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the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman of « Sauvons le Climat »
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The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Mar 30, 2015

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Page 1: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear

energy production scenariospart II

H.NifeneckerScientific consultant LPSC/CNRSChairman of « Sauvons le Climat »

Page 2: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.
Page 3: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

IPCC projections

2030tCO2<50$/tonRenewables: 35% electricityNuclear: 18% electricity

Page 4: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

IEA’s successive Prospects fo Nuclear (World Energy Outlook)

2020 2030

Mtoe TWh % Mtoe TWh %

WEO 1998 604 2317 8

WEO 2000 617 2369 9

WEO 2002 719 2758 11 703 2697 9

WEO 2004 776 2975 12 764 2929 9

WEO 2006 861 3304 10

Alt. 2006 1070 4106 14

Page 5: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Prospect for nuclear production 2000-2030 TWh (AIEA July 2006)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Am N W Eur Afr Pacif

2000

2010 b

2010 H

2020 b

2020 H

2030 b

2030 H

Am L Eur E MO+As S Ext. O

Page 6: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.
Page 7: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Nuclear Intensive Scenarios

•Scenarios by difference:P.A.BauquisD.Heuer and E.Merle

•Objective oriented ScenariosH.Nifenecker et al.

Page 8: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

No miracle from renewables•Hydro:

Limitation of ressource (Europe-USA)Environment and localization (Am.Sud, Asie, Afrique, Russie)Large Investments Reliable, availableMight provide 20% of world electricity.

France: 70TWh/450•Wind

« fatal » EnergyLimit: 10-15% of electricity production

Page 9: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

No miracle with renewables

•Solar

PV: Ideal for isolated sites (Africa, SE Asia). Mostly artificial in Developed Countries and very expansive

Thermal: interesting for heating and warm water

Thermodynamic: Fiability? Hot and dry climates Hot and dry climate.

•Biomass

Bio-fuels (10 Mtep/50)

Wood energy.

Competition with food, energy and environmental balance

Page 10: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.
Page 11: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Pierre René Bauquis

Page 12: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Renewable energies

7 J o u r n é e d e l ’ É n e r g i e 1 4 - 1 8 m a i 2 0 0 1

É l e c t r i c i t é d ’ o r i g i n e r e n o u v e l a b l e e n 1 9 9 5 e t 2 0 5 0 *

G l o b a l F o u n d a t i o n - N o v e m b e r 2 6 / 2 8 , 2 0 0 0 0 P R B 9 _ 0 1 . p p t - P i e r r e R e n é B A U Q U I S

* É q u i v a l e n c e r e t e n u e p o u r l ’ é l e c t r i c i t é : l e n u c l é a i r e e t l e s r e n o u v e l a b l e s o n t é t é c o m p t a b i l i s é s c o m m e s ’ i l s a v a i e n t é t é g é n é r é s p a r u n e f i l i è r e t h e r m i q u e a v e c u n r e n d e m e n t d e 4 0 % ( c o n v e n t i o n u t i l i s é e p a r l e g r o u p e T O T A L ) d o n t p l u s d e 9 5 % d e «   g r a n d e h y d r a u l i q u e   »

H y d r a u l i q u eH y d r a u l i q u e

É o l i e nÉ o l i e n

B i o m a s s e B i o m a s s e ( f i l i è r e s ( f i l i è r e s é l e c té l e c t . ). )

G é o t h e r m i eG é o t h e r m i e

S o l a i r e S o l a i r e ( p h o t o v o l t a ï q u e )( p h o t o v o l t a ï q u e )

S o l a i r e S o l a i r e t h e r m i q u et h e r m i q u e

7 2 2 . 6 0 07 2 2 . 6 0 0

7 0 0 . 0 0 07 0 0 . 0 0 0

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7 . 0 0 07 . 0 0 0

6 0 06 0 0

--

1 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 01 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0

2 0 0 . 0 0 02 0 0 . 0 0 0

1 0 0 . 0 0 01 0 0 . 0 0 0

2 0 . 0 0 02 0 . 0 0 0

3 0 . 0 0 03 0 . 0 0 0

--

2 . 4 0 02 . 4 0 0

1 01 0

5 05 0

3 03 0

11

1 01 0

3 . 0 0 03 . 0 0 0

5 0 05 0 0

5 0 05 0 0

1 0 01 0 0

1 0 01 0 0

5 05 0

1 . 3 5 0 . 0 0 01 . 3 5 0 . 0 0 0 2 . 5 0 12 . 5 0 1 4 . 2 5 04 . 2 5 0T o t a lT o t a l

1 9 9 51 9 9 5 2 0 5 02 0 5 0 1 9 9 51 9 9 5 2 0 5 02 0 5 0

P u i s s a n c e s i n s t a l l é e sP u i s s a n c e s i n s t a l l é e sM WM W

É l e c t r i c i t é g é n é r é eÉ l e c t r i c i t é g é n é r é eT W hT W h

S o u r c e : R e v u e d e l ’ É n e r g i e ,5 0 a n s , n ° 5 0 9 S e p t . 9 9

Page 13: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Renewable electricity

8 J o u r n é e d e l ’ É n e r g i e 1 4 - 1 8 m a i 2 0 0 1

É l e c t r i c i t é d ’ o r i g i n e r e n o u v e l a b l e e n 1 9 9 5 e t 2 0 5 0 *

G l o b a l F o u n d a t i o n - N o v e m b e r 2 6 / 2 8 , 2 0 0 0 0 P R B 9 _ 0 1 . p p t - P i e r r e R e n é B A U Q U I S

* É q u i v a l e n c e r e t e n u e p o u r l ’ é l e c t r i c i t é : l e n u c l é a i r e e t l e s r e n o u v e l a b l e s o n t é t é c o m p t a b i l i s é s c o m m e s ’ i l s a v a i e n t é t é g é n é r é s p a r u n e f i l i è r e t h e r m i q u e a v e c u n r e n d e m e n t d e 4 0 % ( c o n v e n t i o n u t i l i s é e p a r l e g r o u p e T O T A L )* * d o n t p l u s d e 9 5 % d e «   g r a n d e h y d r a u l i q u e   »

C o n s o m mC o n s o m m . é l e c t r i c i t é. é l e c t r i c i t é( t o u t e s o r i g i n e s )( t o u t e s o r i g i n e s )

H y d r a u l i q u e * *H y d r a u l i q u e * *

A u t r e s r e n o u v e l a b l e sA u t r e s r e n o u v e l a b l e s

T o t a l r e n o u v e l a b l e sT o t a l r e n o u v e l a b l e s 2 5 0 02 5 0 0

1 3 0 0 01 3 0 0 0

2 4 0 02 4 0 0

1 0 0 1 0 0

1 9 9 51 9 9 5

É l e c t r i c i t é g é n é r é eÉ l e c t r i c i t é g é n é r é e

e n e n T W h T W h e n e n G t e p G t e p **

4 2 5 04 2 5 0

4 2 0 0 04 2 0 0 0

3 0 0 03 0 0 0

1 2 5 01 2 5 0

2 0 5 02 0 5 0

0 . 5 20 . 5 2

2 . 82 . 8

0 . 50 . 5

0 . 0 20 . 0 2

1 9 9 51 9 9 5

0 . 90 . 9

9 . 09 . 0

0 . 60 . 6

0 . 30 . 3

2 0 5 02 0 5 0

1 8 . 8 %1 8 . 8 %

1 0 0 %1 0 0 %

1 8 . 0 %1 8 . 0 %

0 . 8 %0 . 8 %

1 9 9 51 9 9 5

1 0 . 0 %1 0 . 0 %

1 0 0 %1 0 0 %

7 . 0 %7 . 0 %

3 . 0 %3 . 0 %

2 0 5 02 0 5 0

6 . 8 %6 . 8 %

3 4 . 0 %3 4 . 0 %

6 . 5 %6 . 5 %

0 . 3 %0 . 3 %

1 9 9 51 9 9 5

5 . 0 %5 . 0 %

5 0 . 0 %5 0 . 0 %

3 . 5 %3 . 5 %

1 . 5 %1 . 5 %

2 0 5 02 0 5 0

S o i t e n % d e sS o i t e n % d e s

c o n s o m m a t i o n sc o n s o m m a t i o n s

é l e c t r i q u e s 2 0 5 0é l e c t r i q u e s 2 0 5 0

S o i t e n % d e sS o i t e n % d e sc o n s o m m a t i o n sc o n s o m m a t i o n s

é n e r g é t i q u e sé n e r g é t i q u e st o t a l e st o t a l e s

Page 14: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

A vision of energy mix by 2050

9 J o u r n é e d e l ’ É n e r g i e 1 4 - 1 8 m a i 2 0 0 1

U n e v i s i o n d e s b i l a n s é n e r g é t i q u e s 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 2 0 -2 0 5 0

G l o b a l F o u n d a t i o n - N o v e m b e r 2 6 / 2 8 , 2 0 0 0 0 P R B 9 _ 0 1 . p p t - P i e r r e R e n é B A U Q U I S

S o u r c e : R e v u e d e l ’ É n e r g i e ,5 0 a n s , n ° 5 0 9 S e p t . 9 9

2 0 0 02 0 0 0

G t e pG t e p %%

2 0 2 02 0 2 0

G t e pG t e p %%

2 0 5 02 0 5 0

G t e pG t e p

P é t r o l eP é t r o l eG a zG a z

C h a r b o nC h a r b o n

3 . 73 . 72 . 12 . 12 . 22 . 2

4 04 02 22 22 42 4

5 . 05 . 04 . 04 . 03 . 03 . 0

4 04 02 72 72 02 0

3 . 53 . 54 . 54 . 54 . 54 . 5

2 02 02 52 52 52 5

%%

E n s e m b l e é n e r g i e s f o s s i l e sE n s e m b l e é n e r g i e s f o s s i l e s 8 . 08 . 0 8 68 6 1 2 . 01 2 . 0 8 78 7 1 2 . 51 2 . 5 7 07 0

R e n o u v e l a b l e sR e n o u v e l a b l e sd o n t f i l i è r e s é l e c t r i q u e sd o n t f i l i è r e s é l e c t r i q u e s

0 . 70 . 7( 0 . 5 )( 0 . 5 )

7 . 57 . 5

11( 0 . 7 )( 0 . 7 )

6 . 56 . 5

1 . 51 . 5( 0 . 9 )( 0 . 9 )

88

N u c l é a i r eN u c l é a i r e 0 . 60 . 6 6 . 56 . 5 11 6 . 56 . 5 44 2 22 2

T o t a l t o u t e s é n e r g i e sT o t a l t o u t e s é n e r g i e s 9 . 39 . 3 1 0 0 . 01 0 0 . 0 1 4 . 01 4 . 0 1 0 0 . 01 0 0 . 0 1 8 . 01 8 . 0 1 0 0 . 01 0 0 . 0

Page 15: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Energy mix in 2050

11 Jou rn ée d e l’Énerg ie 14-18 m ai 2001

S ources d ’énerg ies prim aires (m onde) : 1900 - 2050

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1900 1950 2000 2050

Charbon Renouvelables (sauf hydro.)

Pétrole G az naturel

Hydraulique Nucléaire

G lobal Foundation - N ovem ber 26/28, 2000 0 PRB9 _0 1.pp t - P ierre R en é BA UQ UIS

Page 16: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

CO2 emissions

1 0 J o u rn é e d e l’É n e rg ie 1 4 -1 8 m a i 2 0 0 1

É v o lu t io n e s tim é e d e s é m is s io n s d e C O 2

H y p o th è s e 1 : 1H y p o th è s e 1 : 1 G tC G tC g é n è re u n a c c ro is s e m e n t d e 0 .2 7 7 g é n è re u n a c c ro is s e m e n t d e 0 .2 7 7 p p m p p m C OC O 22 d a n s l ’a tm o s p h è re d a n s l ’a tm o s p h è reH y p o th è s e 2 : 1H y p o th è s e 2 : 1 G tC G tC g é n è re u n a c c ro is s e m e n t d e 0 .2 2 8 g é n è re u n a c c ro is s e m e n t d e 0 .2 2 8 p p m p p m C OC O 22 d a n s l ’a tm o s p h è re d a n s l ’a tm o s p h è re

C OC O 22 p p mp p m

2 0 0

2 5 0

3 0 0

3 5 0

4 0 0

4 5 0

5 0 0

5 5 0

1 9 6 0 1 9 8 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 4 0

H y p o th è s e 2H y p o th è s e 2

H y p o th è s e 1H y p o th è s e 1

M a u n a L o aM a u n a L o ad a tad a ta

G lo b a l F o u n d a tio n - N o v e m b e r 2 6 /2 8 , 2 0 0 0 0 P R B 9 _ 0 1 .p p t - P ie r re R e n é B A U Q U IS

c a lc u léc a lc u léo b s e rv éo b s e rv é

Page 17: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Nuclear production

In Bauquis ScenarioNuclear production

0.6 Gtep 4 Gtep i.e. x 6.5

Page 18: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.
Page 19: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Primary Energy (GTEP)

2000 2050

Fossils 7.5 7.5

Hydro 0.7 1.4

Wood 1.2 1.1

Renewable 0.2 5.2

Nuclear 0.6 5.2

Total 10.2 20.4

– Stabilization of fossile contribution– World energy consumption x 2– Renewable = nuclear

Hypothesis 2050

Multiplication by factor 8 • Then increase by 1.2%/year up to 2100

Nuclear :

Elsa Merle and Daniel Heuer

Page 20: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.
Page 21: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Objective oriented scenariosH.Nifenecker et al.

Page 22: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

2000 IIASA-WEC Scenarios

• A: strong growth– A1: Oil – A2: Coal– A3:Gaz

• B: Middle of the road• C: Low energy intensity. High electricity

– C1: Ren.+Gaz– C2: Ren.+Nuclear

Page 23: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

GDP/capita 1000$

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

NorthAmerica

WesternEurope

PacificOECD

FormerSovietUnion

EasternEurope

LatinAmerica

M. East&N.Africa

Africa Centrallyplanned

Asia

OtherPacificAsia

South Asia

GD

P/C

apit

a 10

00$

1990

2050 A

2050 B

2050 C

GDP/cap

Page 24: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Energy Intensities

0,000

0,050

0,100

0,150

0,200

0,250

0,300

0,350

0,400

0,450

0,500

1990 2050 A 2050 B 2050 C

toe/

kilo

$

Energy intensities

Page 25: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

World GDP

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1990 2050 A 2050 B 2050 C

Scenarios

Wo

rld

GD

P b

illio

n$

World GDP

B2: 110 000

Page 26: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Primary energy per fuel MToe

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Coal Oil Nat. Gas Nuclear Hydro Biomass(comm)

Biomass(nonc)

Solar Others CO2(MtC)

MT

oe

1990

2050 A1

2050 A2

2050 A3

2050 B

2060 C1

2050 C2

Primary energy per fuel

Page 27: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

A1 A2 A3 B C1 C2 Reserves 1990

Coal+Lignite 200 275 158 194 125 123 540

Oil 300 260 245 220 180 180 146

Gas 210 211 253 196 181 171 133

Exhaustion of fossile reserves(Gtoe)

Exhaustion of fossile reserves

Page 28: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

•Minimize use of fossils for Electricity• « Reasonable » Development of Nuclear

OECD: 85%Transition: 50%China, India, Latin America: 30%

3000 GWe Nuclear

2030-2050

2050

•Minimize use of coal and gas•30% coal China, India; 30% gas Russia; 100% Africa

7500 GWe Nucléaire

2030

Page 29: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Scenario no coal no gaz in 2050

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

PrimaryEnergy(Mtoe)

PrimaryElectricity(Mtoe)

Nuclear(Mtoe) CO2(Mt C)

Mto

e

2000

2050 A2

2050 C2

2050 N2

B2=18000, Nuclear=1450

Page 30: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

CO2/GDP

0

0,05

0,1

0,15

0,2

0,25

0,3

2000 A2 2050 A2 2050 N1 2050 N2 2050 C2

T(C

)/10

00$

CO2/GDP

Page 31: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

CO2/primen

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

2000 A2 2050 A2 2050 N1 2050 N2 2050 C2

CO

2 to

n(C

)/T

oe

CO2/primen

Page 32: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Gestion of Natural Uranium Reserves

Page 33: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Unat exhaustion

0,00E+00

2,00E+06

4,00E+06

6,00E+06

8,00E+06

1,00E+07

1,20E+07

1,40E+07

1,60E+07

1,80E+07

2050 A2 2050 N1 2050 N2 2050 C2

Cu

mu

late

d U

nat

Mto

ns

Unat exhaustion

Page 34: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Breeding Cycles

Page 35: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

U-Pu versus Th-U cycles

•U-PuFast SpectraPu fuel1.2 GWe reactorsSolid fuels1 year cooling25 years doubling time

•Th-UThermal SpectraPu, then 233U fuel1 GWe reactorsMolten Salts fuel10 days fuel cycling25 years doubling time

U-Pu vs Th-U

Page 36: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

Years

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

Nu

mbe

r o

f G

we

Total number of GweNumber of Gwe PWRNumber of Gwe fast reactors

Number of Gwe (PWR and FR) as function of time

Nb GWe

Page 37: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

Years

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

Pu In

vento

ry to

ns

Pu inventorry

Pu inventory

Page 38: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

years

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

Nu

mbe

r o

f G

We

totalPWRThPUThU3

Evolution of the number of Gwe for the Th-U cycle

Nb GWe Th-U

Page 39: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

Years

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

U3

inve

nto

ry to

ns

Evolution of the U3 stockpile

U3 inventory

Page 40: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Trajectory

Page 41: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Stabilisation T

•Stabilization of CO2 concentration to 450 ppm•Stabilization of temperature

Page 42: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.
Page 43: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

E.Merle, D.HeuerAlternative

3 components

Page 44: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Reactor type3rd

GenerationSodium Fast

Neutron Reactors Thorium

molten salt reactor

Power(GWe) 1.45 1.0 1.0

Date 2010 2025 2030

Fuel UOX Mox U-Pu Thorium + 233U

Fissile component 4.9 % (235U) 11 % (239Pu) 3 % (233U)

Scenario without Th :

•Plutonium Production 250 kg/year 300 kg/year (breeding) -

Scenario with Th :

• 233U Balance 130 kg/year 500 kg/year breeding

• Pu Balance 130 kg/year -200 kg/yearincineration

4 kg/year

Reactor types

Page 45: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

• Les RNR ferment le cycle U/Pu

• 233U production: 450 PWR and 300 FNR

•natU consumption: 7 million tons by 2100•10 times less fissile matter in fuel cycle•Minor actinides production minimized

3 components

Page 46: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.
Page 47: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

R and D needsstandard reactors

•PWR reactorsSelective reprocessing: extraction of Cs, Sr and M.A.Th-Pu MOx fuel in order to produce U233

•Candu type reactors Use of Th-Pu and, then Th-U3 fuel Reprocssing of Th-U3 fuelOptimization of fuel regeneration

Page 48: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

R and D needsfast neutron reactors

•Sodium cooledVoid coefficientCore Recompaction Th blanketReprocessing of Th blanket

•Lead cooled reactors Corrosion problems Pb-Bi alloys

•Molten salt cooled reactorsChemical compositionCorrosion

•Gas cooled reactors Reprocessing of refractory fuels

Page 49: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

R and D needsmolten salt reactors

•Neutron spectrum optimization•Corrosion•Fuel reprocessing

Page 50: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

Proliferation

• Political or technical question?

Page 51: The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman.

References

• http://www.iiasa.ac.au/web-apps/ggi/ GgiDb/dsd?Action=htmlpage&page=series•Scenarios with an Intensive Contribution of Nuclear Energy to the World Energy SupplyH.Nifenecker et al. Published in IEJE 1999•Scenarios for a Worldwide Deployment of Nuclear Energy Production E. Merle-Lucotte1, D. Heuer, C. Le Brun & J-M. Loiseaux Note LPSC 05-73•“L’Energie de demain: techniques, environnement,économie”, J.L.Bobin, E.Huffer, H.Nifenecker, EDP Sciences 2005, p.81-111•“Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactors”, H.Nifenecker, S.David,O.Méplan, IOP 2004