The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 Christoph Gwosć Findings from EUROSTUDENT IV 2008 - 2011.

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity

Brussels, 07 November 2012Christoph Gwosć

Findings from EUROSTUDENT IV 2008 - 2011

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 2

Contents

1. The EUROSTUDENT project

2. Equity in terms of students’ access to higher education by social make-up

3. Equity in financial respect by students’ social make-up

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 3

The EUROSTUDENT project

• 25 European countries participated in the fourth round

• More than 200,000 students in HE were surveyed

• Survey based on common core questionnaire

• 10 different topics were covered

(e. g. transition into HE, social

make-up, finances, international

mobility)

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 4

The social dimension and participative equity

Entrance to higher education

Studyframework Graduation

high high

low low

Country C

Country A

Country B

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 5

Contents

2. Equity in terms of students’ access to higher education by social make-up

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 6

Framework scheme for the different routes into higher education

Post-secondary non-tertiary

(c. ISCED 4A)

Upper secondary education

(ISCED 3A)

Up to lower secondary education

(ISCED 2)

Vocational training, work experience,

APR

OtherAptitude,

entrance exam

Entrance examination for all

Regular (traditional)

route

Alternative routes

Higher education entry

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 7

Students entering higher education through a regular route

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 98 97 96 94 93 92 92 90 90 89 85 79 77 76 720

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

TR SK IT PL HR RO LV NL FR CZ DE DK CH AT NO EE MT ES PT FI IE E/W SE

Shar

e of

stud

ents

in %

all students (without other)

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 8

Findings

In all Eurostudent countries the regular route into higher education dominates for the group of all students

On cross-country average 92% of all students have entered higher education via the regular route.

In 19 out of 23 countries more than 80% of all students have utilised this qualification path into higher education.

In Finland, Ireland, England/Wales and Sweden this share is lower, ranging from 79% to 72%.

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 9

Alternative routes into higher education by education background and transition route

2 3 46

7 8 9 10 10 11 15 21 23 24 288 6

11 12

1916

1216

21

4246

41

9 10

3

42

35

24

2

72

82

55

4751

42

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

TR SK IT PL HR RO LV NL FR CZ DE DK CH AT NO EE MT ES PT FI IE E/W SE

Shar

e of

stud

ents

in %

all students (without other) low education background (ISCED 0-2) delayed transition

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 10

Findings

Alternative qualification routes into higher education exist in most countries and are frequently used by students from low education backgrounds

15 out of 23 countries provide access to higher education via alternative routes.

In Finland, Ireland, England/Wales and Sweden more than 20% of all students have utilised such routes.

In all countries for which data are available, the share of students with low education background entering via alternative routes is disproportionately high. In Finland, Ireland and Sweden more than 40% of all students with low education background took alternative qualification paths.

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 11

Contents

3. Equity in financial respect by students’ social make-up

Importance of family/partner contribution by education background – students not living with parents

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 13

Findings

Support from family/partner High education background Low education background

Share of students receiving this type of support (cross-country average)

75% 55%

Share of this support in total student income (cross-country average)

50% 42%

Number of countries in which a majority (> 50%) of students in resp. group is supported

19 13

Number of countries, where the relative (income) importance of this type of support > 50%

12 6

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 14

Importance of gainful employment by education background – students not living with parents

67

59

50 50

42 4245

25

41 4238

3028

24

2824

20

35

26

8

15

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

CZ EE NO FI LV AT CH RO PT IE PL DK DE FR E/W NL SE LT ES HR TR

Self-

earn

ed in

com

e as

sha

re o

f tot

al in

com

e in

%

low education background (ISCED 0-2) high education background (ISCED 5-6) all students

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 15

Findings

Students from low education backgrounds rely to a much higher extent on paid work than their peers from high education backgrounds

Across all countries, self-earned income on average provides 45% of total income of students with low education background.

Students with high education background depend on average only to 32% of their total income upon this source.

This basic pattern is true for all countries but Lithuania and Turkey.

Importance of public support by education background – students not living with parents

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 17

Findings

Public support High education background Low education background

Share of students receiving this type of support (cross-country average)

43% 46%

Share of this support in total student income (cross-country average)

30% 35%

Number of countries in which a majority (> 50%) of students in resp. group is supported

8 9

Number of countries, where the relative (income) importance of this type of support > 50%

4 6

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 19

Highest educational attainment of students’ parents (of either the father or the mother)

49 76 71 65 60 51 73 43 58 42 37 35 21 44 39 5663 39 31 50 65 40 57

51 24 29 35 40 49 27 57 42 58 63 65 79 56 61 44 37 61 69 50 35 60 43

45 4542

37

25 24

19

15

10 10 8 8 85 5 4 3 2 2 2 1 1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

E/W PT TR MT IE ES IT NL CZ FR FI NO DK CH SE AT RO EE DE HR PL LV SK

Stud

ents

in %

non-tertiary education (ISCED 0-4) high education (ISCED 5-6) low education (ISCED 0-2)

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 20

Students’ fathers by highest educational attainment compared to corresp. age group in general population (index: 1 = perfect balance)

FRSKHR

RO

DELV

TR

AT

CZ

MT

DK

ITEE NO

PL

ESPT

IEFI NL

CH

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

inde

x: h

igh

educ

ation

bac

kgro

und

index: low education background fathers sample average

inclusive system: low education group well represented,high education with relatively low overrepresentation

mixed system I: low education group well represented,high education with relatively high overrepresentation

exclusive system: low education group underrepresented,high education with relatively high overrepresentation

mixed system II: low education group underrepresented,high education with relatively low overrepresentation

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 21

Composition of students’ income – students not living with parents Total monthly income including transfers in kind by source

7668

55 52 52 49 48 48 47 4642

36 3330 29 26 23

19 1811

7 73

10

4

11

3025

15

53 7

6

511

12 17

1

57

46

43

9

3233

5760

8

25

26

15 24

28

4143 35 38 45 42

42 42

67

8

24

28

59

5050

20

30

6 39

38 6 6

11 11 8 11 13 12

39 7

1114

8 1016

7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

HR RO ES TR FR DE PT SK LT PL CH AT IE LV CZ MT NL E/W EE NO FI SE DK

Tota

l mon

thly

inco

me

in %

family/partner public sources self-earned income other

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 22

Concentration of students’ income – students not living with parents Gini coefficient based on total monthly income including transfers in kind

0.420.41

0.40 0.40

0.37

0.32 0.32 0.32 0.320.31 0.31

0.30

0.270.25 0.25

0.24

0.20 0.20 0.200.18

0.15

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

EE IE CZ SK LV FI PL PT TR FR NO HR RO AT SE E/W CH DK MT DE NL

Valu

e of

Gin

i coe

ffici

ent

The EUROSTUDENT view on equity Brussels, 07 November 2012 23

Students’ assessment of sufficiency of funding to cover monthly costs by finance-related characteristics – students not living with parentsStudents with a dependency on a specific income source with (strong) agreement

80 57 56 52 49 49 48 48 47 44 44 44 43 43 41 41 36 34 32 32 15 140

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

IT CH CZ NO NL FI PL AT SE IE FR DK LV LT HR SK TR ES MT EE PT RO

Shar

e of

stu

dent

s in

%

all students dependency on public support dependency on parental support dependency on paid employment