The Evaluation of Adaptive Reflective Middlewares in ...ceit.aut.ac.ir/~pedram/newfiles/poorfard-powerpoint.pdf · "The RUNES Middleware for Networked Embedded Systems and its Application

21/10/2007

The Evaluation of Adaptive Reflective Middlewares in Distributed Systems

Farahnaz Poorfard

AmirKabir University of Tehran

Computer Engineering Department

Advisor: Dr. Hossein Pedram

Examiner: Dr. Mahdi Dehghan

Oct. 2007

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Outline

• Introduction• Current Middlewares• New requirements and new Ideas• Reflective Component Model• OpenCOM• OpenORB• CFs• Evaluations• Future Works• References

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What is a Distributed System?

A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears to its users as a single coherent system.

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What is a Middleware System?

A middleware system constitutes a set of services that aim at facilitating the development of distributed applications in heterogeneous environments.

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An Abstraction of Middleware in aDistributed System

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Some Current Well-known Middlewares

• CORBA• COM• XPCOM• Java RMI• WSDL

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But We Have Some NewRequirements

• Multimedia• Real-time applications• Ad-hoc networks• Mobile networks• Embedded systems• Critical applications• 24x7 applications• …

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They Have Issued New & “Separate”Versions for New Requirements

• CORBA– Real-time CORBA– Minimum CORBA– Data Parallel CORBA– Fault-tolerance CORBA– CORBA/e – CORBA/IIOP

• COM– COM+, .NET, DCOM, COMERA

• Java RMI– J2SE, J2EE, J2ME, Java RMI-IIOP

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• Light weight• Configurable• Reconfigurable • Dynamic Reconfigurable• Adaptable• Scalable• Meet the new requirements• …

We Need Some New Middlewares

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Some New Ideas

• Object Models• Component Models• Component-object Models• Reflective-component Models• Event-based Models• Horizontal Decomposition Models• …

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OpenCOM: An Adaptive ReflectiveComponent Middleware

It has built on top of COM, with saving some properties of COM:

– vtable– IDL– GUIDs– IUnknown Interface

And adding some new concepts:– Making Explicit the Dependencies of each Component,– Adding Basic Mechanism-level Functionality for Reconfiguration,– Supporting for Pre- & Post- Method Call Interception.

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Components in OpenCOM …

Components are encapsulated units of functionality and deployment that interact with other components exclusively through “interfaces” and “receptacles”.

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… and in the view of Reflection

In Reflective model, a component canreason about and alter itself, in terms of different situations.

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Basic Concepts in OpenCOM

• Interface: A unit of service provision.

• Receptacle: A unit of service requirement.

• Connection: Binding a pairs of interface and receptacle, for creating a configuration of components.

a component

a connection

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OpenCOM Architecture

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Interceptors & ReceptaclesMechanisms

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Component Frameworks (CFs)

In OpenORB, we add CFs.

Definition of CFs: “Collections of rules and interfaces that govern the interaction of a set of Components plugged into them.”

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Some Sample CFs in OpenORB

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The Benefits of CFs

• Abstraction between the CF’s components and the other parts of the system,

• Understanding of system• Maintainability of system

• Reusability• Simplicity for system developers

• Creating of light-weight components for initialization phase,• Disallowing the plug-ins from directly depending on

external components,• Security, Integration of management, Scalability, and coupling

• Preparing the “nesting”, …

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A Simple Sample Configurationwith CFs

OpenCOM

OpenORB

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Some Strategic Methods inOpenCOM …

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… and in OpenORB

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“Accept” Component in OpenORB

The Accept Component, Checks the Matching between a Reconfiguration withDetermined Rules

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An Example of xml Files

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Results for OpenCOM

command time (ms)CoInitialize 15 (once)

CoCreateInstance 31 (once for runtime component)

createInstance 32 (once for each component)

startup 0

connection (connect) 0

operation (method call) 0

interception 46 (once for each proposed interface)

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Results for OpenORB

command time (ms)

CoInitialize 15 (once)CoCreateInstane 31 (once for runtime component)createInstance 32 (once for each CF) create_component 32 (once for each component inside CF)startup 0connection (connect/local_bind) 0operation (method call) 0interception 46 (once for each proposed interface)addConfiguration 0expose_interface 47init_arch_transaction 0commit_arch_transaction 16

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Test1: Evaluation of Time vs numberof Components

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

number of components

time

(ms)

Series1

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Test2: Comparison between “Simple”and “Intercepted” Components

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 0 1 2 3 4 5

number od components

time

(ms)

Simple Components

Intercepted Components

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Test3: Evaluation of Time vs number of Interfaces

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

numberr of components

time

(ms)

With One Interface

With Two Interfaces

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Test4: Evaluation of Time withadding CFs

020406080

100120140160180200

0 0 0 1 2

number of components

time

(ms)

OpenORB

OpenCOM

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Test5: Evaluation of Time with addingCFs (Complete Operations)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 0 0 1 2 3

number of components

time

(ms)

OpenCOMOpenORB

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Test5: Evaluation of Time with addingCFs (Complete Operations)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 0 0 1 2 3

number of components

time

(ms)

OpenCOMOpenORB

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Conclusion

• Fix time for creating each new component

• Fix time for each intercepting– Overhead, but instead reconfiguration operation

• Number of interfaces• Connection/disconnection• Starting a component• Calling methods• Fix time for each CF• Deletion phase

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RUNES Middleware

The Whole Scenariofor Road Tunnels:

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GridKit Middleware

Suitable for Flooding Scenarios:

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Future Works …

• Evaluating in remote mode,• Using new services (like multimedia),• Defining filter plug-ins in multimedia CF,• Building some hierarchies from CFs,• Installing the GridKit, Genie, …• MPI?• …

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References (1)

• Nelly Bencomo, Gordon Blair, et al. "Towards a Meta-Modeling Approach to Configurable Middleware,“2nd ECOOP'2005 Workshop on Reflection, AOP and MetaData for Software Evolution, RAM-SEGlasgow, Scotland, 2005.

• Nelly Bencomo, Gordon Blair, "Genie: a Domain-Specific Modeling Tool for the Generation of Adaptiveand Reflective Middleware Families," In submitted to 6th OOPSLA workshop on Domain SpecificModeling, Portland, 2006.

• Nelly Bencomo, Gordon Blair, Paul Grace, "The world ig going MAD: Models for Adaptation,“ACM/IEEE 9th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems,Genova, Italy, October 2006.

• Nelly Bencomo, "Preening: Reflection of Models in the Mirror", PhD thesis, Comp. Dept, InfoLab21,Lancaster University, 2005.

• G.S. Blair, G. Coulson, et al. "An Architecture for Next Generation Middleware," In Proceedings of theIFIP International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms and Open Distributed Processing,1998.

• Michael Clarke, Gordon S. Blair, et al. "An Efficient Component Model for the Construction of AdaptiveMiddleware," Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2218, pages 160--??, 2001.

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References (2)

• Michael Clarke, Nikos Parlavantzas, et al. "OpenCOM API Specification," OpenCOM Documents:http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/research/mpg/reflection/tutorials.php.

• Geoff Coulson, Gordon S. Blair, et al. "The Design of A Configurable and Reconfigurable MiddlewarePlatform", OpenCOM Documents:http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/research/mpg/reflection/tutorials.php, 2002.

• Paolo Costa, Geoff Coulson, et al. "The RUNES Middleware: A Reconfigurable Component-basedApproach to Networked Embedded Systems," In Proceedings of (PIMRC05), IEEE, Berlin, Germany,September 2005.

• Paolo Costa, Geoff Coulson, et al. "The RUNES Middleware for Networked Embedded Systems and itsApplication in a Disaster Management Scenario," Fifth Annual IEEE International Conference onPervasive Copmuting and Communications, 2007, percom '07, pages 69-78, March 2007.

• Geoff Coulson, Richard Gold, et al. "Dynamic Reconfiguration in the RUNES Middleware," Mobile Ad-hocand Sensor Systems (MASS), International Conference on 2006 IEEE, pages 574-577, October 2006.

• Geoff Coulson, Dean Kue and John Brooke, "Sensor Networks + Grid Computing = A New Challenge forthe Grid?," IEEE Distributed Systems online, vol. 7, no. 12, page 2, December 2006.

• Richard Gold, "Contiki and the RUNES Middleware":http://www.sics.se/contiki/project/contiki-and-the-runes-middleware.html, February 2007.

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• Paul Grace, Gordon S. Blair, et al. "ReMMoC: A Reflective Middleware to support Mobile ClientInteroperability," International Symposium on Distributed Objects and Application, Catania, Italy,November 2003 (to appear).

• Paul Grace, Gordon Blair, et al. "A Higher Level Abstraction for Mobile Computing Middleware," InProceeding of workshop on Communication Abstractions for Distributed Systems, Paris, France,November 2003.

• Paul Grace, Geoff Coulson, et al. "GRIDKIT: Pluggable Overlay Networks for Grid Computing," To appearin Proc. Distributed Objects and Applications (DOA'04), Cyprus, October 2004.

• Danny Hughes, Phil Greenwood, et al. "GridStix: Supporting Flood Prediction using Embedded Hardwareand Next Generation Grid Middleware," In Proceedings of the 4th International workshop on MobileDistributed Computing (MDC'06), Niagara Falls, USA, June 2006.

• Danny Hughes, Phil Greenwood, et al. "An Intelligent and Adaptable Flood Monitoring and WarningSystem," In Proceeding of the 5th UK E-science All Hands Meeting (AHM 06), September 2006.

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C++", Technical Report, http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/computing/research/mpg/reflection/tutorials.php.• Dong-Kyu Lee, Joo-Yong Oh, et al. "Middleware for Isochronous Connection Management in IEEE1394-

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• Cecilia Mascolo, Stefanos Zachariadis, et al. "RUNES Middleware Architecture", SIXTH FRAMEWORKPROGRAMME PRIORITY 2, Information Society Technology, Project Document Number:RUNES/D5.2.1/PU/v12 (official version), November 2005.

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