The European Age of Exploration Part II: Divide and Conquer, Colonize, Exploit, Enslave, Rape, Pillage and Kill Graphic scene of violence here.

The European Age of Exploration

Part II: Divide and Conquer, Colonize,Exploit, Enslave, Rape, Pillage and Kill

Graphic scene of violence

here

Pre-Columbian America• Central and South America

– Most natives members ofone of two major empires(they are ?)

Pre-Columbian America• North

America– How

manydifferenttribalgroups?

– No“empires”

“Discovery”• Columbus begins the pattern of destruction

• Others follow…

Hands of Arawaks cut off after attempted rebellion

(must set an example)

Tainos hung and burned after trying to escape

Europe and the New World• The Columbian Exchange

– (Europe, Africa, Western Hemisphere)

• Population Growth– Due to new foodstuffs from New World

The Spanish in America• Missions• Economics

– Plantations– Encomiendas

(definition?) Nativesare subjects of themonarch, therefore…

• Las Casas – “Enslavement of the native people is wrong,” so…

• Slavery (African)– Why are they brought to

the New World by theSpanish?

Native American Populations• Original estimates low

– Helped assuage European guilt

• Disease! (main factor)

A modern

adult with

smallpox

EFFECTS FOR AMERICA•Expansion of overseas territorial claims and European migration to North and South America

•Demise of Aztec and Inca Empires

•Legacy of a rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin America

•Forced migration of Africans who had been enslaved

•Colonies’ imitation of the culture and social patterns of their parent countries

•European plantation system in the Caribbean and theAmericas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment.

EFFECTS FOR AFRICA

• European trading posts along the coast

• Trade in slaves, gold, and other resources

Global Trade – The Dutch (who?)

• First to compete with Portugal – 1599 – First shipment of spices from

Asia (big profit)– Outposts in southern Africa

(Capetown)– Leaders of commerce by late 1500s

– Dutch East India Co.• First successful joint stock company• Like Exxon, but with guns• Take Malacca from Portugal in 1641,

monopolize spice trade• New Amsterdam dominates NA fur trade

– Amsterdam THRIVES! (“Paris of the North” – wealth, commerce and culture)

Capetown

Trade with the Sleeping Giant• The Ultimate Prize!

– China was fixed in the European imagination as an exotic kingdom with fabulous wealth and luxury

• Hesitant to trade with Europeans– Couldn’t offer better goods– Portuguese first to be

granted privileges (minor) at Macao

– Only accepted gold (major implications for European rulers, i.e., New World)

– Protection of Chinese culture

Trade with the Sleeping Giant• Restrictive trade policies

– Reflected Chinese conception of themselves as the “Middle Kingdom” (who needs Europe?)

Ming Dynasty Porcelain

EFFECTS FOR ASIA

•Colonization by small groups of merchants (India, the Indies, China)

•Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for the Indian Ocean trade by establishing coastal ports on the Indian sub-continent.•Southern India traded silks, spices, and gems.

China•Creation of foreign enclaves to control trade•Imperial policy of controlling foreign influences •and trade

Japan

•Adopted a policy of isolation to limit foreign influences

England and France in America• England – creating

an Empire– 1580 – Drake returnswith $25 million– Jamestown – 1st

permanentsettlement – 1607

• Seeking?

– Massachusetts,Pilgrims, 1620,Mayflower Compact

• Seeking?

– Mostly as brutal asthe Spanish

England and France in America• France – Focus on

trade– Missionaries– Fur trade– Relations with

Natives?• Alliances &

Intermarriage

Slave Trade• The triangular

trade– A few triangles,

actually

Part of a much larger

trading network

The Triangular Trade

Mercantilism• Europe’s economic philosophy 1600s-1800s

– Wealth is finite (premise)• Increase of one nation’s requires decrease of another’s• Measured in

a nation’sholdings(gold, silver)

– Goal? • Favorable

balance oftrade (?)

• Alltransactionsbenefit“mother country”

• Colonies exist solely to serve “her”Theory has major

implications for your homeland!

(2) Due to this new Age of Exploration, Europeans changed basic economic practices!Banks added services to meet

the needs of exploration.Cities began to produce coins with fixed values.

Joint-Stock Company: Owners raised money by selling shares, or stock, in the company to investors. Would you take the financial risk?

The Commercial Revolution

How did things change?Banks began to add services to meet

the needs of exploration!Lending money to people like Columbus…

Merchants and trades-people needed a standard system of money

Joint-stock company

A business organization that developed during the Age of Exploration

Owners raised money by selling shares, or stock, in the company

Raised large sums of money from investors to finance exploration!

Nike Stock

Scenario A:New Jordan’s are a hit!Sales of Air Jordan’s in 2012

explodeStock is now worth $5!

Scenario B:Jordan arrested on drug

charges!Sales of Air Jordan’s in 2012

plummetStock is now only worth

$0.25!

Mercantilism – a country’s government should do all it could to increase the country’s wealth.

Favorable balance of trade: Sell (or export) more goods than you buy (or import) from foreign countries

Tariffs: Import taxes on goods coming into the country

Subsidies: Grants of money to help business people start new industries

Colonies: Ideally, lands were rich in gold, silver, and raw materials

Tariff

Ford – American made Honda – Japanese made

Honda pays a tariff when it brings Honda Accords to the U.S. They add that additional cost to the price of the good.