcstmgìsmgj tlisi mri m pmrt he tli ohfk`mooy m`ìptmboi vmrkmtkhgs cigtkhgijms tli si`hgj `mtifhry he jkeeirigìs kg Cmjl#lmb ruokgfs'

Zlks ermciwhra ehr tli rishoutkhg he jkeeirigìs mchgf tliCmjl#lmbs `huoj bist bi ieei`tij wktlkg kgstktutkhgs jivhtij th tlihbni`tkvi stujy he Ekql1 tlmt ks/ kgstktutkhgs jivhtij th tli hbni`tkvistujy he Ekql‛ tlmt ks/ kgstktutkhgs he oimrgkgf kg wlk`l gh Cmjl#lmbks fkvig prieirigì hvir mghtlir' Ksomck` omw `huoj tlig bi stujkijerhc kts prkcmry shurìs/ mgj tli phsktkhgs he tli vmrkhus Cmjl#lmbs`huoj tlig bi mgmoyzij rmtkhgmooy mgj hbni`tkvioy ms hutokgij

privkhusoy' Ke tli stmgjmrj he s`lhomrslkp kg su`l ìgtirs he oimrgkgfwiri lkfl/ tli ighrchus tmsa he ri#ugkeykgf tli cmjl#lmbs `huojtlig bi ugjirtmaig wktl ixìooigt prhspi`ts ehr ivigtumo su`ìss' M



skgfoi Cmjl#lmb `hcpoitioy erii erhc si`tmrkmgksc mgj ekrcoy bmsijhg shugj s`lhomrslkp/ `huoj prhvkji ght hgoy trustwhrtly mgj`hgtkgukgf oimjirslkp ehr tli Cusokc whroj kg figirmo/ but mosh

`hg`riti fukjigì th vmrkhus riehrckst chvicigts mkcij mt ri#istmbokslkc jkvkgi omw ms tli hgoy vmokj bmsks ehr fivirgkgf Cusokc`hugtrkis' Vktl su`ìss kg tli mrim he tli Cmjl#lmb riugkek`mtkhg mgjtli istmbokslcigt he jkvkgi omw/ wi `huoj tlig ohha thwmrjs tliriugkek`mtkhg th tli Yccml/ tli Cusokc gmtkhg/ mgj tli ri#istmbokslcigt he tli Alkommeml/ tli trui `mokplmti' Zlks whuoj

prhvkji tli giìssmry ehugjmtkhg ehr tli ixiùtkhg he Moomml‛s omwtlrhuflhut tli imrtl/ ke Moomml sh wkoos kt'

The Evolution of Fiqh By Bilal Philips

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