Chapter 19 Chapter 19 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1. 1. Compare the basic organization and function Compare the basic organization and function of the ES and the NS of the ES and the NS 2. 2. Describe the structural and functional Describe the structural and functional organization of the hypothalamus and the organization of the hypothalamus and the pituitary and explain their relationship pituitary and explain their relationship 3. 3. Discuss the locations and structures of the Discuss the locations and structures of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands as thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands as well as the thymus and the endocrine part of well as the thymus and the endocrine part of the pancreas. the pancreas. 4. 4. List the hormones (and their function) List the hormones (and their function) produced by these glands. produced by these glands. 5. 5. Briefly review the results of abnormal Briefly review the results of abnormal hormone production hormone production
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1.1. Compare the basic organization and function of the Compare the basic organization and function of the ES and the NSES and the NS
2.2. Describe the structural and functional organization of Describe the structural and functional organization of the hypothalamus and the pituitary and explain the hypothalamus and the pituitary and explain their relationshiptheir relationship
3.3. Discuss the locations and structures of the thyroid, Discuss the locations and structures of the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands as well as the parathyroid, and adrenal glands as well as the thymus and the endocrine part of the pancreas.thymus and the endocrine part of the pancreas.
4.4. List the hormones (and their function) produced by List the hormones (and their function) produced by these glands. these glands.
5.5. Briefly review the results of abnormal hormone Briefly review the results of abnormal hormone productionproduction
Endocrine System OverviewEndocrine System Overview
Ductless glands produce Ductless glands produce hormoneshormones
Gland may be entire Gland may be entire organ or interspersed bits organ or interspersed bits of tissueof tissue
Chemical classification of Chemical classification of hormoneshormones
Target tissues are Target tissues are identified by receptorsidentified by receptors
HypothalamusHypothalamus
Control Center for Control Center for internal environmentinternal environment
Regulates nervous and endocrine systems via 3 mechanisms:
1. ANS centers exert nervous control on adrenal medulla
2. ADH and Oxytocin production
3. Regulatory hormone production (RH and IH) controls pituitary gland directly and all other endocrine glands indirectly
Structure:Structure: Infundibulum - connection to hypothalamus Infundibulum - connection to hypothalamus In the sella turcica In the sella turcica Two parts with an embryonic double originTwo parts with an embryonic double origin
Posterior Pituitary = neurohypophysisPosterior Pituitary = neurohypophysis Storage Storage shed for ADH and Oxytocin (produced in ?)shed for ADH and Oxytocin (produced in ?)
Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary = adenohypophysis= adenohypophysis production of production of 7 peptide hormones, 7 peptide hormones, see fig 19.5see fig 19.5
Histology
Fig 19-4
Hypophyseal Portal System Hypophyseal Portal System
Portal systems:Portal systems: two capillary networks two capillary networks in serial arrangement in serial arrangement Advantage?Advantage?
Named after their Named after their destination: . . . destination: . . .
Portal veins:Portal veins: blood blood vessels that link two vessels that link two capillary networkscapillary networks
Fig 19-6
Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland Anterior surface of trachea Anterior surface of trachea
just inferior of thyroid just inferior of thyroid cartilage (or Adam’s apple)cartilage (or Adam’s apple)
Two lobes connected by Two lobes connected by isthmusisthmus
MicroscopicMicroscopic thyroid folliclesthyroid follicles produce thyroid hormoneproduce thyroid hormone
C Cells - produce calcitonin C Cells - produce calcitonin ((CaCa2+2+))
Fig 19-7
Thyroid Gland FunctionThyroid Gland Function
Thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) speed up metabolic rate