THE EUROPEAN UNION MINE ACTIONS IN THE WORLD EUROPEAN COMMISSION
THE EUROPEAN UNIONMINE ACTIONS IN THE WORLD
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
THE EUROPEAN UNIONMINE ACTIONS IN THE WORLDTHE EUROPEAN UNIONMINE ACTIONS IN THE WORLD
The European Union mine actions publication covers actionsundertaken and supported by the 2002 budgetThe European Union mine actions publication covers actionsundertaken and supported by the 2002 budget
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
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3
Acknowledgements
We are particularly grateful to all those who havecontributed towards this publication.
Our sources of information are the EU MemberStates, the European Commission database and del-egations, the International Campaign to BanLandmines (ICBL) and its Landmine Monitor(LMM), and the United Nations mine actionService (UNMAS) database.
Photographs in the text have been provided bycourtesy of C. Cox — APOPO, Norwegian People’sAid, P. Rupérez Pascualena — Ministry of ForeignAffairs of Spain, S. Sutton — MAG (MinesAdvisory Group), S. Brabant and P-E. Hublet —Handicap International Belgium, A. Formiconi —ICBL.
Notice
‘Mine action’ is a generic term which includes anyof the following range of activities: mine-risk edu-cation, minefield survey assessment and marking,mine detection, mine clearance, landmine destruc-tion and assistance to mine victims as well as train-ing in any of these aspects.
The purpose of this publication is to provide anupdate of the resources devoted year on year to thefight against the misery caused by anti-personnellandmines as well as to the policy objectives guidingyearly or medium-term action.
Antonios Antanasiotis Chair of the European Commission’s
Mine Action Coordination Group
4
The European Union was among the first to con-demn the indiscriminate character of anti-person-nel landmines and to recognise the unbearable suf-fering they impose on civil populations.
Therefore, over the last years the European Unionhas been promoting enhanced coordination andcooperation with the United Nations and other rel-evant international organisations — as well as withcivil society — in order to progressively free mine-affected countries from this scourge, and to miti-gate the appalling human and material damages itcauses.
Support to international mine action ranks todayamong the highest priorities of EU foreign policy.
The unwavering and consistent commitment of theEuropean Union to eradicate worldwide anti-per-sonnel landmines is still required by an internation-al situation which remains of great concern.
Despite meaningful progress already achieved, reli-able figures indicate that in 2001–02 landminecasualties were reported in 70 countries around theworld. The total number of new victims is estimat-ed between 15 000 to 20 000 per year.
It is shocking that approximately 70 % of reportedcasualties were civilians, especially women and chil-dren, often well after the end of armed conflicts.
In a broader perspective, we have to reckon thatanti-personnel landmines seriously hamper theeconomic development of affected countries in dif-ferent ways: they kill and mutilate civilians (thusincreasing the need for expensive sanitary care,while at the same time reducing available workingforces), and they prevent safe access to, and freeexploitation of, the territory.
The European Union will continue to tackle such acomplex problem through diplomatic initiativesand financial support to mine action.
The European Union will therefore continue toactively promote the universalisation of the 1997Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpil-ing, production and transfer of anti-personnelmines and of their destruction, known as theOttawa Convention, currently ratified by 134 coun-tries, and its full implementation.
In order to provide adequate financial means tohumanitarian demining and victim assistanceactivities, the European Union pledged EUR 240million for the period 2002–09, matching the stan-dards of major donor countries. The EC mineaction strategy and multiannual programming for2002–04, adopted last year, represents the appropri-ate mid-term operative framework to coordinateand prioritise European-financed projects in thespecific field.
Message from Hon. Franco FrattiniMinister for Foreign Affairs of Italy
5
This effort is complemented by national funding byEU Member States.
It is with sincere pride that I underline the impor-tant contribution — political, financial and techni-cal — Italy too has offered to strengthen humani-tarian demining operations and to promote wideradherence to the principles of the OttawaConvention, also through increasing attention tothe role of non-State actors.
The direct engagement of the European Union hasbeen so far essential to substantially reduce the neg-ative humanitarian impact of landmines in thesocial and economic fabric of several countriesworldwide, to the benefit of thousands of people.
However, past achievements are never satisfactoryenough, if compared with the ongoing widespreadsuffering of too many innocent people.
Our common goal must be a world free of anti-per-sonnel landmines and of their indiscriminateeffects: I urge the international community to jointhe European Union in this noble endeavour.
I am pleased to present the fifth edition of the EUmine action brochure. The EU is committed to pur-suing a vigorous campaign to eliminate the threatposed by anti-personnel landmines and theEuropean Commission is increasing its efforts toreduce the humanitarian, social and economic coststo mine affected countries.
I am proud to say that in 2002 the European Unioncontributed EUR 42 million to the fight againstlandmines, up from EUR 28 million the previousyear. Together with the EUR 103.5 million ofMember State donations, total EU spendingamounted to over EUR 145 million. This sum is areflection of the importance the EU attaches to itsmultiannual strategy against anti-personnel land-mines. The EU is engaged in a long-term commit-ment: the two regulations that are providing theframework for this policy will stay in force until2009.
The 2001–05 United Nations strategy rightlydefines the anti-personnel landmines issue as ahumanitarian concern and as a development issue.It is a humanitarian concern because thousands ofpeople, many of them children, are killed ormaimed around the world every year. Very oftensuch tragedies occur long after conflicts have ended.Landmine policy is clearly also an important devel-opment issue, because economic growth in many ofthe poorest countries is stifled by the widespreadexistence of mines. Demining is a prerequisite for
the efficient utilisation of economic assistance. Thatis why a landmine component should be integratedinto the national development strategies of mineaffected countries.
Action against landmines also constitutes an impor-tant confidence-building measure and is thereforepart of the wider agenda of the EU’s common for-eign and security policy (CFSP). Demining opera-tions and destruction of stockpiles can signal a will-ingness by the parties involved in a dispute to seek apeaceful settlement. Elimination of landminestherefore helps promoting peace and stability. Itfacilitates peacekeeping missions, allows the returnof refugees and thus also acts as a catalyst for theresumption of normal life and of economic activity.
The Fifth Meeting of the States Parties to theOttawa Convention that will take place in Bangkokthis year and the Convention’s First ReviewConference in Nairobi in 2004 are set to play amajor role in building a more effective and coordi-nated response by the international community.Though the campaign against landmines is widelysupported by the international community, coordi-nation between donors still needs to be improvednot least to ensure that the assistance is tailored tothe specific needs of each recipient and that scarceresources are efficiently allocated.
The Commission stands ready to help promotethese changes.
Message from Chris Patten European Commissioner responsible for external relations
6
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
EU MINE ACTIONS
Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
✔ Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29✔ Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32✔ Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Central America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
The Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Worldwide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60✔ Contributions to:
• UN/UNMAS/UNDP/Unicef/GICHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
• Fourth Meeting of the States Parties to the Ottawa Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
• ICBL/LMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
• Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
✔ EU research activities• Member States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
• EC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
7
8
The European Union continues its efforts to eradi-cate anti-personnel mines throughout the world.
In December 2002 the EC adopted its first strategyand multiannual indicative programme for mineaction during 2002–04. The strategy is based on tworegulations approved by the Council and theEuropean Parliament the previous year — the firstone covering developing countries (1724/2001) andthe second one covering other countries(1725/2001). The regulations form the legal basisfor an integrated European strategy.
The strategy clearly states that EU efforts in thefight against landmines are directly related to thegoals set by the international community in thecontext of the Ottawa Convention. Implementationof the strategy necessitates cooperation at a numberof different levels:
• Close and extended consultations between theEuropean Commission and the EU MemberStates define a stable framework for activitiesfinanced by the EU and promote coordinationbetween EC mine actions and national pro-grammes implemented by the Member States.
• EU activities take place within the frameworkdefined by the 2001–05 UN strategy on mineaction. The European Commission works closelywith the United Nations Mine Action Service(UNMAS) as well as with the core group ofdepartments and agencies which operate withinthe UN system in this field (UNDP, UNOPS,Unicef and DDA).
• The International Campaign to Ban Landmines(ICBL) and its network of NGOs are an invalu-able source of advice and information.
• Bilateral coordination between donors and otherforms of international cooperation maximise theefficiency of national efforts.
EC assistance has followed a rising trend over thepast years. In 2002 it amounted to EUR 42 million,a 48 % increase over the previous year. EC fundswere channelled to 16 countries and regions, sup-ported research and development efforts and assist-ed several non-governmental organisations.Assistance was structured so as to achieve a balancebetween mine clearance and capacity building. ECstrategy strongly encourages preventive action; inthis respect mine-risk education plays a central role.
Total EC and EU Member State assistance in 2002added up to over EUR 145 million.
The Commission will shortly start work towardspreparing the EC mine action strategy and multian-nual indicative programme 2005–07. In doing so wewill draw upon the experience acquired fromimplementation of the current strategy and willseek advice and feedback from all the parties men-tioned above. We will also do our best to deployresources specifically targeted on mine action in themost efficient way and in combination withhumanitarian assistance, geographic funds, etc. Aswith the current strategy our focal point will be theOttawa Convention. In this respect we look forwardto a lively debate at the upcoming ReviewConference scheduled for 2004.
✔ The full text of the EC mine action strategy andmultiannual indicative programme is available at:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/mine/intro/ip02_1798.htm
✔ More detailed information on EC activities inthe fight against landmines can be found at:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/mine/intro/index.htm
✔ A complete update on EU research activities inthis field is available at:
http://eu-mine-actions.jrc.cec.eu.int/demining.asp
Introduction
9
List of commonly used acronyms
APL Anti-personnel landmines (on occasion, some international organisations
and/or Member States use the term APM: Anti-personnel mines)
CTA Chief technical advisor
ECHO European Community Humanitarian Office
EOD Explosive ordnance disposal
ERW Explosive remnants of war
GICHD Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
IDP Internally displaced person
IMSMA Information management system for mine action
ITEP International test and evaluation programme
ITF International Trust Fund (based in Slovenia)
LIS Landmine impact survey
LMM Landmine Monitor
MBT Mine Ban Treaty (Convention on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of anti-personnel mines and on their destruction)
MDC Mine Detection Dog Centre
MCPA Mine Clearance Planning Agency
RMAC Regional Mine Action Centre
RRM Rapid reaction mechanism
SAC Survey Action Centre
UNDP United Nations development programme
UNMACC United Nations Mine Action Coordination Centre
UNMAS United Nations Mine Action Service
UNMASG United Nations Mine Action Support Group
UXO Unexploded ordnance
10
EU MINE ACTIONS
AFRICA
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
ANGOLABENINCHADDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGOERITREAETHIOPIAGUINEA-BISSAUMOZAMBIQUESENEGALSOMALIASUDAN
ASIA
• CAUCASUS REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — NORTHERN CAUCASUS
AZERBAIJANGEORGIA
• CENTRALREGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN
AFGHANISTAN
• PACIFICREGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — SOUTH-EAST ASIA
CAMBODIALAOSSRI LANKAVIETNAM
CENTRAL AMERICA
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
HONDURASNICARAGUA
EUROPE
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS — SOUTH-EAST EUROPEALBANIABOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINACROATIAKOSOVO, SERBIA AND MONTENEGROFORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (FYROM)RUSSIAN FEDERATION (CHECHNYA AND INGUSHETIA)UKRAINE
THE MIDDLE EAST
LEBANONIRAQYEMEN
WORLDWIDE
11
ATLANTIC OCEAN
INDIANOCEAN
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Black Sea CaspianSea
ATLANTIC OCEAN
UKRAINE
SOUTH AFRICA
NAMIBIA
BOTSWANA
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
MALAWI
MADAGASCAR
TANZANIA
BURUNDIRWANDA
KENYAUGANDA
DJIBOUTI
YEMEN
SAUDI ARABIA
QATAR
BAHRAIN
KUWAIT
IRAN
AZERBAIJANAZ.
GEORGIA
ARMENIA
JORDAN
IRAQ
SYRIA
ISRAELLEBANON
CYPRUS
TURKEY
EGYPTLIBYA
GREECE
ALBANIA
F.Y.R.MACE.
BULGARIASERBIA& MONT.
CROATIA
BOS &HERZE.
SLOVENIA
MOLDOVA
RUSSIA
KAZAKHSTAN
ROMANIAHUNGARYAUSTRIASWITZERLAND
FRANCE
ITALY
SANMARINOMON.
ANDORRA
SPAINPORTUGAL
MOROCCO
ALGERIA
TUNISIAMALTA
NIGERMALI
MAURITANIA
THE GAMBIA
GUINEA
LIBERIA
SIERRALEONE
CÔTED'IVOIRE
BURKINAFASO
GHANA
TOGONIGERIA
CAMEROON
EQUATORIALGUINEA
SÃO TOMÉ & PRÍNCIPE
GABON
CENTRALAFRICAN REPUBLIC
LESOTHO
SWAZILAND
CONGO
ANGOLA
THE DEM. REP.OF CONGO
CHAD
BENINSOMALIA
ERITREA
SUDAN
MOZAMBIQUE
ETHIOPIA
GUINEA-BISSAU
SENEGAL
Luanda
Kinshasa
Addis Ababa
AsmaraKhartoum
Dakar
Mogadishu
Maputo
N'DjamenaBissau
Porto-Novo
12
AFRICA
13
AFRICA
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
EUR©
B. F
ranc
K —
Han
dica
p In
tern
atio
nal B
elgi
um
TOTAL EU 1 000 000.00
EC 1 000 000.00 Eritrea/Ethiopia: mine clearance
In kind contribution
GERMANY Tunis Donation of mine detectors (estimated value: EUR 70 835.00)
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
14
AFRICA
CABINDA
ATLANTICOCEAN
BOTSWANANAMIBIA
ZAMBIA
DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF
CONGO
ANGOLALobito Luena
MenongueLubango
Luanda
KinshasaBrazzaville Angola is one of the most heavily mined countries in the world. Over
2 000 minefields and UXO locations have been registered by the nationalmine action office. The long civil war ravaged the country and displacedone million people from their homes. These internally displaced persons(IDPs) are also the principal victims of APLs.
Both the Angolan Government troops and UNITA (National Union forthe Total Independence of Angola) have stopped deploying mines sincethe signature of the peace agreement on 4 April 2002. An end to the con-flict would allow an increase of donor assistance for demining operations.However, there have been recent — yet unconfirmed — indications of newmine laying.
At present demining activities progress slowly due to a lack of coordina-tion between actors. With the newly established national demining com-mission (CNIDAH), charged with the formulation of a national actionprogramme and restructuring of the existing database, coordinationshould improve. The EC is providing financial assistance for a sustainableestablishment and institutional strengthening of CNIDAH via the UNDP.Angola ratified the Mine Ban Treaty on 5 July 2002.
The EC has devoted substantial European Development Fund (EDF)funds to demining activities as part of an emergency programme aimed atpromoting the peace process. In the coming months the EC will focus onovercoming difficulties springing from apparent lack of coordination indemining activities.
ANGOLA
Angola
Area (land): 1 246 700 km2
Capital: LuandaCurrency: kwanza (AOA)Population: 10 593 171 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 040 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 38.87 years • female: 40.18 years (2002 est.) • male: 37.62 years
Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds,iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar,gold, bauxite, uraniumClimate: semi-arid in south and along coastto Luanda; north has cool, dry season (Mayto October) and hot, rainy season(November to April)Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptlyto vast interior plateauLand use: • arable land: 2.41 %
• permanent crops: 0.4 % • other: 97.19 % (1998 est.)
EUR
15
AFRICA
ANGOLA
TOTAL EU 15 296 457.24
GERMANY 2 186 969.00 • Mine clearance and EOD teams in the province of Moxico
• Mine clearance in Kuvango
• Mine clearance in the province of Kunene
• Mine-risk education in the provinces of Bengo and Cuando Cubango
• Additional EOD team in eastern provinces
• Level 1 impact survey
• Centre for physical therapy and rehabilitation
SPAIN 202 240.24 Funding of the programme of integration of amputees in Viana-Luanda (in cooperation with the Spanish Red Cross)
IRELAND 637 000.00 • Emergency mine clearance
• Mine victim assistance
ITALY 2 800 000.00 Expanded mine action and mine-risk education
LUXEMBOURG 238 000.00 Assistance programme for war and APL victims
NETHERLANDS 525 000.00 Mine clearance
PORTUGAL 10 000.00 Since 1999 Portugal has been assisting Angola through a programme of physiotherapeutic care in Portugal, at Coimbra Military Hospital,for Angolan children who are amputee war victims
FINLAND 833 248.00 Mine clearance and victim assistance
SWEDEN 864 000.00 Mine clearance, mine-risk education, capacity building
EC 7 000 000.00 Institutional support, multi-task mine action: an estimated 6 million landmines, six to eight heavily mined provinces covering nearly 50 % of the country, and extremely scant records of the location of minefields rendermine actions essential
LUXEMBOURG In kind In 2002, eight projects implemented by HI Luxembourg (Handicap International) contribution were, in addition, co-financed by Luxembourg with a total contribution
of EUR 1 182 664.25. Although the APL victim populations were not specifically targeted by these programmes, they did nevertheless benefit from them
Benin
Area (land): 110 620 km2
Capital: Porto-Novo is the official capital;Cotonou is the seat of governmentCurrency: Communauté financièreafricaine franc (XOF); NB: responsibleauthority is the Central Bank of the WestAfrican StatesPopulation: 6 787 625 NB: estimates for thiscountry explicitly take into account theeffects of excess mortality due to AIDS;this can result in lower life expectancy,higher infant mortality and death rates,lower population and growth rates, andchanges in the distribution of population byage and sex than would otherwise beexpected (July 2002 est.)GDP — per capita: purchasing powerparity — USD 1 040 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 49.69 years • female: 50.61 years (2002 est.) • male: 48.81 years
Natural resources: small offshore oildeposits, limestone, marble, timberClimate: tropical; hot, humid in south;semiarid in northTerrain: mostly flat to undulating plain;some hills and low mountainsLand use: • arable land: 15.28 %
• permanent crops: 1.36 % • other: 83.36 % (1998 est.)
16
AFRICA
Gulf of Guinea
NIGERIATOGO
GHANA
BURKINA FASONIGER
BENINParakou
Kandi
Natitingou
Cotonou
Porto-Novo
Accra
Ouagadougou
Niamey
Lomé
Benin does not have a mine problem on its territory. In 2002, France pro-vided financial support for the establishment of a regional mine clearancetraining centre.
BENIN
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
EUR
TOTAL EU 742 655.00
FRANCE 742 655.00 • Military cooperation 2001–02: construction and equipment of the Regional Demining Centre in Ouidah, which will provide training for African demining experts as of 2003
• Reinforcement of the local capacity to integrate disabled persons in the community
© B. Franck —
Handicap International Belgium
CHAD
NIGER
NIGERIA
LIBYAEGYPT
SUDAN
CAMEROONCENTRAL AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
Faya(Largeau)
MoundouSarh
Am Timan
Abéché
N'Djamena
CHAD
The comprehensive landmine impact survey completed in 2001 confirmedthat the country is more seriously affected than previously thought. Thenorth is the most contaminated region but substantial problems also existin the east. Following the LIS, a national strategic plan has been draftedaimed at clearing the country of APLs and UXO by 2015. First prioritiesare mine-risk education, surveying and marking, capacity building andclearance of specific areas.
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Chad
Area (land): 1 259 200 km2
Capital: N'DjamenaCurrency: Communauté financièreafricaine franc (XAF); note — responsibleauthority is the Bank of the Central AfricanStatesPopulation: 8 997 237 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 030 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 51.27 years • female: 53.4 years (2002 est.) • male: 49.22 years
Natural resources: petroleum (unexploitedbut exploration under way), uranium,natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)Climate: tropical in south, desert in north Terrain: broad, arid plains in centre, desertin north, mountains in north-west, lowlandsin south Land use: • arable land: 2.78 %
• permanent crops: 0.02 % • other: 97.2 % (1998 est.)
17
AFRICA
EUR
TOTAL EU 522 272.00
GERMANY 322 272.00 Mine clearance in Ounianga Kebir, Guereda and Fada
ITALY 200 000.00 Mine action
© T
h. S
trick
aert
— H
andi
cap
Inte
rnat
iona
l Bel
gium
EUR
18
AFRICA
CONGO
CAMEROON
ANGOLA
ZAMBIA
GABON
SUDANCENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF CONGO
Kinshasa
Yaoundé
Luanda
Brazzaville
Bangui
Kigali
Bujumbura
Lubumbashi
Likasi
Kananga
Kisangani
Kikwit
Matadi Mbuji-Mayi
There has been extensive use of anti-personnel mines in the DemocraticRepublic of Congo (DRC) even though it has proved extremely difficult toapportion direct responsibility to any one of the forces involved in theconflict. Furthermore there are reports alleging use of mines by theBurundi military operating in the DRC. The stagnating peace process con-tinues to prevent effective action at a national level and none of the partiesinvolved has appeared particularly eager to facilitate efforts by the inter-national community. No national LIS has been carried out. A mine actioncoordination centre was established in early 2002.
Handicap International (Belgium) has carried out substantial operationsin the country, principally in the fields of mine clearance and mine-riskeducation. The EC services involved in the provision of humanitarianassistance strongly believe that successful anti-APL operations will facili-tate the execution of their projects.
TOTAL EU 1 500 000.00
BELGIUM 1 500 000.00 Technical assistance towards the promotion of demining in Kisangani
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: RatifiedDemocratic Republic of Congo
Area (land): 2 267 600 km2
Capital: KinshasaCurrency: Congolese franc (CDF)Population: 55 225 478 (July 2002 est.) GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 590 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 49.13 years • female: 51.13 years (2002 est.) • male: 47.19 years
Natural resources: cobalt, copper, cadmium, petroleum, industrial and gemdiamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese,tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite,iron ore, coal, hydropower, timberClimate: tropical; hot and humid inequatorial river basin; cooler and drier insouthern highlands; cooler and wetter ineastern highlands; north of equator — wetseason April to October, dry seasonDecember to February; south of equator —wet season November to March, dry season April to OctoberTerrain: vast central basin is a low-lyingplateau; mountains in eastLand use: • arable land: 2.96 %
• permanent crops: 0.52 % • other: 96.52 % (1998 est.)
© José Grain —
Handicap International Belgium
EUR
19
AFRICA
Red Sea
SUDAN
ETHIOPIADJIBOUTI
SOMALIA
YEMEN
SAUDI ARABIA
Asmara
Djibouti
Sana'a
ERITREAMassawa
Adi Ugri
Ed
Assab
Minefields and UXO are scattered around the country as a legacy of WorldWar II, 30 years of struggle for independence and, most recently, the warwith Ethiopia. There is an urgent need for mine clearance so as to facilitatethe return of IDPs inside the 25 km temporary security zone (TSZ)between the two countries. Regrettably the national authorities stoppedhumanitarian demining in 2002 and expelled all NGOs active in thecountry.
The UN Mine Action Coordination Centre has assisted in the develop-ment of an Eritrea mine action programme. The UNDP has taken the leadin reinforcing local capacity to carry out mine clearance operations in thecountry. An LIS currently under way will clarify the magnitude of theAPL/UXO problem and will facilitate the identification of priority areas.
TOTAL EU 6 435 138.00
DENMARK 1 211 649.00 Contribution to mine action programme (second and final instalment of total grant of DKK 20 million)
GERMANY 99 989.00 Upgrade conversion costs for 105 mine detectors
IRELAND 369 500.00 Mine clearance programme
NETHERLANDS 4 130 000.00 • Capacity building: support for thethe creation of a national demining capacity
• Mine clearance
SWEDEN 324 000.00 Mine clearance, mine-risk education, capacity building
EC 300 000.00 Mine awareness
ERITREA
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified Eritrea
Area (land): 121 320 km2
Capital: Asmara (formerly Asmera)Currency: nakfa (ERN)Population: 4 465 651 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 710 (2000 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 56.57 years • female: 59.13 years (2002 est.) • male: 54.09 years
Natural resources: gold, potash, zinc,copper, salt, possibly oil and natural gas,fishClimate: hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm ofrainfall annually); semi-arid in western hills and lowlands; rainfall heaviest duringJune–September except in coastal desertTerrain: dominated by extension ofEthiopian north–south trending highlands,descending on the east to a coastal desertplain, on the north-west to hilly terrain andon the south-west to flat-to-rolling plainsLand use: • arable land: 3.87 %
• permanent crops: 0.02 % • other: 96.11 % (1998 est.)
EUR
20
AFRICA
RedSea
INDIANOCEAN
SOMALIA
KENYA
SUDAN
UGANDA
YEMEN
ERITREA
DJIBOUTI
ETHIOPIA
Gonder
Harer
Sodo
Mega
Addis Ababa
Mogadishu
Djibouti
AsmaraSana'a
APLs have been used extensively in various conflicts over decades, culmi-nating in the latest war with Eritrea. Considerable areas of the TSZ andbeyond are mined. However, the number of casualties has remained rela-tively low since most affected areas are close to the border.
Ethiopia has signed the MBT but prospects for ratification in the foresee-able future seem to have faded away. However, the government has pro-vided to the UNMACC detailed maps of APLs laid out by the military inEritrea during the conflict. A national landmine impact survey was initiat-ed in early 2002. While no systematic demining operations are yet underway, mine-risk education and the training of deminers have continued.
The EC is currently funding a EUR 1 million mine clearance operationalong the Ethiopia/Eritrea border through its rapid reaction mechanism.
TOTAL EU 1 700 000.00
GERMANY 200 000.00 UNDP CTA team
ITALY 500 000.00 Mine action and mine-risk education
EC 1 000 000.00 Landmine impact survey: requested by UNMAS and co-sponsored byGermany, Norway and the US
ETHIOPIA
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Signed
Ethiopia
Area (land): 1 119 683 km2
Capital: Addis AbabaCurrency: birr (ETB)Population: 67 673 031 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 700 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 44.21 years • female: 45.09 years (2002 est.) • male: 43.36 years
Natural resources: small reserves of gold,platinum, copper, potash, natural gas,hydropowerClimate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variationTerrain: high plateau with central mountainrange divided by Great Rift ValleyLand use: • arable land: 9.9 %
• permanent crops: 0.65 %• other: 89.45 % (1998 est.)
EUR
21
AFRICA
Bissau
Conakry
Banjul
ATLANTICOCEAN
Bafatá
Béli
Catió
Cacheu
THEGAMBIA
GUINEA
SENEGAL
GUINEA-BISSAU
Landmines still pose a problem, mostly in areas around the capital ofGuinea-Bissau. However, the threat is thought to have diminished inrecent years. Donor assistance is mainly channelled through HUMAID (alocal non-governmental organisation), which focuses on mine clearanceoperations.
TOTAL EU 560 000.00
NETHERLANDS 560 000.00 Capacity building: support to the national mine action structure
GUINEA-BISSAU
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Guinea-Bissau
Area (land): 28 000 km2
Capital: BissauCurrency: Communauté financièreafricaine franc (XOF); note — responsibleauthority is the Central Bank of the WestAfrican States; previously the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was usedPopulation: 1 345 479 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 900 (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 49.8 years • female: 52.2 years (2002 est.) • male: 47.47 years
Natural resources: fish, timber,phosphates, bauxite, unexploited depositsof petroleumClimate: tropical; generally hot and humid;monsoon-type rainy season (June toNovember) with south-westerly winds; dry season (December to May) with north-easterly harmattan windsTerrain: mostly low coastal plain rising tosavanna in eastLand use: • arable land: 10.67 %
• permanent crops: 1.78 % • other: 87.55 % (1998 est.)
© Handicap International Belgium
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
AFRICA
Mozambique is one of the world’s most affected countries; a legacy of thelong civil war. The results of the first national landmine impact survey,published in 2001, reveal the magnitude of the problem and the seriousconsequences of mine contamination on the economic and social devel-opment of the country. The number of casualties increased in 2001; it isalso believed that a significant number of casualties are not officiallyreported to the authorities.
Mine action in the country is coordinated by the National DeminingInstitute, a semi-autonomous governmental institute. A significant num-ber of humanitarian mine clearance organisations are active in the coun-try; however, there are discrepancies between the existing reports con-cerning the total area cleared.
EC action is linked to the reconstruction programme of the Governmentof Mozambique. The main focus of EC assistance is mine clearance andnational capacity building.
MOZAMBIQUE
ZIMBABWE
MALAWI
SWAZILAND
SOUTHAFRICA
ZAMBIA
TANZANIA
MozambiqueChannel
Inhambane
Beira
Nampula
Lichinga
MaputoPretoria
Lusaka
Mbabane
Harare
Lilongwe
MOZAMBIQUE
Mozambique
Area (land): 784 090 km2
Capital: MaputoCurrency: metical (MZM)Population: 19 607 519 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 900 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 35.46 years• female: 34.65 years (2002 est.)• male: 36.25 years
Natural resources: coal, titanium, naturalgas, hydropower, tantalum, graphiteClimate: tropical to subtropicalTerrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplandsin centre, high plateaus in north-west,mountains in westLand use: • arable land: 3.98 %
• permanent crops: 0.29 % • other: 95.73 % (1998 est.)
22
© Cam
pagna Italiana Contro le Mine
23
AFRICA
EUR
TOTAL EU 8 561 591.25
DENMARK 2 019 848.00 Contribution to mine action programme (third instalment of total grant of DKK 72 million)
GERMANY 912 007.00 • Protection measures and medical advisor
• Mine clearance in Limpopo
• Evaluation of Limpopo project
FRANCE 762 245.00 Proximity demining in the north of the Inhambane region and resettlement of the local population
ITALY 900 000.00 Transformation of accelerated demining programme and National Institute for Demining
NETHERLANDS 1 394 726.00 • Mine clearance
• Integrated mine action: manual mine clearance and clearance with dogs. Training of dogs
AUSTRIA 270 389.25 People-centred mine action in central Mozambique; local capacity building and mine awareness
FINLAND 336 376.00 Mine clearance
SWEDEN 966 000.00 Mine clearance, mine-risk education, capacity building
EC 1 000 000.00 National capacity building and area reduction: existing national planning for demining in Mozambique needs sustainability. National capacity building should be supported. National priorities need to be revised through an area reduction process. The information gained from the technical survey will allow the Government of Mozambique to accurately and safely reduce the size of the present suspected mined areas (SMAs) by at least 40 %; the remaining area will subsequently be tasked for demining by the IND (Instituto Nacional de Desminagem)
MOZAMBIQUE
24
AFRICA
SENEGAL
EUR
ATLANTICOCEAN
GUINEA
GUINEA-BISSAU
THE GAMBIA
MAURITANIA
MALISENEGALThiès
Saint-Louis
Louga
KaolackTambacounda
Nouakchott
Banjul
Bissau
Dakar
The most mine-affected area borders Guinea-Bissau. APLs have caused asignificant number of casualties and a large decrease in regional agricul-tural production. Some demining work is being carried out by the army.
TOTAL EU 228 674.00
France 228 674.00 Support to a victim assistance project in Casamance
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Senegal
Area (land):192 000 km2
Capital: DakarCurrency: Communauté financièreafricaine franc (XOF); NB: responsibleauthority is the Central Bank of the WestAfrican StatesPopulation: 10 589 571 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 580 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 62.93 years • female: 64.61 years (2002 est.) • male: 61.29 years
Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron oreClimate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season(May to November) has strong south-eastwinds; dry season (December to April)dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains risingto foothills in southeastLand use: • arable land: 11.58 %
• permanent crops: 0.19 % • other: 88.23 % (1998 est.)
© Handicap International Belgium
25
AFRICA
The situation has not changed significantly over the past 10 years.According to a recent UN report an estimated 1.2 to 2 million landmineshave been laid throughout Somalia since 1997, inhibiting free movement,trade and humanitarian access. The political and military instability in thecountry, and in particular the lack of an effective central government, hasprevented effective mine action activities. The central and southernregions are heavily contaminated with APLs and UXO. More specificallythere are large quantities of APLs in the Puntland area, particularly alongthe Ethiopian border to the west of Galkacyo. There are numerous reportsof continued mine use in various regions. The negative impact of land-mine contamination affects every aspect of Somali society.
A comprehensive landmine impact survey has been carried out in the self-declared Republic of Somaliland, where a national mine action policy hasbeen drawn up and a number of mine clearance operations are under way.The UNDP has established SMAC (Somaliland Mine Action Centre) andset up a Somalia mine action programme. EC assistance has focused onstrengthening mine action management structures.
SOMALIA
Somalia
Area (land): 627 337 km2
Capital: MogadishuCurrency: Somali shilling (SOS)Population: 7 753 310 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 550 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 46.96 years • female: 48.65 years (2002 est.) • male: 45.33 years
Natural resources: uranium and largelyunexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt Climate: principally desert; December to February — north-east monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and veryhot in south; May to October — south-westmonsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humidperiods (tangambili) between monsoons Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plateaurising to hills in northLand use: • arable land: 1.66 %
• permanent crops: 0.04 % • other: 98.3 % (1998 est.)
INDIANOCEAN
KENYA
ETHIOPIA
YEMEN
DJIBOUTI
SOMALIA
Kismaayo
Dolo Odo
BerberaHargeysa
Mogadishu
Addis Ababa
Djibouti
EUR
TOTAL EU 4 584 964.00
DENMARK 781 008.00 Contribution to mine action programme
GERMANY 714 086.00 • Mine clearance in Toghdeer and Gabiley
• Evaluation
FRANCE 76 220.00 Reinforcement of local capacity enabling them to deal with disabled persons
NETHERLANDS 636 650.00 Mine clearance
SWEDEN 877 000.00 Mine clearance, capacity building
EC 1 500 000.00 Mine clearance — Strengthening mine action management structures — Completion of the LIS: the EC strategy for the implementation of special aid to Somalia emphasises the problem of landmines hindering socioeconomic development — Intervention is necessary
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded
26
AFRICA
SUDAN
RedSea
EGYPTLIBYA
CHAD
CEN. AFRICANREPUBLIC
DEM. REP.OF CONGO UGANDA KENYA
ETHIOPIA
ERITREA
SUDAN
Khartoum
Addis Ababa
AsmaraOmdurman
Delgo
Nyala
Juba
PortSudan
After decades of conflict Sudan has a major APL and UXO problem whichprevents the return of many of the 4 million internally displaced personsand presents a continuous threat to the population. The vast area of thecountry further complicates assistance efforts. However, progress achievedin negotiations between government and rebels has given rise to hopesthat a peace agreement might be reached in the foreseeable future. Such adevelopment would create the proper framework for effective action at anational level and increased involvement by the international community.
The EC is willing to assist Sudan in building a comprehensive body of reli-able information regarding the location, category and impact of land-mines and UXO throughout past and current conflict areas. However, acondition of EU assistance is based on the understanding that all partiesinvolved in surveying and clearance activities will come to an agreementon the way forward.
An emergency mine clearance operation in the Nuba Mountains regionhas been launched with the support of the EC rapid reaction mechanism(RRM).
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Signed
Sudan
Area (land): 2.376 million km2
Capital: KhartoumCurrency: Sudanese dinar (SDD)Population: 37 090 298 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 360 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 57.33 years • female: 58.5 years (2002 est.) • male: 56.22 years
Natural resources: petroleum; smallreserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore,zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold,hydropowerClimate: tropical in south; arid desert innorth; rainy season (April to October) Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain;mountains in east and westLand use: • arable land: 7.03 %
• permanent crops: 0.08 % • other: 92.89 % (1998 est.)
SUDAN
27
AFRICA
EUR
TOTAL EU 2 483 777.00
DENMARK 538 626.00 Contribution to mine action programme
GERMANY 502 151.00 • Mine detection dogs to Nuba Mountains
• Support of mine awareness activities
• Mine-risk education in GoS (Government of Sudan) and SPLA (Sudan People’s Liberation Army) controlled country
ITALY 158 000.00 Emergency mine action
LUXEMBOURG 40 000.00 Demining programme
EC 1 245 000.00 • Mine awareness and mine clearance: mine-risk education for non-State actors in southern Sudan in order to support theSudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) to strengthen its capacity to implement the Deed of Commitment under the Geneva call for adherence to a total ban on anti-personnel landmines and for cooperation in mine action (DoC) requirements
• Mine clearance: an emergency mine clearance operation in the Nuba Mountains area is being launched under the RRM
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28
ASIA
29
ASIA
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
CAUCASUS
EUR©
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TOTAL EU 106 757.00
DENMARK 106 757.00 Contribution to mine-risk education
EUR
30
ASIA — CAUCASUS
GEORGIA
AZERBAIJAN
(AZER.)
ARMENIA
IRAN
RUSSIACaspian
Sea
Baku
Yerevan
Tbilisi
Gäncä
Xankändi Ali Bayamli
Sumqayit
An overall assessment of mine contamination remains necessary. Thenumber of stockpiles of APLs left behind with the dissolution of the USSRremains unknown. Mines were used throughout the Nagorno-Karabakhconflict, but also after the signing of the armistice. A Level 1 landmineimpact survey by the Azerbaijan National Agency for Mine Action(ANAMA) is under way with EC support.
A national mine action plan was adopted in October 2001. This actionplan highlights activities, identifies priorities, and provides a frameworkfor the Azerbaijan mine action programme of ANAMA and other mineaction organisations operating in Azerbaijan. The focus of this frameworkis training and local capacity building. The successful repatriation of IDPsand resumption of normal socioeconomic activities in war-affected areasdepend on the successful rehabilitation of conflict areas heavily contami-nated by APLs and UXO.
An improvement in the politico-military situation is a prerequisite forenhanced EC assistance.
TOTAL EU 816 636.00
ITALY 200 000.00 Mine action
NETHERLANDS 616 636.00 Mine clearance
AZERBAIJAN
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded
Azerbaijan
Area (land): 86 100 km2
Capital: Baku (Baki)Currency: Azerbaijani manat (AZM)Population: 7 798 497 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 3 300 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 63.06 years • female: 67.53 years (2002 est.) • male: 58.8 years
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,iron ore, non-ferrous metals, aluminaClimate: dry, semiarid steppeTerrain: large, flat Kur-Araz Ovaligi (Kura-Araks Lowland) (much of it belowsea level) with Great Caucasus Mountainsto the north, Qarabag Yaylasi (KarabakhUpland) in west; Baku lies on AbseronYasaqligi (Apsheron Peninsula) that jutsinto Caspian SeaLand use: • arable land: 19.31 %
• permanent crops: 3.04 % • other: 77.65 % (1998 est.)
© Pablo Rupérez Pascualena — Ministry for Foreign affairs of Spain
EUR
GEORGIA
AZERBAIJAN
(AZER.)
ARMENIA
IRAN
TURKEY
RUSSIA
BlackSea
CaspianSea
Tbilisi
Yerevan
Sokhumi
Bat'umi
K'ut'aisi
Zestap'oniRust'avi
31
ASIA — CAUCASUS
Georgia does not face a serious landmine problem. However, there arereports of APL use by both sides of the Abkhazia conflict over the last twoyears. Even though certain parts of Abkhazia are seriously contaminatedthere is little prospect of significant EC assistance until the politico-mili-tary situation improves.
TOTAL EU 1 121 783.71
GERMANY 160 040.00 Two manual mine clearance teams in Gali
NETHERLANDS 447 458.00 Mine clearance
UK 514 285.71 Demining
GEORGIA
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded
Georgia
Area (land): 69 700 km2
Capital: TbilisiCurrency: lari (GEL)Population: 4 960 951 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 3 100 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 64.67 years• female: 68.32 years (2002 est.) • male: 61.19 years
Natural resources: forests, hydropower,manganese deposits, iron ore, copper,minor coal and oil deposits; coastal climateand soils allow for important tea and citrusgrowthClimate: warm and pleasant;Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coastTerrain: largely mountainous with GreatCaucasus Mountains in the north andLesser Caucasus Mountains in the south;Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Kolkhida Lowland)opens to the Black Sea in the west;Mtkvari River Basin in the east; good soilsin river valley flood plains, foothills ofKolkhida LowlandLand use: • arable land: 11.21 %
• permanent crops: 4.09 % • other: 84.7 % (1998 est.)
© F
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32
ASIA — CENTRAL
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
AFGHANISTAN AND PAKISTAN
TOTAL EU 300 000.00
LUXEMBOURG 300 000.00 Mine-risk education
EUR
33
AFGHANISTAN
KYRGYZSTAN
IRAN
INDIA
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
PAKISTAN
AFGHANISTAN
Mazar-e Sharıf
Herat
Farah
Kandahar
Kabul
Islamabad
ASIA — CENTRAL
Afghanistan remains one of the most heavily mined and UXO-affectedcountries in the world. All sides in the endless armed conflicts have usedanti-personnel mines, planted indiscriminately over most of the country.Furthermore there is only limited information about the true scale of thelandmine and UXO problem in the country. The UN mine action pro-gramme for Afghanistan (MAPA) is the coordinator of the humanitarianmine action programme in the country. A strategic mine action plan wasdrafted which aims to clear all landmines within a seven to 10-year periodat an estimated cost of USD 700 million.
Mine action has now been identified by the interim administration as apriority area for reconstruction. The Afghan Government signed theinstrument of accession to the Mine Ban Treaty in July 2002.
A number of landmine surveys have been carried out in Afghanistan overthe last decade. A full landmine impact survey was launched in 2002,which will provide an updated picture of high-risk/priority areas that wereidentified in the past.
The main bulk of EC mine action support to date has been providedthrough the supplementary rehabilitation package, under the geographicbudget line. The rapid reaction mechanism has also provided substantialassistance in the past.
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Afghanistan
Area (land): 647 500 km2
Capital: Kabul Currency: afghani (AFA)Population: 27 755 775 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 800 (2000 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 46.6 years • female: 45.85 years (2002 est.) • male: 47.32 years
Natural resources: natural gas, petroleum,coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, preciousand semi-precious stones Climate: arid to semi-arid; cold winters andhot summers Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; plains innorth and south-westLand use: • arable land: 12.13 %
• permanent crops: 0.22 % • other: 87.65 % (1998 est.)
EUR
TOTAL EU 29 055 708.85
BELGIUM 587 615.00 • UXO clearance programme and capacity building
• Provision of mine information database management system
DENMARK 2 693 131.00 • Contribution to mine action programme (first instalment of total grant of DKK 34.5 million for 2002–04)
• Contribution to mine action programme >>>
EUR
34
ASIA — CENTRAL
AFGHANISTAN
<<<
GERMANY 6 197 364.00 • Mine Detection Dog Centre (MDC): running costs
• OMAR: running costs of two mechanical and four manual demining teams
• Construction of veterinarian clinic on MDC compound in Kabul
• Mine awareness programme for women and children in five major cities in Afghanistan
• Running costs of 15 additional UNMAS/MCPA survey teams
• Additional MDC mine dog groups, and ATC (Afghan technical consultants) and EOD (explosive ordnance disposal) teams
• Community-based mine awareness programme in south-west Afghanistan
• Comprehensive disabled Afghans’ programme (CDAP) in Farah
• Secondment of demining expert to MDC
• Secondment (two-month period) of a German veterinarian to MDC
• Secondment (seven-month period) of a national EOD technical advisor to UNMACA (UN Mine Action Centre for Afghanistan)
• Secondment (nine-month period) of a technical advisor to RMAC (Regional Mine Action Centre) in Herat
IRELAND 410 000.00 Demining programme
ITALY 1 000 000.00 Mine action
NETHERLANDS 2 430 100.00 • Integrated mine action, coordination and capacity building
• Mine clearance
AUSTRIA 1 175 356.00 • Victim assistance
• Technical support to OMAR (Organisation for Mine Clearance and Afghan Rehabilitation)
FINLAND 1 000 000.00 Mine clearance
SWEDEN 305 000.00 Quality control
UK 2 857 142.85 Demining
EC 10 400 000.00 Capacity building/equipment — Mine clearance: high-risk/priority areas identified before 11 September 2001 need to be updated (LIS ongoing). It is currently estimated that approximately 800 km2 are contaminated by APLs and new UXO/CBs (cluster bombs) due to coalition bombing of ammunition compounds
AUSTRIA In kind UNOCHA: donation of mine detectors (estimated value: EUR 245 200.00)contribution
GERMANY In kind • Donation of detectors, equipment, ambulances, dogs, medicine (estimated contribution value: EUR 247 166.00)
• The Halo Trust: mine clearance equipment (mine detectors)
SPAIN In kind In the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan, Spain contribution also deployed three groups of demining, focused on the demining of roads
and working zones
35
ASIA — PACIFIC
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
SOUTH-EAST ASIA
© Cam
pagna Italiana Contro le Mine
TOTAL EU 25 565.00
GERMANY 25 565.00 Regional workshop (South-East Asia) on victim assistance in Bangkok
EUR
36
ASIA — PACIFIC
Cambodia is one of the most heavily mined and UXO-affected countriesin the world. All 24 provinces in the country are affected and the total sus-pected contaminated area covers approximately 2.5 % of the total surfaceof the country. The legacy of war continues to devastate the economic,social and cultural foundations of the country. Mines laid by all factionsduring the Cambodian conflict continue to maim and kill civilians andmake agricultural land unsafe. Although the number of mine victims hasbeen decreasing over the past few years it still remains high; in 2001 themonthly average was 67 people. Landmine accident survivors are estimat-ed at over 36 000; assistance is usually provided by their families.
Demining is identified as a priority sector in the EC–Cambodia countrystrategy paper for 2000–03. The Humanitarian Aid Office of the EC(ECHO) funded three NGOs for demining operations in high-risk areas in2002. Additional funds will be allocated through the geographic budgetline in the future.
CAMBODIA
THAILAND
VIETNAM
LAOS
CAMBODIA
PhnomPenh
BatdâmbângKompong
Cham
Sihanoukville
Gulf of Thailand
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Cambodia
Area (land): 176 520 km2
Capital: Phnom PenhCurrency: riel (KHR)Population: 12 775 324 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 500 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 57.1 years • female: 59.5 years (2002 est.) • male: 54.81 years
Natural resources: timber, gemstones,some iron ore, manganese, phosphates,hydropower potentialClimate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season(May to November); dry season (Decemberto April); little seasonal temperaturevariationTerrain: mostly low, flat plains; mountainsin south-west and northLand use: • arable land: 20.96 %
• permanent crops: 0.61 % • other: 78.43 % (1998 est.)
© Handicap International Belgium
37
ASIA — PACIFIC
CAMBODIA
EUR
TOTAL EU 10 487 938.04
BELGIUM 399 216.00 Demining: technical assistance to the Cambodian Mine Action Centre (CMAC) for demining operations
GERMANY 1 018 489.00 • Mine clearance in Siem Reap and Oddar Meanchey
• Cambodian mine/UXO victim information system (CMVIS)
FRANCE 1 148 631.00 • Voluntary contribution to the UNDP demining programme
• Support to the quality assessment (QA) of areas cleared by CMAC; provision of a quality assessment official
• Support to the extension of the Hospital Centre in Kompong Thom, specialised in victim assistance
• Demining of the archaeological sites of the Koh Ker and Preah Vihear temples
LUXEMBOURG 167 306.25 • Support, based on community involvement, to disabled children in the provinces of Takeo, Kompong Cham, Sisophon and Battambang
• Support to the development of the abilities of disabled persons
• Support to the Professional Training Centre for disabled persons in Bantey Prieb, province of Kandal
NETHERLANDS 3 370 603.00 • Mine clearance
• Integrated mine action
FINLAND 1 110 041.00 Mine clearance, victim database and mine-risk education
SWEDEN 1 620 000.00 Contribution to CMAC
UK 793 651.79 CMAC
EC 860 000.00 Mine clearance: demining operations aiming at decreasing mine and UXO casualties in high-risk areas in four provinces: Oddar Meanchey, Preah Vihear, Batambang and Beantey Meanchey
BELGIUM In kind Military demining experts providing technical advice to CMACcontribution
38
ASIA — PACIFIC
It has been estimated that Laos suffers from more than 9 million unex-ploded bombs (mostly BLU-26 bomblets) which become de facto anti-personnel mines when they do not explode on impact. In such circum-stances, they remain a threat for years or even decades. The primary threatto civilians in Laos is thus unexploded ordnance and not anti-personnelmines, though both are present. To the civilian population, there is little orno difference between the two — they will likely explode if stepped on,kicked or handled improperly. In 1996, the UN estimated that 500 000tonnes of UXO were still present in Laos.
Effective mine action is often impeded by inadequate coordination at thenational level. Since mid-2002 lack of political commitment, limited man-agerial autonomy and transparency as well as inadequate financialresources added to existing difficulties. In this respect the eventual cre-ation of a national authority for UXO action should improve efficiency.
The EC–Laos country strategy paper indicates rural development as a pri-ority for the country. In this respect eventual assistance to victims andUXO awareness/clearance should provide a substantial impetus to eco-nomic development. EC assistance focused on mine and UXO clearance in2002.
LAOS
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded
CAMBODIA
CHINA
MYANMAR
VIETNAM
CHINA
THAILAND
LAOSLuangPrabang
Pakse
Savannakhet
Gulf ofTongking
Vientiane
Bangkok
Hanoi
Laos
Area (land): 230 800 km2
Capital: VientianeCurrency: kip (LAK)Population: 5 777 180 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 630 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 53.88 years • female: 55.87 years (2002 est.)• male: 51.95 years
Natural resources: timber, hydropower,gypsum, tin, gold, gemstonesClimate: tropical monsoon; rainy season(May to November); dry season (December to April)Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; someplains and plateausLand use: • arable land: 3.47 %
• permanent crops: 0.23 % • other: 96.3 % (1998 est.)
© Handicap International Belgium
EUR
39
ASIA — PACIFIC
LAOS
TOTAL EU 5 026 508.11
BELGIUM 560 135.00 Demining in the province of Champassak
DENMARK 1 117 649.00 Contribution to mine action programme (second instalment)
GERMANY 745 212.00 Mine and UXO clearance in Houaphan and Luang Prabang
ITALY 150 000.00 National UXO programme
LUXEMBOURG 539 452.11 • UXO clearance in areas used in agriculture
• Community-based rehabilitation project
• Training of and support to physiotherapy services of three central and four regional hospitals
NETHERLANDS 514 060.00 Contribution to UXO-LAO programme: UXO clearance
FINLAND 300 000.00 UXO and mine clearance
EC 1 100 000.00 • Mine clearance and mine awareness: essential for the development of rural areas
• Mine and UXO clearance: the Lao Savannakhet province with its significant economic potential is highly contaminated by UXO. There is a continued need for action in victim assistance, awareness and depollution in order to develop rural areas. National commitment, as well as the capacity of UXO-LAO,must be reinforced. The project addresses the latter issue
BELGIUM In kind Four military demining experts providing technical advice to the Lao national contribution unexploded ordnance programme
40
INDIAN SEA
INDIA
SRI LANKA
Jaffna
KandyBatticaloa
Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte
Galle
Colombo
ASIA — PACIFIC
APLs were used extensively by both the government and rebel forces. Minecontamination has a serious impact on economic development as itincludes large regions of fertile agricultural land and some of the mostheavily populated areas. APLs also hinder the return of IDPs. Althoughthere are no reliable national statistics, landmine casualties are estimatedat several hundred persons per year.
The EC provided considerable assistance towards mine clearance andmine-risk education programmes in 2002 through its Humanitarian AidOffice (ECHO) as well as additional funds for local capacity building.
SRI LANKA
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded
Sri Lanka
Area (land): 64 740 km2
Capital: Colombo; NB: Sri JayewardenepuraKotte is the legislative capitalCurrency: Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)Population: 19 576 783GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 3 250 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 72.35 years • female: 75 years (2002 est.) • male: 69.83 years
Natural resources: limestone, graphite,mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay,hydropowerClimate: tropical monsoon; north-eastmonsoon (December to March); south-west monsoon (June to October)Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plain;mountains in south-central interiorLand use: • arable land: 13.43 %
• permanent crops: 15.78 % • other: 70.79 % (1998 est.)
EUR
TOTAL EU 4 707 970.00
DENMARK 403 970.00 Contribution to mine action programme
ITALY 400 000.00 Mine action
SWEDEN 54 000.00 Capacity building, logistics support
EC 3 850 000.00 • LIS and mine clearance: to ensure the safe return of war-displaced populations to their area of origin and therefore contribute to the economic recovery and reconstruction of the northand eastern provinces of Sri Lanka
• Mine surveys, mine clearance and mine awareness: to ensure the safe return of war-displaced populations to their area of origin in the north and the east
LAOSMYANMAR
THAILAND
CAMBODIA
CHINA
VIETNAM
SOUTHCHINA
SEA
Hanoi
Phnom Penh
Bangkok
Vientiane
Hai Phong
Qui Nhon
Ho Chi Minh
Da Nang
41EUR
ASIA — PACIFIC
Vietnam has produced APLs in the past. Authorities have not been forth-coming with information concerning current policy. The size of its stock-pile is not known. The Landmine Monitor reports government estimatesthat approximately 5 % of land remains contaminated by landmines andUXO. Mine clearance operations to date have been carried out mainly bythe national army, the Mines Advisory Group (MAG) and commercialcompanies subcontracted by overseas organisations. Most internationalmine action projects are located in the Quang Tri province. At nationallevel, the priority is mine and UXO clearance in support of economicdevelopment, especially major infrastructure projects for transportationsuch as roads and bridges.
Vietnam has not signed the Ottawa Convention thus limiting the scope for eventual EC assistance. The United States has expressed conditionalfinancial support for conducting a comprehensive landmine impactsurvey.
TOTAL EU 1 950 689.00
GERMANY 1 653 217.00 • Mine and UXO clearance in the province of Hue
• Mine and UXO clearance in the province of Quang Tri
• Orthopaedic centre
LUXEMBOURG 297 472.00 Setting up of a spinal injuries unit in Hô Chi Minh City: care and rehabilitation of paraplegic and quadriplegic patients
VIETNAM
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded
Vietnam
Area (land): 325 360 km2
Capital: HanoiCurrency: dong (VND)Population: 81 098 416 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 100 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 69.86 years • female: 72.5 years (2002 est.) • male: 67.4 years
Natural resources: phosphates, coal,manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oiland gas deposits, forests, hydropowerClimate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season(mid-October to mid-March)Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north;central highlands; hilly, mountainous in farnorth and north-westLand use: • arable land: 17.41 %
• permanent crops: 4.71 % • other: 77.88 % (1998 est.)
CARI
BBEA
N S
EA
PACI
FIC
OCEA
N
GULF
OF
MEX
ICO
SARG
ASSO
SEA
Man
agua
Tegu
ciga
lpa
MEX
ICO
GUAT
EMAL
A EL S
ALVA
DOR
COST
ARI
CA
PAN
AMA
COLO
MBI
A
VEN
EZUE
LA
CUBA
THE
BAHA
MAS
HAIT
IDO
MIN
ICAN
REPU
BLIC
JAM
AICA
BELI
ZE
NIC
ARA
GU
A
HO
ND
URA
S
42
CENTRAL AMERICA
43
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
CENTRAL AMERICA
EUR
© N
orw
egia
n Pe
ople
's Ai
d
TOTAL EU 250 000.00
ITALY 250 000.00 Organisation of American States: mine action in Honduras and Costa Rica
EUR
44
CENTRAL AMERICA
PACIFIC OCEAN
CARIBBEAN SEA
COSTA RICA
NICARAGUAEL SALVADOR
GUATEMALA
BELIZE
MEXICO
HONDURASSan Pedro Sula Trujillo
Choluteca
La Ceiba
Tegucigalpa
Belmopan
GuatemalaCity
San Salvador
Managua
TOTAL EU 105 000.00
SPAIN 105 000.00 Funding of the ‘Assistance programme for integral action against anti-personnel mines’ (in cooperation with the Organisation of American States — OAS)
HONDURAS
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Honduras
Area (land): 111 890 km2
Capital: TegucigalpaCurrency: lempira (HNL)Population: 6 560 608GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 600 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 68.77 years • female: 70.51 years (2002 est.) • male: 67.11 years
Natural resources: timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropowerClimate: subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountainsTerrain: mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plainsLand use: • arable land: 15.15 %
• permanent crops: 3.13 % • other: 81.72 % (1998 est.)
Honduras has made great progress in clearing the mines planted in thecourse of the Nicaragua conflict in the 1980s; the country is now practi-cally mine free.
© Pablo Rupérez Pascualena — Ministry for Foreign affairs of Spain
PACIFICOCEAN
CARIBBEANSEA
Matagalpa
SomotoPto Cabezas
Juigalpa
Managua
San José
Belmopan
TegucigalpaSanSalvador
ELSALVADOR
GUATEMALA
PANAMA
COSTA RICA
HONDURAS
NICARAGUA
45
CENTRAL AMERICA
Nicaragua faces a serious APL and UXO problem as a result of many yearsof internal conflict. Significant progress has been achieved in recent yearstowards meeting the 2003 target date for the destruction of mine stock-piles. As of March 2002, more than 60 000 mines were still in the groundwhile identification of possible mine-affected areas continues. Nicaragua’sborder with Costa Rica was declared in April 2001 the country’s first mine-free region. New mine victims, including fatalities, were reported in 2002but numbers remain relatively small.
The Organisation of American States (OAS) has taken the lead in admin-istering financial assistance needs for Nicaragua’s national demining plan.The EC committed EUR 1.3 million for mine clearance and stockpiledestruction in 2002. Mine clearance operations are proceeding at a satis-factory pace and have resulted in substantial benefits for the local popula-tion. The target date for the completion of mine clearance is 2005.Nicaragua successfully hosted the Third Meeting of States party to theMine Ban Treaty in Managua in September 2001.
NICARAGUA
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
EUR
TOTAL EU 4 663 002.00
DENMARK 1 885 192.00 Contribution to mine action programme (second instalment of total grant of DKK 53.3 million)
SPAIN 75 000.00 Funding of the programme of rehabilitation and education of victims of anti-personnel landmines in Central America (in cooperation with OAS)
FRANCE 80 000.00 • Support to demining
• In the margins of French civil cooperation, training of Nicaraguan officers in the specialised demining training centre of ESAG (École supérieur et d’application du génie — Higher School for Pioneers) of Angers
LUXEMBOURG 293 900.00 Reinforcement of the global system of reintegration of disabled persons in the department of Esteli, north-west of Nicaragua
AUSTRIA 82 910.00 Assistance and rehabilitation of mine victims at Río Coco
SWEDEN 346 000.00 Mine clearance, capacity building, technical assistance, monitoring, logistics
UK 600 000.00 Demining
EC 1 300 000.00 Mine clearance and stockpile destruction: support to mine clearance and stockpile destruction was requested by the government to some EU Member States and to the EC
Nicaragua
Area (land): 120 254 km2
Capital: ManaguaCurrency: gold córdoba (NIO)Population: 5 023 818 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 500 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 69.37 years • female: 71.44 years (2002 est.) • male: 67.39 years
Natural resources: gold, silver, copper,tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fishClimate: tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlandsTerrain: extensive Atlantic coastal plainsrising to central interior mountains; narrowPacific coastal plain interrupted byvolcanoesLand use: • arable land: 20.24 %
• permanent crops: 2.38 % • other: 77.38 % (1998 est.)
Casp
ian
Sea
Blac
k Se
a
Balti
c Se
a
MED
ITER
RAN
EAN
SEA
SWED
EN
GERM
ANY
POLA
ND
LITH
UAN
IA
BELA
RUS
MOL
DOVA
ROM
ANIA BU
LGAR
IA
HUN
GARY
SLOV
AKIA
CZEC
H RE
PUBL
IC
SLOV
ENIA
AUST
RIA
ITAL
Y
SAN
MAR
INO
GREE
CETU
RKEY
GEOR
GIA
DAGE
STAN
AZER
BAIJ
AN
AZ.
KAZA
KHST
AN
IRAN
IRAQ
SYRI
A
ARM
ENIA
LATV
IA
RUSS
IA
UKR
AIN
E
RUSS
IA
SERB
IA &
MO
NTE
NEG
RO
KOSO
VO
CHEC
HN
YAIN
GU
SHET
IA
CRO
ATIA
BO
SNIA
-H
ERZ
F.Y.R
.O.M
ALB
AN
IA
Belg
rade
Kiev
Mos
cow
Skop
je
Tira
na
Sara
jevo
Zagr
eb
46
EUROPE
47
REGIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS
SOUTH-EAST EUROPE
EUROPE
TOTAL EU 2 850 000.00
EC 2 850 000.00 South-east Europe borders — cross-border joint teams mine clearance: a high level of contamination by UXO and APLs along the borderline of Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro. There is still a high humanitarian and political priority to demine all the sensitive cross-border sites between the new Balkan States
EUR
© N
orw
egia
n Pe
ople
's Ai
d
48
EUROPE
Adriatic Sea GREECE
KOSOVOSERBIA &
MONTENEGRO
Tirana
ALBANIA
FYROM
Elbasan
Berat
Durrës
Shkodër
Korçë
EUR
Albania completed the destruction of its stockpile in 2002. Contaminatedareas include most of the border with Kosovo. The fact that contaminatedareas are mostly adjacent to the border has resulted in a small number ofvictims. The UNDP has provided valuable support towards the develop-ment of a national mine action programme. National authorities haverequested additional assistance from the international community.
TOTAL EU 463 730.00
GERMANY 300 000.00 Mine clearance in border area with Kosovo
LUXEMBOURG 100 000.00 • Demining in border area with Kosovo
• Treatment and rehabilitation of APL victims
NETHERLANDS 63 730.00 NAMSA (NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency): APM stockpile destruction
ALBANIA
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Albania
Area (land): 27 398 km2
Capital: TiranaCurrency: lek (ALL)Population: 3 544 841 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 4 500 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 72.1 years • female: 75.14 years (2002 est.) • male: 69.27 years
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,coal, chromium, copper, timber, nickel,hydropowerClimate: mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; smallplains along coastLand use: • arable land: 21.09 %
• permanent crops: 4.45 % • other: 74.46 % (1998 est.)
© Cam
pagna Italiana Contro le Mine
Adriatic Sea
SERBIA &MONTENEGRO
ALBANIA
CROATIA
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Banja Luka
Mostar
Brcko
ˆBihác
Sarajevo
49
EUROPE
EUR
After three and a half years of violent conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina(B&H) is probably the most heavily mined country in Europe. The newdemining law adopted in February 2002 will strengthen the position of theDemining Commission. APL stocks have been destroyed and an LIS isunder way; the target date for completion is mid-2004. Mine clearance isproceeding at a satisfactory pace.
The EC provided substantial assistance for mine actions in Bosnia andHerzegovina in 2002. This has included mine clearance operations aimedat facilitating the return of refugees (through the EU CARDS programme(Community assistance for reconstruction, development and stabilisa-tion)) as well as support for the ongoing LIS.
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Area (land): 51 129 km2
Capital: SarajevoCurrency: convertible mark (BAM)Population: 3 964 388 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 1 800 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 72.02 years • female: 74.93 years (2002 est.) • male: 69.3 years
Natural resources: coal, iron, bauxite,manganese, forests, copper, chromium,lead, zinc, hydropower Climate: hot summers and cold winters;areas of high elevation have short, coolsummers and long, severe winters; mild,rainy winters along coastTerrain: mountains and valleysLand use: • arable land: 9.8 %
• permanent crops: 2.94 % • other: 87.26 % (1998 est.)
TOTAL EU 7 685 879.88
GERMANY 1 692 937.00 • Mine clearance in Posavina• Mine clearance in Donja Tramosnica,
Orlovo Polje and Njivak• Mine clearance in Pritoka, Bihac• Mine clearance in Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje• Evaluation of Pritoka project• Mine clearance in Bosanska Krupa
GREECE 611 270.00 International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
ITALY 1 825 000.00 Mine action coordination and mine injuryprevention
AUSTRIA 115 544.88 Rehabilitation of mine victims in Sarajevo
FINLAND 709 128.00 Mine clearance and victim assistance
SWEDEN 432 000.00 Capacity building, mine clearance, mine-risk education
EC 2 300 000.00 • Mine clearance: demining activitiesessential for the return of refugees and internally displaced persons to B&H
• Landmine impact survey: location of minefields is still not precise — both the country and the donor community would benefit from an LIS
SPAIN In kind In B&H, Spain cooperates with two contribution groups of deminers, monitoring the
demining activities of nationals
50
EUROPE
AdriaticSea
FYR
AATARijeka
Zadar
Split
Osijek
Zagreb
Sarajevo
Ljubljana
EUR
The former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) was a majorproducer of landmines; they were extensively used during the war inCroatia (1991–95). Systematic surveys have significantly reduced the areassuspected of mine contamination. However, it is estimated that half a mil-lion APLs and UXO remain to be cleared. Croatia increased funds allocat-ed to mine action in 2001 and the national mine action programme aimsto make Croatia mine free by 2010.
The EC continues to support mine action in the country, particularlywhere this is linked to infrastructure work which forms part of the returnof refugees and internally displaced persons programme. Funding is oftenchannelled through the International Trust Fund for Demining and MineVictims Assistance (ITF).
TOTAL EU 3 078 000.00
GERMANY 800 000.00 Mine clearance
FRANCE 78 000.00 Support to demining in Vucedol
LUXEMBOURG 200 000.00 Demining in the region of Gornje Komarevo
EC 2 000 000.00 Mine clearance: demining is part of the programme for the return of refugees and internally displaced persons
CROATIA
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: RatifiedCroatia
Area (land): 56 414 km2
Capital: ZagrebCurrency: kuna (HRK)Population: 4 390 751 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 8 800 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 74.13 years • female: 77.96 years (2002 est.) • male: 70.52 years
Natural resources: oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt,hydropowerClimate: Mediterranean and continental;continental climate predominant with hotsummers and cold winters; mild winters,dry summers along coastTerrain: geographically diverse; flat plainsalong Hungarian border, low mountainsand highlands near Adriatic coastline andislandsLand use: • arable land: 23.55 %
• permanent crops: 2.24 % • other: 74.21 % (1998 est.)
AdriaticSea
I
AR
ntePodgorica
Novi Sad
Pristina
Belgrade
Sofia
Skopje
Sarajevo
51
EUROPE
EUR
The Government of the former Yugoslavia has initiated the process to jointhe Mine Ban Treaty but has not yet signed. Destruction of existing stocksis under way. There is not a clear picture of the extent of contaminationnor of the most heavily affected areas. It has been stated that records existof minefields set up by the Yugoslav Army but little is known of activitiescarried out by paramilitary forces. The most heavily contaminated areasare the borders with Kosovo and Croatia. The former Yugoslavia hassigned an agreement with the International Trust Fund for Demining andMine Victims Assistance (ITF) for cooperation in mine clearance.
The UN Mine Action Centre in Kosovo has affirmed that, thanks to themassive support provided by the donor community, as of December 2001Kosovo is ‘mine safe’. Some small problems remain with UXO but thesewill be resolved over the next few years.
KOSOVO, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded
Kosovo, Serbia and Montenegro
Area (land): 102 136 km2
Capital: BelgradeCurrency: new Yugoslav dinar (YUM)Population: 10 656 929 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 370 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 73.72 years • female: 76.89 years (2002 est.) • male: 70.78 years
Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony,copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite,chrome, hydropower, arable landClimate: in the north, continental climate(cold winters and hot, humid summers withwell distributed rainfall); central portion,continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along thecoast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavysnowfall inlandTerrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestoneranges and basins; to the south-east,ancient mountains and hills; to the south-west, extremely high shorelinewith no islands off the coastLand use: • arable land: 36.34 %
• permanent crops: 3.44 % • other: 60.22 % (1998 est.)
NB: Statistics given for Yugoslavia.
TOTAL EU 181 433.00
GERMANY 13 034.00 Secondment of a German expert to MACC(Mine Action Coordination Centre)
LUXEMBOURG 168 399.00 Support to the National Centre for OrthoticProsthetics in Pristina
SPAIN In kind In Kosovo, the Spanish army has contribution deployed two groups of deminers
in dangerous and sensitive zones
52
EUROPE
ALBANIAGREECE
BULGARIA
SERBIA &MONTENEGRO
KOSOVO
Skopje
FORMER YUGOSLAVREPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Kumanovo
StrumicaPrilep
Ohrid
EUR
UXO present a more serious problem than APLs as a result of heavy bom-bardment during the 2001 conflict. Use of APLs was more limited andconcentrated on specific areas. Assistance has come from a number ofdonors. The EC provided substantial funds for mine clearance through itsCARDS programme in 2002.
FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (FYROM)
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia (FYROM)
Area (land): 24 856 km2
Capital: SkopjeCurrency: Macedonian denar (MKD)Population: 2 054 800 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 5 000 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 74.26 years • female: 76.68 years (2002 est.) • male: 72.01 years
Natural resources: chromium, lead, zinc,manganese, tungsten, nickel, low-gradeiron ore, asbestos, sulphur, timber, arablelandClimate: warm, dry summers and autumnsand relatively cold winters with heavysnowfallTerrain: mountainous territory covered with deep basins and valleys; three largelakes, each divided by a frontier line;country bisected by the Vardar RiverLand use: • arable land: 23.59 %
• permanent crops: 1.85 % • other: 74.56 % (1998 est.)
TOTAL EU 1 900 000.00
EC 1 900 000.00 Mine clearance
GREECE In kind Donation of mine detection equipmentcontribution
53
EUROPE
DAGESTAN
CHECHNYA
INGUSHETIA
RUSSIA
GEORGIA
AZERBAIJAN
CaspianSea
Tbilisi
GroznyyMakhachkala
Nazran'
Kizlyar
Khasav'yurtGudermes
EUR
✔ CHECHNYA✔ INGUSHETIA
The long conflict in Chechnya has resulted in the widespread use of minesmaking it one of the most contaminated areas in the world. Mine plantingcontinues by both sides to date in an indiscriminate fashion. There is noevidence of any serious attempt to collect information on mined areas.The situation continues to deteriorate as intense fighting continues. Thereare no humanitarian mine clearance operations under way and no seriousprospects of any credible effort in this field in the foreseeable future. Thenumber of victims is estimated to have reached very high numbers but noreliable information exists on the magnitude of the problem. Health serv-ices in the region remain dilapidated and therefore unable to provide evenbasic services for victims.
There is limited scope for significant international assistance until thefighting stops. Efforts to date have focused on mine-risk education andsurvivor assistance. The EC has supplied humanitarian assistance toChechnya (and Ingushetia) through ECHO.
TOTAL EU 250 000.00
ITALY 100 000.00 Victim assistance in northern Caucasus
EC 150 000.00 Mine-risk education for conflict-affected children and youths in Chechnya and Ingushetia
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded
Chechnya — Ingushetia
Area (land): 16 995 800 km2
Capital: MoscowCurrency: Russian rouble (RUB)Population: 144 978 573 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 8 800 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 67.5 years • female: 72.97 years (2002 est.) • male: 62.29 years
Natural resources: wide natural resourcebase including major deposits of oil,natural gas, coal, and many strategicminerals, timberClimate: ranges from steppes in the souththrough humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; wintersvary from cool along Black Sea coast tofrigid in Siberia; summers vary from warmin the steppes to cool along Arctic coastTerrain: broad plain with low hills west ofUrals; vast coniferous forest and tundra inSiberia; uplands and mountains alongsouthern border regionsLand use: • arable land: 7.46 %
• permanent crops: 0.11 % • other: 92.43 % (1998 est.)
54
EUROPE
Black Sea
Sea ofAzov
A
SSBELA RU
OMAMANIARO
VAOLOO
Y
A
UKRDnipropetrovs'k
KharkivL'viv
Odesa
Donets'k
Kiev
Sofia
Bucharest
Vilnius Minsk
Chisinau
EUR
Ukraine has inherited large APL stockpiles from the former USSR. Theneed to destroy these stocks within the four-year time frame required bythe MBT poses problems for the eventual ratification of the Treaty. Theexistence of large numbers of PFM-1 mines presents an additional threat;their storage over a long time might pose a serious threat to the environ-ment. Consultations are under way for eventual assistance aimed at devel-oping technology for the destruction of PFM-1 stocks.
UKRAINE
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Signed
Ukraine
Area (land): 603 700 km2
Capital: Kiev (Kyyiv)Currency: hryvnia (UAH)Population: 48 396 470 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 4,200 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 66.33 years • female: 72.06 years (2002 est.) • male: 60.86 years
Natural resources: iron ore, coal,manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur,graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin,nickel, mercury, timber, arable landClimate: temperate continental;Mediterranean only on the southernCrimean coast; precipitationdisproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and south-east; winters vary from cool alongthe Black Sea to cold farther inland;summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the southTerrain: most of Ukraine consists of fertileplains (steppes) and plateaus, mountainsbeing found only in the west (theCarpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsulain the extreme southLand use: • arable land: 57.1 %
• permanent crops: 1.73 % • other: 41.17 % (1998 est.)
TOTAL EU 120 000.00
NETHERLANDS 120 000.00 NAMSA (NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency): support of APM stockpiledestruction
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EUROPE©
Nor
weg
ian
Peop
le's
Aid
INDIANOCEAN
CaspianSea
Black Sea
RedSea
Arabian Sea
The Gulf
Gulf of Oman
MEDITERRANEANSEA
EGYPT
SUDANERITREA
ETHIOPIA
SOMALIA
UGANDADEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OF
CONGO KENYA
DJIBOUTI
ISRAEL
PALESTINIANAUTHORITY
SYRIA
JORDAN
AZ.
AZERBAIJANARMENIA
GEORGIA
RUSSIA
IRAN
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
TURKEY
CYPRUS
SAUDI ARABIA
QATAR
KUWAIT
BAHRAIN
U.A.E.
OMAN
IRAQ
LEBANON
YEMEN
Beirut Baghdad
Sana'a
56
THE MIDDLE EAST
MEDITERRANEANSEA
SYRIA
ISRAEL
Beirut
LEBANON
Tripoli
Sidon
Tyre
57
EUR
THE MIDDLE EAST
Israel’s withdrawal from its occupied zone in south Lebanon in May 2000revealed a high level of contamination in the area and a greatly increasedrisk to civilians. Estimates of the number of minefields in Lebanon varygreatly. Large areas of the south have yet to be cleared, blocking the returnof displaced residents and preventing local economic, social and agricul-tural activity. The focus of continued support should be on humanitarianmine clearance, mine awareness, and capacity building in the deminingagencies of the government/army. The existence of UXO remains a majorproblem throughout Lebanon, particularly in the south.
LEBANON
Lebanon
Area (land): 10 230 km2
Capital: BeirutCurrency: Lebanese pound (LBP)Population: 3 677 780 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 370 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 71.19 years • male: 69.38 years • female: 74.32 years (2002 est.)
Natural resources: limestone, iron ore, salt, water-surplus State in a water-deficitregion, arable landClimate: Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers;Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snowsTerrain: narrow coastal plain; Al Biqa'(Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon andAnti-Lebanon MountainsLand use: • arable land: 17.6 %
• permanent crops: 12.51 % • other: 69.89 % (1998 est.)
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded
TOTAL EU 884 587.00
GREECE 884 587.00 International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
GERMANY In kind Donation of mine detectors contribution (estimated value: EUR 27 872.00)
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THE MIDDLE EAST
SYRIA
KUWAITSAUDI ARABIA
TURKEY
IRAN
Baghdad
Kuwait
IRAQ
Arbıl
Al Basrah
Karbala'
An Nasirıyah
Al Mawsil
Iraq
Area (land): 432 162 km2
Capital: BaghdadCurrency: Iraqi dinar (IQD)Population: 24 683 313 (2003 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 2 400 (2002 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 67.81 years • female: 68.99 years (2003 est.)• male: 66.7 years
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,phosphates, sulphurClimate: mostly desert; mild to cool winterswith dry, hot, cloudless summers; northernmountainous regions along Iranian andTurkish borders experience cold winterswith occasionally heavy snows that melt inearly spring, sometimes causing extensiveflooding in central and southern IraqTerrain: mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south withlarge flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and TurkeyLand use: • arable land: 11.89 %
• permanent crops: 0.78 % • other: 87.33 % (1998 est.)
EUR
The UN mine action service and various NGOs are confident that theyhave a satisfactory picture of the pre-conflict situation. The northern,Kurdish-held area is heavily contaminated. It is also the only region whereNGO activity continued throughout the conflict. Some information isavailable on contamination along the Iran/Iraq frontier and in regionsaffected by the 1991 war but no NGO has been allowed to carry out sur-veys. There is also a range of UXO throughout Iraq.
Following the termination of hostilities the most urgent task will be clear-ing routes for convoys transporting humanitarian assistance to internallydisplaced persons. The second priority will be the demarcation of con-taminated areas near refugee camps or population centres through theimplementation of rapid surveys to be carried out by small teams ofexperts working for NGOs or commercial companies. At the same timebasic mine education will be provided to populations at risk. Clearanceoperations will follow.
The UN launched a USD 2 billion Flash Appeal for Iraq on 29 March 2003which includes a USD 13 170 000 mine action component.
In 2003, the Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) of the Commission allo-cated EUR 10 million for immediate mine action (amount not included inthe 2002 expenditure listed below).
TOTAL EU 2 067 651.79
SWEDEN 1 274 000.00 Mine clearance, mine-risk education, capacity building in northern Iraq
UK 793 651.79 Demining in northern Iraq
IRAQ
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Not acceded
NORTHERN IRAQ
59
THE MIDDLE EAST
YEMEN
EUR
TOTAL EU 1 851 622.00
GERMANY 791 622.00 • Implementation of a Mine Detection Dog Centre in Sanaa
• Secondment of a German expert to YEMAP
ITALY 500 000.00 Mine action
NETHERLANDS 560 000.00 Capacity building, coordination and mineclearance. Support to the national Mine Action Coordination Centre (MACC)
ETHIOPIA
DJIBOUTI
SOMALIA
SAUDIARABIA
Sana'a
Djibouti
YEMENRedSea
Sa'dah
Al Hudaydah
'Adan
Al Mukalla
The world’s first comprehensive landmine impact survey was completedin Yemen by the SAC in 2000. The survey identified 592 affected villageslocated in 19 out of 20 Yemeni governorates. On this basis, the YemeniGovernment approved a five-year strategic mine action plan.
Yemen’s APL stockpile was destroyed in 2002.
Mine Ban Treaty adherence position: Ratified
Yemen
Area (land): 527 970 km2
Capital: Sana’aCurrency: Yemeni rial (YER)Population: 18 701 257 (July 2002 est.)GDP per capita: purchasing power parity —USD 820 (2001 est.)Life expectancy at birth:
• total population: 60.59 years • female: 62.46 years (2002 est.) • male: 58.81 years
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, rocksalt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold,lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in westClimate: mostly desert; hot and humidalong west coast; temperate in westernmountains affected by seasonal monsoon;extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert ineastTerrain: narrow coastal plain backed byflat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in centreslope into the desert interior of the ArabianPeninsulaLand use: • arable land: 2.75 %
• permanent crops: 0.21 % • other: 97.04 % (1998 est.)
© Jean-Jacques Patricola
60
UN/UNMAS/UNDP/UNICEF/GICHD
✔ UN/UNMAS/UNDP/UNICEF/GICHD
✔ FOURTH MEETING OF THE STATES PARTIESTO THE OTTAWA CONVENTION
✔ ICBL/LMM
✔ MISCELLANEOUS
CONTRIBUTIONS TO:
WORLDWIDE
TOTAL EU 14 734 205.02
GERMANY 106 560.00 GICHD: various projects: sponsorship programme, demining equipment catalogues, evaluation in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen
GREECE 76 190.00 UN Voluntary Trust Fund for assistance in mine clearance
FRANCE 56 098.00 GICHD: study ‘The role of the military in the humanitarian fight against landmines’
IRELAND 200 000.00 UN Voluntary Trust for Mine Clearance
ITALY 407 000.00 • GICHD: Sponsorship programme — Contribution to the Implementation Support Unit — Evaluation of field programmes
• UNMAS: rapid response plan
NETHERLANDS 1 143 526.00 UNMAS: coordination and core support
AUSTRIA 163 696.63 • UNDP: Angola/Mozambique: management training for middle managers of mine action programmes
• Support for the Implementation Support Unit (ISU)
FINLAND 504 563.00 UNMAS: surveys, quality control
SWEDEN 648 000.00 • Support to the GICHD
• UNMAS
UK 11 428 571.39 • UNMAS and UNDP: core funding
• UNMAS and UNDP: country programming
• Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD)
• Unicef: core funding
GERMANY In kind GICHD: contribution of an expertcontribution
EUR
FOURTH MEETING OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE OTTAWA CONVENTION
61
ICBL/LMM
WORLDWIDE
EUR
TOTAL EU 217 008.00
BELGIUM 9 915.00 Financial contribution to the GICHD for the support of the Convention
DENMARK 26 931.00 Support to participation of developing countries in the Ottawa Convention
FRANCE 52 162.00 Covering the participation costs of foreign delegations in the Fourth Meetingof the States Parties to the Ottawa Convention and other meetings held in the margins of the Convention (e.g. intersessional)
IRELAND 50 000.00 Implementation Support Unit
AUSTRIA 18 000.00 Support for human resources for the Fourth Conference of the States Parties
SWEDEN 27 000.00 Sponsorship programme — Ottawa Convention
EC 36 000.00 Intersessional meetings in Geneva (3–7 February and 12–16 May 2002). Interpretation: contribution of the cost of the services of six interpreters at the ‘Works on mechanism intersessions of the Ottawa Convention’ meeting
EUR
TOTAL EU 1 919 698.03
DENMARK 53 863.00 ICBL: advocacy to landmines in 2002, the Ottawa process
GERMANY 97 903.00 • Contribution to Landmine Monitor 2002
• Evaluation of the global landmine problem
FRANCE 86 500.00 • ICBL: covering of the costs of invitations to research experts of African countries to the meeting of the Campaign for the Ban of Anti-Personnel Landmines (Paris, 17–21 April 2002)
• ICBL: preparation and publication of the annual Landmine Monitor report
ITALY 420 000.00 ‘Landmine Monitor report’ researchers’ seminar and outreach activities (UNMAS)
NETHERLANDS 136 800.00 Landmine Monitor contribution, advocacy and prevention
AUSTRIA 65 901.88 ICBL: contribution to Landmine Monitor 2002
UK 158 730.15 Contribution to Landmine Monitor
EC 900 000.00 ICBL and the Landmine Monitor deserve the EC support in order to carry out their essential activities in campaigning and in monitoring the landmine situation worldwide
62
MISCELLANEOUS
EUR
WORLDWIDE
TOTAL EU 3 056 278.64
DENMARK 406 663.00 • World Trust Fund: contribution to mine action coordination
• DML (Danmark mod Landminer): advocacy
GERMANY 42 807.00 Evaluation of projects
SPAIN 537 625.00 • Training seminar (six weeks), for 25 students from Angola and Mozambique, on humanitarian demining
• Three seminars (six weeks) for 75 students from Afghanistan on humanitarian demining
FRANCE 105 980.00 • Handicap International: targeting European public opinion; campaign to increase APL awareness and bring to the forefront of the media the international APL campaign ‘For a landmine free Earth’
• ITF/Handicap International: support to training of orthopaedic technicians
ITALY 100 000.00 • Geneva call: call on non-State actors (UNMAS)
NETHERLANDS 1 144 300.00 • ICRC: victim assistance
• HALO Trust: mine clearance — Dog-training programme worldwide
• CHILI: Instituto de Ecologia Politica Landmine Conference
AUSTRIA 75 058.26 • Evaluation of the Austrian mine action programme
• ITF — Slovenian Institute for Rehabilitation: victim assistance and rehabilitation
SWEDEN 347 520.00 • Evaluation of SIDA’s (Swedish International Development Agency) contribution to humanitarian mine action
• Mine standards (EU project)
UK 296 825.38 • Grant to landmine action for publication on ERW
• Mines advice (internal advice for DFID)
MEMBER STATES
63
EU RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
EUR
EC ✔ JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE✔ RESEARCH✔ INFORMATION SOCIETYEUR
WORLDWIDE
TOTAL MEMBER STATES 748 050.62
GERMANY 113 130.00 Support to the ITEP Secretariat
UK 634 920.62 • International test and evaluation programme• Mine action research programme
BELGIUM In kind As indicated in the reports of previous years, Belgium collaborates contributions in numerous development projects of new mine clearance techniques.
Moreover, Belgium conducts several research projects, both national and multinational, on detection of anti-personnel landmines.This research covers very varied technological fields. For example:• Development or testing of protective equipment• Detection of anti-personnel landmines using new or improved
performance detectors (such as metal imaging detectors, ground-penetrating radar, radiometers, infrared/visible optical sensors)
• Anti-personnel landmine detection using animals (dogs or rodents)• Methods of removal and of destruction of the detected mines• Airborne detection and demarcation of the suspected minefields• Planning of the humanitarian mine clearance campaigns in the victim
countries, both at provincial and national levelsAs in previous years, the accent was put on the validation of the theoretical performances by trial runs on the ground.
SPAIN In kind The Spanish company GTD Ingeniería de Sistemas de Software SA leads contributions the ANGEL programme, funded with European Eureka funds, for the
development of a high technology demining system for detection, localisation and neutralisation of mines. The Spanish Army collaborates with this programme by providing information, instruction and operation of a testing camp.
TOTAL EC 1 390 000.00
Support to 1 190 000.00 Evaluation of new biosensor possibilities through five trials in different development of countries and finalisation of the standards related to the use of these biosensor biosensors with GICHDapplications
Testing and 200 000.00 Evaluation of existing and new demining tools to promote the best evaluation cost-efficient existing/new tools and improved demining capabilities.
Support to CEN (European Committee for Standardisation) mandate, inline agreed and supported by GICHD and UNMAS to complete the poolof necessary tools and guidelines for international demining
64
In kind contributions
Since certain operations remain difficult to quan-tify, some Member States have refrained fromincluding them in their list of contributions.
For France, these types of operations are thosewhich involve the intervention, to varying degrees,of the French armed forces, in particular:
• in the margins of military cooperation, trainingof non-French trainees (e.g. 20 trainee officersfrom Lebanon: cost EUR 85 000; one traineefrom Egypt, one from Senegal and one fromBelgium: total cost EUR 1 734) in the specialiseddemining training centres of ESAG (Écolesupérieur et d’application du génie — HigherSchool for Pioneers) of Angers and of theNEDEX (Neutralisation et déstruction desexplosifs — Neutralisation and Destruction ofExplosives) Unit of Villacoublay;
• participation, notably financial (in the marginsof required contributions to the internationalorganisations/forums), in operations involvingthird countries, notably peacekeeping missionscovering demining (MONIC, MINUEE, MIN-URSO, FNUOD, FINUL, MONUIK);
• ad hoc experts/assessment missions in the mar-gins of military cooperation (e.g. in Lebanon:cost EUR 8 570; in Senegal: cost EUR 3 200; in
Chad: cost EUR 142 000 for 2001–02; in Benin:cost EUR 53 000 for 2001–02; in Ukraine: costEUR 5 600 for 2001–02; and in Slovenia: costEUR 2 637);
• the secondment of military personnel (e.g. anofficer seconded to the Geneva InternationalCentre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD):estimated cost EUR 60 980).
Although difficult to quantify financially, theseactions also contribute to the needs of the localpopulation (e.g. demining of roads by the military,as per their specific mission) and in general to theefforts aiming at reinforcing local capacity buildingregarding demining training.
In the margins of multilateral cooperation, France,as a member of international organisations andinstitutions involved in demining (UNDP, Unicef,WHO, ICRC), also contributes (required or volun-tary contributions) to their various funds and pro-grammes. The quotas assigned to humanitariandemining cannot be precisely quantified.
Other actions, of a non-regional nature, should alsobe mentioned: in particular, cooperation withNGOs and with the organisation of the Meeting ofthe States Parties to the Ottawa Convention inManagua.
WORLDWIDE
65
Humanitarian deminingThe Joint Research Centre (JRC) has been active inbridging the gap between technology offer and pol-icy needs as an independent provider of scientificand technical reference in the field of humanitariandemining, mainly on test and evaluation (T&E) ofdemining equipment and mapping activities.
A number of concrete examples are reported here.
Establishment of standards for the T&E metal detectors
Mandated by the European StandardisationCommittee (CEN) and the ‘International test andevaluation programme for humanitarian demining’(ITEP), the JRC launched a process aiming to pro-duce guidelines, principles and testing proceduresfor metal detectors (prototype and off the shelf)used in humanitarian demining. Supporting exper-imental measurements by the JRC have providedthe basis for some of the new tests included. TheJRC is also working on a standard measurement forthe characterisation of magnetic soils in order topredict metal detector performance, using both soilsamples and in-field measurements (Mozambique,Bosnia, etc.). The demanding standardisationprocess has involved manufacturers, users of metaldetectors, as well as researchers in related fields. Ithas been well coordinated and formalised with theUnited Nations Mine Action Service and theGeneva International Centre for HumanitarianDemining, responsible for the establishment andmaintenance of the international mine actionsstandards (IMAS). The CEN Workshop Agreement— the standardisation document — was submittedto CEN for publication in May 2003.
Execution of T&E of tools used in humani-tarian mine clearance
Mine test
A compendium of reports documenting the suc-cessful test and evaluation projects, executed at the
facilities in Ispra since 1997, was published, widelydistributed to the demining community (donors,industry and mine action centres) and meanwhilewell appreciated.
Assistance to UN test of metal detectors
The stock of metal detectors used by UN deminerswas destroyed during the conflict in Afghanistan,necessitating a rapid field test to select suitablereplacements. Prior to the trial, experts in testingreceived a training in metal detector test and evalu-ation at the JRC and the JRC supported the in-fieldtrials as well.
UN test in Afghanistan
Improving mine detection
In order to support the fielding of improved minedetectors based on multi-sensor technology, theJRC sponsored an international, multi-partnercampaign of measurements of mine signatures. Asubstantial database has now been built up and theemphasis of this project is expected to shift more todata processing.
Mapping of mined areas
In support to the demining activities, an effectivemapping team was set up. In 2002, it carried out thehigh-resolution mapping of Afghanistan throughan ambitious programme launched by theEuropean Commission’s Directorate-General for
WORLDWIDE
66
External Relations within the rapid reaction mech-anism. On this experience, the unit was given thelead to pursue further important mapping projectsregarding other crisis areas.
Commissioner Chris Patten’s visit to Afghanistan and Pakistan
Support to the international test and eval-uation programme for humanitarian demi-ning (ITEP)
The JRC supported ITEP through:
• administrative support of its Secretariat;
• distribution of information through the manage-ment of its web site;
• contribution to the establishment of the ITEPworkplan, discussed with the United Nations, theGeneva International Centre for HumanitarianDemining, deminers and mine action centres;
• participation in joint trials.
Support to the European Commission’sDirectorate-General for External Relations
• The JRC provided a new reporting and evaluationsystem for EU mine actions. By describing mineactions with a harmonised nomenclature it allowsa better evaluation of proposed projects and aquantification of what has been achieved by theproject both in the short term and as a contribu-tion to long-term reconstruction and resettlementplans. An online database and decision support
tool allows aggregation of the mine actions and ananalysis of what has been achieved.
• The JRC has worked actively to support and mon-itor a project funded by the External Relations DGentitled ‘Geographical information system formine action in south-east Europe’. The project hasbeen implemented by the International TrustFund and has had the primary aims to strengthenthe resources and competencies in the mineaction centres in south-east Europe for use of geo-graphical information in their work, and tostrengthen cooperation across the countries byworking and training together in this area.
Some of the GIS data layers developed in the project
WORLDWIDE
European Commission
The European Union mine actions in the world
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
2003 — 66 pp. — 21 x 29.7 cm
ISBN 92-894-5809-7
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AUSTRALIA
Hunter PublicationsPO Box 404Abbotsford, Victoria 3067Tel. (61-3) 94 17 53 61Fax (61-3) 94 19 71 54E-mail: [email protected]
BRESIL
Livraria CamõesRua Bittencourt da Silva, 12 CCEP20043-900 Rio de JaneiroTel. (55-21) 262 47 76Fax (55-21) 262 47 76E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.incm.com.br
CANADA
Les éditions La Liberté Inc.3020, chemin Sainte-FoySainte-Foy, Québec G1X 3V6Tel. (1-418) 658 37 63Fax (1-800) 567 54 49E-mail: [email protected]
Renouf Publishing Co. Ltd5369 Chemin Canotek Road, Unit 1Ottawa, Ontario K1J 9J3Tel. (1-613) 745 26 65Fax (1-613) 745 76 60E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.renoufbooks.com
EGYPT
The Middle East Observer41 Sherif StreetCairoTel. (20-2) 392 69 19Fax (20-2) 393 97 32E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.meobserver.com.eg
MALAYSIA
EBIC MalaysiaSuite 45.02, Level 45Plaza MBf (Letter Box 45)8 Jalan Yap Kwan Seng50450 Kuala LumpurTel. (60-3) 21 62 92 98Fax (60-3) 21 62 61 98E-mail: [email protected]
MÉXICO
Mundi Prensa México, SA de CVRío Pánuco, 141Colonia CuauhtémocMX-06500 México, DFTel. (52-5) 533 56 58Fax (52-5) 514 67 99E-mail: [email protected]
SOUTH AFRICA
Eurochamber of Commerce in South AfricaPO Box 7817382146 SandtonTel. (27-11) 884 39 52Fax (27-11) 883 55 73E-mail: [email protected]
SOUTH KOREA
The European Union Chamber ofCommerce in Korea5th FI, The Shilla Hotel202, Jangchung-dong 2 Ga, Chung-kuSeoul 100-392Tel. (82-2) 22 53-5631/4Fax (82-2) 22 53-5635/6E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.eucck.org
SRI LANKA
EBIC Sri LankaTrans Asia Hotel115 Sir ChittampalamA. Gardiner MawathaColombo 2Tel. (94-1) 074 71 50 78Fax (94-1) 44 87 79E-mail: [email protected]
T’AI-WAN
Tycoon Information IncPO Box 81-466105 TaipeiTel. (886-2) 87 12 88 86Fax (886-2) 87 12 47 47E-mail: [email protected]
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Bernan Associates4611-F Assembly DriveLanham MD 20706-4391Tel. (1-800) 274 44 47 (toll free telephone)Fax (1-800) 865 34 50 (toll free fax)E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.bernan.com
ANDERE LÄNDEROTHER COUNTRIESAUTRES PAYS
Bitte wenden Sie sich an ein Büro IhrerWahl/Please contact the sales office ofyour choice/Veuillez vous adresser aubureau de vente de votre choixOffice for Official Publications of the EuropeanCommunities2, rue MercierL-2985 LuxembourgTel. (352) 29 29-42455Fax (352) 29 29-42758E-mail: [email protected]: publications.eu.int
2/2002
Venta • Salg • Verkauf • Pvlèseiw • Sales • Vente • Vendita • Verkoop • Venda • Myynti • Försäljninghttp://eur-op.eu.int/general/en/s-ad.htm
ISBN 92-894-5809-7
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