The Era of Progressivism

The Era of ProgressivismCh. 16 and 18

Essential and Guided Questions Essential Question:

How is progress measured?GUIDED QUESTIONS:

What would you do to improve living and working conditions?

Does the U.S. have a duty to fight for freedom in neighboring countries?

Presidents leading up to Progressivism

22- Grover Cleveland Interstate Commerce Commission- regulated interstate commerce

23- Benjamin Harrison Lost the popular vote but won electoral vote McKinley Tariff- cut and increased certain tariffs Sherman Anti-Trust Act- declared trusts illegal▪ Trust- combination of firms to reduce competition

24- Grover Cleveland Panic of 1893 18% unemployment Goldbugs v. Silverites

25- William McKinley Defeated William Jennings Bryan (Populist candidate) The Spanish-American War Aquired Guam, Puerto Rice and the Phillipines

Progressivism Sweeps the Nation

The 20th Century (1900’s) was an age of reform! Urban reformers and Populists helped to

raise awareness to the nation’s problems Who were the Progressives???

Urban Lived in the Northeast U.S. Well-educated Middle class Protestant reform-minded men and women

A Movement or Political Party?PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS:

Theodore Roosevelt (Republican) William Howard Taft (Republican) Woodrow Wilson (Democrat)

What united them? the belief that the laissez faire, Social

Darwinist outlook of the Gilded Age was morally and intellectually wrong

The Progressive Party was eventually formed in 1912

Results What all was included in the progressive

movement? Worker and consumer issues Protecting social welfare Promoting moral improvement (prohibition) Creating economic reform (urban poverty) Fostering efficiency (conservation of natural resources)

Numerous national and state regulations were issued, along with the passage of 4 amendments to the Constitution 16th- income tax 17th –direct election of Senators 18th-Temperance (banning alcohol) 19th-Woman’s suffrage (right to vote)

16th and 17th Amendments

17th Amendment

Worker and Consumer issues Protecting working children

1904- National Child Labor Committee formed to gather evidence of children working in harsh conditions

Efforts to limit working hours 1908- Muller v. Oregon limited women to a 10 hour workday▪ Other states passed similar laws

1917- Bunting v. Oregon limited men to a 10 hour workday Workers’ Compensation

Aid for families of workers who were hurt or killed on the job 1906- Meat Inspection Act

Cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection

1906- Pure Food and Drug Act Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines Called for truth in labeling

Worker Issues

Meat Inspection

Social Welfare Social Gospel and settlement house movement helped the poor

by setting up: Community centers, churches, social services, YMCA (Young Men’s

Christian Association), libraries, Salvation Army, etc. Florence Kelley- worked to improve the lives of women and

children 1893- Helped to win passage of the Illinois Factory Act which prohibited

child labor and limited women’s working hours This became a model for other states

Education Reform Started in the 1830’s Horace Mann- main leader in public school reform▪ Established teacher training programs▪ Instituted curriculum reforms▪ Doubled the money that the state spent on schools

1865-1895- states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks annually of school attendance by students between the ages of 8-14.

Early 1900s- more than 500,000 students attended high school Racial discrimination towards African Americans and immigrants

Social Reform

Moral Improvement Prohibition- banning alcohol

18th amendment passed 1874- Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Led the movement for prohibition Had 245,000 members by 1911 making it the largest women’s

group Reforming elections

Secret ballots Initiative- a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers Referendum-voting for an initiative Recall- voters can remove public officials from elected positions by

forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it

Direct primary- enabled voters to choose candidates for public office

1913-17th Amendment passed to allow popular election of Senators

Prohibition

Economic Reform 1893- Economic panic prompted Americans to question

the capitalist economic system Some Americans chose to embrace socialism (equal

distribution of wealth by the government- Ex: Amish) Eugene V. Debs- helped organize the American Socialist Party

in 1901 Muckrakers- journalists who wrote about the corrupt side

of business and public life Ida M. Tarbell- wrote a monthly article called “History of the

Standard Oil Company” to describe the company’s cutthroat methods of eliminating competition

Upton Sinclair -wrote the novel “The Jungle” in 1904 to describe the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry

Jacob A. Riis- wrote “How the Other Half Lives” to expose the hardships of New York City’s poor

MuckrakersJacob Riis Photography (below)

Hardships for African Americans 9 out of 10 African Americans lived in the South in

1900 Segregation

Jim Crow laws 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal was legal)

Education 1890- less than 1% attended high school

15th Amendment (right to vote) Poll taxes, violence, literacy tests

Economy Poor sharecroppers Debt

Reform- Booker T. Washington About Booker:

Born into slavery in 1856 After receiving his freedom and finishing school, he became a teacher He believed demanding socialequality was unproductive because racism in the South was so widespread Established Tuskegee Institute in Alabama by age

25

Tuskegee Institute

Center for agricultural research Purpose- to train African Americans in

skills that would help them succeed Most famous product- George

Washington Carver Thought agricultural lands could be more

productive by diversifying crops. He discovered hundreds of new uses for

sweet potatoes, pecans, and peanuts (Ex: Peanut butter)

The Atlanta “Compromise” Speech delivered by Washington in 1895

at the Atlanta Exposition He declared that African Americans should

focus on Vocational Education Said that African Americans should

abandon their hopes for short term social and political equality Equality would come naturally when whites saw

African Americans as contributors to society African Americans were split on this idea

Washington’s Legacy

Leader in the African American community for his entire life

Published his autobiography “Up From Slavery” in 1901 Self-made man Role model to thousands First African American to be invited to the

White House 1906- Invited by President Theodore Roosevelt

Died in 1915

Reform- W.E.B. DuBois About W.E.B:

Born in Massachusetts in 1868 as a free black Attended FISK UNIVERSITY Became the first African American to receive a Ph. D. from Harvard Teacher at Atlanta University Believed in a classical education Biggest critic of Booker T. Washington Believed that African Americans should work towards

social and political equality to be able to succeed economically

Attacked Jim Crow Laws Published “The Souls of Black Folk” in 1903▪ Criticized Washington’s accommodation of racism in the South

The Niagra Movement

1905- DuBois met with a group of 30 men at Niagra Falls, Canada They drafted a document demanding

the immediate end to all forms of discrimination

The “Niagra Movement” was described as radical by most whites

Educated African Americans supported the resolutions

NAACP In 1909, members of the Niagra Movement formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Formed to fight for equality on a national level Intended to improve the self-image of African Americans

Dubois was the editor of the organization’s periodical called “The Crisis” for 20 years Contained political essays, poems, and stories glorifying

African American culture

Dubois’s Legacy

Strong leader in the African American community his entire life

Role model to thousands 1946- invited to attend the

organizational meeting for the United Nations

1961- moved to Ghana Died at age 96- just before Martin

Luther King Jr. led the Civil Rights March on Washington

Other African American Progressive Leaders

Marcus Garvey- created the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Immigrant from Jamaica Believed that African Americans should build a separate society 1920’s- claimed to have 1 million followers Encouraged his followers to return to Africa, remove colonial

oppressors, and build a mighty nation Left a powerful legacy of newly awakened black pride, economic

independence, and reverence for Africa Carter G. Woodson- lobbied to establish Black History Month

as a nationwide institution Dedicated his career to the field of African American history Known as the “Father of Black History” Woodson chose the month of February to honor the birthdays of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln

Progressives in the White House

REVIEW!!! The Progressive Party was formed in 1912 PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS: ▪ Theodore Roosevelt (Republican)▪ William Howard Taft (Republican)▪ Woodrow Wilson (Democrat)

Between 1901 and 1921, the Presidents were more active and powerful than any since the days of Abraham Lincoln

“Teddy” Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt- Early Life Born: 1858 Parents:

Father-wealthy New York banker Mother- from a prosperous family in Georgia

Childhood: Bad eyesight Small and weak Acute Asthma

Lifestyle: Dedicated to mental and physical fitness Graduated from Harvard University in 1880 Married Alice Hathaway Lee▪ Died during the birth of their daughter Alice in 1884

Theodore Roosevelt- Accomplishments 1886- remarried in New York to a childhood friend named Edith 1898

Member of the Civil Service Commission Police Commissioner of NYC Assistant Secretary to the Navy

Spanish-American War Leader of the volunteer regiment called the “Rough

Riders” Hero of the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba

After the war, he was elected Governor of New York

Theodore Roosevelt- V.P. 1900- nominated to run as V.P. for William

McKinley Reason 1- to help McKinley get reelected Reason 2- to decrease his power▪ He was seen as a reckless cowboy by many Republican

leaders▪ His popularity made him a threat▪ They thought he could do less harm as V.P. than governor

of NY September ,6-13 1901- President William

McKinley was shot by assassin Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo on September 6, 1901. He died 8 days later.

Theodore Roosevelt- 26th President He is 42 years

old when he takes office The youngest

president ever What Teddy

Roosevelt was before he adds president to the

list >>>>>>>• Author of over 20 books• Expert on North American

wildlife• Adventurer• Historian• Cowboy• Boxer• Socialite• Explorer • Hunter• Naturalist• Harvard graduate• Cavalryman• Police Chief• Conservationist• Governor• Vice president• Husband• Father• Hard worker

Theodore Roosevelt- Beliefs When Roosevelt took office, it seemed like

Congress had been ruling the government, and big business was ruling Congress.

Roosevelt took an active role as president He used the White House as a "BULLY PULPIT" to

promote an active government that protected the interests of the people over big business.

Beliefs: No individual, no matter how wealthy, should control

the people’s representatives Workers should not be abused Capitalism should be preserved

Theodore Roosevelt- A Man of the People Wanted people to see him as a man who wasn’t

afraid to get his hands dirty He never went anywhere without his

photographer He traveled often and spoke with confidence and

enthusiasm He interacted with the people directly He was the first president to travel out of the

country while in office Roosevelt was seen as a popular hero

Sold merchandise, a film was made to portray him as a fairy-tale hero, paintings created in his honor, etc.

Theodore Roosevelt- Trustbuster Roosevelt lashed out against the trusts and sided with

American labor (filed 44 antitrust suits) Trust- a combination of firms or corporations for the purpose

of reducing competition and controlling prices throughout a business or an industry

Trusts controlled about 4/5ths of the industries in the U.S. in 1900

He believed WALL STREET FINANCIERS and powerful trust titans were greedy Docked wages to increase profits High railroad rates

Reasons Roosevelt criticized the wealthy class of Americans Exploitation of the public could cause a violent uprising They thought they were more powerful than the government

Sherman Anti-Trust Act Passed by Congress in 1890- law that

declared illegal all combinations "in restraint of trade“ Did not accomplish much in the first 12 years Courts would side with business over

government The only time an organization was deemed in

restraint of trade was when the court ruled against a labor union

Used by Roosevelt to bring down a holding company called Northern Securities

Teddy v. J.P. 1902- Roosevelt took action against the

court systems The first trust giant to fall was one of the

most powerful industrialist in the country- J. P. Morgan Morgan controlled a railroad company known

as Northern Securities. In combination with railroad MOGULS JAMES J.

HILL and E. H. HARRIMAN, Morgan controlled the bulk of railroad shipping across the northern United States.

“No man is above the law!” Morgan was furious to learn that Roosevelt's

Attorney General was suing the Northern Securities Company

Four days later, Morgan was at the White House with the President Morgan argued that he was being treated like a

common criminal Roosevelt said that no compromise could be reached The matter would have to be settled in court

The Supreme Court, in a narrow 5 to 4 decision, agreed and dissolved the Northern Securities Company.

Railroad Regulation 1903- Elkins Act

Made it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive, rebates for using particular railroads

Railroads could not charge set rates without notifying the public

1906- Hepburn Act Limited the distribution of free railroad passes, a

common form of bribery Gave the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission)

the power to set maximum railroad rates

Theodore Roosevelt- Legacy Hero of San Juan Hill Commissioned the Panama Canal (1903) The Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat

Inspection Act made to protect consumers Created the U.S. National Park System to protect

America’s wilderness lands 1906 Nobel Peace Prize winner for negotiating the

Treaty of Portsmouth between Russia and Japan “Teddy Bear” named after him “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” Roosevelt Corollary- the U.S. would use force to

protect its economic interests in Latin America

William Howard Taft

William Howard Taft

The Progressive lock on the Presidency did not end with Theodore Roosevelt.

His popularity secured the election in 1908 of his hand-picked successor and secretary of war, William Howard Taft.

Taft continued busting America's trusts, but he was unable to control the conservative wing of the Republican party.

Election of 1912 Taft had angered the Progressives with his

cautious nature. Teddy Roosevelt challenged Taft for the

Republican nomination in 1912, splitting the party in two.

Roosevelt created the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) to be able to run against Taft.

Although the Republicans lost the election, it was not necessarily a loss for Progressives.

The winning Democrat, Woodrow Wilson, embraced much of the Progressive agenda himself.

Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson28th President 1856-Born in Staunton, Virginia President of Princeton University Governor of New Jersey Platform- New Freedom

Sought to achieve the vision of a nation of small farmers and small businesspeople

Wilson wanted to attack what he called the TRIPLE WALL OF PRIVILEGE ▪ tariffs▪ banks▪ trusts

Progressive Acts passed by Wilson 1913- Underwood Simmons Act

Reduced tariff rates Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Divided the nation into 12 districts and established a regional central bank in each district to take care of the other banks in that district

Made the nation’s currency more flexible Federal Reserve System still serves as the nation’s banking

system 1914-Clayton Antitrust Act

Clarified the Sherman Act by specifically naming certain business tactics illegal

Exempted labor unions from antitrust suits, and declared strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing perfectly legal

Progressive Acts passed by Wilson

1914- Federal Trade Commission Act Set up the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) as an antitrust measure Investigated possible violations of regulatory statutes Required periodic reports from corporations Put an end to a number of unfair business practices Administered almost 400 cease and desist orders to companies

engaged in illegal activities under Wilson’s administration 1913-Federal Income Tax (16th Amendment)

Legalized a graduated federal income tax Provided revenue by taxing individuals earnings and corporate

gains Larger incomes taxed at higher rates than smaller incomes Main source of revenue for the federal government today

Women Win Suffrage 1869- Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady

Stanton create the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)

NWSA joined with the National American Women Suffrage Association in 1890 to form (NAWSA)

Other prominent woman suffrage leaders- Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howard, Carrie Chapman Catt, Lucy Burns, Alice Paul

1919- Congress passed the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote

Suffrage

Wilson’s appeal to the Roosevelt Progressives Legislative measures suggested by the

BULL MOOSE CAMPAIGN: Approved the creation of a federal trade

commission to act as a watchdog over business Child labor bill Workers' compensation act Limited the workday of interstate railroad

workers to 8 hours. Signed a FEDERAL FARM LOAN ACT to ease the

pains of life on the farm

Wilson’s Progressive Legacy Before his two terms came to a close,

the federal government passed legislation: Restricting trusts Banning child labor Requiring worker compensation Prohibition of alcohol (18th Amendment) Women's right to vote (19th Amendment)

Wilson also had to deal with the nation’s First World War!!!!

The End