The Evolution Of Computer

THE COMPUTER GENERATIONS

BY

SHRAVAN KUMAR BISHAL MITRA JOEL D’SOUZA

ARSHIN SABA POOJA SHARMA

FIRST GENERATIONS 1946- 1958

• Vacuum Tubes• Magnetic Drum• 4,000 bits• Hard Wire Programs in computers• IBM 650, Univac I• ENIAC

1st Generation (1946-58)Vacuum Tubes (ENIAC)

• America got its first glimpse of ENIAC in 1946.

• ENIAC was built by Eckert and Mauchly.

• ENIAC was announced on February 14th,1946.

• It was first introduced to the Army. The ENIAC museum online

FIRST GENERATION, 1946 – 1958: THE VACUUM TUBE

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) – a tabulating machine which won the contest for the fastest machine which could count the US 1890 census.

VACUUM TUBES – electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs.

1st Generation

• In 1949 Wilkes assembled the EDSAC.• Mark 1 Computer used

Williams memory in 1949.• Forrester installed

magnetic memory in 1953.• The 701 was shipped in

1953.

The EDSAC

www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/~edsac/

DISADVANTAGES:

• They generate more heat causing many problems in temperature regulation and climate control.• Tubes were subject to frequent

burn-out.

SECOND GENERATION,1959 – 1964: THE TRANSISTOR

The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors, which characterized the second generation of computers.

TRANSISTOR – was a three-legged component which shrunk the size of the first generation computers. Occupied only 1/100th of the space occupied by a vacuum tube

More reliable, had greater computational speed, required no warm-up time and consumed far less electricity.

Second Generation 1959-1964

• Transistors• Magnetic Cores• 32,000 bits• Punch Cards• CDC, GE, IBM

2ND GENERATION (1959-64) TRANSISTORS

• IBM’s 7000seris,the first transistorized computers.

• IBM had an 81.2% share of the computer market.

• IBM announced the System/360. www.piercefuller.com

THIRD GENERATION 1965-1974

• Silicon Chips (Integrated circuits)= IC• Cores, IC’s• 128,000 bits• Keyboard Entry• IBM, NCR, Honeywell

THIRD GENERATION,1965 – 1974: THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Third generation computers arose in 1965 with the invention of smaller electronic circuits called integrated circuits (IC’S)

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – are square silicon chips containing circuitry that can perform the functions of hundreds of transistors.

3RD GENERATION (1965-74)INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

• Digital Equipment Corp. introduced the PDP-8.

• The PDP-8 was the 1st commercially successful mini-computer.

• PARC invented the personal computer graphical user interface.

nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/integrated_circuit/history/

index.html

ADVANTAGES:

• RELIABILITY – Unlike vacuum tubes, silicon will not break down easily. It is very seldom that you will have to replace it.• LOW COST – Silicon chips are relatively

cheap because of their small size and availability in the market. It also consumes less electricity.

Fourth Generation 1975-1989

• Silicon Chips (Large scale integrated circuits)=LSI• IC’s, LSI’s• 100 million bits• Read programs off disks• Apple, Xerox, Texas Instrument, Hewlett-Packard

4TH GENERATION(1975-1989)MICROPROCESSOR

• Kenbak-1, 1st personal computer

• Ray Tomlinson sent the first e-mail.

• IBM invented the 8in. Floppy disk.

www.computerhistor.com

Microsoft office clipart

www.piercefuller.com

FOURTH GENERATION, 1975 – PRESENT: THE

MICROPROCESSOR

• Marked by the use of microprocessor• MICROPROCESSOR – is a silicon chip that

contains the CPU – part of the computer where all processing takes place.

4004 chip – was the first microprocessor introduced by Intel Corporation.

Fifth Generation 1990-present

• Silicon Chips ( Very Large Integrated Circuits) VLSI• LSI’s, VLSI’s• Unlimited• CdRom, Optical Disk• NEC, Packard Bell, Compaq, Other Clones

5TH GENERATION (PRESENT AND BEYOND)ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• A.I. is trying to comprehend intelligence.

• A.I is still being created today.• Alan Turing developed the Turing Test

in 1950.

www.essortment.com

5TH GENERATIONS COMPUTERS

TODAY’S COMPUTER

• is classified as fourth generation computers.• faster, more powerful, tremendous data

storage and processing capacity• new brands and models would come out

the market almost every other month.• many clones or imitations of the IBM have

become even more powerful and a lot cheaper.

• There has been a tremendous improvement in software technology• Computers can now be found in homes, schools, offices etc.• Computers became more affordable• Different software applications to choose from: word

processing, spreadsheets, database management, games and entertainment.• Computer subjects are now being offered not just to college

students but even to high school and elementary.• Computers are now used as an aid in teaching math, science

etc.

Necessity of Computer Today

REFERENCE www.computerhistory.org

• Artificial Intelligence.www.essotment.com.• Microsoft office clipart• www.google.co.in• www.google.com/old computer images

Questions