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The Establishment of (French) Canada
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The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Dec 19, 2015

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Page 1: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

The Establishment of (French) Canada

Page 2: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Four themes

• French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98]

• Long series of false starts• Persistence of Samuel Champlain• France’s successful encounter with Indians:

tolerance

Page 3: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

New mercenary armies

Swiss mercenary, 1507 and 2007

Page 4: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

New pikes and gunpowder weapons

Swiss mercenary, 1507

Page 5: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

France’s Atlantic Port Cities• Highly

independent, and well-armed

• No government navy

• Normandy: Dieppe, Saint-Malo, Honfleur, Rouen

Page 6: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Rouen

Page 7: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

La Rochelle

Page 8: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

La Rochelle

Page 9: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Saint Malo

Page 10: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Saint Malo

Page 11: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Dieppe

Page 12: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Three sets of false starts

• Canada, 1534-42• Brazil, 1555-57• Florida 1562-65

• Then, success in 1630s

Page 13: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Jacques Cartier 1491-1557

• Experienced seaman

• May have accompanied Verrazzano

As imagined in the 1800s

Page 14: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Saint Malo

Page 15: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Cartier: Mistakes in 1534?

• Came to reconnoiter the Saint Lawrence

• Encountered 200 Iroquois fishing for mackerel

• Kidnapped several and took them to France

Page 16: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Cartier Mistakes in 1535

• Sailed up river to “Hochelaga” the future site of Quebec;

• Spent the winter, suffered scurvy, (Indians showed him how to cure it)

• Kidnapped more Indians, including their leader Donaconna and sons

Page 17: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Hochelaga

Page 18: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Cartier: mistakes in 1542• Noble

Roberval and 500 colonists

• Failed “gold”• Kidnapped 10

Iroquois• Cartier and

Roberval returned, leaving settlers

Page 19: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Map of Cartier’s findings, 1543

Page 20: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

1547

Page 21: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

1565

Page 22: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

1562

Page 23: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Gaspar Coligny (1519-1572) : Admiral of France

• France’s most powerful Protestant

• Encouraging (failed) Huguenot colonies

Page 24: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Brazil: “France Antartique”

• “Fort Coligny” • 1555-1560• Island in the

bay• 600 soldiers

and colonists• Driven out by

Portuguese

Page 25: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

1562: Jean Ribault and Fort Caroline (Florida)

• Religious Wars

• Huguenots only

• Ran out of food

• Mutiny• Some built a

boat to sail home

Page 26: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.
Page 27: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

1564: 2nd attempt

• Ribault and Rene Laudonnière

• 10 months of food• Crops failed• Decided to attack

Spanish at Cuba• Spanish retaliated by

killing all members of the colony

Page 28: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Saint Augustine, Florida

Page 29: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

Samuel Champlain (1575-1635)

• Illegitimate son of Henri IV?• Born into a Huguenot family• Veteran of Wars of Religion• Artist • First scientific cartographer in

the Americas• Spy in Spanish America

Page 30: The Establishment of (French) Canada. Four themes French pattern of diversity versus centralization [Wars of Religion1562-98] Long series of false starts.

French Wars of Religion (1562-98)

• Deeply traumatic

• Partly, noble effort to escape royal power