Amakhozi ahlala esolwa ngokubulala amazinyana eziklabhu. Ukuthi litholakele eduze kwesidumbu sezinyane akubona ubufakazi obungenza ukuthi litholwe linecala ukhozi. Uma kushushiswa onecala, sidinga bonke ubufakazi obukhona ukuvimba ukuthi abamsulwa, abangenacala bazithole begwetshwa ukufa. Ngokuqhubeka kwaleli cala sizoveza ubufakazi obuzokhombisa ukuthi amanye alamazinyane ezimvu asuke esevele efile ngaphambi kokuthi ukhozi lufike kuleyo ndawo yecala. Amakhozi yizilwane ezidla izilwane esezivele zifile, awafani nezimpungushe kanye nendabushe , wona ema eduze kwesidumbu sezinyane kubuka wonke umuntu, loko okuyinto eyenza ukuthi agcine egwetshwa engenacala. Amakhozi ajwayele ukudla umhlapho uma imvu izala, ayahlala ayilinde imvu uma izala ukuze adle umhlapho wayo uma iqeda. Kuleli phepha sithanda ukukukhombisa ukuthi ungalwenza kanjani uphenyo eplazini lakho ukuze uthole ukuthi ngubani onecala. Noma kuyimvela kancane ukuthi ukhozi lutholakale linecala, ngasekupheleni kwalencwajana uzothola izindlela onganciphisa ngazo lezi zehlakalo ungazange uze udinge ukuthi ubulale. Lelo khozi lisuke lisenomsebenzi obalulekile emphakathini ngaloko ukulibulala kungashiya isikhala esikhulu kwimvelo yeplazi lakho.Njengakuwona wonke amacala, kuba nobufakazi obuthize obuba nesisindo kunobunye. Abafunda ngempilo phecelezi ama Biologists bayaye bakhombe ukuba mbalwa kwamathambo eziklabhu kwindle yamakhozi. Kodwa basuke bengenaso isiqiniseko sokuthi amakhozi awabulele lamazinyane ezimvu noma awathole esevele efile. Ubufakazi obungcono bokuthi afe kanjani amazinyane eziklabhu butholakala uma kuhlolwa isidumbu ezinkanjini lapho iziklabhu zizalela khona. Ukuhlola kuvamise ukuba yindlela engcono yokuthola ukuthi izinyane life kanjani kahle kahle. Ucwaningo eNingizimu Afrika lukhombisa ukuthi izilwane ezidla inyama (kuquka izinja, indabushe nezimpungushe) azivamisile ukubulala amazinyane angaphezulu kwengxenye yeshumi kwazelwe. Abalelwa kwalishumi nanhlanu lengxenye amazinyane eziklabhu afa ngendlela engenasihluku. Into ebulala kakhulu amazinyane, njengoba abanikazi bamaplazi abaningi bazi, ukungafunwa kwezinyane ngunina, okuyinto eyenza ukuthi agcine ebulewe yindlala namakhaza. Uma isidumbu sezinyane singakonakali (indlela engcono yokuqinisekisa loku ukubheka enkanjini ekuzalela kuyo izimvu njalo ekuseni), lapho isizathu sokufa singatholwa ngokuhlola isidumbu kalula okuquka ukuxebula isikhumba, indlela engcono kususela phezulu emqaleni ukwehla. Lezi yizimpawu ezibhekwayo: UMSULWA UZE UTHOLWE UNECALA UMSULWA UZE UTHOLWE UNECALA Zonke izincwadi otshelwe ngazo kulencwadi zitholakala e: The Endangered Wildlife Trust Private Bag X11 Modderfontein 1645 South Africa Phone: (011) 372 3600 / 1 /2 Web site: www.ewt.org.za Okwalotshwa ekuqaleni/ abanikela Fanie Bekker, Tony Rowland, Dirk Brand, Rob Davies, Peter Steyn, Erik Verreynne. Reviewed text 2015 Ronelle Visagie, André Botha Ezinye izincwadi: Bekker, S J. Conservaon farming with problem animals in the Swartberg area. MSc thesis. University of Stellenbosch. Roberts, D H 1986. Determinaon of predators responsible for killing small livestock. South Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 16: 150-1 52. Rowley, I. 1970. Lamb predaon in Australia: incidence, predisposing condions, and the idenficaon of wounds. CSIRO Wildl. Res. 15: 79-123. Ratcliffe, P R & Rowe, J J 1979. (see drawing) THE COST OF PREDATION ON SMALL LIVESTOCK IN SOUTH AFRICA BY MEDIUM-SIZED PREDATORS by Hermias Nieuwoudt van Niekerk Submied in paral fulfilment of the requirements for the degree M.Sc. Agric. in the Department of Agricultural Economics Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State Bloemfontein 2010 Lesi yisikhwama sokudla kwasemini kokhozi olumnyama sikhombisa izinsalela zezinyamazane ezingu 200-300 ezibulawa ngamakhozi amabili ngonyaka.
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Amakhozi ahlala esolwa ngokubulala amazinyana eziklabhu. Ukuthi litholakele eduze kwesidumbu sezinyane akubona ubufakazi obungenza ukuthi litholwe linecala ukhozi.
Uma kushushiswa onecala, sidinga bonke ubufakazi obukhona ukuvimba ukuthi abamsulwa, abangenacala bazithole begwetshwa ukufa.Ngokuqhubeka kwaleli cala sizoveza ubufakazi obuzokhombisa ukuthi amanye alamazinyane ezimvu asuke esevele efile ngaphambi kokuthi ukhozi lufike kuleyo ndawo yecala. Amakhozi yizilwane ezidla izilwane esezivele zifile, awafani nezimpungushe kanye nendabushe , wona ema eduze kwesidumbu sezinyane kubuka wonke umuntu, loko okuyinto eyenza ukuthi agcine egwetshwa engenacala. Amakhozi ajwayele ukudla umhlapho uma imvu izala, ayahlala ayilinde imvu uma izala ukuze adle umhlapho wayo uma iqeda. Kuleli phepha sithanda ukukukhombisa ukuthi ungalwenza kanjani uphenyo eplazini lakho ukuze uthole ukuthi ngubani onecala. Noma kuyimvela kancane ukuthi ukhozi lutholakale linecala, ngasekupheleni kwalencwajana uzothola izindlela onganciphisa ngazo lezi zehlakalo ungazange uze udinge ukuthi ubulale. Lelo khozi lisuke lisenomsebenzi obalulekile emphakathini ngaloko ukulibulala kungashiya isikhala esikhulu kwimvelo yeplazi lakho.Njengakuwona wonke amacala, kuba nobufakazi obuthize obuba nesisindo kunobunye. Abafunda ngempilo phecelezi ama Biologists bayaye bakhombe ukuba mbalwa kwamathambo eziklabhu kwindle yamakhozi. Kodwa basuke bengenaso isiqiniseko sokuthi amakhozi awabulele lamazinyane ezimvu noma awathole esevele efile.
Ubufakazi obungcono bokuthi afe kanjani amazinyane eziklabhu butholakala uma kuhlolwa isidumbu ezinkanjini lapho iziklabhu zizalela khona. Ukuhlola kuvamise ukuba yindlela engcono yokuthola ukuthi izinyane life kanjani kahle kahle. Ucwaningo eNingizimu Afrika lukhombisa ukuthi izilwane ezidla inyama (kuquka izinja, indabushe nezimpungushe) azivamisile ukubulala amazinyane angaphezulu kwengxenye yeshumi kwazelwe.
Abalelwa kwalishumi nanhlanu lengxenye amazinyane eziklabhu afa ngendlela engenasihluku. Into ebulala kakhulu amazinyane, njengoba abanikazi bamaplazi abaningi bazi, ukungafunwa kwezinyane ngunina, okuyinto eyenza ukuthi agcine ebulewe yindlala namakhaza. Uma isidumbu sezinyane singakonakali (indlela engcono yokuqinisekisa loku ukubheka enkanjini ekuzalela kuyo izimvu njalo ekuseni), lapho isizathu sokufa singatholwa ngokuhlola isidumbu kalula okuquka ukuxebula isikhumba, indlela engcono kususela phezulu emqaleni ukwehla.Lezi yizimpawu ezibhekwayo:UMSULWA UZE UTHOLWE UNECALA
UMSULWA UZE UTHOLWE UNECALA
Zonke izincwadi otshelwe ngazo kulencwadi zitholakala e:
The Endangered Wildlife TrustPrivate Bag X11Modderfontein
1645South Africa
Phone: (011) 372 3600 / 1 /2Web site: www.ewt.org.za
Okwalotshwa ekuqaleni/ abanikela
Fanie Bekker, Tony Rowland, Dirk Brand, Rob Davies, Peter Steyn, Erik Verreynne. Reviewed text 2015
Ronelle Visagie, André Botha Ezinye izincwadi:
Bekker, S J. Conservation farming with problem animals in the Swartberg area. MSc thesis. University of Stellenbosch.
Roberts, D H 1986. Determination of predators responsible for killing small livestock. South Afr. J. Wildl. Res. 16: 150-1 52.
Rowley, I. 1970. Lamb predation in Australia: incidence, predisposing conditions, and the identification of wounds. CSIRO Wildl. Res. 15: 79-123.
Ratcliffe, P R & Rowe, J J 1979. (see drawing)
THE COST OF PREDATION ON SMALL LIVESTOCK IN SOUTH AFRICA BY MEDIUM-SIZED PREDATORS by
Hermias Nieuwoudt van Niekerk Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree M.Sc. Agric. in the
Department of Agricultural Economics Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences University of the Free State
Bloemfontein 2010
Lesi yisikhwama sokudla kwasemini kokhozi olumnyama sikhombisa izinsalela zezinyamazane ezingu 200-300 ezibulawa ngamakhozi amabili ngonyaka.
Ucwaningo lutshengisa ukuthi izilwane ezidla inyama ezifana nezimpungushe, izindabushe kakhulu nezinja ezifuyiwe yizo ezibulala amazinyane la emazansi ne Afrika. Ezintabeni zase Swartberg izindabushe zibulala amazinyane angu 93 wengxenye bese izimpungushe zibulale okusele. Ezintabeni Zokhahlamba (Drakensberg) izinja ezifuyiwe zibulala amazinyane angu u85 wengxenye, izimpungushe zibulale u 13 wengxenye bese izindwabushe zibulale okusele. Kulona lonke lolu cwaningo amakhozi awazange asolakale nakanye. Kodwa amakhozi avamise ukufika emini kabha azokudla izinyane elibulewe esinye salezi zilwane ezibulala zidle ezinye, loku yisizathu esenza abanikazi bamaplazi bacabange ukuthi amakhozi yiwo anecala.
Ziningi izimpawu ezikhombisa ukuthi isilwane esidla inyama sidle kuphi. Ngokohlukile kumakhozi, izilwane ezidla inyama zinamazinyo omelele akwazi ukuhlafuna futhi aphule amathambo. Izidumbu zamazinyane ezidliwe yizimpungushe ziyavuleka, njengoba kukhonjisiwe lana. Izindwabushe zivamise ukudla ziqala ezinqeni. Lezi zilwane ziyakwazi ukudonsa isilwane esifile ziyosifihla , ngesinye isikhathi zize zizame nokusimbela zisigqibe.
Kungenzeka ubone la isilwane sinyathele khona, kodwa loko kufanele ukhumbule ukuthi kukhombisa nje ukuthi leso silwane sidlile lapho hhayi ukuthi sibulele izinyane. Izinyane elibulewe yizilwane ezidla inyama lingabonakala kalula ngokuthi lisuswe isikhumba kususela entanyeni kubhekwe amanxeba ayingozi lapho lilunywe khona. Lamanxeba avamise ukubonakala emqaleni, kodwa izinja zona ngamanuku njengoba ziluma umzimba wonke ngisho nemilenze, bese kugcwala igazi yonke indawo.
Amanxeba enziwe yizilwane ezidla inyama abonakala ngezimbobo EZIQONDENE ezenziwe ngamazinyo. Lezi mbobo zihamba ngambili macala womabili kuleyondawo elunyiwe yomzimba. Izikhala phakathi kwezimbotshana lezo kungakhombisa uhlobo lwesilwane esilumile (ulwazi oluningi ngaloku lutholakala encwdini ebizwa nge Predators and Farmers yabakwa Endangered Wildlife Trust), igazi nokulimala eduze kwalendawo elunyiwe kukhombisa ukuthi le yindlela izinyane elibulewe ngayo, kodwa ukulimala akubi kubi njengama kunenxeba elenziwe lukhozi. Uma wena, njengomehluleli, uthola amakhozi enecala, kunezimo ezenze ukuthi loku kugcine kwenzekile okumele uzibheke okungasiza ukuthi kungaphinde kubekhona nalinye izinyane elifayo.
Uma izilwane ezidla inyama zihehwa ngamazinyane amaningi afayo noma afile kungenzeka agcine ephendukela kumazinyane aphilayo emva kwesikhathi. Ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa, zama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izidumbu kanye namazinyane alahlwe ngonina ayasuswa lapho kuhlala amazinyane. Isikhathi sokuzala lapho ziziningi iziklabhu ezizalayo senza kube lula ukuphatha nokukhetha, futhi kwenza kubelula nokuvimba ukudliwa kwezilwane zezinye. Kumele uziphe ukudla okwanele futhi zivikeleke nasezimeni zezulu. Kungumqondo omuhle ukuba nomuntu
owalusayo ngesikhathi esibalulekile okungamasonto awu6 kuya kwangu 8 esikhathi sokuzala kweziklabhu (amakhozi akavamile ukuhlasela amazinyane angaphezu kwezinsuku ezilishumi ezelwe); nokuba nendawo lapho izilwane namazinyane azo aphatheka kalula enkambini eqhelile ezindaweni eziyizintaba ezinezilwane ezidla ezinye. Izilwane ezidla ezinye zidinga izilwane ezincane ezincelisayo kanye nezinyoni ukuze ziphile, zonke ziyadingeka ukuze ube namadlelo akahle. Zama ukuzonga lezi zilwane ezincane ukuze amanani ezilwane ezidla inyama angashintshi. Loku kuvimba ukufika kwezilwane eziningi ezidla inyama namakhozi ekutheni eze kwindawo la kuzalela khona izilwane zakho. Uma kunamakhozi amabili azalisanayo eplazini lakho kungavimba ezinye izinyoni ukuthi zingezi eplazini lakho, ngoba amakhozi ayayivikela indawo yawo azalela kuyona. Khumbula ukuthi amakhozi ahlala eplazini lakho kuphela uma kunezilwane eziwukudla kwawo kwendalo ezanele.
Uma udinga ulwazi olubanzi ngamasu okuphatha nokuvimbela ukulahlekelwa sicela ufunde incwajana ebizwa nge Eagles and Farmers etholakala kwabe Endangered Wildlife Trust. ( kwikhompyutha uya ku www.ewt.org.za).
Isithiyo kufanele sisetshenziswe ngokuqaphela. Ushevu kumele usetshenziswe kuphela ngendlela eyalelwe futhi usetshenziselwe kuphela loko okuyalelwe. Lezi zindlela zinesihluku uma zisetshenziswe ngokunganaki futhi zingalimaza zibulale izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo ebezingaqondiwe kanye nezinyoni. Ushevu sewabulala waqeda izinyoni ezimsulwa ezinhle ekuthiwa yiziNgqungqulu emaplazini ase Ningizimu Afrika. Ikhambi lokuvimba izilwane eziwuhlupho kumele liqondiswe kuleso naleso silwane esihluphayo hhayi uhlobo lonke lwalezo zilwane. Uhlelo lwe Zinyoni Ezidla Inyama (Birds of Prey Programme) lunikeza imibono esizayo yokuvika izilwane eziwuhlupho. Izindlela ezikhethiwe ezifana nokhololo onoshevu ovikela imfuyo, ukudubula okukhethile, nemigongo yekheji kumele kusetshenziswe zona nje ngosizo lokuqala.
Khumbula indima ebalulekile edlalwa ngamakhozi eplazi uma ubheka ukuvimba izilwane eziwuhlupho nesifo samarabi. Amakhozi ayingxenye yemvelo njengazo zonke izinto eziyindalo. Ngakho ke kumele uzame ukuwabekezelela ngenxa yokuhle akwenzayo usebenzisane nendalo ukwakha imvelo eyongekile eplazini lakho.
NGABE IZINYANE LIFE NGAPHAMBI NOMA NGEMUVA KOKUZALWA NA?
Amazinyane amaningi afela esiswini noma afe ngesikhathi ezalwa. Uma izinyawo zinesikhumba esithambile ngaphansi, loku kukhombisa ukuthi izinyane alikaze lime noma lihambe. Uma izinyane lingazange liphefumule, amaphaphu ababomvu tshwe esikhundleni sokuthi abe phinki afane nesipontshi. Uma ungumphenyi ozimisele, bheka ihlwili ekupheleni komthambo oya enkabeni – ukungabibikho kwehlwili kutshengisa ukuthi izinyane lizelwe selifile. Izinyane elihlukumezeke ngesikhathi lizalwa lizotholakala limbozwe ngamakaka okuqala aphuzi abizwa nge myconium futhi liyafa ngesikhathi lizalwa noma maduzane nje emumva kokuzalwa.
NGABE IZINYANE BELINEMPILO, LIKE LAPHUZA YINI NGAPHAMBI KOKUFA?
Izinyane elinempilo liba namafutha aqinile amhlophe anamathele enhliziyweni nasezinsweni. Lamafutha abukeka ebomvu efana nojeli ezinyaneni elilambayo. Amafutha enhliziyo agaywa kuqala. Ezinye izimpawu ezikhombisa ukulamba yilezi: ukungabibikho kobisi noma umthubi esiswini; ukungabikho kwamanzi amhlophe emithanjaneni ekhama amanzi emathunjini, ngesinye isikhathi akulula ukukubona loku. Izilwane ezizingela zibulale ezinye zivamise ukucinga izilwane ezibuthakathaka nekuyinto esemqoka yokuphila kwezilwane ezomelele endalweni. Izinyane elilahliwe lihamba kancane futhi liyagula. Loku kungadala ukuba lidliwe. Kodwa isixazululo kulenkinga ukuvimba ukulahlwa kwamazinyane ngonina kunokuthi kususwe izilwane ezibulala zidle ezinye. Uma wazi ukuthi ubhekeni ungakwazi ukubona uma kuwukuthi izinyane elibulewe yisilwane esidla ezinye belivele lizofa yini
NGABE IZINYANE LIBULEWE YISILWANE ESIBULALA SIDLE EZINYE YINI?
Izimpawu ezibalulekile ekumele uzibheke uma wenza uphenyo ngamachashaza egazi nokulimala okungunge amanxeba. Uma sifa, igazi liyayeka ukugeleza. Ngaloko uma izinyane lidliwe yisilwane selivele lifile, angeke kubekhona amanxeba anegazi.
NGABE IZINYANE LIBULEWE YISILWANE ESIBULALA SIDLE EZINYE YINI?
Izimpawu ezibalulekile ekumele uzibheke uma wenza uphenyo ngamachashaza egazi nokulimala okungunge amanxeba. Uma sifa, igazi liyayeka ukugeleza. Ngaloko uma izinyane lidliwe yisilwane selivele lifile, angeke kubekhona amanxeba anegazi.
ukususa isikhumba kulezizindawo. Uma kulukhozi olunecala uzothola izimbobo EZINGAQONDILE esikhunjeni, kungenzeka nasekhanda. Lezi zimbobo zizohanqwa kukulimala OKUKHULU phansi kwesikhumba okudal-we kukubanjwa kabi yizinzipho ezinamandla.
Izinyoni azivamisile ukubulala amazinyane. Amagwababa noheshane basolwa kaningi ukudlula amakhozi. Lezi zinyoni ezincane azinazo izinzipho ezomelele ngaloko zikwazi kuphela ukudla izindawo ezithambile emzimbeni. Uma uthola isidumbu esivulwe emehlweni, emlonyeni, enkabeni noma ezinqeni loko yinkomba yokuthi elinye ilunga lomndeni woheshane lidlile lapho.
Uma lamanxeba ezungezwe yigazi noma ukulimala loko yinkomba yokuthi uheshane ubulele izinyane. Amanqe adla ngendlela enobunuku futhi ashiya imisipha emide yenyama enamathele emathanjeni. Awawabulali amazinyane. Ukuthola ulwazi oluphelele ngamanqe thola incwajana ebizwa nge Vultures and Farmers kwa Endangered Wildlife Trust.
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