The Endocrine System

The Endocrine systemThe Endocrine system

Glands and hormonesGlands and hormones

Hormones- chemical Hormones- chemical messengers carried by messengers carried by blood- blood- May stimulate other May stimulate other

glandsglands Regulate growth, Regulate growth,

development, metabolism, development, metabolism, sex processessex processes

Major Glands of the Endocrine systemMajor Glands of the Endocrine systemPituitaryPituitaryThyroidThyroidParathyroidParathyroidAdrenal.Adrenal.PancreasPancreasOvariesOvariesTestesTestesThymusThymusPineal Pineal

Pituitary glandPituitary gland

Master gland of bodyMaster gland of bodyPrimary function is to control other glands.Primary function is to control other glands.Secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus in the Secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus in the

base of the brain.base of the brain.

The Pituitary GlandThe Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland produces The pituitary gland produces

hormones that control other hormones that control other glands as well as hormones glands as well as hormones that have a direct affect on the that have a direct affect on the body.body.

Hormones that affect other glandsHormones that affect other glands:: produces thyroid-stimulating produces thyroid-stimulating

hormone (hormone (TSH)TSH) adrenocorticotropin (adrenocorticotropin (ACTHACTH) – ) –

adrenal glandsadrenal glands follicle-stimulating hormone follicle-stimulating hormone

((FSHFSH) - ovaries) - ovaries Luteinizing hormone (Luteinizing hormone (LHLH)) Oxytocin – mammary glandsOxytocin – mammary glands

Hormones that directly affect Hormones that directly affect cells/organs:cells/organs:

growth hormone (growth hormone (GHGH) – ) – cells/tissuecells/tissue

antidiuretic hormone (antidiuretic hormone (ADHADH) - ) - kidneykidney

Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland

OxytocinOxytocin causes “let down” of milk from the breast (mammary causes “let down” of milk from the breast (mammary

glands).glands). ADHADH (vasopressin) causes the kidney to retain water. (vasopressin) causes the kidney to retain water. TSHTSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones, stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones,

thus thus metabolic rate metabolic rate Growth hormone (Growth hormone (GHGH))

glucose usageglucose usage consumption of fats as an energy sourceconsumption of fats as an energy source

ACTHACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to release its stimulates the adrenal glands to release its hormoneshormones

FSH & LHFSH & LH stimulates maturation & release of eggs from stimulates maturation & release of eggs from ovary.ovary.

Gigantism/Acromegaly- oversecretion of GHGigantism/Acromegaly- oversecretion of GH Decreased muscle strength (weakness) Easy fatigue Enlarged jaw (prognathism) and tongue Excessive height (when excess growth hormone

production begins in childhood) Excessive sweating Joint pain Limited joint movement Widened fingers or toes due to skin overgrowth with

swelling, redness, and pain Dwarfism- undersecretion of GHDwarfism- undersecretion of GH

Delayed bone, muscle, and sexual developmentDelayed bone, muscle, and sexual development Heart dysfunctionHeart dysfunction Impaired concentration and memory lossImpaired concentration and memory loss

Diabetes insipidus- decreased ADH (unable to retain Diabetes insipidus- decreased ADH (unable to retain water in body)water in body)

Extreme thirstExtreme thirst Excess urinationExcess urination DehydrationDehydration

Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland Thyroid gland must have a Thyroid gland must have a

source of iodine to function source of iodine to function properlyproperly

Thyroid- produces Thyroid- produces hormones that hormones that control metabolism control metabolism

(conversion of calories into (conversion of calories into energy to maintain process in energy to maintain process in the cells) and the cells) and

Regulate calcium levels in Regulate calcium levels in blood. blood.

Calcium is needed for strong Calcium is needed for strong bones AND bones AND the transmission the transmission of nerve signals.of nerve signals.

Thyroid Gland DisordersThyroid Gland Disorders Goiter (swelling of the thyroid Goiter (swelling of the thyroid

gland)gland) Not enough iodine in diet This is why we use IODIZED salt.

HypocalHypocalcemiacemia Inadequate amounts of calciumInadequate amounts of calcium

Muscle spasms and cramps Irregular heart beat Overly active reflexes

HypothyroidismHypothyroidism Inadequate amounts of thyroid Inadequate amounts of thyroid

hormoneshormones Facial bloating weakness cold intolerance lethargy altered mental status oily skin and hair

Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glands

Parathyroid GlandsParathyroid Glandssmall, pea-shaped glands, located in the neck small, pea-shaped glands, located in the neck

near the thyroidnear the thyroidusually 4 - number can varyusually 4 - number can vary regulate the level of calcium in the bodyregulate the level of calcium in the bodyproduce produce parathyroid hormone - parathyroid hormone - level of level of

calcium in bloodcalcium in blood

Located just above Located just above the kidneythe kidney

Secretes many Secretes many hormoneshormones

Epinephrine aka Epinephrine aka adrenalineadrenaline

NorepinephrineNorepinephrine

Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands

secretes secretes insulininsulin, a , a hormone that transports hormone that transports glucose into cells.glucose into cells. Insulin Insulin the rate at which the rate at which

various body cells take up various body cells take up glucose. Thus, insulin glucose. Thus, insulin lowers the blood glucose lowers the blood glucose level. level.

Insulin is rapidly broken Insulin is rapidly broken down by the liver and down by the liver and must be secreted must be secreted constantly.constantly.

Also secretes Also secretes glucagonglucagon

PancreasPancreas

GlucagonGlucagon When you are in need When you are in need

of additional energy, of additional energy, glucagon stimulates glucagon stimulates the liver to release the liver to release stored glucose called stored glucose called glycogenglycogen

Also, glucagon Also, glucagon stimulates the liver to stimulates the liver to manufacture glucosemanufacture glucose