The End of the High Middle Ages Chapter 14 Sections 4-6.

The End of the High Middle

Ages

Chapter 14 Sections 4-6

Language and Literature Thrive

• Latin = language of educated people

• vernacular = everyday spoken languages (French, Italian, and Spanish all derive from Latin vernaculars)

• troubadours = traveling singers; wrote poems about love/chivalry

Types of Literature

• Romance stories• Most famous = King Arthur and his

Knights of the Round Table• fabliaux = French comic stories• fables = stories about animals• National epic = long poems about

hero• The Song of Roland (France)

• Drama = miracle plays

Dante Alighieri

• Born in Tuscany in 1265• Father of Italian language• The Divine Comedy

• Goes through 3 realms of Christian afterlife - Heaven, Hell, Purgatory

Geoffrey Chaucer

• Born in England in 1340• Politician and soldier• The Canterbury Tales

• About 30 pilgrims traveling to the shrine of Thomas Beckett at Canterbury

• Pokes fun at the Church and Clergy

Education

• Teachers and students form guilds• Called universitas

• 1000s-1200s = 4 universities• Paris and Oxford = Theology/Lib. Arts• Bologna = Civil and Church Law• Salerno = Medicine

• By 1400s there are many universities• Bachelor of Arts• Master of Arts --> admitted into teachers’

guild

Philosophy

• Scholasticism = attempt to bring faith and reason together

• Peter Abelard - taught in Paris• Showed conflicts between Bible, popes,

and church writings

• Thomas Aquinas = Dominican monk• Greatest medieval philosopher• Science and reason conflict w/ faith• Rational proof of God’s existence

Architecture

• Church-centered• Romanesque = old style --> dark,

domed roof, stone walls• Gothic = new in 1100s

• People originally didn’t like it• Tall spires, pointed arches, flying buttresses• Everything pointed towards heaven• Cathedral of Notre Dame construction begins

in 1160s (continues for about 100 years)

Cathedral at Notre Dame

The Hundred Years War

• Edward III of England claimed the French throne --> WHY??

• France refuses to give in Edward brings army into Flanders Hundred Years War begins

• English raid and pillage French countryside

• 116 yrs --> small periods of peace

More about 100 Years War

• Battle of Agincourt (1415) = Eng. Wins Longbow, cannon, gunpowder English control most of N. France

• Joan of Arc = peasant girl Rallies French and leads to victory Dissension over who should be king

• Charles VII of Orleans crowned Joan captured by English

• Tried for sorcery and heresy

Outcome and Consequences

• Loss of life and land --> esp. France• House of Commons gained more power in English

Parliament Gets to consider new taxes before House of Lords

• War of the Roses = civil war in Eng. House of York vs. House of Lancaster (white vs. red) Henry Tudor (Henry VII) defeats Richard III of York

• 1461 Louis XI --> harsh efficient gov’t France becomes unified country

Spain

• 1479 - united under Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile

• Defeated Moors --> Reconquista

• Two options: convert or leave Most Jews and Moors leave Many merchants and scholars leave Spanish Inquisition

Holy Roman Empire

• Divided into regions ruled by princes/knights Feudal lords had all the power

• Emperor elected by group of rulers Charles IV changes this --> only 7 electors

• 3 archbishops, 4 German priests

• 7 electors became more powerful

• Elections based on bribery and political favors

Habsburg Rule

• Habsurg family comes to power Arranged marriages with powerful families

• Emperor Maximilian I Marriage brought Netherlands, Luxemburg, and

Burgundy under Habsburg control

• Still no unity in Holy Roman Empire

Church Power WeakensChurch Power Weakens

Shift of power from Church to Monarch Pope loses worldly power

Strong central governments influence power shift

People questioned church practices Wealth, raising money, etc.

Shift of power from Church to Monarch Pope loses worldly power

Strong central governments influence power shift

People questioned church practices Wealth, raising money, etc.

Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity

Philip IV of France vs. Pope Boniface VIII Elected Clement V as pope

Moved headquarters of church to Avignon, France --> period known as Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)

Lost respect = people thought popes were being controlled by French kings

Pope Gregory XI moves papacy back to Rome

Philip IV of France vs. Pope Boniface VIII Elected Clement V as pope

Moved headquarters of church to Avignon, France --> period known as Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)

Lost respect = people thought popes were being controlled by French kings

Pope Gregory XI moves papacy back to Rome

Great SchismGreat Schism

Gregory XI dies Cardinals elect an Italian pope, and later a French

pope who lives in Avignon = 2 popes Until 1417, church had 2-3 popes

Time known as Great Schism Council of Constance --> ended Great

Schism Martin V as only pope

Schism discredited the papacy and brought more criticism

Gregory XI dies Cardinals elect an Italian pope, and later a French

pope who lives in Avignon = 2 popes Until 1417, church had 2-3 popes

Time known as Great Schism Council of Constance --> ended Great

Schism Martin V as only pope

Schism discredited the papacy and brought more criticism

More Problems AriseMore Problems Arise

University of Paris - 2 teachers write Defender of the Faith Claims pope was head of church, not state Pope should be stripped of political

authority Foreshadowing of early modern politics

University of Paris - 2 teachers write Defender of the Faith Claims pope was head of church, not state Pope should be stripped of political

authority Foreshadowing of early modern politics

John WycliffeJohn Wycliffe

Priest and teacher at Oxford University Attacked wealth of church, immorality of

clergy People should interpret scripture themselves Promoted translation of Bible to English Accused of being a heretic

Banned from teaching, forced to retire Supported by the monarchy

Priest and teacher at Oxford University Attacked wealth of church, immorality of

clergy People should interpret scripture themselves Promoted translation of Bible to English Accused of being a heretic

Banned from teaching, forced to retire Supported by the monarchy

Jan HusJan Hus

Supporter and reader of WycliffeTeacher at University of PragueCriticized abuses of church

Gets excommunicated Burnt at the stake for heresy

Hus and Wycliffe set the stage for later reformers

Supporter and reader of WycliffeTeacher at University of PragueCriticized abuses of church

Gets excommunicated Burnt at the stake for heresy

Hus and Wycliffe set the stage for later reformers